mohiqbal Kuliah Perdana Teknik Informatika (13Agt2012).pdf

Kuliah Perdana Teknik Informatika Universitas Gunadarma 13 Agustus 2012

DR Mohammad Iqbal

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Outline Presentasi {

{

Informasi tentang Teknik Informatika Gunadarma Kuliah Perdana TI : Dasar Teknologi Informasi

Kurikulum TI Universitas Gunadarma {

Berbasis kompetensi (40 % inti dan 60 % lokal) z

{

Acuan: z z

z

{

Lokal : melihat kebutuhan pasar APTIKOM, IEEE/ACM/AIS Standard kompetensi Asosiasi TI, Kominfo, Deperind, Depnakertrans Standard kompetensi SEARCC, BMBF

Mapping Mata Kuliah sbb:

Semester 1

Semester 2

Ing1

Ing2

Fis&Kim1

Fis&Kim2

Kalkulus1

Kalkulus2

Semester 3

Semester 4

Semester 5

Semester 6

IngBis1

MatInfo2

Semester 8 IngBis2

Basic Sciences Stat1

Stat2

MatLan1

MatLan2

OR Numerical Computation & Simulation

MatInfo1

Semester 7

MatInfo3

MatInfo4

AnNum (pilihan)

MetNum

Simulasi

Kompilasi

Paralel

Main Stream PemroWEBSoftware Engineering AP1

AP2

Basic informatics (Computer Science)

AP3

PBO

Peranc&An

Otomata

RPL1

RPL2

StrData

SisBerkas

BasisDt1

BasisDt2

DtMining (pilihan)

PMultiMed (pilihan)

SIM

SisInf

KTI

GrafikKom2 GrafikKom1 AI, Multimedia & Graphics PTKI

OrKom

ArKom

SisOperasi

Computer Architecture, Operating System, & Networking

JST (pilihan)

Data Base & Mining Citra

SisMultiMe

IMK JarKom

KcdBuatan

JarKomLan (pilihan) SOL (pilihan)

PemroJar (pilihan)

Aplikasi

OS

HW

Analisis & Desain Sistem Programming, Databases, WEB-design, Networking, Multimedia Manajemen Perkantoran Berbasis Komputer dll Rekayasa Perangkat Lunak (software engineering) Design & Analysis Algorithm AI Programming, Multimedia & Image Processing Compiler Design with special purpose Data-Mining (GIS), Computer Graphics Design Parallel Algorithm Network Security Program Theoretical Aspects

HW Design & Implementation Robotics, Control Automation, Computer Network Design, implementation, & Analysis Parallel Architecture (PC-Clustering) Micro controller Programming, Assembly Program

Ruang Lingkup Program Studi Sistem Informasi Atau program profesional Manajemen Informatika Teknik Informatika

Sistem Komputer Atau program profesional Teknik Komputer This Classifications follow IEEE (see IEEE Curricula 2002)

Perbedaan Jurusan Teknik Informatika dan Jurusan Sistem Informasi Teknik Informatika

Sistem Informasi

Analisis, Desain dan Implementasi Algorithm: tradisional dan berorientasi obyek, sekuensial dan parallel

Analisis, Desain dan Implementasi Sistem Informasi: model tradisional, model berbasis obyek.

Pemrograman: Sistem Multimedia, Sistem Data-Mining, Komputer Grafik, Sain komputasi dan numerik, Keamanan Jaringan Komputer, Sistem Image Processing

Pemrograman: Berbasis-WEB, Aplikasi Perkantoran, Aplikasi Mobile Computing, Manajemen Jaringan

Desain Kompilator/Interpreter dan Databases

Desain Aplikasi WEB dan Databases

Rekayasa Perangkat Lunak dan Siklus Hidup Pengembangan Perangkat Lunak

Manajemen Sistem Informasi dan Siklus Hidup Pengembangan Sistem Informasi

Teknik Informatika Prospek Kerja Tingkat Spesialis Software Developer: Databases Developer Multimedia Developer User Interface Developer Solutions Developer: IT Security Developer Network Developer Coordinator: IT Configuration Coordinator IT Test Coordinator Technical Writer Adminstrator: Network Administrator Databases Administrator Web Administrator Adviser: IT Trainer IT Supporter

Sistem Informasi Prospek Kerja Tingkat Spesialis: Software Developer: IT System Analyst IT System Developer Databases Developer User Interface Developer Solutions Developer : E-Marketing Developer E-Logistic Developer Business System Developer K-Management System Developer Coordinator: IT Project Coordinator IT Quality Management Adminstrator: IT System Administrator Business System Administrator Adviser: IT Product Coordinator, IT Key Accounter

Perbedaan Jurusan Teknik Informatika dan Jurusan Sistem Informasi

Teknik Informatika Tingkat Operational Professionals IT- Engineer IT-Consultant Tingkat Strategic Professionals IT-System Engineer

Sistem Informasi Tingkat Operational Professionals IT-Manager IT-Consultant IT-Commercial Manager Tingkat Strategic Professionals IT-Business Engineer/Manager

Ciri utama Teknik Informatika ? {

Lulusan dan Mahasiswa-nya memiliki kemampuan yang tinggi dalam Pengembangan dan Rekayasa Perangkat Lunak. z

Hal ini disebabkan karena mereka dibekali cukup banyak Ilmu Dasar (matematika), pengetahuan analisis dan desain algoritma, metode dan teknik pemrograman baik terstruktur maupun berbasis obyek, serta pengetahuan Siklus hidup pengembangan dan rekayasa perangkat lunak

Mengapa matakuliah terkait matematika di Teknik Informatika cukup banyak? {

Hal ini bertujuan agar para mahasiswa memiliki cara berpikir logis yang baik atau logika berpikirnya menjadi tajam. z

Logika berpikir yang tajam dan baik harus dimiliki dan sangat diperlukan seorang pemrogram ketika ia menganalisis dan merancang algoritma serta mengimplementasikannya dalam bentuk program.

Berapa lama rata-rata mahasiswa lulus dari Jurusan? { {

Rata-rata 4,5 tahun (9 semester) Kendala utama adalah penulisan ilmiah (tulisan ilmiah setara sarjana muda)

Berapa lama waktu tunggu rata-rata lulusan mendapatkan perkerjaan pertama? • Berdasarkan data dari “Career Center”, rata-rata tunggu antara 3 – 9 bulan.

Apakah para mahasiswa selama masa kuliah sudah dapat bekerja? {

Berdasarkan pengetahuan (setelah semester 6) yang mahasiswa TI miliki seharusnya ia sudah dapat bekerja. z

z

Minimal, jika ia cerdas, ia dapat menjadi asisten di laboratorium Teknik Informatika. Berdasarkan pengamatan jurusan, mereka yang pernah menjadi asisten di laboratorium akan lebih mudah mendapat pekerjaan.

Kiat-kiat belajar sehingga lulus dengan baik dari jurusan z

z

z z

z

Banyak membaca buku dan majalah terkait IT. Jadikanlah membaca itu sebagai hobby kita Berlatih dan kuasai benar pemrograman dan bahasa pemrogramannya. Manfaatkan perpustakaan dengan baik. Manfaatkan informasi dari internet, terutama informasi/resources materi kuliah, paper, riset dari universitas-universitas terkenal baik dalam maupun luar negeri ataupun dari lembagalembaga riset. Tingkatkan lama waktu belajar di rumah (minimal sehari 5 jam)

Apakah ada cerita sukses para alumni jurusan di dunia kerja? {

Berdasarkan pengamatan jurusan, z

z

z

cukup banyak alumni yang telah bekerja di bankbank, Bank Indonesia, departemen-departemen pemerintah serta Perusahaan Swasta menduduki posisi setara manajer. Rata-rata sebagian lainnya, mereka bekerja sebagai software developer atau solutions developer di perusahaan-perusahan swasta. Ada juga yang berwirasusaha mendirikan Perusahaaan Software House, Bisnis ISP, Perusahaan IT-Consultant.

Kuliah Perdana TI : Dasar Teknologi Informasi

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Ada apa di balik “Gadget” Digital { { {

{

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Desktop komputer Tablet, laptop, netbook, webbook Smartphone : Blackberry, Iphone, Android based, Windows based, Symbian based. Smart home, smart car

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Ada apa di balik Gadget Digital { {

{ {

{

{

{ 27-Des-12

Processor I/O system : Input method, Visual and screen tech, connectivity, Storage System : local, network Networking System : WIFI, GSM, LAN 2 WAN, Internet Data communication method : VPN, encryption, compression Data Services : text, voice, images, video streaming, teleconferencing & webinar (multimedia) Security 17

Ada apa di balik Gadget Digital {

Processor

AMD Smartphone

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Tablet

Intel

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Ada apa di balik Gadget Digital

I/O system : Input method

Keyboard Basic Non Traditional Keyboard 3. Haptics System 1. 2.

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I/O system : Input method 1. 2. 3.

Keyboard Basic Non Traditional Keyboard Haptics System

Keyboard Typewriter Layout : Keyboards Keys (80 and 110) : zDvorak, (places all of the vowels on the left side and the most common zTyping keys consonants on the right) ABCDE, XPeRT, zA numeric keypad QWERTZ and AZERTY zFunction keys zControl keys Inside The Keyboards : Controller

Key Matrix

Key Mechanics Rubber dome Membrane Metal contact Foam element

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Wireless Keyboard

2. Non Traditional Keyboard : Ergonomic The SafeType

Programmable Hot key

Xynergy Keyboard

Backlight

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Touch Screen Keyboard

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2. Non Traditional Keyboard : Virtual Keyboard

Collaboration with Augmented Reality

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2. Mouse / mice track-ball mouse (optomechanical )

Optical mouse

Wireless Mouse : RF or Bluetooth

Mouse Connector

PS/2 27-Des-12

USB 23



4. Haptics System (Touch Technology)

Keyboards : allow users to type in words joysticks : steering wheels can vibrate Haptics : User can touch what's inside the virtual world

The Omni®, the entry-level device in the PHANTOM line from SensAble Technologies

Haptics Screen

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4. Haptics System (Touch Technology)

exoskeleton

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{ {

I/O system : Visualization & Screen Tech. Type of Screen Technology behind screen

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Ada apa di balik Gadget Digital Video Display Resolution {

EGA (extended graphics adapter) z

{

VGA (video graphics adapter) z

{

800 X 600

SXGA (super extended graphics array z

{

640 X 480

SVGA (super VGA) z

{

640 X 350

1024 X 768

UXGA (ultra-extended graphics array z

1600 X 1200

Ada apa di balik Gadget Digital CRT technology {

{

{ {

cathode ray tube (CRT) phosphors excited by electron gun beams RGB composite color horizontal scanning pattern to refresh phosphors

Ada apa di balik Gadget Digital Flat-Panel Displays {

LCD (liquid crystal displays) z z

{

active matrix (TFT) passive matrix

other technologies z

plasma, SED, etc.

Plasma


Touch Screen Technology

Three different systems used in the mechanism of touch screen : 1. Resistive System 2. Capacitive System 3. Surface Acoustic Wave System

1. Resistive System In this resistive mechanism of touch screen two sheets are used one is conductive and the other is resistive. Both cover the top glass panel. There is a space between two sheets so that current pass when it is toggle. Now touching the screen forced both layers to contact at a certain point. This contact of both layers cause in the electric field a variation which is informed to the main system that a touch is felt. OS transcribe the touch into desired action.



1. Resistive System



1. Resistive System Example :



2. Capacitive System z

z

To understand this mechanism, it is better to know about human biology first. Many chemical reactions take place in our body and electricity produced in result to perform different functions. That is the reason why human heart is recharged with electric shocks for the recovery. In this system an electric charge sheet (capacitor) is directly placed on the glass. When we touch the screen with finger, a static charge produces and reacts with the capacitor (electric charge sheet). As the touch screen works due to electric current develop when touches the finger.



2. Capacitive System z

Example : Blackberry



3. Surface Acoustic Wave System This type of touch screen works with the help of wave energy. This enables a touch to transform into another form of energy and deliver the command which in response perform the desired action. A pair of transducers is placed on glass plate sides. In the glass plate there are reflectors. On touching the screen wave produced and which transforms into energy for fulfilling the command. It tells where on the screen touch is detected.



3. Surface Acoustic Wave System Example :IPhone

Ada apa di balik Gadget Digital Flat-Panel Displays Multi-touch System

Ada apa di balik Gadget Digital Flat-Panel Displays

Ada apa di balik Gadget Digital Flat-Panel Displays Visual Enhanced Technology { Hologram { Virtual Reality { Augmented reality


{ I/O

system : Connectivity z z z

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internal vs. external Parallel vs Serial communication Wire vs wireless (by RF, bluetooth, WIFI, IR)

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I/O system : Connectivity z z z

internal vs. external Parallel vs Serial communication Wire vs wireless (by RF, bluetooth, WIFI, IR)

Internal Bus Types

{

Parallel communications { IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics) z z

{

z z

z

Hard drives, CD-ROM 16-bit parallel

PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnection) network interface cards, video graphic adapters, etc. 32 or 64 bit parallel

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PCMCIA (Personal Computer Memory Card International Association) z z

{

laptop expansion cards 16 bits parallel newer CardBus supports 32 bits

SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) z

several generations 41

Ada apa di balik Gadget Digital PS/2

External Serial Bus Types { { { {

{ {

z

{

Type B

Universal Serial Bus up to 6 Mbps; 2.0 -- 480 Mbps! two types of connectors z

{

RS-232 PS/2 mouse and keyboard Type A USB Firewire

“A”-- upstream connections (to computer) “B” -- downstream connections (to device)

USB hub : provides multiple connections hot-swappable

USB 2.0 (High-speed USB) provides additional bandwidth for multimedia and storage applications and has a data transmission speed 40 times faster than USB 1.1

Shielded wires for power -- +5 volts (red) and ground (brown) - and a twisted pair (yellow and blue) of wires to carry the data. zThe

USB 3.0 (SuperSpeed USB) standard became official on 2008. USB 3.0 boasts speeds 10 times faster than USB 2.0 at 4.8 gigabits per second.

Ada apa di balik Gadget Digital Firewire (IEEE 1394) { { {

Specification IEEE 1394 High Performance Serial Bus Fast transfer of data : Data rates at 100, 200, and 400 Mbps – max cable length

4.5 meters {

New standard 800 Mbps,

{

Self-configuring, Plug-andplay performance (hotswappable) Ability to put lots of devices on the bus Provision of power through the cable Low cabling cost

{ { {

max cable length 100 meters

Ada apa di balik Gadget Digital Bluetooth Bluetooth is essentially a networking standard that works at two levels: 1. It provides agreement at the physical level -- Bluetooth is a radio-frequency standard. 2. It provides agreement at the protocol level : how many will be sent at a time, and how the parties in a conversation can be sure that the message received is the same as the message sent.

z

z

z

Bluetooth networking transmits data via low-power radio waves. It communicates on a frequency of 2.45 gigahertz (actually between 2.402 GHz and 2.480 GHz, to be exact). Can connect up to eight devices simultaneously. With all of those devices in the same 10-meter (32-foot) radius Service-level security and devicelevel security work together to protect Bluetooth devices from unauthorized data transmission. Security methods include authorization and identification procedures that limit the use of Bluetooth services to the registered user and require that users make a conscious decision to open a file or accept a data transfer.

Ada apa di balik Gadget Digital WIFI WiFi is IEEE standard 802.11 networking. Communication across a wireless network is a lot like two-way radio communication. Here's what happens: 1. A computer's wireless adapter translates data into a radio signal and transmits it using an antenna. 2. A wireless router receives the signal and decodes it. The router sends the information to the Internet using a physical, wired Ethernet connection.

Access Point (Hotspot)

Wireless adapters

Securing WIFI network methods: zWiFi Protected Access (WPA) is a step up from WEP (Wired Equivalency Privacy ) and is now part of the 802.11i wireless network security protocol. It uses temporal key integrity protocol (TKIP) encryption. As with WEP, WPA security involves signing on with a password. Most public hotspots are either open or use WPA or 128bit WEP technology, though some still use the vulnerable WEP approach. zMedia Access Control (MAC) address filtering is a little different from WEP or WPA. It doesn't use a password to authenticate users -- it uses a computer's physical hardware.


Storage System : local vs network

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Storage System : local vs network Basic types of storage z z z

1.

2.

3.

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Direct attached storage (DAS), Storage area network (SAN), Network attached storage (NAS) are the three.

DAS is the basic building block in a storage system, and it can be employed directly or indirectly when used inside SAN and NAS systems. NAS is the highest layer of storage and can be built on top of a SAN or DAS storage system. SAN is somewhere between a DAS and a NAS. 47



1. Direct attached storage (DAS) PATA -- Parallel advanced technology attachment (ATAPI/IDE)

SCSI -- Small computer system interface

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1. Direct attached storage (DAS) z

SAS -- Serial attached SCSI can be seen as a merged SCSI and SATA interface

z

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SATA -- Serial advanced technology attachment is the official successor to PATA. 49


Storage System : local vs network FC

1. Direct attached storage (DAS) z

z

z

FC -- Fibre channel is both a direct connect storage interface used on hard drives and a SAN technology. Flash -- Flash memory isn't a storage interface, but it is used for very high-end storage applications because it doesn't have the mechanical latency issues of hard drives. RAM -- Random access memory 27-Des-12

Flash

50



2. Storage Area Network (SAN) z

z

z

FC -- Fibre channel is high-end forms of a SAN. It's common for FC SANs to use native FC hard drives iSCSI -- Internet SCSI is a low-cost alternative to FC that's considered easier to manage and connect because it uses the common TCP/IP protocol and common Ethernet switches. AoE -- ATA over Ethernet is the most recent SAN technology to emerge, created as an even lower-cost alternative to iSCSI. AoE is a technology that encapsulates ATA commands into low-level Ethernet frames and avoids using TCP/IP. 51



2. Network attached storage (NAS) z

z

NAS is a file-level storage technology built on top of SAN or DAS technology. It's basically another name for "file server." NAS devices are usually just regular servers with stripped down operating systems that are dedicated to file serving. NAS devices typically use SMB (server message block) for Microsoft compatibility or NFS (network file system) for UNIX compatibility.

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2. Network attached storage (NAS) z

z

The benefit of a NAS over a SAN or DAS is that multiple clients can share a single volume, whereas SAN or DAS volumes can be mounted by only a single client at a time. The downside to a NAS is that not all applications will support it because they're expecting a block-level storage device, and most clustering solutions are designed to run on a SAN.

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Networking System : z

Internet infrastructure Method to connect :

z

Dial up { DSL { WIFI { WIMAX { Sattellite { Cellular Basic Computer Networking

z

{

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Internet Infrastructure

zComputer

using a modem or via LAN to connect to an Internet Service Provider (ISP). When you connect to your ISP, you become part of their network. The ISP may then connect to a larger network and become part of their network. The Internet is simply a network of networks. zMost large communications companies have their own dedicated backbones connecting various regions. In each region, the company has a Point of Presence (POP). zInstead, there are several high-level networks connecting to each other through Network Access Points or NAPs.

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Ada apa di balik Gadget Digital How the Internet Works How the Internet Works { {

{ { {

DATAGRAMs are packets of data that also contain addressing information TCP/IP define protocols (standards) for how datagrams are packaged and delivered IP address is a number that signifies the address of an Internet host Domain names are pseudonyms for IP addresses Domain name system servers provide user with IP numbers for URLs, e-mail addresses, etc.

Ada apa di balik Gadget Digital How the Internet Works {

{

Gateways and Routers transmit datagrams across the Internet Client/Server applications add functionality to the Internet

Ada apa di balik Gadget Digital Basic Internet Applications {

ELECTRONIC MAIL (EMAIL) asynchronous communications z z

mail client mail server


REMOTE LOGINS (TELNET)—synchronous 2way communications z z

local host remote host


FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL (FTP)— exchanging data and programs between systems z

{ {

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) cookies z

{

anonymous ftp

ID used for identifying users, transactions, etc.

Web caching z z

client-side server-side -- proxy servers

Ada apa di balik Gadget Digital Internet 2 {

{

{

{

consortium of government , industry, and education establish network capabilities to support national research develop the next generation of Internet applications transfer these to worldwide Internet

Ada apa di balik Gadget Digital Internet 2 {

{ { { {

Abilene

remote instrumentation and virtual laboratories distance learning digital libraries Tele-immersion multicasting



Method to Connect

1. Dial-up Connection : modem via phone line 2. DSL Connection connect to the Internet by through a cable modem or through a digital subscriber line (DSL) connection. DSL is a very high-speed connection that uses the same wires as a regular telephone line.

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Method to Connect

3. WiFi Connection 4. WiMax Connection, also known as 802.16, looks to combine the benefits of broadband and wireless. WiMax will provide high-speed wireless Internet over very long distances and will most likely provide access to large areas such as cities. 64



Method to Connect

4. WiMax Connection

WiMAX base station 10 miles from your home 65



Method to Connect

3. Satellite Connection

66



Method to Connect

4. Cellular Connection (GSM/CDMA): z The central antenna is a powerful transmitter -transmit 40 or 50 miles (about 70 km).

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Ada apa di balik Gadget Digital Networking System :

Radio Mode & Band Technology: z Method to Connect z GSM/TDMA operates 4. Cellular Connection (GSM/CDMA): in the 900-MHz and Cell Phone Network Technologies 1800-MHz bands in z 2G : 1st generation used the mobile with analog Europe and Asia and in system only used for the verbal communication. the 850-MHz and 19002G Technology mobiles are able to do not only MHz (sometimes verbal communication but also able to send text. referred to as 1.9-GHz) z 3G & 3.5G : 3G technology is intended for the band in the United true multimedia cell phone -- typically called States. smartphones -- and features increased bandwidth z CDMA operates in both and transfer rates to accommodate Web-based the 800-MHz and 1900applications and phone-based audio and video files. MHz frequency bands. {

z

4G : lastest technology (not implemented at all) - z Multiple mode & band - more bandwidth and services . 27-Des-12

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Method to Connect

4. Cellular Connection Internet using Cellular Technology WAP is designed to work on any of the existing wireless services, using standards such as: z Short Message Service (SMS) z High-Speed CircuitSwitched Data (CSD) z General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) z Unstructured Supplementary Services Data (USSD) 69



Basic Networking System

Networking : z Scale : LAN; MAN, WAN z Tipologi : Star, bus, ring, token ring, hybrid z Media : bounded (copper wire, optical fiber cable), unbounded media(“wireless”, RF waves) z Device : repeater, bridge, hub, switch, router

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{ { {

Data Communication Method : Digital Compression Encryption VPN (Virtual Private Network)

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Ada apa di balik Gadget Digital Compressing Images {

{

{

GIF (Graphic Interchange Format) Codec z employs LZW method for lossless compression TIFF (Tagged Image File Format) Codec z lossless syntactic method JPEG (Joint Photographics Experts Group) Codec z umbrella term covering several lossy and lossless methods z baseline method is most commonly used one -- lossy method based on a hybrid method 72

Ada apa di balik Gadget Digital Compressing Video {

Video compression employs both spatial and temporal compression z z

{

spatial techniques compress individual frames temporal methods compress data in frames over time

QuickTime and AVI (Audio Video Interleaved) are two popular (and incompatible with each other) formats Some Additional Methods z DVI (Digital Video Interactive) z Motion-JPEG z MPEG (Motion Pictures Experts Group) z The px64 Standard 73

Ada apa di balik Gadget Digital Encryption and Data Security {

{

{

Cryptography is the art and science of keeping message secret Encryption techniques convert data into a secret code for transmission The process of retrieving the original message at the receiver is called decryption

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Ada apa di balik Gadget Digital Asymmetric or Public Key Ciphers Illustrated

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Ada apa di balik Gadget Digital VPN (Virtual Private Network) {

A VPN's purpose is providing a secure and reliable private connection between computer networks over an existing public network, typically the Internet.

A good VPN can carry data in a secure, private tunnel across the chaos of the public Internet. 76

Ada apa di balik Gadget Digital VPN (Virtual Private Network)

{

A VPN's equipment: { Network access server -- As previously described, a NAS is responsible for setting up and maintaining each tunnel in a remoteaccess VPN. { A firewall provides a strong barrier between your private network and the Internet. { AAA Server -- The acronym stands for the server's three responsibilities: authentication, authorization and accounting. For each VPN connection, the AAA server One widely used standard for AAA confirms who you are (authentication), servers is Remote Authentication Dial-in User Service (RADIUS). identifies what you're allowed to access over Despite its name, RADIUS isn't just the connection (authorization) and tracks for dial-up users. When a RADIUS what you do while you're logged in server is part of a VPN, it handles (accounting). authentication for all connections coming through through the VPN's NAS.

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Ada apa di balik Gadget Digital VPN (Virtual Private Network) Encryption and Security Protocols in a VPN: { Internet protocol security protocol (IPSec) or generic routing encapsulation (GRE) { In a remoteaccess VPN, tunneling typically relies on Point-to-point Protocol (PPP) : z L2F (Layer 2 Forwarding) -- Developed by Cisco; uses any authentication scheme supported by PPP z PPTP (Point-to-point Tunneling Protocol) -- Supports 40-bit and 128-bit encryption and any authentication scheme supported by PPP z

L2TP (Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol) -Combines features of PPTP and L2F and fully supports IPSec; also applicable in site-to-site VPNs

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Selesai

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