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WMR30810.1177/0734242X11429988den Boer et al.Waste Management & Research
Original Article
Monitoring of municipal waste generated in the City of Warsaw
Waste Management & Research 30(8) 772–780 © The Author(s) 2012 Reprints and permission: sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav DOI: 10.1177/0734242X11429988 wmr.sagepub.com
Emilia den Boer1, Jan den Boer2, Jadwiga Jaroszyn n ´ska3 and Ryszard Szpadt1
Abstract Waste management in the new EU member states is currently undergoing rapid development in order to comply with the European legislation. In Poland there is a lack of capacity of waste treatment installations for residual waste which amounts to 5.5 million tonnes year−1. Detailed data on waste generation is needed to design new installations and ensure their efficient operation. This paper presents the results of the monitoring of municipal waste generation in Warsaw, being one of the largest agglomerations in the region. Detailed quantitative and qualitative results for both household and institutional waste are provided, as well as the technological properties of the household waste. The amount of municipal waste generated per capita amounted to 390 kg year −1. The main fractions contributing to the mixed household waste were: biodegradable kitchen waste, packaging plastics, non-packaging paper and cardboard, packaging glass and packaging paper and cardboard. The coarse fraction (> 100 mm) constituted 40% of total household waste, of which the majority were recyclables. The lower heating value of residual waste was sufficient to allow mass incineration. Data on historical developments of household waste quantities and composition since the year 2000 along with their estimates until the year 2020 are provided and discussed. Current problems of municipal waste management in Warsaw along with the proposed future solutions are briefly outlined. Keywords Municipal waste generation, waste composition, chemical properties, prognosis
Introduction In most of the new EU Member States (EU-12) waste management infrastructure needs to undergo rapid development to comply with the European regulations. In particular, the obligations to reduce the landfilling of biodegradable waste and to pre-treat the whole residual waste stream before landfilling call for a substantial change of the current practice. In order to comply with the reduction target (50% reduction of landfilling of biodegradable waste in comparison with the generation of biodegradable waste in 1995), by the year 2013, approximately 7.0 million tonnes year−1 of residual waste will need to be treated in either thermal or mechanical–biological technology in Poland. The total capacity of existing and currently constructed residual waste treatment plants amounts to approximately 1.5 million tonnes year−1. Nine incineration plants are planned with a total capacity of 2.1 million tonnes year−1. The remaining 3.4 million tonnes year−1 should be treated in mechanical-biological treatment (MBT) plants (Szpadt, 2011). Assuming an average capacity of 70 000 tonnes year−1, at least 50 MBT plants should be constructed. Waste treatment installations require high capital investments. In order to make them economically viable, operating costs should be minimized. Thus the capacity of newly constructed plants should be carefully designed and well fitted to the quantity and composition of the expected input waste. This paper presents the results of the quantitative and qualitative monitoring of the municipal waste generation in Warsaw (den
Boer et al., 2008; den Boer et al., 2009). The waste analyses presented here have been undertaken by the Urban Chemical Laboratory of the City of Warsaw since the 1970s (den Boer et al., 2010). The scope of the investigations is unusually wide, for both national and international standards. The continuous monitoring of the municipal waste in Warsaw consists of household waste monitoring covering four collection routes, representing three different housing types and institutional waste monitoring, covering waste from markets, street bins, schools, hotels, restaurants, graveyards as well as urban green waste and waste from manual (summer) and mechanical (winter) street cleaning. Data derived from the monitoring of generated waste in Warsaw are provided according to seasons which run from July until June in the following year.
1Institute
of Environment Protection Engineering, Wrocław University of Technology, Wrocław, Poland 2Wameco S.C. Ryszard Szpadt, Wojciech Górnikowski, Poland 3Urban Chemical Laboratory for the Capital City of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland Corresponding author: Emilia den Boer, Institute of Environment Protection Engineering, Wrocław University of Technology, Wybrzez˙e S. Wyspian´skiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland Email:
[email protected]
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Materials and methods Historical monitoring (until 2007) has been performed according to the Polish standard for waste analyses (PN-93/ Z-15006). With the purpose of enhancing the quality and to make the results of municipal waste analysis comparable, a new guideline for waste analyses has been issued by order of the Polish Ministry of Environment (Jędrczak and Szpadt, 2006). This guideline is based on the methodology of SWA-Tool (elaborated within a European research project) and has been used as a basis for the more recent waste analysis methodology since 2007.
Sampling The household waste monitoring in Warsaw is based on analyses of waste collected on four different collection routes. Waste is always collected from the same addresses (directly from waste containers). To account for the differences in quantity and composition of waste generated in different housing types, three characteristic areas were selected. • Area I: modern high rise residential districts with multifamily buildings equipped with central heating systems, represented by the collection route in the district of Ursynów. • Area II: town centre with multi-family buildings equipped with mixed heating systems, represented by two collection routes in the districts of Northern Praga and Żoliborz. • Area III: suburban, dispersed and peripheral building style with one- and more family buildings, equiped with local gas and coal heating, represented by the collection route in the district of Falenica/Wawer. Waste has been collected from each representative route in 2 month intervals. Based on the results of these investigations an average indicator for waste generation in each area has been established and the waste composition determined. Data for the whole municipality was calculated as a weighted average considering the numbers of inhabitants in different urban areas (40, 47 and 13% for areas I, II and III, respectively) (Borowski et al., 2006). Monitoring of bulky waste was conducted on an individual basis in one of the districts. Collection of bulky waste was organized there once in each season. Based on the collection results the mass indicator of bulky waste generation and its composition was determined. Monitoring of institutional waste covered sampling of one exemplary object of each of the following institutions: markets, street bins, schools, hotels, restaurants, graveyards, as well as urban green waste and waste from manual (summer) and mechanical (winter) street cleaning. Based on the investigations a set of various indicators was determined in order to characterize waste generation in those institutions, for example, for schools: the mass of waste per student, for hotels: mass of waste per bed and for graveyards: mass of waste generated per grave. Furthermore,
based on the general statistical data, total volume of those waste fractions was determined for the whole city of Warsaw.
Waste analyses Waste was screened to the following granulometric fractions: < 10 mm, 10–40 mm, 40–60 mm, 60–100 mm and > 100 mm. All fractions above 40 mm were sorted into 18 material categories (see Table 3 below). The 10–40 mm fraction was sorted to biodegradable and non-biodegradable materials. Chemical analyses of waste: water content, elementary analysis (content of H, C, N, Cl, S and O) as well as combustion properties (total organic carbon, ash content, higher and lower heating value) were determined based on the respective Polish standards.
Results and discussion Mass-based indicator for the household waste generation Table 1 shows the amount of household waste generated per capita in Warsaw in the season 2007/2008 for the four collection routes. The investigated routes mainly serve households and small commercial and public entities generating household-like waste: small shops, offices and other services. The number of these entities was highest in area II. The monitoring only concerned residual (or rather mixed) waste; separately collected waste was not included (it accounts for approximately 9.4% of the total waste generation). The weighted average for the entire city was based on the number of inhabitants in each of the three characteristic areas. For area II the average (arithmetic) values of the routes in Northern Praga and Żoliborz were taken. The difference in waste generation between the considered routes was significant. In general, inhabitants of one-family houses (area III) produced more waste than those living in multifamily housing areas (area I and II). In summer, the typical holiday season, the generated amount of waste in Warsaw was more than 10% lower than in spring.
Grain size distribution of the household waste In Table 2 the results of the grain size distribution (granulometry) analysis are presented as a weighted average result for the whole city. Seasonal variations were observed for the fractions 40–100 mm and over 100 mm. In spring and summer the coarse fraction (> 100 mm) constituted approximately 46%, almost 10 percentage points more than in autumn and winter. This may be caused by a lower amount of green waste and beverage packaging in the winter months. Moreover, in the season when additional heating is required a part of the paper and plastics fraction is likely to be burned in coal stoves or fireplaces. In the areas II and III the fine fraction (< 10 mm) made a higher contribution in the season when additional
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Table 1. Mass-based indicator for generated household waste in Warsaw in 2007/2008 (kg capita−1 year−1). ˙oliborz Z
District
Ursynów
N. Praga
Area
I: high rise multi-family building
II: city centre, multi-family building
Summer Autumn Winter Spring Yeara
0.58 0.64 0.66 0.79 0.67
0.65 0.82 0.78 0.87 0.78
aWeighted
0.74 0.74 0.70 0.67 0.72
Falenica
Warsaw
III: suburban one-family building
Weighted average
1.22 1.35 1.29 1.25 1.28
0.72 0.80 0.78 0.84 0.78
average.
Table 2. Grain size distribution of the generated household waste in Warsaw in 2007/2008. Fraction
0–10
10–40
40–100
of which biodegr.
non biodegr.
> 100
of which 40–60
60–100
Total
Season
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
Summer Autumn Winter Spring Yeara Min (month) Max (month)
4.1 5.9 5.6 4.3 5.0 1.2 10.7
19.9 22.1 24.2 19.6 21.5 11.4 34.3
14.6 18.5 20.8 16.5 17.7 8.7 30.9
5.3 3.6 3.4 3.1 3.8 0.5 14.4
30.5 34.3 35.1 30.6 32.6 20.1 46.9
8.9 9.6 10.5 11.0 10.0 6.0 17.1
21.6 24.7 24.6 19.6 22.6 10.4 39.3
45.5 37.7 35.0 45.6 40.9 25.0 63.4
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
aWeighted
average.
heating is required than in the summer months, which might be due to higher quantities of ashes from coal stoves and fireplaces.
Material composition of the household waste In Table 3 the results of the material composition of the household waste are presented as a weighted average result for the whole city. The results of the analysis of the waste composition are expressed in amounts generated by the average Warsaw inhabitant. The fractions over 40 mm were sorted into 18 material fractions. The category ‘other wastes’ consists of waste materials that were not mentioned elsewhere, such as baby napkins, hygienic materials as well as hazardous waste. The presented data indicates that biodegradable kitchen waste appeared mainly in the fraction 40–60 mm, in which it constituted approximately 45%. In the fraction 60–100 mm the share of this material was also high (approximately 26%). In summer and winter the content of kitchen waste in the entire waste mass was the highest. The main contributors to this were the high values in the fraction 40–60 mm in winter as well as the levels for the coarse fraction (> 60 mm) in summer. Paper and cardboard mainly occurred in the fractions 40–60 mm and in the coarse fraction (> 100 mm). During the whole year the joint share of paper and cardboard was the highest for multi-family housing districts. The joint share of plastics (both packaging
and non-packaging) was the highest in the waste from modern high-rise district. For the entire city the values were the lowest in winter and autumn, which probably followed from a lower consumption of beverages packed in plastic bottles. The share of packaging glass was clearly the highest for the one-family district (Falenica). Generally more glass waste was generated in spring and autumn; however, in Falenica this tendency was reversed. Other wastes constituted approximately 5% of the generated waste in Warsaw. The largest sub-category was disposable diapers. The average yearly amount of mixed household waste generated per inhabitant was 286 kg (here also household-like waste from small shops, offices etc. were included). The overall mass of generated waste in Warsaw was 519 209 tonnes in the season 2007/2008. Over 40% thereof was in the coarse fraction (> 100 mm), which can be sorted out easily and used for recycling or as refuse-derived fuel (RDF). In Warsaw recyclables were also collected separately, albeit on a modest scale. Nevertheless, within the mixed waste, in the fraction over 100 mm, there were still considerable levels of recyclable waste streams that were currently landfilled or incinerated. These amounted to approximately 33 kg of paper and cardboard, 31 kg of plastics, 14 kg of glass, 6 kg of textiles and 4 kg of metals per average inhabitant. On a yearly basis for the entire city this meant an amount of 60 825 tonnes of paper and cardboard, 55 803 tonnes of plastics, 25 111 tonnes of glass, 9881 tonnes of textiles and 7722 tonnes of metals.
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den Boer et al. Table 3. Material composition of the generated household waste in Warsaw in 2007/2008 (kg capita−1 year−1). > 100
Fraction
40–60
60–100
Biodegradable kitchen waste Green waste Non-packaging paper and cardboard Packaging paper and cardboard Packaging composites Non-packaging plastics Packaging plastics Textiles Non-packaging glass Packaging glass Packaging steel Packaging aluminium Other metals Mineral waste > 10 mm Wood and wood-like materials Packaging wood Construction waste Other wastes 0–10 mm 10–40 mm: biodegradable 10–40 mm: non biodegradable Total
12.9 0.9 5.5 0.7 0.5 0.6 2.0 0.4 0.1 2.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.8
16.9 1.0 6.1 2.9 2.0 1.4 11.8 2.1 0.3 9.2 1.9 1.0 0.4 1.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 5.5
11.1 3.0 22.8 10.8 5.0 3.5 27.3 5.6 0.1 13.6 2.0 0.6 1.7 1.0 0.3 0.0 1.0 7.7
28.7
64.7
117.1
In addition, Warsaw households generated on average 46 kg capita−1 year−1 (83 356 tonnes year−1) of kitchen and green waste in the fraction over 40 mm. Biologically degradable waste (mainly kitchen and garden waste) in the fraction 10–40 mm constituted another 51 kg capita−1 year−1. These waste materials could be treated biologically.
Chemical properties of the household waste Table 4 presents the results of chemical analyses of household waste. It provides the average yearly results of the combustion properties as well as the elementary composition of waste fractions. For each collection route and season the arithmetic average was calculated, followed by the determination of the weighted average of the values of the three characteristic areas for the entire city. Combustion properties of waste and its suitability for incineration were determined by the lower heating value. Even though the higher heating value of the three coarse fractions (> 40 mm) was similar, their lower heating value showed a significant variation, due to differences in moisture content. The fraction > 100 mm showed the lowest moisture content and at the same time the lowest levels of chlorine and sulfur, hence it was best suited for energy recovery. The minimal lower heating value for selfsustaining incineration of municipal waste is 5700 kJ kg−1. In the case of the Warsaw household waste, this condition was met for the coarse fractions of 60–100 mm and > 100 mm as well as for the entire mass of mixed waste.
Overall 40.9 4.9 34.4 14.5 7.5 5.4 41.1 8.1 0.5 25.2 4.2 1.8 2.3 2.4 0.3 0.0 2.9 14.0 14.3 50.5 10.9 286.1
Quantity and composition of bulky waste Average yearly generation of bulky waste amounted to 10.0 kg capita−1 year−1 (see Table 6 below). Wood and wood-like materials constituted 48% of the bulky waste, followed by green waste (16.7%, which were due to collection of Christmas trees in winter), textiles (11.9%), construction waste (6.8%) and other less abundant materials.
Quantity and composition of the institutional waste The results for the institutional waste generation are provided for the four seasons. Table 5 presents the weighted average for the waste generation indicator for waste from institutions, provided per capita and year. For the whole year, the average amount of generated institutional waste was 94 kg capita−1. Spring and autumn showed the highest level of generation, namely 101 and 100 kg capita−1 year−1, respectively. The lowest level was observed in winter (80 kg−1 capita−1 year−1), whereas in the summer months about 95 kg capita−1 year−1 was generated. It follows from the data provided, that waste generated in offices constituted the highest share in the total amount of waste from institutions. The values for spring and autumn were considerably higher than those for summer and winter. The next category with a significant contribution was urban green waste, which was generated mainly in the summer months. Analyses of material composition indicate that green waste originating from public green areas and graveyards constituted
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Table 4. Chemical properties of the generated household waste in Warsaw in 2007/2008. Fraction
Combustion properties
Elementary compositiona
Ash Higher Lower Total H organic content heating heating value carbonb value
% dm
% dm
kJ kg−1 dmkJ kg−1
0–10 mm 10–40 mm 40–60 mm 60–100 mm > 100 mm Overallc
31.5 46.3 66.1 67.4 69.8 62.2
65.8 51.6 31.4 30.7 27.7 35.5
6923 10 205 15 583 16 810 17 488 15 133
2826 2107 4430 6654 10 020 6696
C
Water Grain size content distribution
N
Cl
S
% dm % dm
% dm
% dm
% dm % dm
%
%
2.3 3.8 5.6 5.6 6.1 5.3
1.1 1.5 1.6 1.2 0.7 1.1
0.2 0.2 0.5 0.6 0.3 0.4
0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1
37.6 55.2 54.5 46.4 30.7 42.2
4.8 21.1 10.2 22.7 41.1 100.0
16.9 23.7 33.1 33.3 36.6 31.9
O
13.6 19.2 27.7 28.5 28.6 25.8
aOf
the combustible fraction. loss at 550 °C. cWeighted average. dm, dry mass. bIgnition
Table 5. Mass-based indicator for generated institutional waste in Warsaw in 2007/2008 (kg capita−1 year−1). Season
Graveyards Markets
Street Schools bins
Offices
Hotels
Restaurants Urban green
Manual Mechanical Total street street cleaning cleaning
Summer Autumn Winter Spring Yeara
8.6 22.6 15.9 10.5 14.4
7.9 9.5 11.0 10.4 9.7
15.1 33.8 18.4 33.8 25.3
3.8 3.5 2.3 3.8 3.4
9.9 9.2 9.5 18.0 11.7
0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
aWeighted
9.6 8.1 3.3 5.9 6.7
2.8 7.2 7.0 9.7 6.6
37.1 6.2 12.2 7.2 15.7
0.3 0.7 0.0 0.3 0.4
95.2 100.8 79.6 99.7 93.9
average.
the highest share of institutional waste with a yearly average of about 26% of its entire mass. The following most abundant fractions were: non-packaging paper and cardboard originating mostly from offices (21%) and biodegradable kitchen waste originating from restaurants, offices, schools, hotels and street bins (18%). The contributions of the other fractions were considerably lower and did not exceed 10%. The content of green waste showed the biggest variation throughout the year and varied from 45% in the summer period to 15% in spring.
Joint results for Warsaw municipal waste Table 6 shows the mass-based indicator for the municipal waste generated in the four seasons in 2007/2008. The municipal waste consisted of the joint mass of household and bulky waste as well as institutional waste, excluding separately collected waste. The joint amount of generated municipal waste in Warsaw in 2007/2008 was 390 kg capita−1 year−1, amounting to 697 757 tonnes year−1 for the whole city. The highest level of municipal waste generation was observed in the spring and autumn months, with peaks in spring for household waste and in autumn for institutional waste. The lowest overall level was in summer time, caused by the holidays in that season. The material composition
Table 6. Joint mass-based indicator for generated municipal waste in Warsaw in 2007/2008 (kg capita−1 year−1). Season
Household waste
Bulky waste
Institutional waste
Total
Summer Autumn Winter Spring Yeara
261 292 284 306 286
9.1 9.7 11.7 9.7 10.0
95.2 100.8 79.6 99.7 93.9
366 403 376 416 390
aWeighted
average.
of the joint generated Warsaw municipal waste is presented in Table 7 as mass-based indicators in kg capita−1 year−1. The composition of the municipal waste was dominated by the biodegradable kitchen waste, fraction for the year-round value as well as for the individual seasons. The average value for this fraction was 27%, which corresponded to 104 kg capita−1 year−1. The winter value was the highest at 30%, whereas in summer only 25% of the generated waste consisted of biodegradable kitchen waste. The next fraction in terms of size was non-packaging paper and cardboard, with an average of 14%. The contribution in autumn was the highest (15%), and summer the lowest (13%).
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den Boer et al. Table 7. Material composition of the joint municipal waste in Warsaw in 2007/2008 (kg capita−1 year−1). Fraction
Summer
Autumn
Winter
Spring
Yeara
Biodegradable kitchen waste Green waste Non-packaging paper and cardboard Paper and cardboard packaging Packaging composites Non-packaging plastics Packaging plastics Textiles Non-packaging glass Packaging glass Packaging steel Packaging aluminium Other metals Mineral waste > 10 mm Non-packaging wood and wood-like materials Packaging wood 0–10 mm Construction waste Other wastes Total
91.2 48.8 48.4 19.8 7.3 5.9 47.1 9.8 2.0 27.9 3.9 1.9 3.3 9.2 6.1 0.3 11.5 5.5 15.7 366
105.8 27.0 57.8 19.2 10.5 9.9 49.7 11.2 6.3 37.8 4.2 2.7 4 8.3 6.6 0.6 20.5 5.0 15.6 403
113.6 35.4 51.0 16.8 8.5 6.4 44.9 7.9 2.6 29.8 5.9 2.2 2.6 10.0 3.2 0.2 16.5 3.1 15.1 376
106.6 23.1 64.5 17.8 13.4 9.7 59.9 11.1 2.0 45.6 5.7 3.3 2.3 8.3 5.9 0.4 16.2 2.0 17.8 416
104.3 33.6 55.4 18.4 9.9 8.0 50.4 10 3.2 35.3 4.9 2.5 3.1 9.0 5.5 0.4 16.2 3.9 16.1 390
aWeighted
average.
Table 8. Amounts of generated mixed household waste in Warsaw in the seasons 2000/2001 – 2005/2006 (kg capita−1 year−1). Season
0–10 mm Glass
Metals
Paper
Textiles
Vegetable Animal food waste food waste
Plastics
Organic Inorganic Total residuals residuals
2000/2001 2001/2002 2002/2003 2003/2004 2004/2005 2005/2006
16.7 16.4 19.6 15.5 17.4 16.2
8.8 9.2 9.4 8.9 6.5 10.0
41.3 47.2 43.2 42.6 53.5 51.9
5.1 5.5 4.4 4.8 5.2 5.7
92.0 80.7 82.1 90.1 89.1 95.0
38.0 39.1 41.8 42.4 44.7 48.9
7.7 10.0 10.7 10.1 13.8 13.6
32.3 29.0 28.5 31.1 33.2 36.1
Plastic and glass packaging waste constituted 13 and 9%, respectively, of the generated municipal waste. The following fraction still had a proportion of over 3%: green waste (8%), packaging paper and cardboard (5%), fines (0–10 mm, 4%) and other waste materials (4%). Based on the material composition, the share of the municipal waste that was biodegradable was also determined. Approximately 233 kg capita−1 year−1 of biodegradable municipal waste was generated in the city of Warsaw. Of this amount 159 kg capita−1 year−1 stemmed from households, the remaining 66 kg capita−1 year−1 was waste from institutions.
Prognosis and analysis of time trends In order to plan waste management systems and policy the exact estimates of future-generated waste amounts and compositions are necessary. For estimates of the amounts and quality of household waste in Warsaw over a time horizon up to the year 2020, two methods were applied: (1) the method of extrapolation of
6.8 7.0 6.8 7.8 6.6 7.9
6.9 8.8 9.3 12.8 10.8 8.2
256 253 256 266 281 294
historical data, and (2) the LCA-IWM method (Beigl and den Boer, 2005).
Method of extrapolation of historical data. The extrapolation of historical data is the most widely applied direct method of estimation of future waste amounts. In this method no external influences such as the effect of the gross domestic product (GDP) on the generated waste quantity and quality are considered. The applied method is based on the indicator that is most easy to interpret, namely the amount of generated waste per capita and year. This indicator is a direct result of the inhabitants’ behaviour. Historical data on the generation of household waste in Warsaw is provided in Table 8. In the estimation of the waste generation the separately collected amounts were also considered in addition to the mixed household waste. The estimation was undertaken by making an exponential extrapolation of each considered waste fraction individually. The results for individual fractions showed a fair increase in the amounts of paper and cardboard waste generated
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Figure 1. Results of the prognosis of household waste generation in Warsaw by the two applied methods. Source: authors' own data
Table 9. Socio-economic indicators used for the prognosis with the LCA-IWM method. Region
Indicator
Unit
2008a
2020b
Warsaw Poland
Population Population in the age 15-59 Average household size Infant mortality rate Life expectancy at birth Gross domestic product Increase in GDP (2008-2020) Infant mortality rate Employment in agriculture
Inhabitants % of total population persons per 1000 births years US$ (1995)c per capita % per year per 1000 births % of total employment
1 706 624 65.2% 2.19 4.5 77.58 12 179
1 639 770 58.2% 2.12 3.8 78.21 3.5 5.2 11.4
6.1 15.7
aSocio-economic
data for the year 2008 applied for the season 2007/2008. data for the year 2020 applied for the season 2019/2020. cAccording to the requirements of the LCA-IWM model GDP of the year 2008 is defined in US-Dollar purchasing power parities in 1995 prices (Beigl and den Boer, 2005). Source: authors’ own elaboration based on regional and national statistics. bSocio-economic
in future, and in plastics as well as organic and inorganic residues. The future amounts of the other fractions showed lower rates of growth or remain stable. The estimate for the amount of household waste generated, based on the method of extrapolation of historical data is 312 kg capita−1 year−1 for 2019/2020 (see Figure 1).
LCA-IWM method. The LCA-IWM prognosis tool (Beigl and den Boer, 2005) enables the prediction of future generated waste quantities based on a limited number of parameters. These parameters are the current amount and composition of household waste as well as prognoses of some general socioeconomic indicators. The development of the method is based on the data related to waste management as well as economic, demographic and social statistics for all European countries and European cities with a population exceeding half a million inhabitants. Based on the analysis of data time, series historical relations were determined between generation of waste on the one hand and socio-economic indicators on the other for cities and countries with varying levels of economic development. A direct causal relation between the input indicators of the model and the future waste generation does not always exist, since some of the indicators, such as ‘infant mortality rate’ or ‘life expectancy at birth’ are quite general indicators of the living standard of the population. The LCA-IWM prognostic tool provides default values for most indicators, which can
be replaced by the user’s own values. Table 9 summarizes the socio-economic indicators used for the Warsaw waste generation prognosis. In Figure 1 the results of both applied methods are shown graphically. Analysis of the predicted trends shows that the prognosis by the LCA-IWM method better reflects the future tendency of increase in household waste generation in Warsaw. As a comparison, data for Dutch cities with over 100 000 inhabitants may serve. In these cities the amounts of generated household waste rose from 366 kg capita−1 year−1 in 1993 to 399 kg capita−1 year−1 in 1999. Between 1999 and 2007 the waste generation stabilized at a level of around 400 kg capita−1 year−1. Considering the likely future economic development and increase in living standards in Warsaw, a similar period of increase in waste generation can be expected. Only later will stabilization take place. Thus the resulting prognosis from the LCA-IWM method for Warsaw in the year 2020 (381 kg household waste per capita and year) seems to be a valid estimate.
Present and future solutions of municipal waste management in Warsaw According to the Municipal Waste Management Plan the amount of municipal waste collected in Warsaw in 2008 was 752 600 tonnes including 71 077 tonnes collected separately.
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the city of Warsaw and its agglomeration with a capacity of 390 000 tonnes year−1 (based on the prognosis of waste generation in 2025 and the potential for serving the surrounding communities).
The collected waste underwent the following treatment and disposal methods: • • • • • •
sorting of separately collected materials: 11 131 tonnes, sorting of mixed waste: 54 416 tonnes, biodegradable waste composting: 29 313 tonnes, mechanical-biological pretreatment 85 436 tonnes, thermal treatment: 40 947 tonnes, landfilling without pre-treatment: 531 357 tonnes.
The present state of Warsaw’s municipal waste management is far from the expectations and the European standards. In order to fulfil the legal requirements concerning diverting biodegradable waste from landfilling as well as increasing resource recovery and recycling the following activities are proposed in the period up to 2015.
3. Installations for the final disposal of waste through landfilling: construction of a landfill (outside Warsaw) for waste other than hazardous and inert waste with a capacity of 300 000 tonnes in 2011 and another 190 000 tonnes in 2013. The quantity of landfilled waste will decrease due to the obligation to reduce the landfilling of biodegradable waste as well as the fulfillment of the waste acceptance criteria at landfills (entering into force on the 1 January 2013).
Educational. Continuation of education programmes on adequate waste management
Organizational. Development of separate collection through: intensification of source separation, introduction of district Civic Amenity Sites and provision of mobile waste collection facilities.
Infrastructural 1. Construction of installations for the material recovery from separately collected streams. • Eight district civic amenity sites. • Two sorting plants for separately collected recyclables with the capacities of 20 000 tonnes year−1 and further extension potential to 30 000 tonnes year−1; additionally sorting plants for the recyclables owned by private entrepreneurs will exist. • A green waste composting plant with a capacity of 20 000 tonnes year−1. • An anaerobic pretreatment plant for biodegradable waste with a capacity of 10 000 tones year−1. • An installation for disassembly of bulky waste, including selected categories of waste electric and electronic equipment with a capacity of approximately 10 000 tonnes year−1. • An installation for the pretreatment of construction waste with a capacity of 8000 tonnes year−1. 2. Installations for the treatment of mixed municipal waste with energy recovery (both electricity and thermal). • Modernization and extension of the existing waste treatment plant – serving the eastern part of the city of Warsaw and its agglomeration with a targeted capacity of 312 645 tonnes year−1 (thermal waste treatment) and 20 000 tonnes year−1 (sorting of separately collected dry recyclables). • Start of activities aimed at the construction of the second waste treatment plant serving the western part of
Conclusions Herein, the results of the ongoing monitoring of the generation of municipal waste in the city of Warsaw are presented. In the season 2007/2008 the amount of municipal waste generated per capita by the Warsaw population averaged 390 kg year−1. Of these household waste amounted to 286 kg year−1, the remainder being bulky waste (10 kg year−1) and institutional waste (94 kg year−1). The main fractions contributing to the mixed household waste were: biodegradable kitchen waste (31%), packaging plastics (15%), non-packaging paper and cardboard (12%), packaging glass (10%) and packaging paper and cardboard (5%). For the institutional waste the main fractions were: green waste (26%), non-packaging paper and cardboard (21%), biodegradable kitchen waste (18%), packaging plastics (9%) and packaging glass (8%). The share of the total generated mass of municipal waste that was biodegradable amounted to 233 kg capita−1 year−1 (59% of total municipal waste). For the household waste alone these values were 159 kg capita−1 year−1 and 55%, respectively. Based on the results from the applied LCA-IWM prognostic tool the amount of Warsaw household waste generated in 2020 was estimated to be 381 kg capita−1 year−1. A number of actions are proposed in the waste management plan in order to improve the effects of separate waste collection and its treatment.
Acknowledgements The article is based on the monitoring of Warsaw waste undertaken by the Urban Chemical Laboratory of the City of Warsaw. The authors kindly acknowledge the help and support of the Environmental Protection Office of the City of Warsaw, especially the invaluable assistance of Mrs Nina Dembińska.
Funding This research was financed by the City of Warsaw.
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