multicultural discourses in a dynamic global world

6TH SYMPOSIUM ON DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

MULTICULTURAL DISCOURSES IN A DYNAMIC GLOBAL WORLD 19TH NOVEMBER 2010 SCHOOL OF LANGUAGES, CULTURES & LINGUISTICS MONASH UNIVERSITY, CLAYTON CAMPUS

6TH SYMPOSIUM ON DISCOURSE ANALYSIS MULTICULTURAL DISCOURSES IN A DYNAMIC GLOBAL WORLD 19TH NOVEMBER 2010 SCHOOL OF LANGUAGES, CULTURES & LINGUISTICS MONASH UNIVERSITY, CLAYTON CAMPUS

SCHEDULE:

20 minute presentations - followed by 10 minutes of questions, comments, feedback

9.00 - 9.20: Registration 9.20 - 9.30

Dr Marisa Cordella

Welcoming Address

9.30 - 10.00

Dr Georgina Heydon and Ms Miranda Lai

Police discourse in multicultural and multilingual settings: An exercise of diminishment when mediated by interpreters?

Dr Helen Tebble

A discourse semantic approach to studying empathy in a bilingual medical consultation

Mrs Natalie Stroud (Monash University)

A discourse analysis approach to cultural and language difficulties for Indigenous offenders in the Criminal Justice System

(Monash University)

(RMIT University)

10.00 - 10.30 10.30 - 11.00

(Monash University)

11.00 -11.30: Morning Tea 11.30 - 12.00 12.00 - 12.30 12.30 - 1.00

Dr Doris Schüpbach

The institutional discourse of citizenship in Australia – recent developments

Ms Yolande McNicoll

The Howard governments’ discourse of family life: implications for governance

(Monash University) (Monash University) Ms Ahlam Al-Harbi

(Monash University)

Attitudinal Positioning Towards Iran’s Nuclear Program: CNN vs. Al-Jazeera English

1.00 - 2.00: Lunch 2.00 – 2.30

Ms Quang-Ngoc-Thuy Tran

Refusal strategies reported by Vietnamese speakers of English in intercultural workplace contexts

2.30 - 3.00

Ms Hoàng Thi Hanh

You heard me, but did you listen to me? A case study of a fluent user of English as a foreign language

3.00 – 3.30

Mr Andi Roestiono

Discourse Stylistics of the Main Characters' Utterances in Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare

Ms Dwijani Ratnadewi

Changes in Javanese Politeness Strategy

3.30 – 4.00

(The University of Queensland) (The University of Queensland) (School of Foreign Language and Literature (STIBA) SATYA WIDYA Surabaya - Indonesia) (Muhammadiyah University of Surabaya, Indonesia)

4.00 – 4.30: Afternoon Tea 4.30 – 5.00

Mr Ahmad Aris Mundir Sutaji

Discourse Analysis of Beliatn Bawo Mantra (B.B.M.) in Traditional Healing Rite of Dayak Benuaq Culture in East Kalimantan

5.00 – 5.30

Prof Michael Clyne, Dr Marisa Cordella, Dr Hui Huang, Ms Ramona Baumgartner, Miss Tong Shen & Mr Andres Villamizar (Monash University)

Intergenerational discourses towards a more multilingual Australia

(Education Faculty of Kutai Kartanegara University East Kalimantan-Indonesia)

5.30: Symposium closes Page | 2

Police discourse in multicultural and multilingual settings: An exercise of diminishment when mediated by interpreters? Dr Georgina Heydon Criminal Justice, RMIT University Ms Miranda Lai Translating and Interpreting, RMIT University Abstract In an ever more multicultural and multilingual society such as Australia’s, the area of law enforcement must take on issues such as trans-lingual communication in order to provide equitable justice outcomes to the community at large. The legal and law enforcement systems are complex and challenging social institutions for ordinary citizens to deal with in a mono-cultural and monolingual setting. For immigrants to Australia who do not speak English well, or who do not speak the language at all, the barrier is almost unsurmountable. Police interviews are believed to be one of the most common law-enforcement activities (McGurk, Carr & McGurk, 1993), and it is also perceived as one of the most important (Milne & Bull, 2006). Existing literature on police interviewing training shows that the bulk of work has been done on analysing monolingual police discourse. Police interviews mediated by interpreters remain an under-researched area. This paper addresses concerns about the impact of the interpreter on strategic interviewing by police. The multidisciplinary approach to the problem involves interpreting studies, criminal justice, cognitive theories and conversation analysis. This paper demonstrates that the central and arguably most important strategy of modern police interviewing techniques – eliciting a free-form narrative from the witness or suspect – conflicts fundamentally with the cognitive and linguistic requirements of the interpreting process. The paper considers the implications this may have for training interpreters who work in this field of specialisation, and describes future research that will contribute to finding a workable solution. Bionote Dr Heydon published the first monograph to analyse the language of police interviewing in Australia from a linguistic and discourse analytic perspective. Her foundational work on the linguistic structures of police interviews (2004) and moral frameworks in questioning (2003) provides a new insight into investigative interviewing by revealing the language strategies used by police and suspects to construct evidentiary narratives. Over the last ten years, Dr Heydon ’s research has contributed a new level of detail to the analysis of legal-societal issues in policing by focusing on the discursive phenomena that underlie testimonial integrity (2008b), methods of detecting deception (2008a), formality (2007) and the right to silence (2007). Miranda Lai: Currently coordinating the Advanced Diploma of Translating and Interpreting at RMIT University and undertaking a research degree in translating and interpreting studies focusing on police interpreting. Accredited by the National Accreditation Authority for Translators and Interpreters at the Professional Level as a Chinese/English translator and interpreter. Extensive experience as a translating and interpreting practitioner and educator. Contact Dr Georgina Heydon Email: [email protected]

Ms Miranda Lai Email: [email protected]

References • Heydon, G 2003, 'Do you agree that she would have been frightened?' An investigation of discursive practices in police-suspect interviews’. Thesis Abstract. Forensic Linguistics. The International Journal of Speech, Language and the Law. Vol 10 (1) • Heydon, G 2004, ‘Establishing the structure of police evidentiary interviews with suspects’, The International Journal of Speech, Language and the Law: Forensic Linguistics. Vol 11 (1), pp 27-49. • Heydon, G 2007, ‘When silence means acceptance: understanding the right to silence as a linguistic phenomenon’. Alternative Law Journal. Vol 32 (3), pp 147-51. • Heydon, G 2008a, ‘The art of deception: myths about lie detection in written confessions’, in L. Smets and Aldert Vrij (Eds) Cahiers Policestudies: Special Investigative Interviewing techniques: The use of written - and oral analyses, Politeia, Brussels, pp173-185. • Heydon, G 2008b, ‘The risk to testimonial integrity of moral judgements in police interviews’, Southern Review: Communications, Politics and Culture, 40 (3), pp 23-39. • McGurk, B, Carr, J & McGurk, D 1993, Investigative interviewing courses for police officers: an evaluation., 4, Home Office, London. • Milne, R & Bull, R 2006, 'Interviewing victims of crime, including children and people with intellectual disabilities', in MR Kebbel & GM Davies (eds), Practical Psychology for Forensic Investigations, Wiley, Chichester, pp. 7-23. Page | 3

A discourse semantic approach to studying empathy in a bilingual medical consultation Dr Helen Tebble School of Languages, Cultures and Linguistics, Monash University Abstract This paper reports on the use of a discourse semantic approach to the study of interpreted medical discourse. Specifically it is a case study of the application of Appraisal Analysis from Systemic Functional Linguistics. The paper forms part of the preliminary work for the Monash University team project on Interpreting for Elderly Italian Speaking Patients. It discusses the concept of empathy in medical consultations and the obligations a medical interpreter has to identify it and interpret it in its various expressions. The discourse is from a video-recorded medical consultation between an elderly non-English speaking patient and an English speaking consultant physician which is interpreted by a NAATI accredited professional interpreter. The text is transcribed to the level of the tone group, translated, back-translated and glossed where necessary. The method of analysis can reveal that vital component of a medical consultation which a patient uses to assess his or her level of satisfaction with the consultation and potentially their degree of compliance with the medical treatment. Bionote Dr Helen Tebbble is an Adjunct Senior Research Fellow in Interpreting and Translation Studies in the School of Languages, Cultures and Linguistics at Monash University. She has specialised in discourse analysis for about 20 years, lecturing, supervising and examining honours and postgraduate projects in spoken discourse analysis. Her discourse analysis expertise is in medical interpreting and the language of depression. She is interested in a variety of approaches and methods of discourse analysis including genre theory and Appraial analysis used in systemic functional linguistics. Contact Email: [email protected]

References • Martin, J.R. and Rose, D. 2007. Working with Discourse - Meaning beyond the clause, 2nd edition. London: Continuum. • Tebble, H. 1998. Medical Interpreting - Improving communication with your patients. Geelong: Deakin University & Language Australia. • Tebble, H. 1999. "The tenor of consultant physicians: Implications for medical Interpreting", The Translator 5(2):179-200. • Tebble, H. 2009. "What can interpreters learn from discourse studies?" In Hale, S., Ozolins, U. and Stern, L.(eds). The Critical Link 5 Quality in Interpreting - a shared responsibility. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp.201-219. Page | 4

A discourse analysis approach to cultural and language difficulties for Indigenous offenders in the Criminal Justice System Mrs Natalie Stroud Law Faculty, Monash University Abstract The aim of this research is to systematically examine courtroom discourse as it relates to difficulties experienced by some Indigenous Australians who come before the law. The key question guiding this study is to determine if issues of miscommunication previously identified by academics continue to be reflected in the conventional court process, or whether the innovation of Indigenous alternative sentencing courts, such as the Koori Court of Victoria, has changed the paradigm of criminal justice to deliver a better quality of justice for this disadvantaged cultural group. There continues to be a high percentage of Indigenous offenders in the Criminal Justice System in spite of measures taken to address this problem. This study will examine the way language is used in the courtroom in Victoria, using a sociolinguistic discourse analysis approach, in order to identify whether an awareness of cultural and language difference has an impact on the court process. Sociolinguistic features which may cause miscommunication at the court hearing include pragmatic features of formality, politeness, cultural habits/taboos, language attitudes and ideologies. Differences in communicative style may also cause misunderstandings, such as the question/answer format; different concepts of time and of distance; and semantic, lexical and syntactic variations in discourse. Analysis of courtroom transcripts may identify interesting patterns and cross-cultural variation in the communicative process. One of the aims of the non-adversarial Koori Court is to allow greater participation by the Aboriginal (Koori) community in the Court process. The informal process of the hearing adapts the legal system to acknowledge the cultural needs of Aboriginal participants, while still upholding the law. During the ‘Sentencing Conversation’, the offender is given a voice and time to tell his or her story. The aim of this court is to reduce re-offending, rehabilitate and reconnect the offender to the community, with a prison option as a last resort. Bionote Natalie Stroud is an Honours graduate of Monash University (Forensic Linguistics), currently enrolled in a PhD in the Law Faculty. Over the past seven years she has worked part-time as a Research Assistant in the Linguistics Program, on Victorian Aboriginal languages. Natalie’s main research interest is on the relationship between language and the law and how miscommunication can occur in the courtroom context when cultural and language differences are not understood. For her doctoral thesis she is investigating the interaction of language in alternative sentencing courts such as the Koori Court of Victoria, comparing this with language interaction in mainstream courts. Natalie has presented papers at several international Language and Law conferences in Cardiff, Amsterdam, Sydney and Melbourne, and has published her research in academic journals and on the web. Contact Email: [email protected] Mobile: 0416 203 941

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The institutional discourse of citizenship in Australia – recent developments Dr Doris Schüpbach German Studies, School of Languages, Cultures & Linguistics, Monash University and School of Languages and Linguistics, The University of Melbourne Abstract Since its inception in 1949, Australian citizenship legislation has been amended frequently and considerably and these amendments can be seen in conjunction with changes in immigration policies and discussions of national identity. Until 2007, the amendments were aimed at making it easier to acquire Australian citizenship whereas the more recent changes seem to point in the opposite direction (Klapdor, Coombs & Bohm 2009). Focussing on this turning point and the developments since then, this paper explores the institutional discourse around the concept of (Australian) citizenship. It will consider the legislation itself, the parliamentary debates about the amendments, commissioned reports on citizenship issues, related public submissions as well as information and education booklets for prospective citizens and the departmental website. Bionote Doris Schüpbach is an Adjunct Research Fellow at the School of Languages, Cultures and Linguistics of Monash University and an Honorary Research Fellow at the School of Languages and Linguistics of the University of Melbourne where she completed her PhD in 2005. She also holds a Master of Applied Linguistics from the University of Melbourne and a Graduate Diploma in TESOL from RMIT University. She has taught linguistics subjects within the German programs of both Monash University and the University of Melbourne and was a collaborator on several ARC-funded projects at the University of Melbourne. Her research interests include language and migration; societal and individual plurilingualism; sociolinguistics, discourse analysis and narrative approaches in sociolinguistic research. Contact Email: [email protected]

References: • Klapdor, Michael, Moira Coombs & Catherine Bohm (2009), Australian citizenship: a chronology of major developments in policy and law. Background Note 2009-10. Canberra, Parliamentary Library Page | 6

The Howard governments’ discourse of family life: implications for governance Ms Yolande McNicoll Governance Research Unit, Department of Management, Monash University Abstract This proposal arises from a PhD project on the use of language to exercise power in Australia (2003- 2006), which seeks to explain change and innovation in political discourse and in governance under John Howard (1996-2007), and to identify ideological messages, and their impact upon democratic governance. Fairclough (1992) notes a new emphasis on words and scripts in our culture which he asserts carries over into how we are governed. These issues will be explored in the context of family social policy. The Howard period was one of increasingly overt conflict about values, ‘truth’, and ‘common sense’, and of narrowing debate. One man’s “relaxed and comfortable” (Pre-election interview with Kerry O'Brien, cited in Williams 1997) is another man’s “corruption of public debate” (Marr 2007). The discourse of this government was remarkable for its monocultural definition of the family. The manner in which the discourse of the family was used by the Howard Government in governance is examined through a case study of the Baby Bonus cash payment policy introduced in 2004. This facilitates a better understand the use of language in the exercise of power. Leximancer software is used to assist in the identification of themes and concepts within the corpus, in tandem with Critical Discourse Analysis of identified fragments drawn from the Hansard of the Australian Parliament, government press releases and web-based resources. Media coverage of the Baby Bonus policy provides a context for the Howard Government discourse as well as access to competing discourses about the family. Bionote Yolande Mc Nicoll is working on a PhD which examines the nature of governance in the context of the Baby Bonus during the final years of John Howard’s Prime Ministership (2003-2007). This project focuses on the exercise of power through discourse, specifically the Howard government’s “family-talk”. Yolande has worked on a series of research projects related to factors that promote success for nontraditional students, internationalising health science curricula, and the quality assurance of higher education. Her published research is in the areas of quality assurance and improvement in health science education, governance of public institutions, and the role of professional accreditation. Her most recent publications have addressed the development of key performance indicators, and auditing offshore partnerships. Yolande’s current research interests include governmentality, feminism, and Critical Discourse Analysis. She has a BA (Hons) in History and a Graduate Diploma in Public Policy and Public Management from Monash University. Contact Email: [email protected] Telephone: 03 9903 2820

References: • Fairclough, N. (1992). Discourse and social change. Cambridge, UK ; Cambridge, MA, Polity Press. • Marr, D. (2007). His master's voice : the corruption of public debate under Howard. Melbourne, Black Inc. • Williams, P. (1997). The victory : the inside story of the takeover of Australia. St Leonards, N.S.W., Allen & Unwin. Page | 7

Attitudinal Positioning Towards Iran’s Nuclear Program: CNN vs. Al-Jazeera English Ms Mona Bahmani Islamic Azad University (Science and Research Branch), Iran Ms Ahlam Al-Harbi Linguistics, Monash University Abstract The study has examined the attitudes of CNN and Al-Jazeera English (AJE) towards Iran’s Nuclear Program (INP), i.e., AFFECT, JUDGMENT, and APRECIATION employing the APPRAISAL framework (Martin & White, 2005). The data has been comprised of 40 articles collected randomly from the websites which published during 2005-2006. These years dated a critical stage of INP when it has become controversial and possessed economic, political and potential military aspects. The study has adopted quantitative and qualitative methods to determine the presence of the attitudes and the prevalence of one type over the other. Both news-networks have been found highly evaluated. CNN has relied heavily on APPRECIATION referring to INP as being nuclear to invoke readers’ negative judgment of Iran. In addition, CNN has employed positive affectual stances, i.e., security, to highlight aspects of their opposition towards Iran such as unity and consensus. Obviously, CNN has one agenda which was achieved by appraising the “self” positively and the “other” negatively. On the other hand, AJE, with its various agendas, has appraised INP positively and the US and Iran (apart from INP) negatively. AJE has mainly employed JUDGMENT. This is not surprising, given that the function of JUDGMENT is to judge people and their actions rather than things. This may explain why AJE news coverage sounds more bias than CNN. Bionote Mona Bahmani (B.A. in English Language and Literature, M.A. in English Language Teaching) teaches ESP and EGP courses to Iranian university students. Her academic interests are sociolinguistics, critical discourse studies, and TEFL research. Ahlam Al-Harbi (M.A. in linguistics) is a lecturer at the English Department in the Faculty of Arts, Taif University, Saudi Arabia. She is also accredited by ATN-APTS as a freelance translator. Currently, she is a PhD candidate at Monash University, Australia. Her primary research interests are sociolinguistics, critical discourse analysis, media/political discourse, feminine studies, and forensic linguistics. She has a TEFL certificate from International TEFL Teacher Training and the Forensic Linguistics First Certificate from the Forensic Linguistics Institute. She has two papers published and another two papers under review.

Contact Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]

References: • Barkho, Leon. 2007. Unpacking the discursive and social links in BBC, CNN and Al-Jazeera’s Middle East reporting. Journal of Arab and Muslim Media Research 1.1, 11-29. • De Graaf, Jonas Joris. 2008. Al-Jazeera English: the Opinion and the Other Opinion A comparison between ideologies in CNN International and Al-Jazeera English concerning the withdrawal of the Jewish settlers from the Gaza Strip in August 2005. Master’s dissertation, University of Utrecht. • El-Nawawy, Mohammad. 2003. Why Al-Jazeera Is the Most Popular Network in the Arab World, Television Quarterly 34, 10–15. • Martin, James & White, Peter. 2005. The language of evaluation: Appraisal in English. London: Palgrave. • Martin, Patrick. (6 November, 2001). CNN tells reporters: No propaganda, except American, 1 p. http://www.wsws.org/articles/2001/nov2001/cnn-n06.shtml (10 August 2010) • Medina, Mercedes. 2003. Time Management and CNN strategies (1980–2000). In A.B. Albarran and A. Arrese, Time and Media Markets, 81-93. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Page | 8

Refusal strategies reported by Vietnamese speakers of English in intercultural workplace contexts Ms Quang-Ngoc-Thuy Tran School of Languages and Comparative Cultural Studies, The University of Queensland Abstract Refusal strategies have been substantially investigated in several studies in the field of interlanguage pragmatics, mainly within one culture or cross-culturally. This paper examines the refusal strategies that Vietnamese people reported to use in the intercultural workplace. An online survey were conducted with a set of four situations based on daily occurrences in the workplace in Vietnam between Vietnamese and native English speaking colleagues. The refusals in English and Vietnamese reported by the Vietnamese speakers of English were collected and divided into strategies, or semantic formulas, using a modified version of the coding categories developed by Beebe et al (1990). Data were analysed according to frequency of strategies, with reference to status and culture difference. Results indicate that the most frequently refusal strategies used by the Vietnamese in both languages, English and Vietnamese, to their colleagues are indirect strategies which mainly include excuse/reason/explanation, alternative, positive opinion, incremental coherent micro-questions, request for empathy/assistance, and gratitude. Direct strategies were not used very often. Only one direct strategy that ranks at the end of the list (negative willingness/ability) was used quite frequently. Status was found to have a consistent effect on the Vietnamese refusals as it was on subjects in previous studies. In contrast, it was not clearly established whether culture difference always affected the Vietnamese refusals toward their native English speaking colleagues in intercultural workplace settings. Bionote Quang-Ngoc-Thuy Tran is currently a PhD candidate at School of Languages and Comparative Cultural Studies in the University of Queensland, Australia. She earned her Master’s degree in Applied Linguistics from the University of Queensland in 2004 and started her PhD project on communication strategies in the intercultural workplace in 2009. Her research interests include intercultural communication, CALL, and EFL teaching and learning. Contact Email: [email protected] Tel: 0432486508 or (07) 3365 2013 Fax: (07) 3365 6799

References • Beebe, L. M., Takahashi, T., & Uliss-Weltz, R. (1990). Pragmatic transfer in ESL refusals. In R. C. Scarcella, E. S. Andersen & S. D. Krashen (Eds.), Developing communicative competence in a second language (pp. 55-73). Boston: Heinle & Heinle Publishers. Page | 9

You heard me, but did you listen to me? A case study of a fluent user of English as a foreign language Ms Hoàng Thi Hanh School of Languages and Comparative Cultural Studies, The University of Queensland

Abstract Group interactions have long been used by teachers as a means to enhance students’ fluency in an English as a foreign language (EFL) context. However, the actual ways in which our students interact with each other in groups have received little interest. This paper reports a case study of collaborative and noncollaborative interactions of a group of three Vietnamese learners of English solving a team task to shed light on one aspect of communicative competence (CC) that can be missed in a fluent speaker of EFL. Transcription of audio and video recordings of the group is analyzed using Conversation Analysis to consider how verbal and non-verbal behaviours of one person can influence or constrain those of their coparticipants (Goodwin & Heritage, 1990). Retrospective interviews are conducted with each student of the group to investigate their comments, reactions and awareness of collaborative interactional skills. Striking features of both collaborative and non-collaborative interactions are found in the data. A number of interplaying factors might explain students’ use of non-collaborative behaviours: student’s lack of awareness of interactional competence, their perception of successful performance, their goal-oriented focus, and possibly, the practice of EFL teaching and EFL testing. Pedagogically, the paper challenges aspects of our current CC teaching and testing practice. Bionote Hoàng Thị Hạnh is a teacher at Vietnam National University. She is currently a PhD student at the University of Queensland – Australia. Her research interests include Second Language Teaching and Learning, Teacher Education, Intercultural Communication and Applied Conversation Analysis. Contact Email: [email protected] Telephone: 0413099873

Reference:

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Goodwin, C., & Heritage, J. (1990). Conversation Analysis. Annual Review of Anthropology, 19, 283-307. Page | 10

Discourse Stylistics of the Main Characters' Utterances in Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare Mr Andi Roestiono School of Foreign Language and Literature (STIBA) SATYA WIDYA Surabaya, Indonesia Abstract The ranges of conversational features that can be applied to dialogue in literature are sequencing, speech acts, and implicature (Fowler, 1996: 131). Sequencing has connection with the analysis of turn taking. Speech act relates to illocutionary acts such as requesting, warning, asserting, and so on. Conversational implicature is related to the flouting of the maxims: quantity, quality, relation, or manner. Concerning Stylistics, the analysis is related to the lexical choices, grammatical categories and figures of speech (Leech and Short, 1981: 75). Lexical choices relate to matters of connotation. Grammatical categories relate to syntactical aspect that is the deviation of grammatical pattern within sentences, and figures of speech are concerned with the analysis of metaphor, personification, simile, and so on. In analyzing the data the writer uses a qualitative approach because the data are in the form of words not number and of the phenomena which appear related to discourse stylistics. The writer also uses descriptive method and content analysis technique to analyze utterances in the play Julius Caesar. The dialogue of the main characters are fragmented to be the data. The data are interpreted on the basis of discourse features: conversational features, and stylistic aspects. Bionote Mr Andi Roestiono lives in Surabaya, Indonesia. He is a lecturer at STIBA SATYA WIDYA Surabaya, Indonesia. He passed his graduate degree in 2001, is still educated at Universitas Negeri Surabaya, post graduate Program and is now following SandwichLike Program at Monash University for three months until December 19, 2010. He is now doing his research for dissertation entitled Discourse Stylistics of the Main Characters’ Utterances in Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare. He published: Error Analysis of English Brochures for Tourism in Bromo, Probolinggo, East java (research), Prosodic Phonology: an Interpretation (article), Stylistic Analysis of john Donne’S Poems (article). Contact Email: [email protected] and [email protected]

References: • Leech, Geofrey N. and Short, Michael H. 1981. Style in Fiction: A linguistic Introduction to English Fictional Prose. London: Longman. • Fowler, Roger.1996. Linguistic Criticism. 2nd ed. Oxford. Oxford University Press. Page | 11

Some Changes in Javanese Politeness Strategy Ms Dwijani Ratnadewi Muhammadiyah University of Surabaya, Indonesia Abstract Geertz (1976) states that the major themes of Javanese politeness behaviour are indirectness and dissimulation. Javanese people have a range of elaborate strategies to implement and respond to these culturally approved behaviours. This study investigates what politeness behaviours are reflected in utterances when Javanese native speakers engage in English discourse. The study analyzes how and why these behaviours are operationalized. It examines the utterances expressed by Javanese native speakers, particularly Javanese native speakers who have lived in English speaking country for at least a year. Participants are chosen using purposive sampling, they are selected according to the following criteria: Length of time in English speaking country context; Education level; Standard Javanese speakers and Adult/child differences. The data will be collected via semi-structured interviews. In these interviews elicitation will be used to develop productive conversation. To overcome the influence of the experimental setting on the dialogue a range of props are employed. The data are the participants’ utterances which are collected by interviewing the participants. The data is analized using pragmatic discourse based on Javanese behaviours and categorized using Spradley’s (1979) Domain analysis. Bionote Dwijani Ratnadewi was born in Malang, East Java, Indonesia. She has been teaching English since she graduated from the Bachelor Degree untul now. she started teaching in some Senior High Schools and since 1993 she has taught some private universities. She also did some trainings towards English teachers in East Java and held TOEIC for high school students. After finishing her master degree in Linguistics and Culture in 2003 I teach in the Muhammadiyah University of Surabaya until now, majoring Discourse Analysis and Pragmatics. In 2008 She started studying in the Post Gaduate Program in the State University of Surabaya as a Ph D candidate. She has done some researches on English Learning and Discourse Analysis area. Contact E-mail : [email protected]

References: • Berry, J.W. 1997. ‘Immigration, acculturation, and adaptation’. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 46, 5-34. • Dörnyei, Zoltan. 2007. Research Methods in Applied Linguistics. Oxford : Oxford University Press. • Geertz, C. 1968. ‘Linguistics Etiquette’. In Joshua A Fishman (Eds), Readings on Sociology of Language. Netherlands: Mouton & Co. Printers, The Hague. • Hymes, Dell. 1974. Foundations in Sociolinguistics. An Ethnographic Approach. Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press • Koentjaraningrat. 1984. Kebudayaan Jawa. Jakarta : Balai Pustaka • Spradley, James. 1979. Ethnographic Interview. United States : Wadsworth Group/Thomas Learning • Wierzbicka, A. 1991. Cross Cultural Pragmatics : The Semantics of Human Interaction. Berlin : Mouton de Gruyter. Page | 12

Discourse Analysis of B eliatn Baw o M antra (B.B.M .) in Traditional Healing Rite of Dayak Benuaq Culture in East Kalimantan Mr Ahmad Aris Mundir Sutaji Education Faculty of Kutai Kartanegara University East Kalimantan-Indonesia Abstract The Beliatn Bawo rite is a traditional method of healing a sick person conducted by Dayak healers in East Kalimantan. Uttering the mantra is used to deliver messages to other powers besides people; for example the soul of the forefather and mystical creatures in order to help the pemeliatn to heal the patient. Sometimes, the mantra consists of words and utterances, which can provide a magical power to cure or harm someone. The purposes of the study are to describe the meaning of the symbol and to identify the stylistic devices employed in the mantra. The research is qualitative because the data is in the words form not in number. The writer uses descriptive method and content analysis technique to analyse the symbols appear in the mantra. The writer also uses an ethnographic method as the basis for collecting data..To analyse the data the writer employs Cuming’s theory of three-part approach to meaning (2005:42). These theory approaches are Psychologistic, Referential and Social. To arrive to intended meaning the writer employs Discourse Analysis advocated by Brown and Yule (1983). Then to describe the Stylistic devices the writer employs Bradford’s stylistics theory (1997). Bionote Ahmad Aris Mundir Sutaji was born on 4 June 1970 in East Java Indonesia. He teaches at Education Faculty of Kutai Kartanegara University East Kalimantan. Currently, he is a student of PhD of Posgraduate of Surabaya State University, Indonesia, and now he is joining Sandwich Like Program at Monash University Australia. His Published Academic Writing are: The Intrinsic Analysis of the Short Stories by Edgar Allan Poe, Tahun 2005, Discourse Analysis of Commercial Adverts in The Jakarta Post Tahun 2008, Pengembangan Materi Pembelajaran Bahasa Inggris Berdasarkan Pendekatan Kontekstual 2008, Kualitas Guru Indonesia, Tantangan Masa Depan Pendidikan Indonesia, Tahun 2008, Metaphors in the Heading of Kaltim Post News, Tahun 2009 Contact Email: [email protected]

References: • Bradford, Richard. 1997. Stylistics. London: Routledge. • Brown, Gillian & Yule, George. 1983. Discourse Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press • Cumming, Louise. 2005. Pragmatics. A Multidisciplinary Perspective. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Page | 13

Intergenerational discourses towards a more multilingual Australia Prof Michael Clyne, Dr Marisa Cordella, Dr Hui Huang, Ms Ramona Baumgartner, Mr Andrés Villamizar and Miss Tong Shen School of Languages, Cultures and Linguistics, Monash University, Monash University Abstract This inter-disciplinary project involving linguists and aging specialists is designed to bridge the gap between multilingual Australia and the ‘monolingual mindset’. It brings together secondary students who are learning German, Mandarin or Spanish in three Melbourne schools with people over 60 years of age speaking that language as an L1 to conduct hourly conversations every fortnight. It is thus a way of utilizing community language resources for the spread of plurilingualism in Australia. This project aims to i)develop a model for the utilisation of community language resources ii) facilitate encounters where younger L2 learners and older L1 speakers can benefit from each and iii) assess the effects of such encounters on the students’ L2 proficiency and on the older participants’ well-being and sense of belonging The data analysis will assess the effects of young people's second language proficiency, conversation management skills, language attitudes, cultural knowledge and attitudes towards ageing. In this paper each research member will outline their contribution to the overall project indicating the theoretical framework they will be using to analyse and interpret the corpus. Bionote Michael George Clyne, AM, FAHA, FASSA (12 October 1939 – 29 October 2010) was an Australian linguist and academic. He was a leading scholar and an inspirational figure in many fields of linguistics, including sociolinguistics, pragmatics, bilingualism and multilingualism, second language learning, and intercultural communication. He was a fellow of the Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia, the Australian Academy of the Humanities, and the Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences. Michael’s academic career was outstanding contributing with numerous books and articles (28 authored, coauthored and edited books and over 300 articles and book chapters). Michael obtained numerous awards and prizes for his contribution to multilingualism and multiculturalism. He was made a Member of the Order of Australia on June 13, 1993 "for service to education, particularly in the field of linguistics." (Selected and partially modified information from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Clyne). Marisa Cordella holds a PhD in linguistics from Monash University, Australia and is currently a Senior Lecturer in Spanish Linguistics and Translation and Interpreting Studies. Her research expertise includes discourse analysis, intercultural communication, medical communication and translation studies. She is author of the book ‘The dynamic consultation: A discourse analytical study of doctor–patient communication’ and many other international peer-reviewed manuscripts (selected publications at http://arts.monash.edu.au/spanish/staff/mcordella-pubs.php). Marisa takes a multidisciplinary approach in her studies to gain a comprehensive understanding of how discourses function in a given context within the external macro-factors that contribute in the development of the talk. She has developed strong collaboration links with the Faculty of Medicine at Monash University. Hui Huang, a Ph.D. in applied linguistics. She is currently a lecturer in Chinese Studies Program at Monash University. She has been researching and publishing in the areas of second language acquisition and pedagogy, teaching Chinese as a second language and as a community language, language pedagogy involving the use of ICT to promote second language learners’ self-efficacy and language learning, learner needs analysis and curriculum development as well as cross-cultural communications. She has developed academic collaborations across faculties and universities in the many above areas. Ramona Baumgartner holds a degree in Bilingual teaching for Europe from the University of Education in Freiburg, Germany. She currently works for the Intergenerational Languages and School Project at Monash University in the German part and assists in the project coordination. Her research interests are languages as a (re)source for social cohesion in multicultural communities. Andrés Villamizar recently graduated from a Master of Education (TESOL International) at Monash University. He also holds a Graduate Diploma in Secondary Education (ACU) with emphasis in LOTE teaching and Visual Arts, as well as a Bachelor of Visual Arts (also from Monash) and a Bachelor of Architecture from Page | 14

the Pontificia Universidad Javeriana in Colombia. Currently, Andrés combines his PhD studies with tutoring in the Spanish and Latin American Studies at Monash University as well as at the Centre for Adult Education. Andrés’ Master thesis explored the communication skills that non-English speaking background (NESB) graduates from Australian universities require in order to obtain employment in an English speaking environment. In his doctorate studies, Andrés is investigating the diversity of linguistic strategies that older speakers of Spanish use as input when communicating with younger learners of their language and the students’ output and reactions towards these strategies. Tong Shen, a PhD candidate in the ARC Linkage Project “Connecting younger L2 learners and older bilinguals: Intergenerational, intercultural encounters and second language development”. She has a background in Linguistics and Language teaching (BA in Linguistics, VUW; Postgraduate Diploma in Language Teaching, University of Auckland; MA in Applied Linguistics, VUW). After receiving CELTA in 2006, she has worked as an ESOL teacher for about three years. Currently she tutors Chinese at Monash University. In her PhD studies, Tong focuses on the conversations between Chinese elderly and high school students of Chinese and investigates a number of cultural laden speech acts and discourse features. Contact Marisa Cordella: [email protected] Hui Huang: [email protected] Ramona Baumgartner: [email protected]

Tong Shen: [email protected] Andrés Villamizar: [email protected]

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