5 Jun 2013 ... Story of Love. •„TIHKAL”:Tryptamines I Have Known And Loved: The
Continuation. Both books were released in the 90'. They are the „Bible” for.
Neurobiology and laboratory diagnosis of alcohol and drug use and dependence Halina Matsumoto Medical University of Warsaw Chair and Department of Psychiatry Laboratory of Psychopharmacology Granada, LLP ERASMUS, June 5, 2013
New synthetic drugs 1. Designer Drugs 2. Energizing substances 3. „Boosters”
History of alcohol and drug use and abuse Name of psychoactive substance History
Archeological record 10 000 BC
6 000 BC
5 000 BC 5 000 BC
Alcoholic beverages etanol
Discoveries in China: neolitic village of Jiahu in Henan, in Northen China, texstes on alcohol drinking found in Mesopotamia,in Hebrew (Biblia). Illustrations of drinking Sumerian,Greek and Roman citizens. Europa; cinder and pomace wine. Aztec documents-wine „pulque”.South America:Bear-like:cauim or chichia. Ancient Japan: to make sake from rice and other starchy corps chewing technique was used. Opiates (Papaver somniferum) Sumerian from Mesopotamia: 4 000 BC Egypt-2 000 BC Greaks:opium as medication Cannabis indica China, India (Books of Wed- Food for Gods) Peyotl (mescaline),mushrums: Used during ritual ceremonies Amanita muskaria, Psylocibe
History of alcohol and drug use and abuse Medieval period Distilled alcohol
12th century-School of Salermo 13th century Tadeo Alderotti In 1500, German alchemist Hieronimus Braunschweig Publisher „Liber de arte destillandi” In 1651 John French:”The Art. o of Distillation” Names: Aqua vitae (life water) were used forGaelic whisky, French eaux- de- vie and probably vodka.
7th century
Opium
16th century
Tinctura opii
Arab widespreaded opium in Persia, China and India Parcelius introduced tincture:morhine:9,510%, lactose and cacoa shell as medication.
Conqest of Peru by Spaniards
Discovery of Erythoxylon coca by colonists
Peru,Bolivia, Columbia „Argent Triangle”chuing leafs of Coca with slaked lam.
Modern period 1887-USA amphetamine
19th century
19th century
1927-Benzhydrine-asthma 1937-narcolepsia Second World War-solders receive amphetamine as enegizer, antianxiety and proagression drug . After the war, amphetamine was used in the treatment of obesity, Parkinsonism, depression,ADHD in children and astma. Non-medical use of amphetamine was very popular in 50and 60-ties of 20th century among sportsmen,students, pilots and tir drivers. Morphine, codeine and Synthetic opiates papverine,methadone Heroin (1898-Wright) Alcaloid cocaine 1859-isolation of cocaine-Niemann ; 1884-cocaine as anestetic in larthroat disdiseases and ophtamology 30-60 ties of 20th century- use of cocaine as harmless psychostimulant. XIX/XX :cocaine dependence. Interwar period: cocaine use became in fashion for intelectualists, artists and writers. 80-ties of XX; crack and increase of cocaine abuse in 90-ties of XX century.
History of alcohol and drug use and abuse 20th century
MDMA (Ecstasy)
20th /21th century 19th-21 century
GHB-γ-hydroxy-butarate (Fantasy) Voltaile solvents
19th/20th century
Sleeping pills, anxiotitics
20th century
Anabolic steroides
1914-Merck-Darmstadt patented MDMA as anorectic medication 1970-1980: MDMA in psychotherapy 1986-Grinspoon and Bakalar-MDMA empatogen. 1980-1985-MDMA during party 1987-first deaths during technoparties. (50 deaths during 3 years in London) Used by body-builders and as component of Rape Pill. Ether,chlorophorm in Europe and USA for intoxication. 1832-Bayer; syntesis of barbiturate acid 1950-synthesis of meprobamate-„Hapiness Pill” 1960-synthesis of benzodiazepines ( Leo Sternbach) Synthesis of „Z” Drugs Used by body-builders and drug abusers.
Reward System of the CNS
Happiness Rediscovered by Positive Psychology Simply: desired state of mind, life contentment ...or – a useless term... Three types of happiness – Martin E. P. Seligman • Pleasant life • Engaged life • Meaningful life
Three types of happiness (M.E.P. Seligman) • Pleasant life A pleasant life consists of having as much pleasure as you can, as many of the positive emotions, and learning some of the dozen or so techniques that actually work for increasing the duration and intensity of your pleasures. There are shortcuts to the pleasures. You can go shopping; you can watch television; you can take drugs. These things do not lead to true happiness. • Engaged life An engaged life is being one with the music, being totally wrapped up in the people you love or what you're hearing. There are no shortcuts to the engaged life. The engaged life can only be had by first knowing what your highest strengths are, your signature strengths, and re-crafting your life to use them at work, in love, in leisure, in parenting and in friendship. • Meaningful life A meaningful life consists of again knowing what your highest strengths and talents are and using them in the service of something that you believe is bigger than you are.
Dynamic adaptive mechanism An 'Onion' Theory of Happiness – Janusz Czapiński • Current situation evaluation • General well-being • Will to live
Biochemical markers classification depending on detection time Short-term:
Ethyl alcohol, 5HTOL/5HIAA
Medium-term:
FAEE’s, EtG, EtS, PEth, ASPAT, ALAT
Long-term:
GGT, MCV, CDT, β-Hex, BDNF
Biochemical markers of alcohol consumption and dependence Traditional
New
• GGT - gamma-glutamyltransferase
• CDT - Carbohydrate deficient
• ASPAT and ALAT - aspartate
transferrin
transaminase and alanine
• Β-HEX – β-hexosaminidase
transaminase
• 5-HTOL - 5-hydroxytryptophol
• MCV - mean corpuscular volume
• SA and SIJ - sialic acid and sialicacid index of apolipoprotein J • Acetaldehyde adducts • Nonoxidative metabolites of ethanol (FAEE, EtG, Peth,EtS) • High-density lipoprotein (HDL) • Platelet MAO-B
Sensitivity and specificity of laboratory markers of biochemical consequences of sporadic 9SS) and regular (SR) alcohol consumption and known factors having an impact on their values Marker
Sensitivity(%) Specificity(%) SS
SR
SS
SR
GGT Reynaud 2000
42
80
76
76
Shiwan 2004
56
86
77
77
MCV Reynaud 2000
24
63
96
Factors influencing the marker value
96
ALT
22♀
100
Picinni 1999
52♂
♀
Liver and biliary tract diseases, obesity, diabetes, cancer, myocardial scarring, sex, age, tobacco smoking, ethnic origin, liver enzyme inducing drugs
Folic acid and vitamin B12 deficiency, malnutrition, liver and bone marrow diseases, iron deficiency, gastrointestinal bleeding, hemoglobinopathies, hyperglycemia, hypothyroidism, chemotherapy, drugs, tobacco smoking, sex, age Obesity, some drugs, age, coffe
90 ♂ AST
25♀
97♀
Conigrave
45♂
90♂
2002
Liver and biliary ducts diseases, myopathies, excess physical excersice, gastrointestinal bleeding, obesity, age, some drugs and herbs, ethnic origin
Sensitivity and specificity of laboratory markers of biochemical consequences of sporadic 9SS) and regular (SR) alcohol consumption and known factors having an impact on their values Marker
Sensitivity(%)
Factors influencing the marker value
Specificity(%) SS
SR
SS
SR
CDT
Liver and biliary tract diseases, transferrin polymorphism, ethnic
Reynaud 2000
67
85
97
97
origin, age, sex, iron deficiency, some drugs and steroids,
Schwan 2004
80
91
83
83
tobacco smoking, major surgery
Sialic acid
Neoplasms (especially breast cancer and leukemia in children),
Romppanen 2002
51
100
acute bacterial infections, sepsis, cardiovascular diseases, high
Sillanaukee 1999
58♀
96♀
blood pressure, diabetes, obesity, age
48♂
81♂
β-hexosaminidase Kärkkäinen 1990 Platelet MAO-B
Liver diseases, hypetension, diabetes, hyperthyroidism, silicosis, 86
86
95
98
myocardial infarction, pregnancy, age Tobacco smoking, sex, race, drugs, narcotics (marihuana, cocaine), psychiatric diseases
Non-oxidative pathway for alcohol metabolism
Detection time of non-oxidative metabolites of ethanol
hours
months months
Home-made opiates in Poland „In the midst ‘70s the chemistry undergraduate in Gdansk described and promulgated countrywide a simple method of production of biologically active extracts from opium poppy capsuls and upper part of the stem, containing natural opiates. The greenish-brownish, unpleasantly smelling soup-like extraction, called >>MAKIWARA>COMPOTTECOMPOTTE>compottes>compottes>compotte
