municipal solid waste mapping of mymensingh town ...

BANGLADESH RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS JOURNAL ISSN: 1998-2003, Volume: 5, Issue: 3, Page: 271-281, May -June, 2011

MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MAPPING OF MYMENSINGH TOWN USING GIS ARCVIEW A. Muhit1, C. Roy 2 A. Rahman* 3 and T. Ahamed4 A. Muhit, C. Roy, A. Rahman and T. Ahamed (2011). Municipal Solid Waste Mapping of Mymensingh Town Using GIS ArcView. Bangladesh Res. Pub. J. 5(3): 271-281. Retrieve from http://www.bdresearchpublications.com/admin/journal/upload/09221/09221.pdf

Abstract The purpose of the study was to develop a GIS scenario for Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) management in the Mymensingh municipal locality and to evaluate waste removal and residual status in the different wards. GIS ArcView 3.2 software was used to develop the GIS-based model and scenario according the geo-reference. Detail information about MSW in the wards was collected through a field survey and FGD with drivers and helpers who were engaged to clean and transport with municipal trolley or truck. GIS-based scenario presented the waste type distribution, status of removed waste, residual waste in different wards throughout the municipal area. The study figured out that the wards specially 3, 5, 7, 8, and 10 covering the area at the Sankipara, Jail road, College road, Town hall, Mechua Bazaar and Nandibari were the most vulnerable polluted area with MSW. The vegetable wastes were the major component in almost all wards. To make the town healthier and clean, the developed GIS scenario will help to visualize at a glance a better understanding of waste management in the municipal area.

Key Words: GIS, ArcView, Municipal Solid Waste, geo-reference.

Introduction Waste management entails three basic operations—waste removal, waste treatment and, ultimately, waste storage. Each step has an inherent geographic aspect, best managed in a GIS. Planning for waste management requires the information with geo-reference of regions. At present waste management in Mymensingh municipal area is carried out without any efficient tools or method. In rainy days, the densely populated area in Mymensingh town becomes inundated and wastes are moving on the roads and localities (Aheme, 1991). Planning waste collection along the most efficient route while still considering public opinion is a simple GIS function; and GIS is an efficient tool to locate the small unit codes of region with waste collection, and disposal positions (Anwar, 2006). The digital elevation module can be developed using GIS which is helpful to design the liquid waste channels according to elevations. In the Mymensingh municipal corporation, the stuffs have not enough knowledge for scheduling of collecting wastes from ward to ward and finally dispose system. This *Corresponding Author’s email: [email protected] 1 Upazila Agriculture Engineer, DAE, Sylhet; 2 Assistant Engineer, BADC, Shirajgonj; 3 Lecturer, Department of Farm Power and Machinery, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202; 4 Associate Professor, Department of Farm Power and Machinery, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202..

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total management is not well efficient; location of waste bins is not well managed and disposal system is not controlled. The application of GIS has rapidly changed planning management systems throughout the world, and has been used in the development of forestry, environment protection, water management, land conservation, and urban development. The management of waste, whether industrial, agricultural, or domestic, must limit the potential harmful effects it may have on the environment. GIS is being used in the developed countries for efficient management of waste. Thus the study would be the benchmark for the management in the municipal corporation of Bangladesh, in terms of its application from the city level to the health ward level. Once the waste management is established with geo reference for each ward, it would be easy to keep the environment clean and healthy. Therefore, the objectives of this present study are as follows: • •

To develop a GIS based MSW removal and residual scheduling in the municipal area of Mymenisngh town To identify the vulnerable MSW residual area in the Mymensingh town

Literature Review Anwar(2006) reported that, GIS gives an opportunity to produce different coverage with different service area covers at different distance factors and compare how many waste bins are needed in different cases. GIS in a way can deliver an ideal, preferable system but it cannot make things work without proper participation of all the stakeholders. Maps are prepared showing the possible optimum locations of waste bins. Then it allows everyone to understand what the situation will be, where the waste bins will be located; how and from where the people can come to throw the waste. Simply the printed paper with the map can tell a lot to concerned people. Thus, many alternatives can be modeled with GIS to with and those would be effective means to discuss with different actors about the proposal. GIS thus acts like a tool facilitating social interaction and discussion, which can produce understandable thematic map showing possible solution. Ghose et al. (2006) reported that uncontrolled growth of the urban population in developing countries in recent years has made solid waste management an important issue. A GIS optimal routing model is proposed to determine the minimum cost/distance efficient collection paths for transporting the solid wastes to the landfill. The model uses information on population density, waste generation capacity, road network and the types of road, storage bins and collection vehicles, etc. The total cost of the proposed collection systems is estimated to be around 80 million rupees for the fixed cost of storage bins, collection vehicles and a sanitary landfill and around 8.4 million rupees for the annual operating cost of crews, vehicles and landfill maintenance. A substantial amount (25 million rupees/yr) is currently being spent by AMC on waste collection alone without any proper storage/collection system and sanitary landfill. Over a projected period of 15 yr, the overall savings is thus very significant. Shaikh (2006) reported that, waste management is a global environmental issue which concerns about a very significant problem in today’s world. The suggestions for amendments in a system through GIS based model would reduce the waste management workload to some extent and exhibit remedies for some of the SWM problems in the study area. The waste management issues are considered to solve some of the present situation problems like proper allocation and relocation of waste bins, check for unsuitability and proximity convenience due to waste bin to the users, proposal of recyclable waste bins for the required areas and future suggestions. http://www.bdresearchpublications.com/journal/

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Ogra ( 2006 ) reported that, solid waste management is one of the important areas where the problems arise from time to time. The following are some of the important phases in which Innovations in the Solid Waste Management system can be brought at the municipal department level: Phase I of the project component should involve training workshops for the various user end departments of the local bodies. The objective of such an exercise is to get user departments familiar with the concept and technology of Geographic Information Systems. Phase II should give training on the concept of database management and documentation of various attributes which are essential for the SWM analysis in the GIS platform. Phase III should comprise selection of the software and hardware parameters for the user departments and the actual implementation of GIS system.

Methodology Study area Mymensingh municipal area is situated at 24˚ 45 N latitude 90˚ 25 E longitude. There was total 21 wards covering an area about 21.73 square km shows in Figure 1 (Mymensingh pourashava office).The municipality consisting of 225811 persons with 51.91% male and 48.09% female population.

Figure 1 Municipal words distribution in the Mymensingh town Development of the Conceptual Frame work A systematic approach was needed to develop a simple and comprehensive methodology for future reference. In such a process, initially we made a critical and perceptive analysis to identify the key points that were very much pertinent to the MSW studies. Based on such analysis, precise and overall understanding of the assignment was reflected in a simple conceptual framework, which is depicted in http://www.bdresearchpublications.com/journal/

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Figure 2. A simple Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and field survey was done for waste removal and residual status. Data collection for MSW in Mymensingh town

Prepare a database with coding area

Locate the regions for waste collection

Database management system for MSW

FGD with trolley and truck drivers

Categorize the collected waste

Geographic Information System for MSW Spatial distributions for MSW

Prepare the scenarios of waste status according to the wards

Analysis of annual waste disposals

Waste disposal management for landfilling

Figure 2. Conceptual frame work and components of GIS based waste disposal management model Data collection In a view to collect information about daily removal and residual wastes from different places of different wards regularly, data collector met with MSW collector drivers. Data collected by contact with them directly in the pourashava office, in their duty areas and even in their residence and indirectly by mobile phone. Data were collected through interview scheduling during May 25 to July 07, 2007. MSW Scheduling To dispose the wastes from different places, there were different schedules depending on the daily rate of waste accumulation. Total three types of vehicle were used. They were power trolley, man driven van and truck. There were 15 power trolleys and 5 trucks to carry waste to the dispose place. Mainly the power trolleys were engaged to dispose the wastes in all wards. They engaged to their duty in everyday. Power trolleys went to collect waste to the wards no. 3, 5, 7, 8, 10, 16 and 17 covering area of Mechua bazaar, Choto bazaar, Natun bazaar, Traffic moore, Gulkibari, Sibbari etc. frequently maximum four times and minimum twice in a day throughout the week. The trolley used to collect the solid waste from municipal area of Mymensingh town. Medium waste generating wards like 6, http://www.bdresearchpublications.com/journal/


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9, 11, 12 and 18 covering area Akua, J.C. Guh road, Maharaja road Naomahal, Ramkrishnamission road, Patgudam and surrounding areas were cleaned maximum twice in a day. The rest of the wards were less waste generating and cleaned 4 to 8 times in a week. Figure 3.6 Waste disposal place (Location- Akua). Trucks were used to assist the trolleys and they were engaged to the densely waste generating wards like 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 14 covering area of Mechua bazaar, Choto bazaar, Natun bazaar, Traffic moore and also served in the places when accumulation of waste to that was excessive. Man driven vans were used in small scale to collect domestic wastes from door to door of the residential areas. Table 1 Listed major municipal solid waste components General composition Organic

Typical composition -Food putrescible

-Paper -Plastics

-Clothing

Inorganic

-Wood -Metals -Glass -Dirt, ash etc.

Detailed composition -Food -Vegetables -Waste meat -Waste fish -Paper -High density polyethylene -Low density polyethylene -Polystyrene -Other multilayer plastics -Rubber -Lather -Textiles -Carpets -Wood -Tin cans -Alluminium -Ferrous metals -Colorless -Colored -Dirt screenings -Ashes -Stones -Broken bricks

Disposal There were two main disposal places in the Mymensingh municipal area namely Char issardi and Akua. Wastes of all wards were dumped at Char issardi except ward no.6 at Akua. Wastes were collected from different places through dustbins and individual households and then via shorter routes it was dumped to disposal places. Map digitizing GIS was used for digitised map preparation and data based management. All the information in ward map was converted to digital input system to get a final topology of each ward sheet. Record number was given against each feature. For this purposes, PC Arcinfo 3.5.1 and PC ArcView 3.2 were used. The field demarcation on original ward maps were convered into shape file by applying the PC ArcView. Every separate color was convered separate shape file. Two types of features like point and line was drawn in Arcview. Figure 3 depicted the steps for map digitizing using PC ArcView GIS software (Nie et al 2004). Converting shape file to coverage and editing All the digitized themes were converted to coverage using shape arc command in Arc Info. During digitizing over shooting error was considered. For http://www.bdresearchpublications.com/journal/

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removing this error Arc Avenue Script was used. Simple Micro Language (SML) file was prepared and it was run by Arc Info and danlgle error was removed. All the coverage then cleaned for getting topology by Arc Info Finally build command was run acoording to feature type for topology creation in Arc Info. Choice of target sheet (scan image)

Choice of features •Arc •Point •Polygon

Decision Which feature to be drawn on which scale. Example- if target is to locate the school its point, if target is to find out the area it will be polygon

Choice of output features

Choice point of georeference and other relevant scale information

Run the extension for getting the scan image file for the purpose of digitizing

Start digitizing as shape file on the basis of selection of features for example- line shape, point shape and polygon shape.

Start editing by using the Arc info software as far converting shape file, clean and build coverage and checking the digitized map in respect of original map by using back coverage.

Database formation

Transformation Append: Sheet with sheet = Mouza; Mouza with Mouza = Union; Union with Union = Upazila Geo-referencing with X & Y Axis

Presentation Ward Map in Arc view layout

Figure 3. Map digitizing process Final checking and projection After appended, the digitized map was checked by using back coverage as original ward field map. The necessary editing was done after appended the ward sheet. The projection was done at the real world coordinates. Layout preparation Finally, layout map was prepared for every wardwise festures in Arcview GIS. In the layout, legends were used for each feature type of resources.

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Data analysis and reporting The filled in questionnaires were considered as the source of raw data for analysis. The quality output generation of the following activities was done on the basis of surveyed data: Filing filled in checklist, editing and coding questionnaire for entry to computer, quality control. Data processing and analysis included code construction, data verification and data processing and finally data analysis to facilitate the required output generation for waste information.

Results and Discussion Waste type distribution In the following Figures 4 and 5, we have found the waste types distributed in the municipal area of Mymensingh town. The vegetable wastes were above 50% in almost all wards. The plastics, papers and cloths type waste distribution in the Mymensingh town is shown in the Figure 4.

Figure 4. Distribution of vegetable wastes in the Mymensingh municipal wards

Figure 5. Distribution of waste plastics, papers and cloths in the Mymensingh municipal wards

Removed and residual waste The scenario for waste removal and residual was developed using GIS ArcView 3.1 software. Individual themes, attribute tables were prepared to identify visually the waste management system according to the geo reference of municipal wards. First Week Average Removed and Residual Waste In the Figure 6, removed waste for distributed wards in Mymensingh town is shown for the first week. The maximum rate of waste removal was in the wards 5, 7 and 8 due to densely populated area and public market. Then other large waste removal wards were 6, 10, 17, 3, 9, 11 and 12. In contrast, lesser amount of wastes were removed from the wards 2, 14, 15, 19, 20 and 21.The maximum removal of waste ward wise, was 2000 kg per day whereas the minimum was 286 kg per day. In the Figure 7, first week average for distributed wards is shown and ward 18 was mostly polluted and removal frequency per week was less than the other wards. The residual waste at the ward 18 was 786 to 1715 kg per day of first week. The area covers in these wards are Patgudam and rail crossing area. Wards 1, 2, 4, 13 and 16 were moderately polluted and residual waste was 428 to 785 kg per day of first week. http://www.bdresearchpublications.com/journal/

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Figure 6. Distribution of municipal removed waste in the Mymensingh town in the first week

Figure 7. Distribution of municipal residual waste in the Mymensingh town in the first week

Second Week Average Removed and Residual Waste Removed waste for second week average in the Mymensingh town is shown in Figure 8 .It shows that ward 8 was the most waste generating area in the second week in terms of waste removal, and then less waste generating wards were 1, 2, and 13 as shown in the figure by graduated color. The maximum removal of waste per day was 2786 kg from ward 8 and the minimum was 286 kg. The residual waste at the distributed wards in the Mymensingh town is depicted in Figure 9 for the second week. It shows residual wastes in the wards 5, 6, and 10 were more than any other wards in the town and it were 1287 kg to 1429 kg averagely per day. The wards 3, 4 and 12 also had dense residual wastes having 1071 kg to 1285 kg per day in the week. Areas in the wards 8,15,18,19 and 20 were the most cleanly in this week containing only 143 to 357 kg per day.

Figure 8. Distribution of municipal removed waste in the Mymensingh town in the second week

Figure 9. Distribution of municipal residual waste in the Mymensingh town in the second week.

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Third week average removed waste for distributed wards in Mymensingh town is shown in the Figure 10. From figure the largest waste removal wards were 5, 7, 8, 10 and 17 in the third week. Moderately waste removed wards were surrounding of these wards. The reason of that is, this area was densely populated as well as markets were mainly remained in this region. Less waste removed wards which had agricultural lands with residential areas like 15, 19 and 20 naturally generates less waste. In this week the maximum removal per day was 1786 kg and minimum was 286 kg from an individual ward. The residual wastes in the third week in the distributed areas of Mymensingh municipality are shown in Figure 11. This figure shows ward no. 9 and 13 were most polluted due to the absence of regular duty of the staffs and ward no. 5, 7, 10, 12, 16, 17 and 18 were less polluted because of active duty and comparatively less waste generation. Residual wastes in the most polluted areas were 1214 to 2143 kg per day and in less polluted areas were nil.

Figure 10. Distribution of municipal removed waste in the Mymensingh town in the third week

Figure 11. Distribution of municipal residual waste in the Mymensingh town in the third week

Fourth Week Average Removed and Residual Waste Average removed waste in Mymensingh town for fourth week is shown in Figure 12. Alike from figures the maximum waste removed wards were 8, 9, 10 and 17. Waste-removed from these wards were in the range of 1357 to 2357 kg and 1143 to 1357 kg per day as marked in the figure. Amount of wastes removed in the less waste-removed region were in the range 286 to 429 kg per day in this week. In the Figure 13 below we see ward no. 5 was the most polluted, consecutively ward 13, 1, 2, were moderately polluted, and rests are less polluted except 8, 9, 10, 6, 12, 17,19 where pollution due to the waste were nil. However ward 5 had the maximum residual waste of about1429 kg and rests contained less than1143 kg per day. It varies from 643 to 1143 kg, 429 to 643 kg and 0 to 429 kg to various regions as marked in the figure.

Conclusions The study were undertaken to develop the scenario for GIS based municipal solid waste management in the 21 wards of Mymensingh town. The daily, weekly, monthly for GIS presentation according to wards was completed. To achieve the goal of clean and pollution free environment in the Mymensingh town, our study concludes the following points: http://www.bdresearchpublications.com/journal/

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1. Waste type database: waste vegetables, waste plastics, papers cloths were spatially prepared to understand the frequency of waste materials deposited according wards and places. 2. Removed wastes from different wards were not uniform. This study found that the most vulnerable wards were 5, 7 and 8 during the first week of month. The area covers in these wards were Gulkibari, College road, Town Hall, Mechua Bazaar, Nadir Char are mentionable. In the second week of month, the removed waste was the maximum in the ward 8. Specially, Mechua Bazaar and Nadir Char. Again in the third week, the average weekly removal waste was the maximum in the wards of 5, 7, 8, 10 and 17. The coverage area for ward 10 was Nandibari and Nahar road, whereas ward seventeen covers Bagmara and Brahmopolli. The maximum waste generating wards in fourth week were 8, 9, 10 and 17 for the removal of waste accumulation.

Figure 12 Distribution of municipal removed waste in the Mymensingh town in the fourth week.

Figure 13 Distribution of municipal residual waste in the Mymensingh town in the fourth week

3. Waste collection at the different wards during weekly scheduling was not conducted properly. Hence the residual waste was stored and later the municipal worker cleaned afterwards. During this period, the environment pollution was noteworthy due to stack of residual waste in the waste collecting area. From the study, the maximum waste was deposited in first week of month at the ward 18 which covers Patgudam and Rail-moore. In the second week of month, the maximum waste residual zones were ward 5, 6 and 10. On the other hand, the third week average for residual waste was maximum in the ward number 9 and 13. In the 4 week, the weekly average waste disposal was found maximum in the ward number 5.

References Aheme, J. (1991) “The control of waste operations in North Cork”, Proceedings of Irish Environmental Engineering Conference, University College Cork, Ireland. Anwar S.M. (2006). Solid Waste Management and GIS, a case from Kalabagan area of Dhaka city, Bangladesh, Submitted as report for partial fulfillment of MPhil degree, Department of Geography, Dhaka University, Bangladesh Ghose, M.K, Dikshit, A.K, and Sharma, S.K. (2006 Jul 01) A GIS based transportation model for solid waste disposal - A case study on Asansol municipality. http://www.bdresearchpublications.com/journal/


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Nie,Y.F., Li, T.W., Yan, G.,Wang, Y.Y. and Ma, X. F. (2004). An optimal model and its application for the management of municipal solid waste from regional small cities in China. J. Air and Waste Manage. Assoc. 54 (2) Ogra A. (2006). Logistics Management and Spatial Planning for Solid Waste Management System using Geographic Information System. Shaikh M.A. (2006) Using GIS in Solid Waste Management Planning : A case study for Aurangabad, India.

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