National Land Use and Land Cover Mapping Using ...

NRSC/LULC/1 : 250K/2008

Natural Resources Census

National Land Use and Land Cover Mapping Using Multi-Temporal AWiFS Data INTERIM REPORT FOURTH CYCLE (2007-08) CHANGE ANALYSIS OF FOUR CYCLES

2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08

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National Remote Sensing Centre Indian Space Research Organisation Department of Space Government of India HYDERABAD

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NRSC/RSGIS-AA/NRC/NLULC- AWiFS/PROJREP708/INTERIM//

NATURAL RESOURCES CENSUS NATIONAL LAND USE AND LAND COVER MAPPING USING MULTITEMPORAL AWiFS DATA (LULC-AWiFS)

INTERIM REPORT FOURTH CYCLE (2007-08) CHANGE ANALYSIS OF FOUR CYCLES

nrsc Remote Sensing & GIS Applications Area

NATIONAL REMOTE SENSING CENTRE Indian Space Research Organisation Department of Space, Government of India

HYDERABAD

DECEMBER, 2008

DOCUMENT CONTROL SHEET 1.

Security Classification

Official Distribution

2.

Distribution to

ISRO/DOS Centers

3.

Document

1.0

4.

Report Type

Technical Report

5.

Report No

NRSC/RS&GIS/JAN’09/TR-30

6.

Title

Technical Report on National Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) Mapping using Multi-temporal AWiFS Data: Interim report of fourth cycle (2007-08) and Change analysis of 4 cycles

7.

Collation

Pages:32

8.

Project

National Land Use and Land Cover Mapping using Multi-temporal AWiFS Data — LULC-AWiFS

9.

Author (s)

Dr.P.S. Roy, Dr M.S.R. Murthy, Dr J.R. Sharma**, Dr Y.V.S. Murthy, Mrs Sai Veena Suresh, Shri K.S. Murthy, Dr. K. Sreenivas, Dr. S.V.C. Kameswara Rao, Dr. (Mrs) T. Anasuya, Dr. M.C. Porwal*, Dr.S.Pathak**, Dr. M.V. Ravi Kumar, Shri Vinod Bothale**, , Shri N.Seshadri Sekhar, Mrs D. Ramadevi, Mrs Latha James, Shri P. Satyanarayana, Dr. M.A. Fyzee, Shri Milind Wadodkar, Dr. Manoj Saxena Shri Biswadeep gharai, Shri T. Shankar Prasad, Ms Poonam S. Tiwari*, Dr. Asutosh Bharadwaj*, Dr. Rakesh Paliwal**, Shri Harish Karnatak, Shri A. Lesslie, Shri R.V.N. Srinivas, Shri P. Sampath Kumar, Shri V.V. Sarath Kumar, Dr T. Ravisankar, Smt Rajashree Bothale, Dr K.V.S. Badrinath, Dr Rajeev Jaiswal ***, Dr T.R. Kiranchand, Ms N. Vyjayanthi, Shri Bijan Devnath

10.

Affiliation of Authors

NRSC, Hyderabad, *IIRS, Dehra Dun, **RRSSC, Jodhpur, ***EOS ISRO HQs, Bangalore

11.

Originating Unit Sponsor(s) Name: Type:

National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC), Hyderabad

13.

Date of Project Initiation

December, 2004

14.

Date of Publication

5th January, 2008

12.

(a) Issue

(b) Revision:

Figures: 17

0

Tables: 7

References: -

EOS, ISRO HQs, Bangalore NR-Census

Abstract (with Keywords): National level LULC mapping project has been taken up as a part of NNRMS-DOS programme with an objective to provide on annual basis, net sown area for different cropping seasons and integrated LULC map at the end of each year starting from 2004-05 using multitemporal AWiFS datasets on 1:250,000 scale. The project, so far completed four cycles of 15.

assessment 2004-05, 05-06, 06-07, 07-08 and brought out temporally explicit spatial databases on Net Sown Area (NSA), fallows, plantations, forest, water etc. All four cycles data was organized in web enabled information system. The present report gives the interim results on 4th cycle (2007-08). Key Words : Land Use Land Cover, Net Sown Area, Spatial Distribution and Change

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CONTENTS

Page No Acknowledgements

3

1. Introduction

4

2. Approach

4

3. Methodology

6

4. Results

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Appendix I. Project team

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS On behalf of the Project Team, I wish to express my deep sense of gratitude to Shri, G. Madhavan Nair, Chairman, ISRO and Secretary, Department of Space, who is instrumental in initiating the land use/land cover(LULC) mapping project under the Natural Resources Census (NR-Census) Programme. Thanks are due to Dr. V.Jayaraman, Director, NRSC for his constant support, continuous guidance, during the course of the project. Thanks are also due to Dr. V.S. Hegde, Director, EOS and Dr. J. Krishna Murthy, ISRO for their support in this endeavour. I am thankful to Dr.A.S.Manjunath, Deputy Director, Data Processing Area, NRSC, Shri D.S. Jain, Group Director, Data Processing Group, NRSC, Dr.A. Nagaraja, Group Head, NDC, NRSC, Dr. V. Raghavaswamy, Group Director, LU&US group, NRSAC Dr. R.S. Dwivedi, Group Director, Agriculture & Soils Group, NRSC, Dr. S.Sudhkar, Head, LUD,NRSA, and Dr. T.Ravi Shankar, Head, Soils Division, NRSA for their suggestions and constant support. I thank all the Deputy Project Directors of the project for the hard work put in this effort and living up to the expectations. I sincerely acknowledge the contributions made by all the participating scientists in the project. I hope this Project Report will be highly useful to all the users.

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1. INTRODUCTION Considering the need for spatial accounting and monitoring of Land use and Land cover (LULC) systems of our country and the potential of IRS AWiFS sensor to meet these requirements, National level LULC mapping project has been taken up as a part of NNRMS-DOS programme with the following objective: National level LULC mapping on 1:250,000 scale using multitemporal AWiFS datasets to provide on annual basis, kharif cropped area at the end of season and integrated LULC assessment at the end of each year starting from 2004-05. The project, so far completed three cycles of assessment 2004-05, 05-06,06-07 and has clearly brought out the temporally explicit spatial distribution of the net sown area, on national basis. Besides spatial databases on other important LULC classes like fallows, forests and plantations were also created. The spatial distribution of crops over different meteorological subdivisions was derived and analyzed in conjunction with rainfall patterns. The spatial change assessment over critical rainfall change areas in Central India was done to assess the areas of negative changes in NSA .All three cycles data was organized on trial run in web enabled information system to facilitate easy distribution, value added query and retrieval. The 4th cycle assessment (2007-08) was taken up and interim report on kharif assessment was submitted during August, 2008.The present report gives the interim results on integrated LULC assessment and salient features of the web enabled information system. 2. APPROACH The project manual prepared during the 1st mapping cycle gave detailed account of the approach, methodology, database and mapping standards to be followed and plan of execution (NRSA 2005).Georectified database of multi-temporal AWiFS data of Resourcesat were used for classification. A hybrid approach involving hierarchical (See 5), Maximum Likelihood and interactive techniques were adopted for classification of the data. Kharif cropped area at the end of crop season and integrated LULC assessment at the end of cropping year was

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generated state –wise and mosaiced for the entire country. The overall approach adopted for the assessment is given in Fig.1. Multi-temporal AWiFS data

Projection LCC with WGS84

Nonavailability of AWiFS

WiFs MODIS

Georectification QAS TOA reflectance data

Geodatabase

Rabi (Jan-March) data

Integrated LULC data (Aug-May) data Kharif (Aug-Nov) data Multispectral Input Bands Temporal Indices

Ground Truth

Legacy Data (Forest, Wastelands)

Decision Tree Classification/MLC

Kharif Net Sown Area

Integrated LULC map

Refinement

Refinement

Accuracy assessment

Rabi Net Sown Area

QAS

Area Statistics

National & State Level maps

GEODATABASE

Interim reporting Final report Fig. 1 Approach for generation of LULC database using multi-temporal IRS-AWiFS data

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3. METHODOLOGY The procedure followed in earlier cycles for classification and mapping using AWiFS data formed the basis for this cycle. The total number of scenes of satellite data used during the 4th cycle is presented in Table 1 and Fig 2. Table 1. Number of IRS AWiFS data quadrants used for Analysis during 4th cycle Month August September October November December January February March April May Total

Data Products 46 64 80 92 62 98 77 75 69 69 732

Data Products Used

Data Products

100 90

No. of Products

80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 August

September

October

November

December

January

February

March

April

May

Month

Fig 2. AWiFS Quadrants used

The flowchart depicting the methodology is given in Fig. 3. The multi-temporal datasets were geo-referenced with LCC projection and WGS 84 datum. The registration accuracy has been maintained around 1 pixel level in plains and 2-3 pixels in hilly areas. Projective transformation method was used to register the

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scenes in hilly areas. The data was classified following a hybrid approach (See5 or MXL or both). The selection of a classifier depended on the number of temporal datasets available during the season, freedom from cloud/haze, complexity of the terrain and temporal registration accuracy.

The raw datasets were converted to TOA data products following the procedure of cycle 1 and state mosaics were generated. From integrated LULC map of 3rd cycle agriculture mask (Kharif, rabi, zaid, double/triple crop and fallow area) and non-agriculture mask was generated. Training sets of 3rd cycle were modified and fresh signature sets were generated. The classified output was passed through non-agricultural mask to arrive at integrated LULC statistics of 2007.

State TOA Mosaic of AWiFS data 2007-08 Training sets of 3rd cycle

Ground truth of 4th cycle Update Training sets

Signature generation Optimal date sat data

MXL Classification See 5 Classification

Temporal sat data

Non-Agril mask of 3rd cycle

Refinement Localized class Conversions

Integrated LULC statistics 2007-08

Fig 3: Flowchart of methodology for LULC assessment of 4th Cycle

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External QAS: The external QAS teams have taken up quality evaluation of all the states and given the suggestions for improvements. Accordingly all the suggestions of QAS were incorporated.

4. RESULTS 4.1. LULC STATISTICS OF 4th CYCLE (2007-08) All India LULC classified map and statistics of 2007-08 are given in Fig 4 and Table-2 respectively. The detailed LULC statistics (category-wise in individual states) are presented in Table 3. It can be inferred from the Table 2, that during 2007-08 about 42.51 percent of the Total Geographical Area (TGA) of the country (139.72 M ha) constitutes the Net Sown Area (NSA). Forest cover accounted for 67.00 M ha which is 20.39 percent of the TGA of the country. The percent distribution of the major classes is depicted as a pie diagram (Fig 5). The contribution of three seasonal components of NSA is presented in Fig 6. It can be seen from the figure that the Kharif only area constitutes about 35.68 percent of NSA followed by double cropped area (42.22 %). The double cropped area is estimated as 60.01 Mha. Plantations contributed 0.9 percent of the NSA.

The integrated LULC map of all for cycles and comparative picture of NSA during the four cycles are given in Fig 7 and Fig 8 respectively. The comparative statistics were presented in Table - 4 and 5. NSA has decreased by 1.34 lakh ha during 4th cycle when compared to 3rd cycle (Table-5). NSA was found increased in states like A.P. Gujarat, M.P. and U.P. and reduction in NSA in states like Chattisgarh, Maharastra, Orissa, and Rajasthan. There was an increase of 28.4 lakh ha. in the kharif cropped area where kharif area increased to 1107.45 lakh ha during 2007 compared to 1079.05 lakh ha of 2006. Major increases in kharif area has been observed in the states of Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, U.P.

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Fig 4. Land Use and Land Cover Map of India: 2007-08

±

Legend Built up Kharif Rabi Zaid Double/Triple Current fallow Plantation/Orchard Evergreen forest Deciduous forest Scrub/Degraded forest Littoral swamp forest Grassland Other wasteland Gullied land Scrubland Waterbodies Snowcover/Glacial/Cloud Shifting cultivation Rann

Table 2: National Land use and Land cover statistics : 2007-08 Area in Million hectares

Sl No 1 2 3 4

LULC Class Kharif Only Rabi Only Zaid Only Double Cropped/Tripple cropped 5 Plantation Net Sown Area* 6 Fallow land 7 Evergreen / Semievergreen 8 Deciduous 9 Shrub / Degraded / Scrub 10 Littoral swamp / Mangrove / Fresh water swamp Forest cover 11 Grassland & Grazing land 12 Other wasteland 13 Guilled / Ravines 14 Scrub land 15 Water bodies 16 Shifting cultivation areas 17 Snow cover / Glacial / Cloud 18 Built up land (Urban / Rural) 19 Rann area Others Total Geographical Area# *

Area 50.73 23.38 1.27

% to TGA 15.43 7.11 0.39

60.02 6.76

139.72 41.29 17.44 34.21 14.82

18.26 2.06 42.51 12.56 5.31 10.41 4.51 0.16

0.54

67.00 8.05 30.80 1.05 21.12 8.50 0.26 4.30 2.07 1.99

328.65 328.60

Areas under plantation in Assam and West Bengal were excluded from NSA.

20.39 2.45 9.37 0.32 6.43 2.59 0.08 1.31 0.63 0.60 100.00

Table 3: Category-wise LULC statistics in individual states - 2007-08 Note: All figures are in Lakh hectares

S.No

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32

State / UT

ANDAMAN & NICOBAR ANDHRA PRADESH ARUNACHAL PRADESH ASSAM BIHAR CHATTISGARH DELHI GOA GUJARAT, DNH,DD HARYANA HIMACHAL PRADESH JAMMU & KASHMIR JHARKAND KARNATAKA KERALA LAKSHADWEEP MADHYA PRADESH MAHARASTRA MANIPUR MEGHALAYA MIZORAM NAGALAND ORISSA PANJAB & CHADIGARH PONDICHERRY RAJASTHAN SIKKIM TAMIL NADU TRIPURA UTTAR PRADESH UTTARAKHAND WEST BENGAL Total

TGA

8.25 275.07 83.74 78.44 94.16 135.19 1.48 3.70 196.02 44.21 55.67 222.24 79.71 191.79 38.86 0.03 308.25 307.69 22.33 22.43 21.08 16.58 155.71 50.36 0.48 342.24 7.10 130.06 10.49 240.93 53.48 88.75 3286.52

Kharif

0.59 38.14 0.58 13.24 23.13 27.60 0.03 0.54 24.96 1.15 0.78 1.72 15.06 47.37 3.92 0.00 58.37 106.56 1.51 2.56 0.64 1.22 42.15 2.02 0.00 38.95 0.53 7.80 1.06 23.74 1.50 19.85 507.27

Rabi

0.00 19.08 0.00 0.00 11.96 3.38 0.02 0.03 6.50 1.86 0.35 0.89 0.94 15.00 0.75 0.00 44.08 5.66 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.82 0.25 0.00 37.58 0.00 26.32 0.02 54.80 0.45 3.05 233.81

Zaid

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.24 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.10 0.07 0.04 0.14 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.82 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.83 0.10 2.16 12.71

Double

0.00 56.85 1.39 8.37 23.11 18.40 0.43 0.26 58.86 31.32 3.36 6.11 3.98 30.00 3.71 0.00 55.17 53.15 0.30 0.19 0.41 0.84 11.32 39.44 0.01 39.86 0.28 28.42 1.30 85.65 5.44 32.25 600.18

Plantation

0.08 4.82 0.41 17.93 0.00 0.00 0.09 0.66 0.14 0.41 0.05 0.75 0.00 6.46 16.36 0.00 0.00 4.32 0.24 0.00 0.00 0.07 1.79 0.14 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.83 0.20 2.04 0.39 6.45 67.64

Fallow

0.00 52.26 0.05 4.23 16.99 18.93 0.01 0.29 15.04 0.92 0.31 0.38 32.03 38.36 1.12 0.00 31.55 22.02 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.03 26.39 0.28 0.29 92.57 0.00 23.69 0.19 32.14 0.27 2.54 412.93

Evergreen / Semievergr een

1.59 0.06 63.70 5.90 0.88 0.00 0.00 0.46 0.00 0.01 10.92 11.82 0.00 14.95 3.74 0.00 0.00 6.32 3.88 11.72 7.81 4.56 1.57 0.02 0.00 0.00 2.69 5.69 2.61 0.00 13.14 0.38 174.42

Deciduous

4.58 40.89 2.52 15.24 3.15 47.41 0.08 0.84 7.03 0.78 1.56 2.43 17.37 15.55 6.30 0.00 25.12 35.78 12.92 6.05 9.84 5.76 38.92 0.81 0.07 8.08 0.49 13.41 1.02 9.19 3.16 5.70 342.06

Shrub / Degraded / Scrub

0.00 2.92 4.18 3.31 1.33 12.09 0.00 0.00 7.39 0.28 3.27 9.24 3.91 6.17 0.52 0.00 52.91 3.55 2.47 0.21 1.36 3.49 5.82 0.72 0.02 7.23 0.24 2.00 3.43 2.39 6.47 1.24 148.17

Littoral swamp / Grassland Mangrove & Grazing / Fresh land water swamp

0.49 0.24 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 1.71 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.23 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.44 5.38

0.00 0.22 1.14 2.89 0.11 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.26 54.28 0.00 0.18 0.46 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.88 0.00 0.00 0.78 0.04 0.00 0.13 0.00 0.15 0.00 0.00 8.70 0.30 80.52

Other wasteland

0.23 10.71 1.84 2.50 1.36 1.67 0.19 0.26 8.93 2.55 18.13 104.00 0.86 7.56 0.22 0.00 10.70 34.47 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.84 1.29 0.02 68.73 1.38 6.54 0.00 8.06 6.90 4.05 308.00

Guilled / Ravines

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.91 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.83 0.00 0.00 3.84 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.62 0.00 0.00 1.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.96 0.00 0.12 10.48

Scrub land

0.00 36.42 0.63 0.00 2.20 2.08 0.06 0.10 25.02 2.19 2.62 1.93 3.70 3.41 0.00 0.00 21.02 26.34 0.00 0.16 0.00 0.00 14.89 1.42 0.04 44.50 0.00 7.60 0.08 11.59 2.47 0.75 211.21

Water bodies

0.63 9.55 0.48 4.43 4.10 3.15 0.03 0.15 18.47 0.35 0.37 1.39 1.08 4.13 1.26 0.02 4.66 6.34 0.49 0.27 0.18 0.09 4.35 0.53 0.01 2.53 0.05 3.63 0.15 5.15 0.30 6.67 85.01

Shifting cultivation areas

0.05 0.00 0.14 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.44 0.18 0.51 0.43 0.27 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.39 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.62

Snow cover / Glacial / Cloud

0.00 0.00 6.65 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.61 27.14 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.44 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.15 0.00 42.99

Built up land (Urban / Rural)

0.02 2.89 0.01 0.39 0.60 0.48 0.54 0.03 1.15 2.30 0.01 0.11 0.42 0.82 0.51 0.00 0.81 1.87 0.03 0.04 0.07 0.03 0.15 3.30 0.02 0.89 0.00 0.96 0.03 1.39 0.06 0.80 20.75

Rann Area

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 19.88 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 19.88

TOTAL

8.25 275.07 83.74 78.44 94.16 135.19 1.48 3.70 196.02 44.21 55.67 222.24 79.71 191.79 38.86 0.03 308.25 307.69 22.29 22.26 20.83 16.54 155.71 50.36 0.48 342.24 7.10 130.06 10.49 240.93 53.48 88.75 3286.02

Others(incl. Plantations in Assam & WB) 24.37%

NSA 42.52%

NSA

Fallow

Forest 20.39%

Forest

Fallow 12.57% Others

Fig 5: Distribution of Major LULC Classes : 2007-08

4.76%

Kharif Only

35.68% Rabi Only

42.22% Zaid Only

0.89%

16.45%

Fig 6: Contribution of Seasonal Components of NSA : 2007-08

Double/Tripple Crop

Plantation

Fig 7. National Land Use and Land Cover Maps of different cycles

First Cycle : 2004-05

Third Cycle : 2006-07

Second Cycle : 2005-06

Fourth Cycle : 2007-08

NSA

Plantation

Double/Tripple Crop

43.33 67.64

65.61

63.59

12.71

14.13

14.11

18.79

200.00

Zaid Only

Rabi Only 233.81

276.26

600.18

537.03

490.24

468.76

305.08

278.51

400.00 507.27

600.00 539.87

565.39

600.14

800.00

Kharif Only

Area in Lakh ha

1000.00

0.00

Fig 8: Comparison of Crop Area Statistics : 2004-05 to 2007-08

1397.22

1412.13

1417.92

1407.66

1600.00

1400.00

1200.00

2004-05

2005-06

2006-07

2007-08

Table 4:Comparison of NSA: 2004-05 -- 2005-06 --- 2006-07---2007-08 2004-05 2005-06 S.No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32

State / UT ANDAMAN & NICOBAR ANDHRA PRADESH ARUNACHAL PRADESH ASSAM BIHAR CHATTISGARH DELHI GOA GUJARAT, DNH,DD HARYANA HIMACHAL PRADESH JAMMU & KASHMIR JHARKAND KARNATAKA KERALA LAKSHADWEEP MADHYA PRADESH MAHARASTRA MANIPUR MEGHALAYA MIZORAM NAGALAND ORISSA PANJAB & CHADIGARH PONDICHERRY RAJASTHAN SIKKIM TAMIL NADU TRIPURA UTTAR PRADESH UTTARAKHAND WEST BENGAL Total

Kharif

0.55 63.72 0.60 19.89 11.07 36.25 0.15 0.61 45.01 6.99 0.55 0.37 7.82 45.44 4.24 0.00 53.90 100.71 1.66 1.45 1.26 2.85 44.19 3.67 0.05 59.85 0.88 36.94 1.41 29.22 3.51 15.34 600.14

Rabi

0.00 15.39 0.00 0.00 15.56 3.79 0.16 0.02 7.10 9.72 1.48 4.00 5.07 22.84 1.62 0.00 75.01 19.12 0.00 0.53 0.04 0.36 0.06 2.76 0.06 27.92 0.00 10.14 1.28 49.17 1.74 3.59 278.51

Zaid

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.75 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 2.49 0.01 0.00 1.35 0.00 0.55 0.00 0.00 2.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.52 0.00 3.07 18.79

Double

0.00 28.42 1.14 8.74 27.56 7.17 0.30 0.19 28.20 15.05 3.49 6.51 2.87 25.51 0.66 0.00 22.57 46.43 0.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 12.57 33.23 0.03 51.37 0.00 13.23 0.00 96.26 3.12 33.83 468.76

Plantati on

0.08 4.82 0.57 15.60 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.66 0.44 0.43 0.05 0.29 0.00 6.46 16.53 0.01 0.00 4.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.70 0.14 0.03 0.00 0.01 3.82 0.02 0.60 0.39 6.54 63.59

NSA

Kharif

0.63 0.57 112.35 30.46 2.30 0.38 28.63 14.01 58.93 28.54 47.20 41.80 0.71 0.22 1.47 0.62 80.74 18.33 34.68 8.48 5.58 1.19 11.17 1.61 17.11 17.20 100.25 45.45 23.60 3.06 0.01 0.00 151.48 64.30 172.60 100.57 1.99 1.69 1.98 2.30 1.30 1.20 3.20 2.07 58.53 53.47 39.80 3.67 0.18 0.00 139.14 61.97 0.88 0.65 64.14 10.74 2.71 2.00 179.78 24.73 8.76 2.61 55.82 21.47 1407.66 565.39

Rabi

0.00 32.52 0.00 0.06 9.23 1.80 0.11 0.02 19.42 4.22 0.56 1.51 1.00 23.56 2.28 0.00 61.81 20.46 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 2.76 0.00 31.16 0.00 18.67 0.00 71.62 0.50 1.75 305.08

Zaid

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.88 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.37 0.00 0.20 0.00 0.00 1.73 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.64 0.00 3.24 14.11

Double

0.00 44.38 1.49 13.48 23.84 14.14 0.13 0.16 39.29 20.28 1.87 3.34 1.99 24.80 1.58 0.00 35.18 46.97 0.19 0.08 0.00 0.42 9.54 33.23 0.01 47.76 0.15 30.50 0.21 62.61 3.02 29.57 490.24

Plantatio n

0.08 4.82 0.43 16.06 0.00 0.00 0.09 0.66 0.14 0.41 0.05 0.75 0.00 6.46 16.35 0.00 0.00 4.33 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.14 1.79 0.14 0.00 0.00 0.01 3.82 0.14 2.04 0.39 6.44 65.61

NSA 0.66 112.18 2.30 27.55 66.50 57.74 0.55 1.46 77.19 33.39 3.69 7.21 20.57 100.28 23.48 0.00 161.29 174.06 1.92 2.38 1.20 2.63 64.88 39.80 0.01 140.90 0.81 63.74 2.35 164.66 6.51 56.03 1417.92 Area in lha

Table 4:Comparison of NSA: 2004-05 -- 2005-06 --- 2006-07---2007-08 2006-07 S.No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32

State / UT NICOBAR ANDHRA PRADESH PRADESH ASSAM BIHAR CHATTISGARH DELHI GOA GUJARAT, DNH,DD HARYANA PRADESH JAMMU & KASHMIR JHARKAND KARNATAKA KERALA LAKSHADWEEP MADHYA PRADESH MAHARASTRA MANIPUR MEGHALAYA MIZORAM NAGALAND ORISSA CHADIGARH PONDICHERRY RAJASTHAN SIKKIM TAMIL NADU TRIPURA UTTAR PRADESH UTTARAKHAND WEST BENGAL Total

Kharif

0.59 38.58 0.79 2.45 25.59 36.76 0.10 0.55 23.85 2.62 0.79 0.61 17.87 46.35 4.07 0.00 65.30 97.57 1.70 2.82 0.91 1.24 47.16 1.19 0.00 67.86 0.71 8.11 0.98 22.47 2.31 22.60 544.48

Rabi

0.00 15.54 0.00 0.00 10.54 4.09 0.11 0.02 11.05 4.43 0.85 2.40 1.00 19.39 1.23 0.00 56.32 22.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.55 5.25 0.00 27.56 0.00 25.61 0.00 64.80 0.59 2.35 275.81

Zaid

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.21 0.00 0.03 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 1.15 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.59 0.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.58 0.03 2.88 13.94

Double

0.00 53.81 0.94 18.99 23.89 13.99 0.23 0.21 44.32 26.95 2.03 4.77 1.99 25.96 2.91 0.00 30.78 49.73 0.33 0.18 0.49 0.92 10.32 35.47 0.01 50.40 0.15 26.80 0.88 71.74 4.07 31.34 534.57

Plantation

0.08 4.82 0.43 18.22 0.00 0.00 0.09 0.66 0.14 0.41 0.05 0.75 0.00 6.46 16.35 0.00 0.00 4.33 0.27 0.00 0.00 0.09 1.79 0.14 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.82 0.19 2.04 0.39 6.45 68.00

NSA 0.67 112.74 2.15 21.44 64.23 54.84 0.56 1.45 79.37 34.41 3.77 8.64 21.01 98.17 24.58 0.00 152.39 174.91 2.30 3.00 1.40 2.25 60.40 42.18 0.01 145.82 0.86 64.34 2.05 165.63 7.38 59.16 1412.13

Contd… 2007-08 Kharif

0.59 38.14 0.58 13.24 23.13 27.60 0.03 0.54 24.96 1.15 0.78 1.72 15.06 47.37 3.92 0.00 58.37 106.56 1.51 2.56 0.64 1.22 42.15 2.02 0.00 38.95 0.53 7.80 1.06 23.74 1.50 19.85 507.27

Rabi

0.00 19.08 0.00 0.00 11.96 3.38 0.02 0.03 6.50 1.86 0.35 0.89 0.94 15.00 0.75 0.00 44.08 5.66 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.82 0.25 0.00 37.58 0.00 26.32 0.02 54.80 0.45 3.05 233.81

Zaid

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.24 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.10 0.07 0.04 0.14 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.82 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.83 0.10 2.16 12.71

Double

0.00 56.85 1.39 8.37 23.11 18.40 0.43 0.26 58.86 31.32 3.36 6.11 3.98 30.00 3.71 0.00 55.17 53.15 0.30 0.19 0.41 0.84 11.32 39.44 0.01 39.86 0.28 28.42 1.30 85.65 5.44 32.25 600.18

Plantation

0.08 4.82 0.41 17.93 0.00 0.00 0.09 0.66 0.14 0.41 0.05 0.75 0.00 6.46 16.36 0.00 0.00 4.32 0.24 0.00 0.00 0.07 1.79 0.14 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.83 0.20 2.04 0.39 6.45 67.64

NSA 0.67 118.89 2.38 21.61 63.44 49.38 0.58 1.51 90.46 34.83 4.61 9.52 20.13 98.83 24.73 0.00 157.63 170.78 2.06 2.75 1.05 2.13 56.89 41.95 0.01 116.39 0.81 66.37 2.58 169.06 7.87 57.30 1397.22 Area in lha

Table 5: NSA Comparison of 2006-07 and 2007-08 Area in lakh ha

S.No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32


NSA (2006-07) NSA (2007-08) 0.67 0.67 112.75 118.89 2.15 2.38 21.44 21.61 62.50 63.44 54.84 49.38 0.56 0.58 1.45 1.51 79.37 90.46 34.41 34.83 3.77 4.61 8.64 9.52 20.80 20.13 98.12 98.85 24.58 24.74 0.00 0.00 152.98 157.63 174.92 170.78 2.30 2.06 3.00 2.75 1.40 1.05 2.25 2.13 60.40 56.89 42.18 41.95 0.01 0.01 145.93 116.39 0.86 0.81 64.34 66.37 2.05 2.58 165.63 169.06 7.38 7.87 58.93 57.30 1410.63 1397.24

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Maharastra and A.P. and decrease was found in the states of Rajasthan, West Bengal, Jharkand and Chattisgarh. Rainfall during kharif season is one of the critical factors regulating the cropping patterns. Hence meteorological subdivision wise kharif areas were compared with rainfall changes. The data on rainfall distribution for the entire country at meterological sub-division level for the Kharif season (June to September) of 2006 and 2007 were collected and related to the statistics of Kharif crop area in respective subdivisions (Table 6). It can be concluded from Table-6 that the country received higher rainfall (39,907 mm) during kharif period of 2007 as compared to rainfall of 2006 (35,158 mm) (Source: www.imd.ernet.in) The percent changes in kharif area in relation to rainfall in different meterological subdivisions is shown in Fig 9. In meteorological subdivisions like Saurastra, South Karnataka, Kerala, Vidharba and Rayalseema increased kharif area was found in relation to increase in rainfall during Kharif,2007. West Rajasthan, East Rajasthan, Madhya Maharastra have shown significant reduction in kharif area duet to less rainfall during kharif, 2007 (Fig 10).

India experienced unprecedented flooding during 2007. Major floods have occurred in Ganga, Brahmaputra, Subarnarekha and Baitarani river basins covering Assam, Bihar, Orissa, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal states. In addition, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat and Tamilnadu also experienced floods. River Subarnarekha in Orissa had crossed its previous Highest Flood Level (HFL) of 12.2m, which occurred in 07.08.97 on 7th July 07 by 18cm. Brahmaputra and its tributaries also crossed their HFL’s during 2007. Fig 11 shows the states that were suffered with major flood events during the calendar year 2007. (Source: News media)

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Table 6: Rainfall and Kharif crop changes during Cycle III (2006-07) and Cycle IV (2007-08) in different meteorological subdivisions RAINFALL (mm) KHARIF (Area in lakh ha.) Percentage change in Percentage S.No Meteorological sub division Rainfall change in Kharif Cycle-3 Cycle-4 Normal Cycle-3 Cycle-4 (Cycle-4 to (Cycle-4 to CycleCycle-3) 3)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

Arunachal Pradesh Assam & Meghalaya Bihar Chhattisgarh Coastal Anadhra Pradesh Coastal Karnataka East MP East Rajasthan East UP GOA Gujarat Haryana & Delhi Himachal Pradesh Jammu & Kashmir Jharkhand Kerala Konkan Madhya Maharashtra Marathwada Nagaland, Mizoram, Manipur & Tripura North Karnataka Orissa Punjab Rayalaseema Saurastr, Kutch &Diu South Karnataka Sub Himalayan West Benga Tamil Nadu & Pondicherry Telangana Uttarakhand Vidarbha West Madhya Pradesh West Rajasthan West Uttar Pradesh

1071 1110 877 1075 577 3092 906 689 675 2962 1449 284 585 673 1133 2022 2962 1116 725 887 433 1545 429 320 700 614 1335 247 830 964 1030 1061 330 454

1461 1702 1356 1146 747 3588 718 527 747 3316 1164 312 498 498 1217 2783 3316 904 655 1285 686 1441 355 741 889 917 1648 338 798 1519 1075 856 231 473

1834 1885 1039 1205 575 3173 1095 623 911 2802 933 470 773 513 1092 2143 2802 699 704 1240 491 1164 501 380 485 659 1136 315 767 1223 976 904 262 772

26.73 34.76 35.35 6.18 22.77 13.81 -26.14 -30.70 9.60 10.67 -24.47 9.01 -17.37 -35.16 6.92 27.36 10.67 -23.42 -10.70 31.00 36.91 -7.22 -20.82 56.88 21.28 33.09 18.99 26.89 -4.00 36.57 4.20 -23.97 -42.81 4.02

1.72 24.44 49.48 50.74 33.86 3.30 39.79 87.53 49.20 0.75 41.16 29.57 2.82 5.39 19.86 6.98 6.52 50.64 49.55 7.45 40.94 57.47 36.90 7.65 27.01 28.07 53.94 34.91 50.87 6.38 40.61 56.28 30.73 45.81

1.97 21.61 46.24 46.00 30.27 3.19 52.15 55.43 56.07 0.80 43.71 32.93 4.14 7.84 19.04 7.65 7.04 48.75 58.17 7.28 38.28 53.47 41.47 8.65 40.11 35.92 52.09 36.22 56.08 6.94 45.75 61.40 23.41 53.32

13.11 -13.09 -7.01 -10.31 -11.86 -3.44 23.69 -57.92 12.25 5.80 5.83 10.21 31.92 31.17 -4.33 8.72 7.43 -3.88 14.82 -2.39 -6.97 -7.48 11.01 11.58 32.66 21.86 -3.54 3.61 9.28 7.94 11.23 8.34 -31.27 14.09

RF, NSA (-ve, +ve)

Fig 9: Changes in Kharif with Rainfall patterns in Cycle IV & Cycle III

RF, NSA (+ve, +ve)

40 HP Saurashtra, Kutch & Diu

30 East MP 20

% Change in Kharif

Marathwada Punjab

West MP Gujarat

10 Telangana

South Karnataka

West UP East UP Haryana Vidarbha Konkan Goa

Kerala

Rayalaseema

Arunachal TN & PD

Uttarakhand

0 Madhya Maharashtra -10

-50

Orissa -10

SHWB Jharkhand Coastal Karnataka Chattisgarh Coastal AP

-20

Bihar 30 North East North Karnataka

Assam & Meghalaya

-30 West Rajasthan -40

-50 East Rajasthan RF, NSA (-ve, -ve)

-60

% Change in Rainfall

RF, NSA (+ve, -ve)

FCC – Kharif 2006

FCC – Kharif 2007

LU/LC – Kharif 2006

LU/LC – Kharif 2007

Fig 10 Kharif crop area changes in parts of Jalore district, Rajasthan during 2006-07 and 2007-08 (Low intensity in red colour on FCC of 2007 indicate low cropping levels)


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Fig 11: States suffered with major flooded events during 2007

There has been significant increase in rainfall in the meteorological subdivision of the flood effected states like Bihar, U.P Jharkand, A.P. West Bengal, Gujrat and other states like Karnataka and Jharkand. The reduction in kharif areas compared to 2006 was found in most of the flood effected subdivisions like Bihar, West Bengal, Coastal A.P. except in Saurastra, Kutch and Diu, Rayalseema. The reduction kharif areas in Coastal areas is also due to lack of cloud free satellite data over these areas.

In Subdivision like Coastal and North Karnataka and Jharkand the higher rainfall far above the normal did not positively impact the kharif cropping. In East and West M.P. and Marthwada subdivisions the increase in kharif areas could not be attributed to rainfall as kharif 2007 estimates was mostly based on September

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data. During Kharif 2006 as cloud free September data was not available, the estimates could not account early harvests and areas were relatively under reported over these areas (Fig 12 & 13). The net changes observed during the two cycles at state level are found to be spatially heterogeneous across the different meteorological subdivisions. The total forest area found decreased by in relation to 3rd cycle. The major losses were found in NE states (Table-7).

The integrated analysis of cropping patterns during different seasons and net sown area in relation to rainfall, floods and surface water distribution is being further analyzed and the detailed results will be presented in final report.

4.2. WEB ENABLED INFORMATION SYSTEM: The web based information system based on national level programme on Rapid Assessments of land use/ land cover changes of India using AWiFS data has been developed as BHOOSAMPADA web portal (Proposed) which is accessible through NRSC web site at (http://www.nrsa.gov.in/rsgisweb/rsgisindex.htm) on trial run. BHOOSAMPADA provides a multi-user cross platform to access, query and analysis geo-spatial data in a simple web browser environment without having any specific GIS/ image processing software installed at client end. Various GIS tools and functionalities are available to its users for spatial output generation.

The web portal serves its data and information as web service

format which is an industry standard mechanism to share and distribute data and information to its user without physical transfer of data. In the development environment of BHOOSAMPADA a multi-server architecture is configured where the data server, application server, map server and web server are installed and configured in network architecture. The latest state-ofart web technology is used in the development of BHOOSAMPADA. The tools and technology used in development of BHOOSAMPADA incorporates open source as well commercial GIS solutions. The important components are: Database server (Postgre SQL, Oracle 10G), Spatial Database Engine (Arc SDE,

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FCC – October, 2007

FCC – September, 2007

Classified Output Fig 12 Improved Kharif crop area estimation in parts of western Madhya Pradesh due to availability of cloud free September data (Lack of red colour in October FCC indicates the early harvest of crop)

Oct, 2006

Sep, 2007

Oct, 2007

Kharif 2007

Fig 13 Improved Kharif crop area estimation in parts of Dhule district of Maharashtra due to availability of cloud free September data (Lack of red colour in October FCC indicates the early harvest of crop)

Table 7: Comparison of Forest : 2006-07 Vs 2007-08 2006-07 S.No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32


2007-2008

Evergreen / Semievergre Deciduous en

1.59 0.06 63.75 5.91 0.88 0.00 0.00 0.46 0.00 0.01 10.92 11.82 0.00 14.96 3.74 0.00 0.00 6.33 3.88 11.72 7.81 4.56 1.57 0.02 0.00 0.00 2.38 5.69 2.61 0.00 13.14 0.38 174.18

4.58 40.89 2.61 15.25 3.15 47.41 0.08 0.84 7.03 0.78 1.56 2.43 17.37 15.55 6.30 0.00 25.12 35.83 12.96 6.08 9.96 5.87 38.92 0.81 0.07 8.08 0.61 13.41 1.03 9.19 3.16 5.70 342.63 Area in lha

Littoral swamp Shrub / / Mangrove / Degraded / Fresh water Scrub swamp

0.00 2.92 4.21 3.32 1.33 12.09 0.00 0.00 7.39 0.28 3.27 9.24 3.91 6.17 0.52 0.00 52.91 3.53 2.47 0.21 1.36 3.49 5.82 0.72 0.02 7.23 0.36 2.00 3.45 2.39 6.47 1.24 148.34

0.49 0.24 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 1.71 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.28 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.44 5.43

Total

6.65 44.12 70.56 24.48 5.36 59.50 0.08 1.35 16.14 1.07 15.74 23.49 21.28 36.67 10.56 0.00 78.03 45.97 19.32 18.01 19.14 13.92 46.53 1.55 0.09 15.31 3.35 21.11 7.09 11.58 22.76 9.76 670.57

Evergreen / Semievergre Deciduous en

1.59 0.06 63.70 5.90 0.88 0.00 0.00 0.46 0.00 0.01 10.92 11.82 0.00 14.95 3.74 0.00 0.00 6.32 3.88 11.72 7.81 4.56 1.57 0.02 0.00 0.00 2.69 5.69 2.61 0.00 13.14 0.38 174.42

4.58 40.89 2.52 15.24 3.15 47.41 0.08 0.84 7.03 0.78 1.56 2.43 17.37 15.55 6.30 0.00 25.12 35.78 12.92 6.05 9.84 5.76 38.92 0.81 0.07 8.08 0.49 13.41 1.02 9.19 3.16 5.70 342.06

Shrub / Degraded / Scrub

0.00 2.92 4.18 3.31 1.33 12.09 0.00 0.00 7.39 0.28 3.27 9.24 3.91 6.17 0.52 0.00 52.91 3.55 2.47 0.21 1.36 3.49 5.82 0.72 0.02 7.23 0.24 2.00 3.43 2.39 6.47 1.24 148.17

Littoral swamp / Mangrove / Fresh water swamp

0.49 0.24 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 1.71 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.23 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.44 5.38

Total

6.65 44.12 70.40 24.45 5.36 59.50 0.08 1.35 16.14 1.07 15.74 23.49 21.28 36.66 10.56 0.00 78.03 45.87 19.28 17.98 19.02 13.82 46.53 1.55 0.09 15.31 3.42 21.11 7.06 11.58 22.76 9.76 670.03

Diff

0.00 0.00 -0.16 -0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.10 -0.04 -0.03 -0.12 -0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.00 -0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.54


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POST GIS), Web server (Apache, MS IIS), Internet Map Server (UMN Map server, Arc IMS), and the programming environments (ASP, PHP). The spatial data is disseminated under two important categories i.e. 1:1M scale for general users and 1:250,000 scale for registered users. The map viewer for 1:1M scale data is developed using open source GIS solutions with limited functionalities whereas to enable registered users with more GIS functionalities and query utilities, the 1:250,000 map viewer has been developed using COTS package. At present all three cycles LULC database, seasonal snow and water are organized in a central server system with ancillary information on roads, settlements and socioeconomics. Database facilitates monitoring and assessment of NSA under rainfed and irrigated conditions in conjunction with climate, socioeconomics and other factors. It provides baseline and facilitates monitoring fallows. The database also proved to be useful for rapid monitoring of dynamic land covers like surface water, forest, waste lands etc. It works as potential database for planning and developmental activities, regional EIAs, stands as inputs for global environmental studies

like land use change, climate change, biodiversity, land surface

atmosphere interactions, productivity and carbon sequestration, etc. Data under BHOOSAMPADA is meant to be utilized only for scientific, research and educational purposes. Data use or issues related to any commercial and legal purposes will not be entertained and any related responsibility is thus disowned. The data under 1:1M scale map viewer is provided in public domain for wider use as a primary information product and the data and information under 1:250,000 scale map viewer viz., maps and statistics are provided upon registration. Digital databases are provided only for authorized users to facilitate advanced analysis and integration. Users should invariably acknowledge the data source and its use. Users are encouraged to provide feedback and suggestions for overall improvement of the product.

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BHOOSAMPADA delivers its services as: •

Interactive browsing of LULC map up to original scale (1:250K) using scale rendering;

•

Basic GIS functionalities like zoom in, zoom out, panning, identify, zoom to full extent, dynamic query builder, distance and area measurements, buffer analysis, dynamic legend display, on-the-fly map composition etc;

•

Query on LULC statistics and census information at state and district level;

•

Dynamic graph creation for query outputs;

•

On-the-fly GIS analysis like crop area statistics, per capita analysis, change analysis etc.

•

Various layer overlays on LULC map and satellite imagery;

•

Data request for download and saving information at client end etc.

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Sample screen shots of BHOO SAMPADA Web Portal:

Home page of BHOO SAMPADA web portal

Spatial map viewer for 1:1M scale data

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Enhanced Spatial map viewer for 1:250k data

Original data visualization with dynamic queries

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