NDT TECHNIQUES FOR CHARACTERIZING ALKALISILICA ...

5 downloads 0 Views 838KB Size Report
NDT TECHNIQUES FOR CHARACTERIZING ALKALI SILICA. REACTION IN STANDARD CONCRETE SPECIMENS ± A REVIEW. J. Chen1, K. J. Lesnicki2, ...
NDT TECHNIQUES FOR CHARACTERIZING ALKALISILICA REACTION IN STANDARD CONCRETE SPECIMENS—A REVIEW J. Chen, K. J. Lesnicki, K. E. Kurtis, J.Y. Kim, and L. J. Jacobs Citation: AIP Conf. Proc. 1335, 1275 (2011); doi: 10.1063/1.3592080 View online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3592080 View Table of Contents: http://proceedings.aip.org/dbt/dbt.jsp?KEY=APCPCS&Volume=1335&Issue=1 Published by the American Institute of Physics.

Related Articles Simultaneous self-collimation of fundamental and second-harmonic in sonic crystals Appl. Phys. Lett. 99, 151905 (2011) Three-dimensional acoustic wavefront imaging in anisotropic systems by picosecond acoustics J. Appl. Phys. 109, 033507 (2011) Acoustic reflectivity goniometry of bounded ultrasonic pulses: Experimental verification of numerical models J. Appl. Phys. 104, 064914 (2008) Rayleigh wave interaction with surface-breaking cracks J. Appl. Phys. 101, 064906 (2007) Ultrasonic attenuation in a chain crystal containing resonantly scattering defects Low Temp. Phys. 32, 270 (2006)

Additional information on AIP Conf. Proc. Journal Homepage: http://proceedings.aip.org/ Journal Information: http://proceedings.aip.org/about/about_the_proceedings Top downloads: http://proceedings.aip.org/dbt/most_downloaded.jsp?KEY=APCPCS Information for Authors: http://proceedings.aip.org/authors/information_for_authors

Downloaded 20 Feb 2012 to 130.207.50.37. Redistribution subject to AIP license or copyright; see http://proceedings.aip.org/about/rights_permissions

1'7 7(&+1,48(6 )25 &+$5$&7(5,=,1* $/.$/,6,/,&$ 5($&7,21 ,1 67$1'$5' &21&5(7( 63(&,0(16 ±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

Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, Volume 30 AIP Conf. Proc. 1335, 1275-1282 (2011); doi: 10.1063/1.3592080 © 2011 American Institute of Physics 978-0-7354-0888-3/$30.00

1275 Downloaded 20 Feb 2012 to 130.207.50.37. Redistribution subject to AIP license or copyright; see http://proceedings.aip.org/about/rights_permissions

WHVWLQJ WHFKQLTXHV ZKLFK DUH VLPSOH DQG UHSURGXFLEOH IRU WKH UDSLG URXWLQH VFUHHQLQJ RI DJJUHJDWH DONDOLUHDFWLYLW\ 7KLV SDSHU UHYLHZV SDVW DQG FXUUHQW UHVHDUFK HIIRUW RI WKH *HRUJLD 7HFK UHVHDUFK JURXS ZLWK D IRFXV RQ GHYHORSPHQW RI QHZ 1'( WHFKQLTXHV IRU $65 DVVHVVPHQW LQ PRUWDU DQG FRQFUHWH 121/,1($5 $&2867,& 0(7+2'6 2QHGLPHQVLRQDO VWUHVVVWUDLQ UHODWLRQVKLS LQ FRQVROLGDWHG PDWHULDOV VXFK DV URFNV PRUWDU DQG FRQFUHWH FDQ EH ZULWWHQ >@ V

H ˜ (  >   EH  GH   D 'H  H ˜ VJQ H

@



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±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aP  LW KDV EHHQ VKRZQ WKDW WKH QRUPDOL]HG IUHTXHQF\ OLQHDUO\ GHFUHDVHV ZLWK WKH VWUDLQ DPSOLWXGH VHH IRU H[DPSOH >@ 

1276 Downloaded 20 Feb 2012 to 130.207.50.37. Redistribution subject to AIP license or copyright; see http://proceedings.aip.org/about/rights_permissions

I  I I

D c'H



ZKHUH WKH SDUDPHWHU D c LV SURSRUWLRQDO WR WKH K\VWHUHVLV QRQOLQHDULW\ SDUDPHWHU D  I  LV WKH OLQHDU UHVRQDQFH IUHTXHQF\ DQG I LV WKH UHVRQDQFH IUHTXHQF\ DW DQ LQFUHDVHG H[FLWDWLRQ DPSOLWXGH 7KH SK\VLFDO RULJLQ RI WKH K\VWHUHWLF QRQOLQHDULW\ LV WKH ZHOONQRZQ VWURQJ QRQOLQHDU EHKDYLRU RI UDQGRPO\GLVWULEXWHG VPDOO RU PLFUR FUDFNV ,W LV DOVR NQRZQ WKDW FUDFNV WHQG WR EH RSHQ HVSHFLDOO\ LQ EULWWOH PDWHULDOV DV WKH\ JURZ DQG DQ RSHQ FUDFN SURGXFHV QR QRQOLQHDULW\ 7KHUHIRUH FUDFNV DUH QRQOLQHDU RQO\ IRU D FHUWDLQ SHULRG RI WLPH LQ ZKLFK WKH\ DUH VPDOOHU WKDQ D FHUWDLQ FULWLFDO VL]H 7KLV IDFW SURYLGHV DQ LGHD WR LQWHUSUHW WKH SK\VLFDO PHDQLQJ RI WKH PHDVXUHG QRQOLQHDULW\ SDUDPHWHU WKDW LV D c LV D PHDVXUH RI WKH UDWH RI FUDFN JHQHUDWLRQ WKLV QRQOLQHDULW\ SDUDPHWHU FRXQWV WKH QXPEHU RI VPDOO FUDFNV DW D JLYHQ WLPH 7KHQ E\ LQWHJUDWLQJ WKLV SDUDPHWHU RYHU WKH HODSVHG WLPH RQH FDQ GHILQH DQRWKHU SDUDPHWHU WKDW UHSUHVHQWV WKH WRWDO DFFXPXODWHG GDPDJH RU WKH WRWDO QXPEHU RI FUDFNV  D Fc ³ D c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c YV WKH H[SRVXUH WLPH 7KH QRQOLQHDULW\ SDUDPHWHU IRU ) KLJKO\ UHDFWLYH DJJUHJDWH LQFUHDVHV UDSLGO\ LQ WZR GD\V² VR WKLV UHVXOW FDQ EH XVHG IRU D TXLFN VFUHHQLQJ RI KLJKO\ UHDFWLYH DJJUHJDWHV 7KH LQFUHDVHDQGWKHQGHFUHDVH EHKDYLRU RI QRQOLQHDULW\ LQ )LJXUH  KDV EHHQ REVHUYHG FRQVLVWHQWO\ LQ GLIIHUHQW VDPSOHV DQG DOVR VHHQ LQ WKH UHVXOWV REWDLQHG XVLQJ 1:06 >@ 7KHUHIRUH WKLV UHVXOW DSSHDUV WR EH D UHDO SKHQRPHQRQ DQG LV QRW DQ DUWLIDFW 7KH YDULDWLRQ RI FXPXODWLYH QRQOLQHDULW\ SDUDPHWHU D Fc LV VKRZQ LQ )LJXUH  ,W LV LQWHUHVWLQJ WR VHH WKH VLPLODU WUHQGV LQ )LJXUHV  DQG  +RZHYHU WKH FXPXODWLYH QRQOLQHDULW\

1277 Downloaded 20 Feb 2012 to 130.207.50.37. Redistribution subject to AIP license or copyright; see http://proceedings.aip.org/about/rights_permissions

SDUDPHWHU SURYLGHV PXFK EHWWHU UHVROXWLRQ DPRQJ DJJUHJDWHV ) ) DQG ) DV VKRZQ LQ )LJXUH  1,5$6 LV DOVR EHLQJ DSSOLHG WR FRQFUHWH SULVP VDPSOHV 1LQH GLIIHUHQW PL[HV RI FRQFUHWH VDPSOHV DUH FDVW ZLWK DJJUHJDWHV ZLWK YDU\LQJ UHDFWLYLW\ $65 GDPDJH LV LQGXFHG LQ WKH FRQFUHWH VDPSOHV LQ DFFRUGDQFH ZLWK $670 &  'XH WR WKH RQH\HDU WHVW WLPH WKH 1,5$6 H[SHULPHQWV DUH VWLOO XQGHUZD\ DQG RQO\ WKH UHVXOWV WR GDWH DUH SUHVHQWHG LQ WKLV SDSHU  )

H[SDQVLRQ 



)



)



)

       















H[SRVXUH WLPH GD\V

),*85(  ([SHULPHQWDO VHWXS RI 1,5$6

),*85(  ([SDQVLRQ UHVXOWV RI PRUWDU EDU VDPSOHV IRU PRUWDU EDU VDPSOHV



PDJQLWXGH

     

D









IUHTXHQF\ N+]







E

),*85(  5HVRQDQFH FXUYHV IRU LQFUHDVLQJ LPSDFW VWUHQJWK D 0RUWDU EDU VDPSOH DIWHU  GD\V LQ VROXWLRQ E FRQFUHWH SULVP VDPSOH DIWHU  GD\V LQ HQYLURQPHQW 6KLIW RI UHVRQDQFH IUHTXHQF\ LV FOHDUO\ YLVLEOH IRU ERWK FDVHV ) ) ) )

 

FXPXODWLYH QRQOLQHDULW\ SDUDPHWHU

QRUPDOL]HG QRQOLQHDULW\ SDUDPHWHU



    













 )



)



)



)

     











H[SRVXUH WLPH GD\V

H[SRVXUH WLPH GD\V

),*85(  1RQOLQHDULW\ SDUDPHWHUV RI PRUWDU VDPSOHV

),*85(  &XPXODWLYH QRQOLQHDULW\ SDUDPHWHUV

1278 Downloaded 20 Feb 2012 to 130.207.50.37. Redistribution subject to AIP license or copyright; see http://proceedings.aip.org/about/rights_permissions

),*85(  ([SDQVLRQ UHVXOWV RI FRQFUHWH VDPSOHV

),*85(  1RQOLQHDULW\ SDUDPHWHUV RI FRQFUHWH VDPSOHV

)LJXUHV  DQG  VKRZ WKH H[SDQVLRQ PHDVXUHPHQWV DQG 1,5$6 PHDVXUHPHQWV UHVSHFWLYHO\ 7KH QRQOLQHDULW\ SDUDPHWHUV IRU 0L[HV  DQG  FRQWDLQLQJ KLJKO\ UHDFWLYH DJJUHJDWHV LQFUHDVH UDSLGO\ ZLWKLQ WKUHH PRQWKV ZKLFK FRUUHODWH ZHOO ZLWK WKH FRUUHVSRQGLQJ H[SDQVLRQ UHVXOWV +RZHYHU WKH FXUUHQW UHVXOWV DOVR VKRZ D VXEVHTXHQW GHFUHDVH LQ QRQOLQHDULW\²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ownloaded 20 Feb 2012 to 130.207.50.37. Redistribution subject to AIP license or copyright; see http://proceedings.aip.org/about/rights_permissions

VPHDUV WKURXJK WKH FUDFNV ZHGJH HIIHFW  7KLV FUDFNRSHQLQJ SURFHVV FRQWLQXHV WR RFFXU WLOO WKH HQG RI WKH WHVW SHULRG 7KLV REVHUYDWLRQ FRLQFLGHV ZLWK WKH SK\VLFDO LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ RI WKH PHDVXUHG DFRXVWLF QRQOLQHDULW\ SDUDPHWHU D c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¶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

1280 Downloaded 20 Feb 2012 to 130.207.50.37. Redistribution subject to AIP license or copyright; see http://proceedings.aip.org/about/rights_permissions

),*85(  'LIIXVLYLW\ RI WKUHH FRQFUHWH VDPSOHV

),*85(  'LVVLSDWLRQ RI WKUHH FRQFUHWH VDPSOHV

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

1281 Downloaded 20 Feb 2012 to 130.207.50.37. Redistribution subject to AIP license or copyright; see http://proceedings.aip.org/about/rights_permissions

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

- )DUQ\ DQG 6 .RVPDWND 'LDJQRVLV DQG FRQFUHWH RI DONDOLDJJUHJDWH UHDFWLRQV LQ FRQFUHWH 3RUWODQG &HPHQW $VVRFLDWLRQ  3 . 0HKWD DQG 3 - 0 0RQWHLUR &RQFUHWH PLFURVWUXFWXUH SURSHUWLHV DQG PDWHULDOV UG (GLWLRQ 0F*UDZ+LOO 3XEOLVKHU 1HZ