Multipeak self-biased magnetoelectric coupling characteristics in four-phase Metglas/Terfenol-D/Be-bronze/PMN-PT structure Dongyan Huang, Caijiang Lu, and Han Bing Citation: AIP Advances 5, 047140 (2015); doi: 10.1063/1.4919248 View online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4919248 View Table of Contents: http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/adva/5/4?ver=pdfcov Published by the AIP Publishing Articles you may be interested in Large self-biased magnetoelectric response in four-phase heterostructure with multiple low-frequency peaks Appl. Phys. Lett. 106, 033505 (2015); 10.1063/1.4906414 Giant self-biased magnetoelectric coupling characteristics of three-phase composite with end-bonding structure Appl. Phys. Lett. 105, 263502 (2014); 10.1063/1.4904799 Giant magnetoelectric effect in nonlinear Metglas/PIN-PMN-PT multiferroic heterostructure Appl. Phys. Lett. 105, 152902 (2014); 10.1063/1.4898039 Large converse magnetoelectric coupling effect at room temperature in CoPd/PMN-PT (001) heterostructure Appl. Phys. Lett. 97, 252508 (2010); 10.1063/1.3531648 High magnetic field sensitivity in Pb ( Zr , Ti ) O 3 – Pb ( Mg 1 / 3 Nb 2 / 3 ) O 3 single crystal/TerfenolD/Metglas magnetoelectric laminate composites J. Appl. Phys. 107, 094109 (2010); 10.1063/1.3406142
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AIP ADVANCES 5, 047140 (2015)
Multipeak self-biased magnetoelectric coupling characteristics in four-phase Metglas/Terfenol-D/ Be-bronze/PMN-PT structure Dongyan Huang,1,2,a Caijiang Lu,3,a,b and Han Bing4 1
College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China 2 College of Information, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun, 130118, China 3 Guizhou Electric Power Test & Research Institute, China Southern Power Grid, Guiyang, 550002, China 4 College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China
(Received 9 February 2015; accepted 13 April 2015; published online 23 April 2015) This letter develops a self-biased magnetoelectric (ME) structure Metglas/ Terfenol-D/Be-bronze/PMN-PT (MTBP) consisting of a magnetization-graded Metglas/Terfenol-D layer, a elastic Be-bronze plate, and a piezoelectric 0.67Pb(Mg1/3 Nb2/3)O3-0.33PbTiO3 (PMN-PT) plate. By using the magnetization-graded Metglas/ Terfenol-D layer and the elastic Be-bronze plate, multi-peak self-biased ME responses are obtained in MTBP structure. The experimental results show that the MTBP structure with two layers of Metglas foil has maximum zero-biased ME voltage coefficient (MEVC). As frequency increases from 0.5 to 90 kHz, eleven large peaks of MEVC with magnitudes of 0.75-33 V/(cm Oe) are observed at zero-biased magnetic field. The results demonstrate that the proposed multi-peak self-biased ME structure may be useful for multifunctional devices such as multi-frequency energy harvesters or low-frequency ac magnetic field sensors. C 2015 Author(s). All article content, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4919248] The magnetoelectric (ME) composite consisting of magnetostrictive and piezoelectric components shows larger ME response than those of any natural multiferroic ME materials.1–5 This ME effect in magnetostrictive/piezoelectric composites is realized by a stress-mediated mechanical coupling between the magnetostrictive and piezoelectric layers, which is often referred as a “product property.”1–4 The previous presented ME responses of magnetostrictive/piezoelectric composites at room temperature have led to the development of many multifunctional devices such as passive magnetic field sensors, electric current sensors, magnetoelectric transducers.6–8 Since the ME coupling in the composites is mediated by the mechanical stress, one would expect a stronger coupling when the frequency of the ac field is tuned to acoustic mode frequencies in the sample than at non-resonance frequencies. Most previous reports are focused on advancing the material properties for higher ME coefficients, and have shown that ME coupling may be enhanced by up to two orders of magnitude at electromechanical resonance frequencies of ME composites.1–9 But unfortunately, the resonance peak is typically very sharp which results in a very narrow bandwidth. In addition, the previously composites only have one or two resonant peaks determined by the dimensions of magnetostrictive and piezoelectric layers.9,10 Once the applied frequency deviates slightly from the resonance condition, the ME coupling of the device may reduce significantly. Several limited efforts have been made to obtain a multiple resonances for broadening bandwidth, such as using anisotropic piezoelectric material,11 preparing composite structures with a dimensional gradient,12 and designing composites with various mechanical boundary conditions.13 These technologies have indeed shown some
a Dongyan Huan and Caijiang Lu contributed equally to this work. b Corresponding author: E-mail:
[email protected]
2158-3226/2015/5(4)/047140/6
5, 047140-1
© Author(s) 2015
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Huang, Lu, and Bing
AIP Advances 5, 047140 (2015)
FIG. 1. Schematic illustration of self-biased ME heterostructure by sandwiching a nonmagnetic Be-bronze plate between a piezoelectric PMN-PT plate and a magnetization-graded Metglas/Terfenol-D layer. The arrows M and P designate the magnetization and polarization directions, respectively.
promise, but the resonance frequencies in these ME composites appear still once or twice in the low-frequency range. On the other hand, most of the reported ME composites in literature require magnetic dc bias to invoke piezomagnetic response.1–13 Recently, the ME composite with exchange biasing effect has shown a ME response under zero magnetic bias field.14 The magnetic exchange occurs only at the thin interface (∼nm in thickness), so this thin ME structure is difficult to fabricate and potentially costly compared to laminate composite. Besides, the use of magnetization-graded magnetic layer is a feasible approach for achieving the self-biased ME responses in the case of laminate composite.15–18 In order to make the ME composites viable for potential applications, it is technically important to design a structure of ME composites with multiple resonance frequencies and large self-biased ME response. Here, we devote ourselves to develop a ME structure which has large self-biased ME response and inherent multiple resonance frequencies in the low-frequency range. The presented Metglas/ Terfenol-D/Be-bronze/PMN-PT (MTBP) structure comprises a longitudinally magnetization-graded magnetostrictive Metglas/Terfenol-D layer, a piezoelectric 0.67Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.33PbTiO3 (PMN-PT) plate, and a elastic Be-bronze substrate. Resonance frequencies occur when the magnetostrictive Metglas/Terfenol-D layer oscillates at the frequencies close to the allowed frequencies of the elastic Be-bronze plate. By using magnetization-graded Metglas/Terfenol-D layer and the elastic Be-bronze plate, multi-peaks of self-biased ME response at low frequency are obtained. This makes the ME structure becomes a potential candidate of magnetic sensors for detecting low-frequency AC magnetic field. Our concept for the presented MTBP heterostructure is illustrated in Fig. 1. Iron-based Metglas (2605 SA2 provided by Foshan Huaxin Microlite Metal Co., Ltd., China) is a material with a positive magnetostriction (λs=27 ppm), a high permeability (µr>50000), and a high saturation magnetization (µ0Ms = 1.56 T). The Terfenol-D plate was commercially supplied (Gansu Tianxing Rare Earth Functional Materials Co., Ltd., China). The dimensions of Terfenol-D, Metglas are 12 × 6 × 0.8 mm3 (l × w × t) and 12 × 6 × 0.03 mm3 (l × w × t), respectively. Piezoelectric single crystal of transversely polarized 0.67PMN-0.33PT [0.67Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.33PbTiO3] plate (provided by Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China) is selected as piezoelectric phase with its dimensions of 12 × 6 × 0.8 mm3 (l × w × t), which is prepared by a modified Bridgman technique near the morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) with [001]-oriented cut. The sizes of elastic be-bronze plate are 70 × 6 × 0.6 mm3 (l × w × t). The support plate is placed at the middle of the structure where the displacement is forced to zero. The Terfenol-D, Be-bronze and PMN-PT plates were laminated with epoxy adhesive and pressed using a hydraulic press to make the epoxy layers as thin and perfect as possible. Then, the Metglas foils were bonded at the bottom of the Terfenol-D plate by using epoxy adhesive. In experiments, the applied dc bias magnetic field (Hdc) was generated by a pair of neodymium permanent magnets (NdFeB), and an alternating current magnetic field (Hac) was generated by a
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Huang, Lu, and Bing
AIP Advances 5, 047140 (2015)
FIG. 2. Output voltage as a function of frequency of the MTBP heterostructure with a 1000N/m2 stress at the two ends of Terfenol-D plate.
long-straight solenoid coil driven by a signal generator (Tektronix AFG3021B). The different values of Hdc=0-450 Oe were realized by adjusting the distance of NdFeB magnets, and were measured by a Gauss meter. The middle supported ME samples were placed at the center of the long-straight solenoid coil. The ME output voltage of ME composite was measured with a lock-in amplifier (SR830 Lock-in Amplifier). In order to evaluate approximately the resonance frequencies of MTBP heterostructure, a finite element modelling analysis was conducted using the commercialized simulation software COMSOL Multiphysics (Structural Mechanics Module). Figure 2 shows the ME voltage as a function of frequency for MTBP heterostructure with a 1000 N/m2 stress at the two ends of Terfenol-D plate. The output voltage spectrums are found to exhibit resonance peaks at 2.2, 7.7, 15, 23.1, 26.2, 30.3, 32.3, 40.8, 83.8 kHz. From the simulation results, we can obtain that the Be-bronze plate severs as the resonance frequency determining element of the ME structure. These simulation results indicate that the presence of these multiple peaks allows us to design a multifunctional device for multi-frequency operation. In experiments, we firstly measured the ME voltage coefficients (MEVCs) in ME structures with single-phase magnetostrictive Terfenol-D. For comparison, the variations of the low-frequency MEVCs with external dc magnetic field for both Terfenol-D/PMN-PT (TP) and Terfenol-D/BeBronze/PMN-PT (TBP) structures are shown in Fig. 3. The data show initial increases in MEVCs for TP or TBP composite as Hdc is increased, reach their maximum values at Hdc=316 Oe, and then decreases slowly as the field continues to increase. Then, the variations in MEVCs for TP and TBP composites as a function of frequency from 0.1 to 90 kHz are shown in figure 4 under Hdc=316 Oe. For traditional TP bilayer laminate, MEVC remains unchanged except for only two sharp peak at about f =25.575 and 87.545 kHz with increasing frequency f =0.1-90 kHz. The peak values of MEVCs at f =25.575 and 87.545 kHz are 79.3 V/(cm Oe) and 43.5 V/(cm Oe), respectively. For the TBP composite, interestingly, there are eleven relatively high resonant peaks at frequencies of 2.91, 7.61, 14.33, 16.095, 22.48, 25.43, 29.045, 30.74, 36.7, 40.25 and 83.26 kHz, which are generally the same position as that observed in impedance spectrum. The discrepancies between figure 2 and figure 4 are because that the MTBP heterostructure contains Metglas foil resulting in the differences of density and elastic compliance. The peak values of MEVC at these eleven resonance frequencies are 11.25, 61.25, 81.25, 9.25, 76.25, 13.125, 90, 43.25, 4.25, 17.625 and 61.25 V/(cm Oe), respectively. The results indicate that the new device has exhibited an attractive and promising performance—its response to AC magnetic field demonstrates multipeaks over low-frequency.
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Huang, Lu, and Bing
AIP Advances 5, 047140 (2015)
FIG. 3. Low-frequency ME voltage coefficients ( f =1 kHz) for Terfenol-D/PMN-PT (TP) and Terfenol-D/Be-bronze/PMNPT (TBP) composites as a function of bias magnetic field Hdc.
FIG. 4. ME voltage coefficients (MEVCs) for TP and TBP composites as a function of frequency from 0.1 to 90 kHz. The DC magnetic bias field Hdc=316Oe.
Although the TBP composite exhibits multi-peak characteristics, it still needs external dc bias magnetic field to obtain larger ME response. In order to realize multi-peak ME response without the need of bias field, combining the TBP structure with magnetization-graded ferromagnetic materials is an effective way. Our experiment selects low permeability and relatively high coercive field of Terfenol-D (µr=5 and Hc10000 and Hc2. When L=2, the zero-biased MEVCs of 0.75, 11.5, 23.4, 2.1, 33, 4.9, 6, 22.25, 4.4, 10.4, 23 V/(cm Oe) are observed at 2.925, 7.69, 14.555, 16.145, 23.13, 25.6, 29.09, 32.385, 37, 41, 84.18 kHz, respectively. In comparison, the eleven zero-biased peak values of MEVC for MTBP with L=2 are ∼2, ∼5.67, ∼7.37, ∼9.98, ∼7.4, ∼8.4, ∼1.68, ∼7.11, ∼15.83, ∼10.1, ∼2.21 times larger than those of TBP heterostrucute [0.375, 2, 3.125, 0.3375, 4.375, 0.575, 3.5, 3.125, 0.275, 1.025, 10.375 V/(cm Oe)], respectively. The present results thus provide an easy way for designing a multi-peak structure with a giant zero-biased ME response, which can be directly applied to devices such as low frequency energy harvesters or high zero-biased magnetic sensitivity field sensors. The experimental results in figure 7 are generally the same as the simulation results in figure 2. But there are still some discrepancies between the figure 2 and figure 7, this is because that the differences
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Huang, Lu, and Bing
AIP Advances 5, 047140 (2015)
FIG. 7. MEVC as a function of frequency from 0.5-86 kHz for TBP structure and MTBP structure with L=1-3 under Hdc =0Oe.
of density and elastic compliance between simulation and experiment resulting from the interfacial epoxy adhesive layers in experiments. In conclusion, we demonstrate a giant zero-biased resonant ME response at inherent multiple resonance frequencies in four-phase Metglas/Terfenol-D/Be-bronze/PMN-PT structure. The experimental results show that the MTBP structure with two layers of Metglas foil (L=2) has the maximum zero-biased ME voltage coefficient. When L=2, the zero-biased MEVC of 0.75, 11.5, 23.4, 2.1, 33, 4.9, 6, 22.25, 4.4, 10.4, 23 V/(cm Oe) are observed at 2.925, 7.69, 14.555, 16.145, 23.13, 25.6, 29.09, 32.385, 37, 41, 84.18 kHz, respectively. Particularly, the large self-biased ME response at these eleven resonance frequencies in the MTBP structure make it possible to produce multifunctional devices for multi-frequency operation. Meanwhile, the low resonance frequency of the MTBP heterostructure can be used in low frequency devices to decrease the eddy current loss of the magnetostrictive phase and increase the lifetime of the devices. 1
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