Apoidea, Colletidae, Colletes, Boraginaceae, Cynoglottis, flower specialization, monolectic, oligolectic, distribution, pollen collection, morphological adaptation.
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Fig. 3. Colletes wolfi: female left foreleg seen from above. (Scale bar = 500 µm) DISCUSSION
Fig. 2. Cynoglottis barrelieri: corolla from above (a) and dissected (b). 7× natural size. with stout, curved bristles on its outside and along its longitudinal borders (Figs 4–5). The same type of curved bristles are found on tarsal segments 2 to 4. The total length of the foretarsus (without claws) is 1.3 to 1.4 mm, the bristle bearing part is about 1 mm long. The tarsus of the foreleg of C. anchusae and C. wolfi is significantly shorter relative to body size (mean = 0.191, s = 0.005, t = –13.854, p < 0.0001, n = 19) compared to the other Colletes species (mean = 0.224, s = 0.010, n = 32). In contrast, the total relative length of the foreleg, comprising tarsus, tibia and femur, does not significantly differ between C. anchusae and C. wolfi (mean = 0.600, s = 0.010, t = –1.970, p = 0.055, n = 19) and the other Colletes species (mean = 0.616, s = 0.033, n = 32).
Fig. 4. Colletes wolfi: female left foretarsus seen from the outside. (Scale bar = 300 µm)
Pollen sources All scopal pollen from both C. anchusae and C. wolfi consisted only of Cynoglottis pollen suggesting an exclusive preference for this boraginaceous plant. The 26 pollen samples originated from 15 different localities scattered over most of the distribution areas of the two Colletes species. This strong specialization is corroborated by observations made in the Ukraine where C. anchusae is quite common and collects pollen exclusively from Cynoglottis barrelieri (Noskiewicz, 1924, 1936). In Hungary, C. anchusae is also believed to be a specialist of this plant species (Móczár, 1961). The close match in the distributions of the bees and Cynoglottis is a further indication of this intimate relationship as is the coincidence of the flowering time of Cynoglottis with the flight period of the bees. C. barrelieri is the only Cynoglottis species in Europe. In Turkey, a second Cynoglottis species occurs. C. chetikiana differs from C. barrelieri in its distinctly longer corolla tube (Vural & Kit Tan, 1983). Whether C. anchusae also visits flowers of C. chetikiana in Turkey is an open question. C. anchusae and C. wolfi are not the only European species of Colletes with very restricted flower preferences. C. nasutus seems to visit only Anchusa officinalis (Boraginaceae), C. sier-
Fig. 5. Colletes wolfi: Apex of basitarsus and second tarsal segment seen from the outside. (Scale bar = 90 µm)
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