MS DOS. (MICRO SOFT DISK OPERATING SYSTEM). There is basic relationship
between hardware and software .without software computer system is useless.
MS DOS
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MS DOS (MICRO SOFT DISK OPERATING SYSTEM) There is basic relationship between hardware and software .without software computer system is useless. The relationship between hardware and software is like the relationship that exists between body and soul in a human being .the relation between hardware and software is brought about by the Operating System (OS). The function of the operating system can be compared with a conduction that coordinates his orchestra. The gap between hardware and software is filled in by operating system. Booting: Before the operation of any computer, its circuitry requires a control program, which communicates the hardware and software and provides the user an environment in which he works. To prepare such an environment, one needs to boot the computer by loading system files of MS –DOS into the computers main memory or RAM. Thus, loading of system files of MS –DOS in the computer’s memory from a disk (may be a hard disk or floppy disk) is known as booting. A computer can be booted in two ways .they are: a. Cold Boot
b. Warm Boot
a. Cold Boot: When the computer is in off state and the user pulls it on, the circuitry loads the system files from the disk into the main memory. Such process of booting is called cold boot. b. Warm Boot: When the user presses CTRL, ALT and DEL keys simultaneously, the program in the RAM is deleted and it looks for system file in the disk drives to load in the RAM. You can boot the computer in this way, which is called warm boot.
MS-DOS is the generic name of operating system for microcomputers .MS –DOS comprises some hidden file, command files, etc. There are three essential file in MS-DOS without which you cannot boot he computer they are;
MS-DOS COMMANDS: 1. There are two types of MS –DOS commands .they are a. Internal commands. b. External commands. a). Internal Commands execute immediately because they are built –in to DOS e.g. CLS, MD, DIR, DATE, REN, TIME & TYPE,DEL. b) External Commands are on disk program files e.g. attrib, edit, more, backup copy. Wild cards: *(asterisks) and ? (Question mark)
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MS DOS
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* = Represents all digits. ? = Represents a single digit. 1. To clear the current screens apply this command. After applying this command the prompt goes to top – left position of the screen. C:\> CLS
[Internal]
2. This command display the current date and let you to change new time, if you want to enter new date follow the existing date format. C:\> DATE
[Internal]
3. This command display the current time and let you to change new time, if you want to enter time follow the existing time format. C:\> TIME
[Internal]
4. This command displays the label of the disk. C;\> VOL
[Internal] [INTERNAL COMMANDS]
DIR
5. To display the list of files and sub – directories of current directory. Symbol at the right hand side of the name indicates that is sub directory. Dir/p
- To display the list of the files and sub – directories of current directory page wise, if the length of the list is more than one page or screen.
Dir/w
- To display compact list of files, sub directories of current directory. Sub – directories are in widthwise.
Dir/p/w
- To display the list of files and sub directories of current directory width wise and page wise.
Dir A:
- To display the list of files and sub directories of a floppy which is inserted in A drive.
Dir B:
- To display the list of files and directories of a floppy which is inserted in B drive.
Dir * . *
- To display all the files and sub directories of current directory.
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Dir PR??? .*
- This will match all the files with primary name beginning with PR and comprising four or less characters and any extension.
Dir/ A-D Dir???GE .*
:- T0 display only file - This will match all files with primary names ending with CE and comprising exactly six characters and any extension.
Dir D***.*
- To display the list of files and sub –directories names which have A at the starting point and any extension.
Dir *.S*
- To display all files have ‘S’ on the beginning of their extension.
Dir/AD
- To display only sub directories.
Dir/A-D
- To display only files of the current directory.
6. SUB – DIRECTORIES Sub directories where you can stories various files, create file (s) make sub –directory for specify purpose. 7. MD (MAKE DIRECTORY) - To make sub directory in same drive/ directory or in another drive/directory apply this command and after making sub directory apply DIR command then see the left hand side of the name, you will see directory indicator. C:\> MD AJIK C:\> MD A:\ PRINCE 8. CD(Change Directory) CD
9.
-
[Internal]
To change directory or to go in form current directory apply this command. This command can be applied with the double periods (...) to go back toward main directory step by step and \backslash) to go to main directory at once. C:\>CD PRINCE
(C:\PRINCE>
C:\>CD BIRATAGAR
(C:\BIRATNAGAR>
CD..
[Internal]
CD .. - To change one step back leaving current directory. Page: 3 of 7
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10. CD\
[Internal] CD\
- To go to main directory or root directory at once.
11. RD (Remove Directory) RD
[Internal]
- To remove sub directory apply this command but that must empty and should not be current directory.
C:\>RD NEPAL
CREATING AND SAVING THE FILES To create a new file with or with or extension use this command. Filename should be of 8 digits, extension should ye 3 digits and dot (.)Should be type between filename and extension.
C:\>COPY CON After opening a file DOS text as required while typing to change line or twice for blank line. Press TAB for while typing to change line or twice for five digits space. Spacebar for space between character and words, backspace to delete character to left from the cursor position etc. To save the files use the command given below. F6 OR CTRL+Z TYPE: To see or display the contents of the file of current directory through this command you only can see the contents but not edit or modify the text. if the contents more than the one full screen apply MORE command to display screen wise. C:\>Type CCC C:\>TypeBIRATNAGAR| more C:\>TypeA: COMPUTER C:\>Type A: COMPUTER| more
REN: This command is used to rename a file in the same drive. C:\>REN CCC INSTITUTE C:\>REN A:\CCC B:\COMPUTER Page: 4 of 7
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COPY: To make duplicate file(s) in same drive or importing exporting files as same filename or as new filename use this command and you can apply wild cards with copy command. a. b. c.
C:\>COPY Sharma Deo C:\>COPY A:\ Sharma C:\>COPY C:\CCC
Exporting in another drive a. b. 0c.
C:\>COPY SHYAM A: C:\>COPY SHYAM A:\Lalu C:\.>COPY* * A:\
EXTERNAL DOS COMMANDS EDIT: To modify the contents of a file use this command. An editing screen as a box will appear after applying this command. While editing Left arrows Right arrows Attrib+R C:\>Attreb+R ** To make erasable (the following commands will allow you to erasable the file(s) and you can modify it.) C:\Attrib-R C:\>Attrib-RAttrib+H C:\>Attrib+H** To retrieve (the following commands will allow you to retrieve the file (s) from the disk. C:\PRINT SORT This commands display the directory in order, ascending/ descending. C:\>DIR| SORT C:\>DIR| SORT|MORE
display in ascending order. display in ascending order screen wise.
XCOPY This command is used to copy the files, directories and sub directories altogether. C:\>XCOPY[source drive] [target drive] \S copies directories and sub directories, expect empty one. \V verifies each new file where written in to the disk. MOVE To move a file as same name or changing,. Its name from one drive or directory to another drive or directory applies this command. You can apply wild cards too. C:\>MOVE *.* A:\ Page: 6 of 7
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C:\>MOVE*DOC A:\ C:\>MOVE*.*C:\CCC DOSKEY To install doskey (up and down keys) apply this command, it lets you to repeat the previous commands instead or typing. C:\>DOSKEY CHANGING DRIVES This prompt indicates that in which drive you are, if you want to change drive see the examples. While you are in C drive While you are in A drive While you are in C drive While you are in B drive
-
A: to change A C: to change C B: to change B C: to change C
I. ERASE/ DELETE To delete file(s) from current drive/ directory or from another drive/ directory apply this command. Wild cards can be applied with this command. C:\>Del C:\>Del * .* (all file will be deleted) C:\>Del * .doc (it will deleted only extension of doc) C:\>Del/p ( it will asked you question step by step you can delete File)
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