National Lakes Assessment 2012: Water chemistry, lake morphometry ...

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Minnesota's 2012 National Lakes Assessment was led by MPCA's Water ... Pictures on front cover are examples of lakes sampled in this 150-lake survey effort.
National Lakes Assessment 2012 Water chemistry, lake morphometry, and watershed characteristics of Minnesota’s 2012 NLA lakes This is part of a series based on Minnesota’s participation in the United States Environmental Protection Agency’s 2012 National Lakes Assessment

January 2016

Authors Steve Heiskary, Environmental Analysis and Outcomes Division

Report review Jesse Anderson Pam Anderson Lee Engel

Contributors/acknowledgements Minnesota’s 2012 National Lakes Assessment was led by MPCA’s Water Quality Monitoring Unit. A total of 150 lakes were sampled during summer 2012 in this effort. Team leads for the survey, which included responsibility for field reconnaissance, assembling and purchasing needed equipment, office logistics, and sampling of the lakes was led by Pam Anderson, Jesse Anderson, Kelly O’Hara, Lee Engel, Dereck Richter, and Steve Heiskary. Other staff assisting with sampling included: Amy Garcia, Courtney Ahlers-Nelson, Mike Kennedy and Andrew Swanson. Student workers Will Long and Ben Larson also assisted with the sampling. In addition to MPCA staff, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, U.S. Forest Service, Red Lake Band of the Chippewa and White Earth Band of the Ojibwe natural resources staff were instrumental in support of sampling and reconnaissance for many of the lakes in this survey. Pictures on front cover are examples of lakes sampled in this 150-lake survey effort.

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Minnesota Pollution Control Agency 520 Lafayette Road North | Saint Paul, MN 55155-4194 | www.pca.state.mn.us | 651-296-6300 Toll free 800-657-3864 | TTY 651-282-5332 This report is available in alternative formats upon request, and online at www.pca.state.mn.us . Document number: wq-nlap1-14

Contents Executive summary ............................................................................................................................1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................2 National Lakes Assessment overview and lake selection for 2012................................................................... 2 Minnesota’s NLA overview and report focus.................................................................................................... 3

Background .......................................................................................................................................4 Climate comparison: summer 2007 and 2012.................................................................................................. 4

Methods ............................................................................................................................................8 Comparison of EPA and MDH Data .................................................................................................................. 9

Results and discussion......................................................................................................................11 Description of the population of lakes and morphometry....................................................................... 12 Description of lake watershed areas and land use composition .............................................................. 14 Water chemistry and physical characteristics ....................................................................................... 20 Field measurements: temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), and DO saturation ............................................ 22 Nutrients and Trophic Status Indicators ......................................................................................................... 26 Organic carbon and color ............................................................................................................................... 34 Ion Chemistry.................................................................................................................................................. 35 Applications of NLA data ..................................................................................................................... 44 1. Trends and variability in lake condition based on 2007 and 2012 ............................................................. 44 2. Regional patterns, interrelationships, and watershed and lake morphometry as they influence lake condition and chemistry .......................................................................................................... 48

Summary and conclusions ................................................................................................................54 References.......................................................................................................................................56 Appendix .........................................................................................................................................57

List of tables Table 1. Land use composition (percent of watershed) based on a) 2012 NLA lake watersheds and Level 3 aggregated ecoregions and b) ecoregion reference lakes and Level 3 ecoregions.. ...................... 16 Table 2. Statewide summary of 2012 NLA data. Includes: 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th (unweighted) percentiles for each parameter. ................................................................................................................. 21 Table 3. Ecoregion reference lake database summary. .............................................................................. 22 Table 4. Comparison of un-weighted mean concentrations for 2012 re-sample lakes.............................. 45 Table 5. Comparison of unweighted percentile distributions of select parameters from 2007 and 2012.. .......................................................................................................................................... 48

List of figures Figure 1. Minnesota’s 2012 NLA lakes overlain on Level 3 ecoregion map.................................................. 4 Figure 2. Summer normal mean temperatures and monthly mean temperatures from select sites in 2007 and 2012 and summaries for select locations. .................................................................................... 5 Figure 3. Water year precipitation and departure for 2007 and 2012. ........................................................ 6 Figure 4. Drought monitor map for Minnesota, September 2012. .............................................................. 7 Figure 5. Lakes that were dropped from the survey. Dry implies either completely dry or too shallow ( 1 µg/L. ........................................................................................................................ 30 Figure 23. Secchi transparency CDF and plots by region. Trophic categories as follows: oligo > 3.5 m, meso 2.0-3.5 m, eutrophic 0.7-2.0 m, and hypereutrophic ) indicates greater than values included in these calculations.] ............................................................................................... 30 Figure 24. Total nitrogen (TN) CDF and maps by ecoregion. Trophic categories as follows: 2.0 mg/L hypereutrophic.............................. 32 Figure 25. TN: TP ratios for NLA lakes. CDF and maps by ecoregion. Categories: 17:1 P-limited. Two high values (281:1 & 480:1) excluded from CDF. .......... 32 Figure 26. Dissolved ortho-phosphorus relative percent and maps ecoregion. Categories used: ≤5 below RL, 6-20 moderate, and >20 µg/L high. ....................................................................................... 33 Figure 27. Color distributions and regional maps. Categories as follows: 100 PCU very dark. ....................................................................................................... 34 Figure 28. Dissolved organic carbon CDF and ecoregion maps. Categories used are: 14 mg/L high. ................................................................................................................... 35 Figure 29. Conductivity regional distribution and maps. Minnesota based categories (NLA IQ range) used: 500 µmhos/cm high................................................................. 37 Figure 30. pH regional distributions and maps. Minnesota and EPA based thresholds used: 8.5 high. ..................................................................................................................... 37 Figure 31. Calcium regional distributions and maps. Minnesota-based categories used: 20 mg/L high. ......................................................................................................... 38 Figure 32. Magnesium regional distributions and maps. EPA-proposed categories used: 27 mg/L high. .................................................................................................................. 38 Figure 33. Sodium regional distributions and maps. EPA-proposed thresholds as follows: 7 mg/L high ................................................................................................................ 39 Figure 34. Potassium regional distributions and maps. EPA proposed thresholds 5 mg/L high...................................................................................................................... 40 Figure 35. Silica regional distributions and maps. EPA-proposed thresholds: 11 mg/L high. ..................................................................................................................................... 40 Figure 36. Alkalinity regional distributions and maps. EPA and MN-based thresholds used: 150 mg/L hard. ..................................................................................................... 42 Figure 37. Sulfate regional distributions and maps. Minnesota-based thresholds: 50 mg/L high. Values below 1 mg/L RL treated as 1 mg/L for this analysis. CDF scaled to 100 mg/L was included to allow for resolution for NF and ETF regions................................................. 43 Figure 38. Chloride regional distributions and maps. EPA proposed thresholds used: 25 mg/L high. Note Minnesota’s standard is 230 mg/L. .................................................. 44

Figure 39. Comparison of 2007 and 2012 measurements for select parameters. 1:1 line included for visual comparison. Charts scaled to allow resolution for majority of data. ............................................... 46 Figure 40. Comparison of color and DOC, color and Chl-a, and color and Secchi by region (measures where disk is on the bottom treated as actual measures). Color and Secchi (no regions) excludes all lakes with Secchi on bottom. ..................................................................................................................... 50 Figure 41. Quantile regression of Secchi and Color. Based on RQSSCIfit in R (tau=0.90, lambda=125; R 2009) ........................................................................................................................................................ 50 Figure 42. Total organic carbon as a function of a) DOC and b) % forest & wetland. Data sorted by ecoregion. ................................................................................................................................................... 51 Figure 43. Chlorophyll-a as a function of sample date (DATEVALUE function), by ecoregion. Sampling period ran from June 2- September 5, 2012. ............................................................................................. 51 Figure 44. TP, TN, and Chl-a relative to disturbed land use. Regression-tree (changepoint) calculated in R (rpartboot, c (0.9), type=norm). Primary (first split) in green solid and secondary in blue (dashed). .... 53 Figure 45. Chloride and percentage developed land use. Primary (first split) in green solid and secondary in blue (dashed). Note outlier value at 150 mg/L is South Lake, which receives a WWTF discharge. .................................................................................................................................................... 53

Executive summary Minnesota’s 2012 National Lakes Assessment (NLA) effort was led by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA) and Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (MDNR). Numerous other collaborators included the U.S. Forest Service (USFS), Minnesota Department of Agriculture (MDA), and U.S. Geological Survey. USFS staff assisted with the sampling of remote lakes in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness (BWCAW) and the National Park Service assisted in Voyageurs National Park. The Red Lake Band of the Chippewa and White Earth Band of the Ojibwe provided valuable assistance for lakes that were located on their reservations. Minnesota received 42 lakes as a part of the original draw of lakes for the national survey and added 8 to allow for state-based assessment. All 50 lakes were sampled in accordance with the national (EPA) protocols, including nearshore habitat assessments. Minnesota added 100 more lakes to the survey to yield 50 lakes per aggregated Level 3 ecoregion (Northern Forests [NF], Eastern Temperate Forests [ETF], and Great Plains [GP]). These lakes were sampled for water chemistry, biology, and physical measurements at the index site, in accordance with national protocols. Summer 2012 drought led to a large number of lakes being dropped from the survey because they were dry or too shallow (1 µg/L. The aquatic invasive zebra mussel requires adequate calcium (Ca) to support shell growth. A level of ~10 mg/L is mentioned as an important threshold. On a statewide basis, about 28% of Minnesota’s lakes have Ca 0.9

2

2

63 NLA12_MN-201

EASTERN TEMPERATE F06/27/2012

16:00

9.0

119.9 210.0

8.3

333

26.1

1.6

64 NLA12_MN-202

NORTHERN FORESTS 08/01/2012

11:00

7.5

95.1 434.0

7.3

38

24.3

>2.2

1

1

65 NLA12_MN-203

GREAT PLAINS

07/23/2012

15:00

18.5

257.9 133.0

8.7

948

30.9

0.2

4

4

66 NLA12_MN-204

GREAT PLAINS

07/11/2012

15:30

11.5

151.1 267.0

9.0

293

28.4

0.3

2

3

67 NLA12_MN-205

EASTERN TEMPERATE F07/23/2012

17:30

12.9

173.0 111.0

9.1

243

28.7

1.0

2

1

68 NLA12_MN-206

NORTHERN FORESTS 06/26/2012

14:30

11.9

316.0

8.2

178

24.2

2

2

69 NLA12_MN-207

EASTERN TEMPERATE F08/01/2012

15:30

10.1

136.1 322.0

9.1

424

27.7

0.6

4

4

70 NLA12_MN-211

EASTERN TEMPERATE F08/07/2012

10:30

8.8

113.2 252.0

9.1

188

25.1

>1.1

2

2

71 NLA12_MN-212

EASTERN TEMPERATE F08/07/2012

15:00

11.6

157.4 198.0

180

28.4

>1.6

2

2

72 NLA12_MN-213A EASTERN TEMPERATE F07/31/2012

15:30

11.5

148.4 214.0

8.9

652

27.0

0.5

3

3

73 NLA12_MN-214

NORTHERN FORESTS 08/07/2012

11:00

7.2

87.7 400.0

7.8

68

22.6

1.8

3

1

74 NLA12_MN-215

GREAT PLAINS

07/09/2012

14:00

10.2

140.5 189.0

9.0

555

30.5

0.4

4

4

75 NLA12_MN-217

NORTHERN FORESTS 06/27/2012

15:00

9.9

129.5 191.0

9.1

76

25.1

0.8

3

4

393

7.7

54

23.4

1.8

2

1

76 NLA12_MN-218A NORTHERN FORESTS 7/30/2012

7.7

97.0

77 NLA12_MN-219

GREAT PLAINS

08/20/2012

14:00

16.8

209.7 357.0

9.0

822

25.3

0.2

5

5

78 NLA12_MN-220

GREAT PLAINS

07/17/2012

14:00

11.2

152.7 179.0

9.0

701

27.9

0.2

4

4

79 NLA12_MN-221

EASTERN TEMPERATE F06/11/2012

17:00

9.8

112.9 182.0

8.6

518

21.7

2.1

2

2

80 NLA12_MN-227

EASTERN TEMPERATE F08/07/2012

13:00

8.8

118.7 297.0

7.6

39

27.8

>1.2

2

2

81 NLA12_MN-228

GREAT PLAINS

07/23/2012

12:30

14.0

195.1 66.0

9.2

492

30.8

>1

1

1

82 NLA12_MN-229A NORTHERN FORESTS 06/27/2012

09:00

7.5

93.8 283.0

7.3

57

23.3

2.8

1

1

83 NLA12_MN-233

NORTHERN FORESTS 08/09/2012

14:30

4.2

50.6 338.0

7.4

244

22.4

1.5

1

1

84 NLA12_MN-235

GREAT PLAINS

08/22/2012

11:30

10.3

123.7 308.0

9.1

746

22.5

>1.1

2

3

85 NLA12_MN-236

EASTERN TEMPERATE F07/12/2012

11:00

13.6

173.1 273.0

9.9

321

26.6

0.3

4

4

86 NLA12_MN-237

EASTERN TEMPERATE F08/09/2012

10:30

8.3

105.1 232.0

350

24.5

0.3

2

2

87 NLA12_MN-240

NORTHERN FORESTS 07/23/2012

12:00

2.5

31.5 433.0

6.2

15

26.6

1.0

4

3

88 NLA12_MN-243

NORTHERN FORESTS 08/06/2012

12:30

7.4

90.8 195.0

7.3

69

24.8

1.7

1

1

89 NLA12_MN-245

EASTERN TEMPERATE F08/08/2012

12:30

9.4

117.7 302.0

9.1

174

24.3

>1.1

1

1

90 NLA12_MN-247

GREAT PLAINS

06/13/2012

20:00

9.2

106.3 348.0

8.1

409

21.1

0.4

4

4

91 NLA12_MN-248

EASTERN TEMPERATE F08/20/2012

15:15

8.8

109.1 312.0

8.2

298

24.7

1.1

2

2

92 NLA12_MN-249

NORTHERN FORESTS 07/10/2012

17:30

13.8

179.5 195.0

8.9

212

27.4

0.7

3

3

93 NLA12_MN-250

GREAT PLAINS

08/15/2012

12:30

7.6

92.1 345.0

8.4

453

22.3

0.1

2

4

94 NLA12_MN-251

GREAT PLAINS

07/09/2012

16:00

12.0

165.9 208.0

8.9 1399

30.4

0.5

4

4

95 NLA12_MN-252

EASTERN TEMPERATE F06/12/2012

20:00

9.5

112.5 296.0

9.2

282

22.5

>2

3

3

96 NLA12_MN-253

EASTERN TEMPERATE F07/31/2012

17:45

10.4

136.2 196.0

8.7

318

27.7

0.7

3

3

97 NLA12_MN-254

NORTHERN FORESTS 08/06/2012

16:30

8.3

105.3 172.0

7.0

49

26.3

>1.1

1

1

98 NLA12_MN-255

EASTERN TEMPERATE F07/30/2012

13:45

13.9

177.9 222.0

8.7

531

26.4

0.8

4

4

99 NLA12_MN-256

NORTHERN FORESTS 07/23/2012

17:30

8.6

114.5 363.0

7.7

112

29.1

1.0

3

3

100 NLA12_MN-258

NORTHERN FORESTS 08/06/2012

12:30

7.1

88.5 335.0

8.1

164

23.8

1.5

2

2

National Lakes Assessment: 2012 • January 2016

Minnesota Pollution Control Agency 63

#

Site ID

Aggregated ecoregion

Date

Time

DO

DO-Sat ORP

pH

Cond Temp

Secchi Phys (m) Appear

Rec Suit

101 NLA12_MN-264

EASTERN TEMPERATE F08/20/2012

18:00

10.2

122.9 347.0

8.1

552

23.3

>1.2

1

2

102 NLA12_MN-265

EASTERN TEMPERATE F06/11/2012

14:30

9.4

105.2 331.0

8.5

504

19.6

0.4

4

3

103 NLA12_MN-267

GREAT PLAINS

07/23/2012

14:00

18.6

261.5 125.0

8.7 1894

31.2

0.1

4

4

104 NLA12_MN-268

GREAT PLAINS

08/15/2012

13:30

8.6

103.9 336.0

8.5

572

22.3

0.1

4

4

105 NLA12_MN-269

EASTERN TEMPERATE F07/23/2012

16:00

10.8

144.9 122.0

8.9

243

28.9

3.8

1

1

106 NLA12_MN-271

EASTERN TEMPERATE F08/20/2012

14:30

11.1

133.5 263.0

9.8

188

23.3

>1.8

2

2

107 NLA12_MN-272A NORTHERN FORESTS 06/18/2012

13:00

8.8

102.3 540.0

8.2

4

20.4

5.0

1

1

108 NLA12_MN-273

EASTERN TEMPERATE F08/09/2012

12:30

7.1

92.6 287.0

8.5

193

25.9

4.5

2

2

109 NLA12_MN-274

NORTHERN FORESTS 07/10/2012

20:15

8.5

110.4 135.0

8.0

293

27.6

3.9

1

1

110 NLA12_MN-275

EASTERN TEMPERATE F08/07/2012

09:00

7.3

92.2 329.0

6.2

100

24.7

0.8

2

2

111 NLA12_MN-276

EASTERN TEMPERATE F08/27/2012

10:00

6.6

80.4 196.0

7.7

242

23.9

1.0

2

3

112 NLA12_MN-277A GREAT PLAINS

08/02/2012

09:00

4.6

57.7 318.0

8.8

715

24.4

>1

2

2

113 NLA12_MN-280

GREAT PLAINS

08/13/2012

14:00

15.3

183.8 141.0

9.2

325

23.2

0.2

5

5

114 NLA12_MN-281

NORTHERN FORESTS 06/12/2012

17:00

11.4

130.5 369.0

8.3

288

20.7

>1

2

3

115 NLA12_MN-283

GREAT PLAINS

08/20/2012

16:00

10.7

134.9 310.0

9.4

868

25.8

>1

2

4

116 NLA12_MN-284

GREAT PLAINS

07/11/2012

13:00

13.8

182.6 344.0

8.9 1025

28.7

>1

1

1

117 NLA12_MN-287

GREAT PLAINS

08/01/2012

15:30

12.1

159.1 103.0

9.9

325

27.4

0.5

4

4

118 NLA12_MN-288

NORTHERN FORESTS 08/27/2012

13:00

8.0

97.6 450.0

7.1

23

24.0

2.0

2

1

119 NLA12_MN-290

NORTHERN FORESTS 08/09/2012

17:30

6.6

81.9 403.0

6.7

24

23.7

1.2

1

1

120 NLA12_MN-293

NORTHERN FORESTS 06/27/2012

13:00

8.5

111.5 203.0

7.7

152

25.4

>1.8

2

2

121 NLA12_MN-297

NORTHERN FORESTS 08/09/2012

11:30

7.4

90.9 335.0

8.0

216

23.3

1.5

1

1

122 NLA12_MN-299

GREAT PLAINS

08/22/2012

10:00

7.2

85.2 320.0

9.5

892

21.7

0.2

5

5

123 NLA12_MN-300

GREAT PLAINS

07/12/2012

08:00

4.7

60.5 315.0

8.7

365

27.0

0.4

2

2

124 NLA12_MN-303

GREAT PLAINS

08/02/2012

12:00

9.4

122.1 98.0

8.5

316

25.8

1.8

3

2

125 NLA12_MN-304

NORTHERN FORESTS 08/07/2012

15:00

3.6

46.3 229.0

6.3

122

25.4

1.3

1

1

126 NLA12_MN-306A NORTHERN FORESTS 07/23/2012

11:00

8.0

104.5 390.0

7.6

93

25.9

2.0

1

1

127 NLA12_MN-313

NORTHERN FORESTS 06/18/2012

17:00

9.4

108.6 502.0

8.6

250

20.3

6.0

1

1

128 NLA12_MN-315

GREAT PLAINS

07/16/2012

19:30

9.4

125.8 184.0

8.6

484

27.0

0.3

3

3

129 NLA12_MN-318

NORTHERN FORESTS 08/06/2012

15:00

9.8

122.9 166.0

7.2

22

25.9

0.9

1

1

130 NLA12_MN-320

NORTHERN FORESTS 07/23/2012

15:30

12.6

168.0 313.0

9.6

71

28.9

0.9

2

2

131 NLA12_MN-322A NORTHERN FORESTS 08/02/2012

2

11:30

7.1

91.6 396.0

8.2

216

25.3

3.7

1

132 NLA12_MN-325

GREAT PLAINS

07/19/2012

09:00

7.9

100.2 298.0

8.3

794

25.1

>1.3

2

3

133 NLA12_MN-334

NORTHERN FORESTS 06/26/2012

13:00

9.5

118.6 369.0

8.4

292

23.9

3.4

1

1

134 NLA12_MN-335

GREAT PLAINS

07/30/2012

17:30

11.8

152.1 190.0

8.8

404

26.9

0.8

4

4

135 NLA12_MN-338

NORTHERN FORESTS 07/10/2012

19:00

8.5

110.9 141.0

8.1

250

27.5

3.8

1

1

136 NLA12_MN-341

GREAT PLAINS

07/30/2012

17:30

10.3

138.0 133.0

8.9

345

28.4

1.3

2

2

137 NLA12_MN-342

NORTHERN FORESTS 07/24/2012

11:00

8.7

113.6 354.0

8.8

305

26.3

3.0

2

1

138 NLA12_MN-346

NORTHERN FORESTS 08/28/2012

14:00

8.5

102.2 403.0

7.3

9

21.6

2.4

1

1

139 NLA12_MN-367

GREAT PLAINS

07/30/2012

16:00

8.2

106.2 485.0

8.2

361

26.9

3.4

2

1

GREAT PLAINS

07/11/2012

17:30

12.0

161.1 335.0

8.7

417

29.4

0.3

2

3

GREAT PLAINS

08/21/2012

11:00

10.5

124.9 162.0

8.3

828

22.3

>1.6

2

2

142 NLA12_MN-396A GREAT PLAINS

08/20/2012

10:30

15.5

183.9 234.0

8.7

376

22.5

0.1

4

4

143 NLA12_MN-414A GREAT PLAINS

08/21/2012

16:30

11.4

138.2 201.0

8.2

288

23.1

0.5

3

3

144 NLA12_MN-415

GREAT PLAINS

08/02/2012

09:00

8.5

108.7 152.0

9.2

237

25.0

1.1

3

3

145 NLA12_MN-420

GREAT PLAINS

08/21/2012

10:00

10.8

126.1 175.0

8.8 1018

21.4

1.2

3

3

146 NLA12_MN-427A GREAT PLAINS

08/21/2012

08:30

7.5

87.6 230.0

7.8 1154

21.1

0.3

3

4

147 NLA12_MN-443

GREAT PLAINS

08/20/2012

16:15

10.1

120.4 157.0

8.3

719

23.0

2.7

3

3

148 NLA12_MN-444A GREAT PLAINS

08/20/2012

14:00

10.2

121.0 196.0

8.3

652

22.8

0.2

3

3

149 NLA12_MN-475

09/05/2012

14:00

9.2

110.7 19.0

8.6 1193

22.2

0.2

4

4

140 NLA12_MN-378 141 NLA12_MN-395

GREAT PLAINS

National Lakes Assessment: 2012 • January 2016

Minnesota Pollution Control Agency 64

NLA 2012 lakes: nutrient and chlorophyll data #

Site ID

Total P (ug/L)

DOP (mg/L)

Chl-a (μg/L)

Pheo-a Microcystin TKN (ug/L) (ug/L) (mg/L)

Total N NO3 (mg/L) (mg N/L)

NH3-N (mg/L)

1 NLA12_MN-101

22 < 0.005

8.0

1.7

< 0.15

0.64

0.52

0.002

0.011

2 NLA12_MN-102

44 < 0.005

5.7

1.7

0.26

0.58

0.50

0.004

0.025

3 NLA12_MN-103

36

0.69

0.008

0.019

4 NLA12_MN-104

38 < 0.005

1.8

0.66

0.002

0.017

5 NLA12_MN-105

26

5.5

0.40

0.016

0.074

6 NLA12_MN-106

48 < 0.005

2.9

< 0.53

< 0.15

0.60

0.63

0.000

0.011

7 NLA12_MN-107

98

0.012

41.8

2.0

< 0.15

1.67

4.06

2.795

0.032

8 NLA12_MN-108

21

3.5