New species of the Neotropical spider genus ...

Zootaxa 3637 (2): 139–157 www.mapress.com / zootaxa / Copyright © 2013 Magnolia Press

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Article

ZOOTAXA ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition)

http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3637.2.5 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:1B5343C3-0426-4014-9F12-E2346DDEEE08

New species of the Neotropical spider genus Celaetycheus Simon, 1897 (Araneae: Ctenidae) DANIELE POLOTOW1, 2,3 & ANTONIO D. BRESCOVIT1 1

Laboratório Especial de Coleções Zoológicas, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil 1500, CEP 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] 2 Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil 3 Bill and Maria Peck Research Fellow, Arachnology, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, USA

Abstract Nine species of the Neotropical spider genus Celaetycheus Simon, 1897 are newly described. All the species are endemic to the State of Bahia, northeast of Brazil: Celaetycheus abara sp. nov., C. aberem sp. nov., C. acaraje sp. nov., C. beiju sp. nov., C. bobo sp. nov., C. caruru sp. nov., C. moqueca sp. nov., C. mungunza sp. nov. and C. vatapa sp. nov. A new generic diagnosis, species diagnoses and distributional maps are provided. Key words: Arachnida, Bahia, Brazil, South America, taxonomy

Introduction The spider genus Celaetycheus Simon, 1897 contains, to date, two species: the type species C. flavostriatus Simon, 1897, from Bahia, Brazil and C. modestus Bryant, 1942, from Puerto Rico (Polotow & Brescovit 2009; Platnick 2012). The genus was recently revised by Polotow & Brescovit (2009) and a new genus (Ohvida Polotow & Brescovit, 2009) was described to accommodate the misplaced species in Celaetycheus (O. fulvorufa (Franganillo, 1930)) and Ctenus Walckenaer, 1805 (O. brevitarsus (Bryant, 1940), O. coxana (Bryant, 1940), O. isolata (Bryant, 1940) and O. vernalis (Bryant, 1940)). Celaetycheus strenuus (Bryant, 1942) was synonymized with Ctenus ottleyi (Petrunkevitch, 1930). Celaetycheus paradoxus F.O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1900 was transferred to Leptoctenus L. Koch, 1878. Celaetycheus delesserti Caporiacco, 1947 was transferred to Ctenus and recently revised (Polotow & Brescovit 2012); Celaetycheus modestus Bryant, 1942 was considered incertae sedis. In this paper, we present descriptions and illustrations of nine new species of Celaetycheus, new records for the type-species, new generic diagnosis and distributional maps for all species. All specimens were collected in the state of Bahia, northeast Brazil, showing an important area of the endemism for species of this genus.

Material and methods The material examined is deposited in the following institutions (curators in parentheses): IBSP, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo (D.M. Barros Battesti); MCN, Museu de Ciências Naturais, Fundação Zoobotânica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre (R. Ott); MNHN, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris (C. Rollard); MNRJ, Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro (A. B. Kury). Morphological observations and illustrations were made using a Leica MZ12 stereomicroscope with a camera lucida. Digital SEM photographs were taken on a LEO 1450vp scanning electron microscope at the Entomology Department of the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, USA. The preparation of specimens for the scanning electron microscope follows Álvarez-Padilla & Hormiga (2008). The epigyne was detached from the abdomen and submerged in clove oil to clear the internal structures. All measurements are in millimeters. The

Accepted by C. Vink: 12 Feb. 2013; published: 10 Apr. 2013

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maps were made using DIVA-GIS, version 7.4.0.1, available at http://www.diva-gis.org/. Abbreviations: ALE, anterior lateral eyes; AME, anterior median eyes; BS, base of spermathecae; C, conductor; CP, cymbial projection; d, dorsal; E, embolus; FD, fertilization duct; HS, head of spermathecae; LS, lateral sector of epigynum; LP, lateral process of epigynum; MA, median apophysis; MS, median sector of epigynum; PLE, posterior lateral eyes; PME, posterior median eyes; r, retrolateral; RTA, retrolateral tibial apophysis; ST, subtegulum; Ti, tibia; TP, tegular projection; v, ventral.

Taxonomy

Ctenidae Keyserling, 1877 Cteninae Keyserling, 1877 Celaetycheus Simon, 1897 Celaetycheus Simon 1897: 114–115 (Type species by monotypy: Celaetycheus flavostriatus Simon, 1897); Lehtinen 1967: 378; Silva 2003: 24, 31; Polotow & Brescovit 2009: 13.

Diagnosis. Males of Celaetycheus resemble those of Centroctenus Mello-Leitão, 1929 by the elongated palpal tibiae and short cymbium (see Brescovit 1996: figs 19–20), but can be distinguished from them by the presence of a cymbial retroventral process (Fig. 4A). Females of Celaetycheus resemble those of Centroctenus by the smooth median plate (see Brescovit 1996: figs 21–22), but can be distinguished by the short lateral spurs, with the tip below the median plate, and the spermathecae divided in two parts, with a round head and large and curved base and with the copulatory duct ending in the base of the spermathecae (Fig. 4E). Description. See Polotow & Brescovit (2009). Additional data: Small to medium sized ecribellate spiders. Total body length (males and females): 3.20–4.70 mm. Composition. Eleven species. Distribution. Endemic to the state of Bahia, northeast of Brazil (Figs 15A–C). Natural history. The species of Celaetycheus are nocturnal, fast running hunters, living in the leaf litter. The vegetation types at collection sites are Atlantic Forest, cocoa plantations and transition zone between Atlantic Forest and Caatinga Forest.

Celaetycheus flavostriatus Simon, 1897 Figures 1, 15 Celaetycheus flavostriatus Simon 1897: 115 (Female holotype from Rio Salobro, next to Ilhéus [14°47′20″S, 39°02′56″W], Bahia, Brazil, E. Gounelle leg., deposited in MNHN 9267, examined); Silva 2003: 69; Polotow & Brescovit 2009: 17, figs 1C–D, 10A–D, 11A–D, 12A–C, 13A–D, 14A–C.

Diagnosis. Males of Celaetycheus flavostriatus (Figs 1A–B) resemble those of C. abara sp. nov. (Fig. 5A) by the shape of median apophysis, but can be distinguished by the round retrolateral cymbial projection and embolus with a large base. Females of C. flavostriatus (Figs 1C–D) resemble those of C. abara sp. nov. (Fig. 5C) by the elongate median sector and the presence of lateral lobes in the lateral sectors of the epigynum, but can be distinguished by the larger head of the spermathecae (Fig. 5D). Description. See Polotow & Brescovit (2009). New records. BRAZIL: Bahia. Una, Reserva Biológica do Una, 57 males and 61 females, 15–28.XI.2000, A.D. Brescovit et al. (IBSP 45016, 45017, 45021, 45285–45330, 45634, 45636, 48298). Distribution. Una and Ilhéus, State of Bahia, Brazil (Fig. 15C).

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FIGURE 1. A–D Celaetycheus flavostriatus: A–B, Male palp (scale bar 1mm); A, ventral view; B, retrolateral view. C–D, epigynum (scale bar 0.5mm); C, ventral view; D, dorsal view.

Celaetycheus abara new species Figures 2–5, 15 Type material. Male holotype and female paratype from Fazenda Camurujipe, Mata de São João [12°31′48″S, 38°17′56″W], Bahia, Brazil, 2006, C. Machado, deposited in IBSP 85378 and IBSP 85380. Paratypes: 1 male and 2 females with the same data as the holotype, deposited in IBSP 85405 and 85414. Additional material examined. BRAZIL: Bahia. Salvador [12°58′16″S, 38°30′39″W], Jardim Botânico de Salvador, 6 males and 10 females, X.2008 (IBSP 91780–91788, 140922–140928); Mata de São João [12°31′48″S, 38°17′56″W] Fazenda Camurujipe, 1 female, 2006, C. Machado. (IBSP 85375); Cachoeira [12°37′04″S, 38°57′21″W], Serra do São Francisco, Reserva do Peninha, 1 male, 2007 (IBSP); Cruz das Almas [12°40′12″S, 39°06′07″W], 1 male, 30.V–I2.VII.2007, J. S. Costa (IBSP); Wenceslau Guimarães, Estação Ecológica Wenceslau Guimarães [13°34′50″S, 39°42′17″W], 2 males and 5 females, 23.X.2010, D. Polotow et al. (IBSP 162605, 162613); Valença [13°22′12″S, 39°04′22″W], RPPN Água Branca, 1 male and 1 female, X.2010, D. Polotow et al. (IBSP). Etymology. “Abará” is a typical meal of the Bahia culinary tradition and also plays a role in the religious ritual of Candomblé. It is made with a special type of bean (fradinho) and served with pepper, dried shrimp, “Vatapá”, “Caruru” or salad. It is similar to “Acarajé”, but baked instead of fried. Diagnosis. Males of Celaetycheus abara sp. nov. (Figs 5A–B) resemble those of C. flavostriatus (Figs 1A–B) by the shape of the embolus, but can be distinguished by the thin embolus and truncated retrolateral cymbial projection. Females of Celaetycheus abara sp. nov. resemble those of C. flavostriatus (Fig. 11C) by the elongate median sector and the presence of lateral lobes in the lateral sectors of the epigynum, but can be distinguished by the smaller head of spermathecae (Fig. 5D).

NEW SPECIES OF THE NEOTROPICAL SPIDER GENUS CELAETYCHEUS

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FIGURE 2. A–D Celaetycheus abara sp. nov., female; A, carapace, dorsal view; B, carapace, eye pattern, anterior view; C, chelicerae, retrolateral view; D, endite, ventral view. Abbreviations: ALE, anterior lateral eyes; AME, anterior median eyes; PLE, posterior lateral eyes; PME, posterior median eyes.

Description. Male (holotype IBSP 85378). Total length 4.5. Carapace 2.2 long, 2.0 wide. Eye diameters: AME 0.12, ALE 0.10, PME 0.20, PLE 0.20. Leg measurements: I: femur 2.1/ patella 0.9/ tibia 1.8/ metatarsus 1.8/ tarsus 1.0/ total 7.6; II: 2.1/ 0.85/ 1.7/ 1.7/ 0.9/ 7.25; III: 2.1/ 0.8/ 1.6/ 2.1/ 0.9/ 7.5; IV: 2.5/ 0.9/ 2.1/ 2.9/ 1.2/ 9.6. Leg formula 4132. Leg spination: tibia I v2-2-2-2-2, p1-1, r1-1, II v2-2-2-2-2, numerous prolateral small spines, r11-1, III–IV v2-2-2, p1-1, r1-1; metatarsus I–II v2-2-2-1, p1-1-1, r1-1-1, III–IV v2-2-2, p1-1-1, r1-1-1. Trochanter and femur of palp with short proximal spines; coxa and trochanter of leg I and II with short spines (Fig. 14C). Palp (Figs 4A–D, 5A–B): straight tibia, longer than cymbium; tibia with several rows of trichobothria; base of palpal trichobothria with 2 transversal grooves; retrolateral tibial apophysis with bifid tip; ventral tibial apophysis curved retrolaterally; additional tegular projection truncated. Female (paratype IBSP 85380). Total length 4.4. Carapace not covered by scales (Fig 2A). Carapace 1.9 long, 1.7 wide. Eyes upon tubercles, with ctenoid pattern 2-4-2, AME and ALE smaller than PME and PLE (Fig. 2B). Eye diameter: AME 0.12, ALE 0.10, PME 0.18, PLE 0.19. Chelicerae with 5 retrolateral teeth (Fig. 2C). Endites with dense apical scopulae and subapical serrula (Fig. 2D). Leg measurements: I: femur 1.7/ patella 0.7/ tibia 1.5/ metatarsus 1.4/ tarsus 0.7/ total 6.0; II: 1.7/ 0.7/ 1.4/ 1.4/ 0.7/ 5.9; III: 1.6/ 0.7/ 1.2/ 1.6/ 0.7/ 5.8; IV: 2.1/ 0.7/ 1.7/ 2.3/ 1.0/ 7.8. Leg formula 4123. Leg spination: tibia I–II v2-2-2-2-2, p0, r0, III v2-2-2, p1-1, r1-1, IV v1p-2-2, p11, r1-1; metatarsus I–II v2-2-2, p0, r0, III–IV v2-2-2, p1-1-1, r1-1-1. Light tarsal scopulae (Fig. 3A). Tarsus with distal tarsal organ and 3 rows of trichobothria (Fig. 3B). Trichobothrial base with 2 transversal grooves on hood (Fig. 3C). Tarsal organ rounded and smooth, with oval aperture (Fig. 3C). Claw tufts present (Fig. 3D). Epigynum (Figs 4E–F, 5C–D): subpentagonal and elongated median sector; large base of spermathecae; thin and short fertilizations ducts; spermathecae with large head and curved base; head of spermathecae with pores, some bearing ducts.


POLOTOW & BRESCOVIT

FIGURE 3. A–D Celaetycheus abara sp. nov., female tarsus I; A, scopulae, retrolateral view; B, tarsal organ and trichobothria position, ventral view; C, tarsal organ and trichobothria without hair; D, claws and claw tufts.

Distribution. Mata de São João, Cachoeira, Cruz das Almas, Wenceslau Guimarães and Valença, State of Bahia, northeast Brazil (Fig. 15B).

Celaetycheus aberem new species Figures 6, 14–15 Celaetycheus ca. flavostriatus: Silva 2003: 10, 69.

Type material. Male holotype from Mascote (Fazenda Palestina) [15°33′46″S, 39°18′10″W], Bahia, Brazil, 11.V.1968, CEPLAC, deposited in IBSP 163514. Paratypes: 1 female, same data as holotype, deposited in IBSP 163515; 1 male from Pau Brasil (Fazenda São João) [15°27′50″S, 39°39′03″W] Bahia, Brazil, 06.I.1971, CEPLAC, deposited in MNRJ 13127; 1 male from Jussari (Fazenda Santo Antonio) [15°11′27″S, 39°29′42″W], Bahia, Brazil, 05.VIII.1970, CEPLAC, deposited in IBSP 85329; 1 male from Jussari (Fazenda Santo Antônio) [15°11′27″S, 39°29′42″W], Bahia, Brazil, 9.VII.1970, CEPLAC, deposited in MNRJ 13052; 1 male from Jussari [15°11′27″S, 39°29′42″W], Bahia, Brazil, 5.VIII.1970, CEPLAC, deposited in IBSP 5176; 1 female from Camacan (Fazenda Esperança) [15°25′08″S, 39°29′45″W], Bahia, Brazil, 7.VI.1969, CEPLAC, deposited in IBSP 163252. Additional material examined. BRAZIL: Bahia. Jussari [15°11′27″S, 39°29′42″W], Fazenda Ribeirão do Antonio, 1 male, 11.IV.1997, CEPLAC (MNRJ 13310); Fazenda Bethânia, 1 female, 17.V.1971, CEPLAC (MNRJ 13129). Etymology. “Aberém” is a typical meal of the Bahia culinary tradition and also plays a role in the religious ritual of Candomblé. It is made with macerated corn or rice and cooked in banana leaves. NEW SPECIES OF THE NEOTROPICAL SPIDER GENUS CELAETYCHEUS


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FIGURE 4. A–F Celaetycheus abara sp. nov.; A–D, cymbium and tibia of right male palp: A, ventral view; B, cymbium close-up; C, tibia retrolateral view, arrows on thrichobotria position; D, trichobotrium of tibia; E–F, female spermathecae; E, dorsal view; F, head of spermathecae close-up. Abbreviations: BS, base of spermathecae; C, conductor; CP, cymbial projection; E, embolus; FD, fertilization duct; HS, head of spermathecae; MA, median apophysis; RTA, retrolateral tibial apophysis; ST, subtegulum; Ti, tibia; TP, tegular projection.


POLOTOW & BRESCOVIT

FIGURE 5. A–D Celaetycheus abara sp. nov.: A–B, Male palp (scale bar 1mm); A, ventral view; B, retrolateral view. C–D, epigynum (scale bar 0.5mm); C, ventral view; D, dorsal view.

Diagnosis. Males of Celaetycheus aberem sp. nov. (Figs 6A–B) resemble those of C. mungunza sp. nov. (Figs 12A–B) by the large embolus, absence of a tegular projection and a median apophysis curved prolaterally at tip, but can be distinguished by the larger median apophysis (Fig. 6A). Females of C. aberem sp. nov. (Figs 6C–D) can be distinguished from the remaining species of the genus by the subquadrangular shape of the median sector of the epigynum (Fig. 6C). Description. Male (holotype IBSP 163514). Total length 3.45. Carapace 1.85 long, 1.65 wide. Eye diameters: AME 0.10, ALE 0.08, PME 0.16, PLE 0.16. Leg measurements: I: femur 1.9/ patella 0.7/ tibia 1.7/ metatarsus 1.8/ tarsus 0.7/ total 6.8; II: 1.7/ 0.7/ 1.5/ 1.65/ 0.7/ 6.25; III: 1.7/ 0.7/ 1.35/ 1.7/ 0.7/ 6.15; IV: 2.1/ 0.65/ 1.7/ 2.3/ 0.9/ 7.65. Leg formula 4123. Leg spination: tibia I–II v2-2-2-2-2, p1, r1-1, III–IV v2-2-2, p1-1, r1-1; metatarsus I–II v2-2-2, p1-1, r1-1-1, III v2-2-2, p1-1, r1-1, IV v2-2-2, p1-1-1, r1-1-1. Palpal femur with short spines close to the proximal area; coxa and trochanter of leg II with short and thick spines (Fig. 14B). Palp (Figs 6A–B): straight tibia, with almost the same size of the cymbium; retrolateral tibial apophysis short and coniform; ventral tibial apophysis short; cymbial retrolateral projection subtriangular; laminar embolus with large base; median apophysis with a prolateral hook and large base; additional tegular projection absent.



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Female (paratype IBSP 163515). Total length 4.7. Carapace 2.1 long, 1.8 wide. Eyes diameters: AME 0.12, ALE 0.10, PME 0.17, PLE 0.17. Leg measurements: I: femur 1.7/ patella 0.75/ tibia 1.5/ metatarsus 1.5/ tarsus 0.6/ total 6.05; II: 1.7/ 0.7/ 1.3/ 1.4/ 0.6/ 5.7; III: 1.65/ 0.7/ 1.2/ 1.6/ 0.6/ 5.75; IV: 2.1/ 0.7/ 1.6/ 2.2/ 1.0/ 7.6. Leg formula 4132. Leg spination: tibia I–II v2-2-2-2-2, p0, r0, III v1p-2-2, p1-1, r1-1, IV v1p-1p-2, p1-1, r1-1; metatarsus I–II v2-2-2, p0, r0, III–IV v2-2-2, p1-1-1, r1-1-1. Epigynum (Figs 6C–D): median sector shorter than the lateral sector; lateral lobes absent in the lateral sectors; head of spermathecae short and base of spermathecae with a well demarked constriction; fertilization ducts thin. Distribution. Mascote, Pau Brasil, Jussari and Camacan, State of Bahia, northeast Brazil (Fig. 15C).

FIGURE 6. A–D Celaetycheus aberem sp. nov.: A–B Male palp (scale bar 1mm); A. Ventral view; B. Retrolateral view. C–D Epigynum (scale bar 0.5mm); C. Ventral view; D. Dorsal view.

Celaetycheus acaraje new species Figures 7, 14–15 Type material. Male holotype from Coaraci (Fazenda Boa Esperança) [14°38′27″S, 39°33′03″W], Bahia, Brazil, 17.I.1970, CEPLAC, deposited in MNRJ 13379. Paratypes: 2 females, same data as holotype, deposited in IBSP 163490 and MNRJ; 1 male from Itagibá [14°17′02″S, 39°50′34″W], Bahia, Brazil, I.1978, deposited in IBSP 163489; 1 male and 1 female from Jequié [13°51′28″S, 40°05′02″W], Bahia, Brazil, VII.2006, L. Boccardo, deposited in IBSP 163251.


POLOTOW & BRESCOVIT

Etymology. “Acarajé” is a typical meal of the Bahia culinary tradition and also plays a role in the religious ritual of Candomblé. It is made with a special type of bean (fradinho), onions and salt, fried in a special palm oil (“dendê” oil from the Elaeis guineensis Jacq.). The meal is served with pepper, dried shrimp, “Vatapá”, “Caruru” or salad. Diagnosis. Males of Celaetycheus acaraje sp. nov. (Figs 7A–B) resemble those of C. bobo sp. nov. (Figs 9A–B) by the straight median apophysis and with a ventral cup-shaped projection, but can be distinguished from C. bobo by the thinner embolus and presence of a small additional tegular projection (Fig. 7A). Females of C. acaraje sp. nov. (Figs 7C–D) can be distinguished from the remaining species of the genus by the narrow median sector of the epigynum, elongated and strongly constricted in the median area and by the large fertilization ducts. Description. Male (holotype MNRJ 13379). Total length 4.0. Carapace 2.2 long, 1.95 wide. Eye diameters: AME 0.11, ALE 0.10, PME 0.18, PLE 0.18. Leg measurements: I: femur 2.0/ patella 0.8/ tibia 1.85/ metatarsus 1.85/ tarsus 0.9/ total 7.4; II: 2.0/ 0.8/ 1.7/ 1.85/ 0.9/ 7.25; III: 1.8/ 0.7/ 1.4/ 1.9/ 0.8/ 6.6; IV: 2.0/ 0.7/ 2.1/ 2.7/ 1.1/ 8.6. Leg formula 4123. Leg spination: tibia I–II v2-2-2-2-2, p1-1, r1-1, III–IV v2-2-2, p1-1, r1-1; metatarsus I–II v2-2-2, p1-1-1, r1-1-1, III–IV v2-2-2, p1-1-1, r1-1-1. Palpal trochanter with short apical spines; coxa of leg I covered in the ventral area with short and thick spines (Fig. 14D). Palp (Figs 7A–B): tibia straight, with almost the same length as the cymbium; retrolateral tibial apophysis short and coniform; ventral tibial apophysis large; cymbial retrolateral projection elongated and laminar; embolus straight and laminar. Female (paratype IBSP 163490). Total length 4.1. Carapace 2.2 long, 1.9 wide. Eye diameters: OMA 0.12, OLA 0.10, OMP 0.18, OLP 0.18. Leg measurements: I: femur 1.8/ patella 0.8/ tibia 1.6/ metatarsus 1.55/ tarsus 0.7/ total 6.45; II: 1.7/ 0.8/ 1.5/ 1.5/ 0.7/ 6.2; III: 1.7/ 0.7/ 1.3/ 1.6/ 0.7/ 6.0; IV: 2.2/ 0.8/ 1.85/ 2.3/ 0.8/ 7.95. Leg formula 4123. Leg spination: tibia I–II v2-2-2-2-2, p0, r0, III v1p-2-2, p1-1, r1-1, IV v1p-1p-2, p1-1, r1-1; metatarsus I–II v2-2-2, p0, r0, III–IV v2-2-2, p1-1-1, r1-1-1. Epigynum (Figs 7C–D): median sector arrow-shaped; lateral sectors with lateral lobes; head of spermathecae round and base of spermathecae round and larger than the head of spermathecae. Distribution. Coaraci, Itagibá and Jequié, State of Bahia, northeast of Brazil (Fig. 15B).

FIGURE 7. A–D Celaetycheus acaraje sp. nov.: A–B Male palp (scale bar 1mm); A. Ventral view; B. Retrolateral view. C–D Epigynum (scale bar 0.5mm); C. Ventral view; D. Dorsal view.



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Celaetycheus beiju new species Figures 8, 14–15 Type material. Male holotype from Prado (Fazenda Furado) [17°20′27″S, 39°13′15″W], Bahia, Brazil, 13–26.IX.1970, CEPLAC, deposited in IBSP 163485. Paratypes: 1 female, same data as the holotype, deposited in IBSP 163486; 1 male, same locality as the holotype, 08.VIII.1970, CEPLAC, deposited in IBSP 163487; 1 male from Itamarajú (Fazenda Nossa Senhora das Neves) [17°02′20″S, 39°31′51″W], Bahia, Brazil, 09.X.1978, J.S. Santos, deposited in IBSP 163488. Etymology. “Beiju” is a typical meal of the Brazilian culinary tradition, very popular in the northeast of Brazil. It is prepared with cassava starch as a kind of pancake or crepe, traditionally filled with coconut and cheese. The other common name for this meal is “Tapioca”. Diagnosis. Males of Celaetycheus beiju sp. nov. (Figs 8A–B) can be distinguished from the remaining species of the genus by the male palp with an elongated and large median tegular projection pointing prolaterally and embolus with a basal projection. Females of C. beiju sp. nov. (Figs 8C–D) resemble those of C. caruru sp. nov. (Figs 10C–D) by the subtriangular shape of the median sector of the epigynum, but can be distinguished from those by the presence of elongated lateral lobes on the lateral sector of epigynum (Fig. 8C).

FIGURE 8. A–D Celaetycheus beiju sp. nov.: A–B Male palp (scale bar 1mm); A. Ventral view; B. Retrolateral view. C–D Epigynum (scale bar 0.5mm); C. Ventral view; D. Dorsal view.


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Description. Male (holotype IBSP 163485). Total length 3.4. Carapace 1.8 long, 1.55 wide. Eye diameters: AME 0.10, ALE 0.08, PME 0.16, PLE 0.16. Leg measurements: I: femur 1.65/ patella 0.63/ tibia 1.5/ metatarsus 1.55/ tarsus 0.85/ total 6.18; II: 1.55/ 0.65/ 1.25/ 1.45/ 0.75/ 5.65; III: 1.5/ 0.6/ 1.15/ 1.6/ 0.75/ 5.6; IV: 2.0/ 0.65/ 1.6/ 2.2/ 1.05/ 7.5. Leg formula 4123. Leg spination: tibia I–II v2-2-2-2-2, p1-1, r1-1, III–IV v2-2-2, p1-1, r1-1; metatarsus I–IV v2-2-2, p1-1-1, r1-1-1. Palpal femur with short spines close to the proximal area; coxa and trochanter of leg II with short and thick spines (Fig. 14B). Palp (Figs 8A–B): tibia straight, slightly longer than cymbium; retrolateral tibial apophysis with bifid tip; ventral tibial apophysis short; short median apophysis with a prolateral cup-shaped projection; embolus thin and elongated. Female (paratype IBSP 163486). Total length 4.7. Carapace 1.9 long, 1.7 wide. Eye diameters: AME 0.12, ALE 0.10, PME 0.17, PLA 0.17. Leg measurements: I: femur 1.45/ patella 0.65/ tibia 1.35/ metatarsus 1.3/ tarsus 0.6/ total 5.35; II: 1.5/ 0.65/ 1.2/ 1.25/ 0.6/ 5.2; III: 1.4/ 0.6/ 1.2/ 1.2/ 0.6/ 5.0; IV: 1.8/ 0.6/ 1.5/ 1.95/ 0.85/ 6.7. Leg formula 4123. Leg spination: tibia I–II v2-2-2-2-2, p0, r0, III–IV v2-2-2, p1-1, r1-1; metatarsus I–II v2-2-2, p0, r0, III–IV v2-2-2, p1-1-1, r1-1-1. Epigynum (Figs 8C–D): median sector, short and large, not covering the lateral lobes on the lateral fields; copulatory duct projected; head and base and head of spermathecae small; fertilization ducts thin. Distribution. Prado and Itamarajú, State of Bahia, northeast Brazil (Fig. 15B).

Celaetycheus bobo new species Figures 9, 14–15 Type material. Male holotype from Uruçuca (Fazenda Santo Antonio) [14°35′34″S, 39°17′02″W], Bahia, Brazil, 24.X.1978, J.S. Santos, deposited in IBSP 163260. Paratypes: 1 male and 1 female, same data as the holotype, deposited in IBSP 163262 and 163261, respectively; 1 male from Uruçuca (Fazenda Santa Tereza) [14°35′34″S, 39°17′02″W], Bahia, Brazil, 3.II.1970, CEPLAC, deposited in MNRJ 13435; 1 female from Barro Preto (Fazenda Mangabeira) [14°48′36″S, 39°28′15″W], Bahia, Brazil, 12.VII.1968, CEPLAC, deposited in MNRJ 13380; 1 male from Barro Preto [14°48′36″S, 39°28′15″W], Bahia, Brazil, deposited in MNRJ. Etymology. “Bobó” is a typical meal of the Bahia culinary tradition. It is prepared with shrimp, spices and puree of cassava, served with rice, dried shrimp, ginger and “dendê” palm oil. Diagnosis. Males of Celaetycheus bobo sp. nov. (Figs 9A–B) resemble those of C. acaraje sp. nov. (Figs 7A–B) by the male palp with a straight median apophysis with ventral cup-shaped projection, but can be distinguished by the larger embolus and the large additional tegular projection (Fig. 9A). Females of C. bobo sp. nov. (Figs 9C–D) resemble those of C. caruru sp. nov. (Figs 10C–D) by the subtriangular shape of the median sector of epigynum, but can be distinguished by the longer median sector of epigynum (Fig. 9C). Description. Male (holotype IBSP 163260). Total length 3.6. Carapace 2.1 long, 1.85 wide. Eye diameters: AME 0.12/ ALE 0.08/ PME 0.16/ PLE 0.16. Leg measurements: I: femur 2.2/ patella 0.8/ tibia 2.1/ metatarsus 2.2/ tarsus 1.1/ total 8.4; II: 2.2/ 0.8/ 1.9/ 2.1/ 1.0/ 8.0; III: 2.2/ 0.8/ 1.75/ 2.4/ 1.0/ 8.15; IV: 2.7/ 0.8/ 2.5/ 3.4/ 1.3/ 10.7. Leg formula 4132. Leg spination: tibia I v2-2-2-2-2, p1, r1-1, II v2-2-2-2-2, p1-1-1-1, r1-1-1-1-1, III v2-2-2, p1-11, r1-1, IV v2-2-2, p1-1, r1-1; metatarsus I–II v2-2-2, p1-1-1, r1-1-1, III v2-2-2, p1-1-1, r1-1-1, IV v2-1-1-1-2, p11-1, r1-1-1. Palpal femur with short proximal spines; coxa and trochanter of leg I with short and thick spines (Fig. 14A). Palp (Figs 9A–B): tibia straight, with almost the same length as the cymbium; retrolateral tibial apophysis short and coniform; ventral tibial projection large; retrolateral cymbial projection elongated, with truncated tip; laminar embolus with a large base. Female (paratype IBSP 163261). Total length 4.7. Carapace 2.1 long, 1.8 wide. Eye diameters: AME 0.10/ ALE 0.08/ PME 0.16/ PLE 0.20. Leg measurements: I: femur 1.7/ patella 0.7/ tibia 1.6/ metatarsus1.4/ tarsus 0.7/ total 6.1; II: 1.6/ 0.8/ 1.9/ 1.4/ 0.7/ 6.4; III: 1.6/ 0.65/ 1.2/ 1.55/ 0.6/ 5.6; IV: 2.1/ 0.7/ 1.65/ 2.2/ 0.9/ 7.55. Leg formula 4213. Leg spination: tibia I–II v2-2-2-2-2, p0, r0, III v1p-2-2, p1-1, r1-1, IV v1p-1p-2, p1-1, r1-1; metatarsus I–II v2-2-2, p0, r0, III–IV v2-2-2, p1-1-1, r1-1-1. Epigynum (Figs 9C–D): epigynal plate subtriangular, slightly narrowed in the anterior area; base of spermathecae small. Distribution. Uruçuca e Barro Preto, State of Bahia, northeast Brazil (Fig. 15C).



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FIGURE 9. A–D Celaetycheus bobo sp. nov.: A–B Male palp (scale bar 1mm); A. Ventral view; B. Retrolateral view. C–D Epigynum (scale bar 0.5mm); C. Ventral view; D. Dorsal view.

Celaetycheus caruru new species Figures 10, 14–15 Type material. Male holotype from Estação Ecológica Pau Brasil, Porto Seguro [16°27′00″S, 39°03′54″W], Bahia, Brazil, 18.IV.1998, A.D. Brescovit et al., deposited in IBSP 17826. Paratypes: 1 male and 1 female, same data as the holotype, 20.IV.1998, deposited in IBSP 17944 and 17952; 1 female, same data as the holotype, 19.IV.1998, deposited in IBSP 17915. Additional material examined. BRAZIL: Bahia. Porto Seguro, Estação Ecológica Pau Brasil [16°27′00″S, 39°03′54″W], 2 females, 18.IV.1998 (IBSP 17913, 17723); 2 males and 1 female, 20.IV.1998 (IBSP 17796, 17842), all collected by A.D. Brescovit et al. Etymology. “Caruru” is a typical meal of the Bahia culinary tradition and also plays a role in the religious ritual of Candomblé. It is made with okra, pepper, dried shrimp and “dendê” palm oil. It can be consumed with “Acarajé” and beef, fish or chicken. Diagnosis. Males of Celaetycheus caruru sp. nov. (Figs 10A–B) can be distinguished from the remaining species of the genus by the presence of an additional elongated projection on the median apophysis. Females of Celaetycheus caruru sp. nov. (Figs 10C–D) resemble those of C. bobo sp. nov. (Figs 9C–D) by the subtriangular shape of the median sector of epigynum, but can be distinguished by having this shorter (Fig. 10C). Description. Male (holotype IBSP 17826). Total length 3.2. Carapace 1.6 long, 1.4 wide. Eye diameters: AME 0.09, ALE 0.08, PME 0.16, PLE 0.14. Leg measurements: I: femur 1.6/ patella 0.7/ tibia 1.5/ metatarsus 1.55/ tarsus 0.8/ total 6.15; II: 1.6/ 0.65/ 1.2/ 1.5/ 0.7/ 5.65; III: 1.5/ 0.6/ 1.2/ 1.6/ 0.6/ 5.5; IV: 1.9/ 0.6/ 1.6/ 2.2/ 0.95/ 7.25. Leg formula 4123. Leg spination: tibia I v2-2-2-2-2, p1, r1-1-1, II v2-2-2-2-2, p1, r1, III v1p-2-2, p1-1, r1-1, IV v2-2-2, p1-1, r1-1; metatarsus I-IV v2-2-2, p1-1-1, r1-1-1. Palpal femur with short spines close to the


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proximal area; coxa and trochanter of leg II with short and thick spines (Fig. 14B). Palp (Figs 10A–B): tibia straight, with almost the same size of the cymbium; retrolateral tibial apophysis short with bifid tip; short ventral tibial apophysis; elongated retrolateral cymbial projection; laminar and large embolus; additional tegular projection absent. Female (paratypes IBSP 17915). Total length 4.5. Carapace 1.9 long, 1.5 wide. Eye diameters: AME 0.10, ALE 0.10, PME 0.18, PLE 0.17. Leg measurements: I: femur 1.5/ patella 0.6/ tibia 1.3/ metatarsus 1.3/ tarsus 0.6/ total 5.3; II: 1.45/ 0.6/ 1.1/ 1.2/ 0.6/ 4.95; III: 1.4/ 0.5/ 1.1/ 1.4/ 0.7/ 5.1; IV: 1.6/ 0.65/ 1.4/ 2.0/ 0.8/ 6.45. Leg formula 4132. Leg spination: tibia I–II v2-2-2-2-2, p0, r0, III v1p-2-2, p1-1, r1-1, IV v1p-1p-2, p1-1, r1-1; metatarsus I–II v2-2-2, p0, r0, III–IV v2-2-2, p1-1-1, r1-1-1. Epigynum (Figs 10C–D): median sector short; copulatory duct curved; head of spermathecae round, base smooth. Distribution. Porto Seguro, State of Bahia, northeast Brazil (Fig. 15C).

FIGURE 10. A–D Celaetycheus caruru sp. nov.: A–B Male palp (scale bar 1mm); A. Ventral view; B. Retrolateral view. C–D Epigynum (scale bar 0.5mm); C. Ventral view; D. Dorsal view.

Celaetycheus moqueca new species Figures 11, 14–15 Type material. Male holotype from CEPLAC, Ilhéus [14°47′20″S, 39°02′56″W], Bahia, Brazil, 12.IV.1998, A.D. Brescovit et al., deposited in IBSP 79211. Paratypes: 3 males, same data as holotype, 12.IV.1998, deposited in IBSP 19034 and 19137; 3 females, same data as holotype, 11.IV.1998, deposited in IBSP 19133 and 19218; 1 female, same data as holotype, 7.IV.1998, deposited in IBSP 79210. Additional material examined. BRAZIL: Bahia. Ilhéus [14°47′20″S, 39°02′56″W], CEPLAC, 6 males, 18 females, 6 immatures, 7.IV.1998 (IBSP 19133, 19276, 19255, 19309, 19315, 19319, 19351, 19353, 19368, 19374, 19378, 19427, 19426, 19434, 19435); 8 males, 9 females, 5 immatures, 11.IV.1998 (IBSP 19108, 19130, 19141,



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19162, 19170, 19199, 19232, 19334, 19341); 2 males, 2 females, 5 immatures, 12.IV.1998 (IBSP 19042, 19090, 19180); all collected by A.D. Brescovit et al.; 1 female, 24.VII.1998, no collector (IBSP 36123); Uruçuca (Fazenda Almada) [14°35′34″S, 39°17′02″W], 5 males, 26.XI.1977, J.S. Santos (MCTP 3779; 3792). Etymology. “Moqueca” is a typical meal of the Bahia culinary tradition. It made with fish or seafood braised with different spices, coconut milk and “dendê”palm oil.

FIGURE 11. A–D Celaetycheus moqueca sp. nov.: A–B Male palp (scale bar 1mm); A. Ventral view; B. Retrolateral view. C–D Epigynum (scale bar 0.5mm); C. Ventral view; D. Dorsal view.

Diagnosis. Males of Celaetycheus moqueca sp. nov. (Figs 11A–B) can be distinguished from the remaining species of the genus by the large median apophysis and elongated additional tegular projection on the palp. Females of C. moqueca sp. nov. (Figs 11C–D) resemble those of C. flavostriatus (Fig. 1A) by the subtriangular shape of the median sector of epigynum, but can be distinguished by the absence of lateral lobes from the lateral fields of the epigynum. Description. Male (holotype IBSP 79211). Total length 3.8. Carapace 2.0 long, 1.7 wide. Eye diameters: AME 0.11, ALE 0.10, PME 0.18, PLE 0.18. Leg measurements: I: femur 1.85/ patella 0.75/ tibia 1.7/ metatarsus 1.8/ tarsus 0.8/ total 6.9; II: 1.8/ 0.7/ 1.5/ 1.7/ 0.8/ 6.5; III: 1.8/ 0.65/ 1.3/ 1.75/ 0.8/ 6.3; IV: 2.15/ 0.7/ 1.85/ 2.6/ 1.1/ 8.4. Leg formula 4123. Leg spination: tibia I-II v2-2-2-2-2, p1-1, r1-1, III-IV v2-2-2, p1-1, r1-1; metatarsus I-IV v2-22, p1-1-1, r1-1-1. Palpal femur with short proximal spines; coxa and trochanter of leg I with short and thick spines (Fig. 14A). Palp (Figs 11A–B): tibia straight, almost the same length as the cymbium; retrolateral tibial apophysis short and coniform; ventral tibial apophysis thin; retrolateral cymbial projection short; embolus with large base and thin tip. Female (paratype IBSP 19133). Total length 4.6. Carapace 2.1 long, 1.7 wide. Eye diameters: AME 0.12, ALE 0.10, PME 0.18, PLE 0.18. Leg measurements: I: femur 1.7/ patella 0.7/ tibia 1.5/ metatarsus 1.4/ tarsus 0.6/ total


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5.9; II: 1.5/ 0.7/ 1.3/ 1.3/ 0.6/ 5.4; III: 1.5/ 0.6/ 1.2/ 1.5/ 0.7/ 5.5; IV: 1.9/ 0.7/ 1.6/ 2.1/ 0.9/ 7.2. Leg formula 4132. Leg spination: tibia I–II v2-2-2-2-2, p0, r0, III v1p-2-2, p1-1, r1-1, IV v1p-1p-2, p1-1, r1-1; metatarsus I–II v2-2-2, p0, r0, III–IV v2-2-2, p1-1-1, r1-1-1. Epigynum (Figs 11C–D): copulatory ducts curved; head of spermathecae small; base of spermathecae large; fertilization ducts thin. Distribution. Ilhéus and Uruçuca, State of Bahia, northeast Brazil (Fig. 15B).

Celaetycheus mungunza new species Figures 12, 14–15 Type material. Male holotype and female paratype from Camacan [15°25′08″S, 39°29′45″W], Bahia, Brazil, deposited in IBSP 163263. Female paratype, same data as holotype, deposited in IBSP 163264. Diagnosis. Males of Celaetycheus mungunza sp. nov. (Figs 12A–B) can be distinguished from the remaining species of the genus by the shape of the median apophysis, with a large base and a short and curved tip. Females of C. mungunza sp. nov. (Figs 12C–D) can be distinguished from the remaining species of the genus by the subtriangular median sector of the epigynum, with a median constriction and truncated posteriorly.

FIGURE 12. A–D Celaetycheus mungunza sp. nov.: A–B Male palp (scale bar 1mm); A. Ventral view; B. Retrolateral view. C–D Epigynum (scale bar 0.5mm); C. Ventral view; D. Dorsal view.

Etymology. “Mungunzá” is a typical dessert of the Bahia culinary tradition and also plays a role in the religious ritual of Candomblé and Umbanda. It is made with white corn baked in water, milk or coconut milk, covered with cinnamon. Description. Male (holotype IBSP 163263). Total length: 3.3. Carapace 2.0 long, 1.7 wide. Eye diameters: AME 0.10/ ALE 0.08/ PME 0.16/ PLE 0.16. Leg measurements: I: femur 2.0/ patella 0.7/ tibia 1.8/ metatarsus 1.7/ NEW SPECIES OF THE NEOTROPICAL SPIDER GENUS CELAETYCHEUS


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tarsus 0.8/ total 7.0; II: 1.9/ 0.7/ 1.55/ 1.7/ 0.7/ 6.55; III: 1.5/ 0.55/ 1.05/ 1.5/ 0.6/ 5.2; IV: absent. Leg spination: tibia I-II v2-2-2-2-2, p1-1, r1-1, III–IV v2-2-2, p1-1, r1-1; metatarsus I–IV v2-2-2, p1-1-1, r1-1-1. Trochanter and femur of palp with short proximal spines; coxa and trochanter of leg I and II with short spines (Fig. 14C). Palp (Figs 12A–B): tibia straight, with almost the same length as the cymbium; retrolateral tibial apophysis short and coniform; ventral tibial apophysis short; embolus laminar, with large base and thin tip; additional tegular projection absent; retrolateral cymbial projection subtriangular. Female (paratype IBSP 163264). Total length 3.8. Carapace 1.9 long, 1.6 wide. Eye diameters: AME 0.12/ ALE 0.08/ PME 0.18/ PLE 0.18. Leg measurements: I: femur 1.65/ patella 0.7/ tibia 1.5/ metatarsus 1.35/ tarsus 0.6/ total 5.8; II: 1.5/ 0.7/ 1.3/ 1.3/ 0.6/ 5.4; III: 1.5/ 0.6/ 1.2/ 1.5/ 0.7/ 5.5; IV: 1.9/ 0.7/ 1.6/ 2.1/ 0.9/ 7.2. Leg formula 4132. Leg spination: tibia I–II v2-2-2-2-2, p0, r0, III v1p-2-2, p1-1, r1-1, IV v1p-1p-2, p1-1, r1-1; metatarsus I–II v2-2-2, p0, r0, III–IV v2-2-2, p1-1-1, r1-1-1. Epigynum (Figs 12C–D): lateral lobes lacking from lateral fields; head of spermathecae round; base of spermathecae with median constriction; fertilization ducts long. Distribution. Camacan, State of Bahia, northeast Brazil (Fig. 15B).

Celaetycheus vatapa new species Figures 13, 14–15 Type material. Male holotype and female paratype from Estação Ecológica Wenceslau Guimarães, Wenceslau Guimarães [13°34′50″S, 39°42′17″W] Bahia, Brazil, 23.X.2010, D. Polotow et al., deposited in IBSP 162604. Paratypes: 7 females, same data as holotype, deposited in IBSP 162609. Etymology. “Vatapá” is a typical meal of the Bahia culinary tradition. It is a cream made with breadcrumbs, cornmeal, ginger, pepper, peanut, cashew nut, coconut milk, “dendê” palm oil, onions and tomatoes, served with rice and dried shrimp or fish.

FIGURE 13. A–D Celaetycheus vatapa sp. nov.: A–B Male palp (scale bar 1mm); A. Ventral view; B. Retrolateral view. C–D Epigynum (scale bar 0.5mm); C. Ventral view; D. Dorsal view.


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FIGURE 14. Graphic representation of the distribution of ventral spines in the prosoma. A, Celaetycheus bobo sp. nov. and C. moqueca sp. nov.; B, Celaetycheus aberem sp. nov., C. beiju sp. nov. and C. caruru sp. nov.; C, Celaetycheus abara sp. nov., C. mungunza sp. nov.; D, Celaetycheus acaraje sp. nov. and C. vatapa sp. nov.

Diagnosis. Males of Celaetycheus vatapa sp. nov. (Figs 13A–B) resemble those of C. bobo sp. nov. (Figs 9A–B) by having the male palp with the median apophysis straight and with a ventral cup-shaped projection, but can be distinguished by the thinner embolus and thinner median apophysis (Fig. 13A). Females of C. vatapa sp. nov. (Figs 13C–D) resemble those of C. caruru sp. nov. (Figs 10C–D) by the subtriangular shape of the median sector, but can be distinguished by the presence of lateral lobes on the lateral fields of the epigynum (Fig. 13C). Description. Male (holotype IBSP 162604). Total length: 4.1. Carapace 2.3 long, 2.0 wide. Eye diameters: AME 0.11/ ALE 0.09/ PME 0.18/ PLE 0.19. Leg measurements: I: absent; II: femur 2.2/ patella 0.9/ tibia 1.9/ metatarsus 2.0/ tarsus 0.9/ total 7.9; III: absent; IV: absent. Leg spination: tibia II v2-2-2-2-2, p1-1, r1-1, metatarsus II v2-2-2, p1-1-1, r1-1-1. Palpal trochanter with short apical spines; coxa of leg I covered in the ventral area with short and thick spines (Fig. 14D). Palp (Figs 13A–B): tibia straight, with almost the same length as the cymbium; retrolateral tibial apophysis short and coniform; ventral tibial apophysis thin; embolus long; additional tegular projection short; retrolateral cymbial projection truncated. Female (paratype IBSP 162604). Total length 3.9. Carapace 2.1 long, 1.7 wide. Eye diameters: AME 0.1/ ALE 0.08/ PME 0.20/ PLE 0.20. Leg measurements: I: femur 1.7/ patella 0.8/ tibia 1.6/ metatarsus 1.95/ tarsus 0.6/ total 6.65; II: 1.7/ 0.7/ 1.4/ 1.4/ 0.7/ 5.9; III: 1.6/ 0.65/ 1.25/ 1.5/ 0.7/ 5.7; IV: 2.0/ 0.7/ 1.75/ 2.2/ 0.9/ 7.55. Leg formula 4132. Leg spination: tibia I–II v2-2-2-2-2, p0, r0, III v2-2-2, p1-1, r1-1, IV v1p-1p-2, p1-1, r1-1; metatarsus I–II



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v2-2-2, p0, r0, III–IV v2-2-2, p1-1-1, r1-1-1. Epigynum (Figs 13C–D): copulatory ducts curved; head of spermathecae round; base of spermathecae smooth; fertilization ducts short and thin. Distribution. Wenceslau Guimarães, State of Bahia, northeast Brazil (Fig. 15C).

FIGURE 15. Collection localities of Celaetycheus species: A, South America. B–C, close-up, northeast Brazil, State of Bahia.


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Acknowledgments We thank all the curators cited in this study for providing the specimens for this research. We also thank Charles Griswold, Cor Vink, Estevam L. Cruz da Silva and an anonymous reviewer for helping to improve this manuscript. This study was supported by CNPq (202009/2011-4, 2009/12017-0 and 300169/1996-5), FAPESP (2006/55230-7) and BIOTA/FAPESP—The Biodiversity Virtual Institute Program (1999/05446-8, www.biotasp.org.br) from Brazil and by the Bill and Maria Peck Memorial and Harriet Exline Frizzell Funds of the California Academy of Sciences.

References Álvarez-Padilla, F. & Hormiga, G. (2008) A protocol for digesting internal soft tissues and mounting spiders for scanning electron microscopy. Journal of Arachnology, 35, 538–542. http://dx.doi.org/10.1636/Sh06-55.1 Brescovit, A. D. (1996) Revisão do gênero Centroctenus Mello-Leitão (Araneae, Ctenidae, Cteninae). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 40, 301–313. Polotow, D. & Brescovit, A.D. (2009) Revision of the new wandering spider genus Ohvida and taxonomic remarks on Celaetycheus Simon, 1897 (Araneae: Ctenidae). Zootaxa, 2115, 1–20. Polotow, D. & Brescovit, A.D. (2012) Redescription of five Amazonian species of Ctenus Walckenaer (Araneae, Ctenidae, Cteninae). Zootaxa, 3338, 49–59. Platnick, N.I. (2012) The world spider catalog, version 13.0. American Museum of Natural History, online at http:// research.amnh.org/iz/spiders/catalog. (accessed in 05 October 2012). Silva D., D. (2003) Higher-level relationships of the spider family Ctenidae (Araneae: Ctenoidea). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 274, 1–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/0003-0090(2003)274%3C0001:HLROTS%3E2.0.CO;2



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