e SS NEWS LETTER
Month: September Issue: 1
2017
1 September 2017
e SS
SCENARIO OF INDIAN
Programme (CDP, 1952) to the
AGRICULTURE AND EFFORTS
present Farming System Approach
TO BE TAKEN FOR REACHING THE UNREACHED
(FSA), the public extension has undergone several transformations. In order to facilitate public extension,
R.Sureshverma1*, G. Samuel2, I. Sreenivasa Rao3, Vidyasagar4 and Srinivasa chary5
1Ph.
D Scholar, 2 and 3Professors,
DAE, 4Professor, Department of Agronomy,
5Assistant
the
ICAR
involved through
also
in
started
extension
various
getting activities
programmes.
Government of India and State Governments
introduced
various
Professor,
Department of Statistics and Mathematics, matics, College of Agriculture,
developmental
programmes
for
stable growth in agriculture. All programmes were formulated with
Prof. Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, University R’Nagar, Hyderabad, Telangana
appropriate strategies to achieve specific purposes.
Corresponding author e-mail:
[email protected] :
[email protected]
Scenario
of
Indian
agriculture:
programmes and reforms Introduction
Some of the important programmes
In India, public extension is central in
were implemented by Government
formulating
of
and
disseminating
India
(GOI)
in
sixties
were
knowledge and teaching farmers.
Intensive nsive Agriculture Development
From the Community Development
Program (IADP, 1960), Intensive
2 September 2017
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Agriculture Area Program (IAAP,
Crop Insurance Scheme (1985),
1964). In early seventies Marginal
National
Farmer
and
Labor
Project
Agency
(MFALA,
Small
implemented.
Farmer
Agriculture 1973),
Development
Agency
Pulses
Development
(NPDP,
1986)
were
In nineties, Agricultural and Rural
(SFDA, 1974) formed for providing
Debt
technical and financial assistance to
exempt bank loans upto Rs. 10,000
small farmers. Minikit programme in
of
Rice, Wheat & Coarse cereals in
started,
1974 was initiated to increase the
Programme
productivity
initiated
by
testing
newly
Relief
rural
Scheme
artisans Oil
and
Palm
to
weavers
Developme Development
(OPDP,
to
(1990)
1992)
was
oil
palm
promote
developed hybrid and high yielding
cultivation, Accelerated
Maize
varieties in farmer’s fields. In order
Development
(MDP,
to strengthen the extension ext system
1995) to increase maize production
in the country, T & V system came in
and productivity from 10 million
to existence in1974.
tonnes to 11.44 million tonnes.
In eighties, Coconut Development
With-in in a short span, the country
Board
could ld
(CDB,
1981),
Farmer
come
out
from
bad
situations
1983),
and
measures viz., land reforms during
Vegetable Oils Development Board
1960’s, Green revolution in northern
(NOVODB, 1984), Comprehensive Comprehensiv
and north-western western part, use of High
Oilseeds
taking
all
Agriculture Service Centres (FASC, National
by
Programme
planned
3 September 2017
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Yielding Varieties, use of modern
achievements we still need to solve
technology
many
in
agriculture,
problems
like
poverty,
development of irrigation facilities facilit
unemployment, poor access to basic
and all the programmes contributed
needs viz., food, medicine, shelter,
India to become self-sufficient self and
education etc.
export its excess production abroad.
One of the excluded sectors during
Since 1991, the country has
the reforms period was agriculture
taken a series of measures to
which
structure the economy and improve
experienced more farmers’ suicides.
balance of payments position. India
There were serious concerns on the
has done well in many aspects viz.,
performance of agriculture sector in
foreign trade or export, balance of
the country. try. The post-reform post growth
payment,
was led by services. Commodity
Investments,
Depository Information
Receipts, and
Indian Imports,
sector
showed
growth
low
growth
(Agriculture
and
+
Communication
Industry) has not been higher in the
Technology (ICT), Stock market,
post-reform reform period as compared to
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI),
that of 1980s as mentioned by
Foreign
Mahendra Dev (2012).
Institutional
In Investments
(FII), Intellectual Property Rights
Most of the programmes and
(IPR) etc., but the share of growth
initiatives taken by the Government
from
not
of India and the efforts taken by the
achieved equally, apart from these
State Governments worked in the
all
the
sectors
was
4 September 2017
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same
lines
continuing
developed and their adoption. In
dependence on only a limited target
order to reduce these adoption gaps
group of farming community who
and produce more food to meet the
were resource rich, progressive,
requirement of growing population,
economically sound and big farmers
effective
for theirr goal achievement.
information
Further, a widely adopted practices
application by the ultimate users is
by the extension system of the state
the need of the hour.
and country, preferred road side
Development of new technology is
plots for demonstrations neglecting
not a major constraint today. The
the interior fields for the sake of
main cause of the problem lies in
convenience
and
dissemination of these technologies
is
amongst the farmers and making
beneficial to farming community, but
them to adopt these technologies.
over a period of time, only selected
From the above facts, it is clear that
farmers having road side fields were
only a part of farming community is
getting benefitted and others were
covered by various programmes of
almost
Central
administrators.
of
of No
untouched
farmers doubt
it
(Satyagopal,
transfer and
and
of
agricultural
its
subsequent
State
governments,
2009).
keeping the above steps taken,
Despite of all these efforts many
following
studies reveal that there is an
considered for taking appropriate
increasing gap between inventions
steps, policies and programmes in
key
areas
may
be
5 September 2017
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order
to
reach
unreached
infrastructure with internet facility to
farmers of this nation irrespective of
avail market related information,
state.
storage, cold storage and transport
Reorientation of existing system in
facility.
the
Conclusion
areas
the
viz.,
personality
development Training, minimize land
It is concluded that the above
fragmentation, minimum imum securities to
said key areas were some of the
avail farm related loans, extension of
major contributing factors for being
crop insurance cover, inputs at
unreached
subsidized rate, standard market
farmers. Hence, it is suggested to
price
take
for
harvested
produce,
by
an
majority
appropriate
of
the
steps,
maintenance aintenance of diary of visits by
programmes and polices on said
extension functionaries, training on
areas.
modern electronic gadgets to both
system ystem
farmers and extension functionaries,
unreached farmers to mainstream
single ingle
because it plays crucial role in
window
service
system,
Reorientation will
of
definitely
existing bring
installation of Kiosk at village level,
performing agriculture.
special
literacy
Reference
programmes to farmers, assured
Mahendra
irrigation facilities, supply of good
Farmers in India: Challenges and
quality seed after trial, custom hiring
Opportunities. Indira Gandhi Institute
centre,
of Development Research, Mumbai Mumba
functional
establishment tablishment
of
Dev.
2012.
Small
6 September 2017
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can
be
retrieved
from
http://www.igidr.ac.in/pdf/publication/ WP-2012-014.pdf Satyagopal, Development
of
P.V.
2009.
an
Extension
Strategy to reach the un-reached un farmers, Ph.D(Ag.) Thesi Thesis. Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, University Rajendranagar, Hyderabad.
7 September 2017
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FOOD SECURITY AND SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
M. Uma Gowri* and R. Prabhu
World
leaders
at
the
2012
Conference ence on Sustainable Development (Rio+20) reaffirmed the right of everyone to have access to safe and nutritious food,
Centre for Agricultural and Rural consistent with the right to adequate food Development Studies, and the fundamental right of everyone to be Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, free from hunger. The UN Secretary SecretaryCoimbatore - 641 003, Tamil Nadu, India. General’s Zero Hunger unger Challenge launched
*Corresponding author’s ee mail:
[email protected]
at Rio+20 called on governments, civil society,
faith
communities,
the
private
sector, and research institutions to unite to As the world population continues to grow, much more effort and innovation will be urgently needed in order to sustainably increase agricultural production, improve the global supply chain, decrease food
end hunger and eliminate the worst forms of malnutrition. The Zero Hunger Challenge has since garnered wid widespread support from many member States and other entities. It calls for:
losses and waste, and ensure that all who Zero stunted children under the age are suffering ing from hunger and malnutrition of two have access to nutritious food. Many in the international community believe that it is
100% access to adequate food all
possible to eradicate hunger within the next
year round
generation and are working together to All food systems are sustainable achieve this goal. 8 September 2017
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100%
increase
in
smallholder
productivity and income
Unhealthy diets and lifestyles are closely linked nked to the growing incidence of nonnon communicable diseases in both developed
Zero loss ss or waste of food and developing countries. The Sustainable Development Goal Adequate nutrition during the critical to “End hunger, achieve food security and 1,000 days from beginning of pregnancy improved nutrition and promote sustainable through a child’s second birthday merits a agriculture” (SDG2) recognizes the inter particular focus. The Scaling Scaling-Up Nutrition linkages
among
supporting
sustainable (SUN) Movement has made great progress
agriculture,
empowering
small
farmers, since
its
creation
five
years
ago
in
promoting gender equality, ending rural incorporating strategies that link nutrition to poverty, ensuring healthy lifestyles, tackling agriculture,
clean
water,
sanitation,
climate change, and other issues addressed education, employment, social protect protection, within
the
set
of
17
Sustainable health care and support for resilience.
Development
Goals
in
the
Post-2015 Post
Development Agenda.
Extreme poverty and hunger are predominantly
rural,
with
smallholder
Beyond adequate calories intake, farmers and their families making up a very proper er nutrition has other dimensions that significant proportion of the poor and deserve attention, including micronutrient hungry. Thus, eradicating poverty and availability and healthy diets. Inadequate hunger are integrally y linked to boosting food micronutrient intake of mothers and infants production,
agricultural
productivity and
can have long-term term developmental impacts. rural incomes. 9 September 2017
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Agriculture systems worldwide must
Halting
and
reversing
land
become more productive and less wasteful.
degradation will also be critical to meeting
Sustainable agricultural practices and food
future food needs. The Th Rio+20 outcome
systems, including both production and
document calls for
consumption, must be pursued from a
degradation-neutral neutral world in the context of
holistic and integrated perspective. Land,
sustainable development. Given the current
healthy soils, water and plant genetic
extent of land degradation globally, the
resources
food
potential benefits from land restoration for
production, and their growing scarcity in
food security and for mitigati mitigating climate
many parts of the world makes it imperative
change are enormous. However, there is
to use and manage them sustainably. sustai
also
Boosting yields on existing agricultural
understanding
of
lands, including restoration of degraded
desertification,
land
lands,
drought is still evolving.
are
through
key
inputs
sustainable
into
agricultural
practices would also relieve pressure to clear forests for agricultural production. Wise management of scarce water through improved roved
irrigation
and
storage
technologies, combined with development of new drought-resistant resistant crop varieties, can contribute
to
sustaining
drylands
achieving
recognition
There
are
that the
a
land land-
scientific drivers
degradation
many
elements
of and
of
traditional farmer knowledge that, enriched by the he latest scientific knowledge, can support productive food systems through sound and sustainable soil, land, water, nutrient and pest management, and the more extensive use of organic fertilizers.
productivity.
10 September 2017
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An increase in integrated decision decision-
“Synthesis
of
National
Reports
for
making processes at national and regional
RIO+20”, United Nations Conferences
levels are needed to achieve synergies and
on Sustainable Development, 2012.
adequately
“Sustainable
address
trade-offs trade
among
agriculture, water, energy, land and climate change.
Given
temperatures,
expected precipitation tation
changes and
Agriculture
and
Food
Security in LDCs”, UNCTAD Policy
Briefs, May 2011.
in
pests
associated with climate change, the global community is called upon to increase investment in research, development and demonstration of technologies to improve the
sustainability
of
food
systems
everywhere. Building resilience of local food fo systems will be critical to averting large largescale future shortages and to ensuring food security and good nutrition for all.
References “Global Food Security Update”, World
Food Programme, Issue 17, March 2015.
11 September 2017
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BENEFITS OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED
increase in GM crop area was reported in
CROPS IN AGRICULTURE
developing countries of Africa, Asia, and Latin
R. Prabhu*and M. Uma Gowri
America. Experiences
from
these
countries show that resource-poor resource farmers Centre for Agricultural and Rural can also benefit from this technology. Development Studies, Global impact of GM crops Tamil Nadu Agricultural University,
Farm income Coimbatore - 641 003, Tamil Nadu, India. Biotechnology crops have had a
*Corresponding author’s positive impact on farm income worldwide e-mail:
[email protected] mail:
[email protected] due to enhanced productivity and efficiency Introduction The Genetically
gains. In 2012, direct global farm income global Modified
area (GM)
planted crops
to
benefit was $18.8 billion. Over the period of
has
17 years (1996-2012), 2012), farm incomes have
consistently sistently increased over the past years.
increased by $116.6billion.
Substantial share of GM crops has been
Pesticide use
grown in developed countries. In the last Since 1996, farmers planting biotech few years, however, there has been a crops have reduced pesticide inputs in their consistent increase in the number of fields by 8.8% or over 503 million kg which hectares being planted to GM crops in the led
to
an
overall
reduction
in
the
developing world. Fifty four percent (54%) of environmental footprint of biotech crops by the total global GM crop area is now being 18.7%.
Environmental
footprint
is
a
grown in developing countries. A significant measure of the effect or impact a product, 12 September 2017
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process,
operation,
an
individual
or
corporation places on the environment, in
2002, the cyclic infestation of bollworm has been suppressed.
this case, measuring asuring the environmental effects
of
pesticides.
The
largest
environmental gain was recognized in fields where HT soybeans were planted. The volume of herbicides used by HT maize farmers has decreased by 203.2 million kg over the past 17 years. Similarly, significant reductions
in
pesticide
loads
were
experienced by farmers planting insect resistant (IR) maize and cotton. India - BtCotton Cotton is a very important crop for India, accounting for 30% of its agricultural
In 2013, India ranks first in biotech cotton
production
worldwide,
which
produced 10.8 million hectares, followed by China (4.2 million hectares), USA (3.7 million hectares), and Pakistan (2.8 million hectares). Adoption of Bt cotton started in 2002 with 3 hybrids planted in six Indian states: Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh,
Karnataka,
Maharashtra
and
Tamil Nadu. By 2013, there were 1,097 Bt cotton hybrids approved for pla planting and a total of 10.8 million hectares of Bt cotton plantations in India.
GDP. However, due to the high incidenc incidence of
Fourteen studies on the impact of Bt
pests, especially the cotton bollworms, India
cotton were conducted from 1998 to 2013.
falls short of the world’s average yield of
The results showed that yield increased by
cotton by 48%, an equivalent of 280 kg/ha.
about 31 percent and insecticide spraying
Indian farmers often lose up to 50-60% 50 of
reduced by 39 percent, ercent, which translate to
their crop to the cotton bollworm. With the
88
commercialization of Bt cotton in i India in
(US$250/ha).A
percent
increase
in
profitability
study
was
conducted 13
September 2017
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involving 1,431 farm households in India
Experiences of small farmers from China,
from 2002 to 2008 to investigate the effect
South Africa, the Philippines and other
of Bt cotton on farmers’ family income and
developing countries using GM crops clearly
food security. According to the th findings, the
show that small farmers can also benefit
adoption of Bt cotton has significantly
from the technology. The most consistent
improved calorie consumption and dietary
observation from these countries is that
quality, leading to increased family income.
growing GM crops is a profitable farming
The technology reduced food insecurity by
endeavor.
15-20% 20%
among
cotton cotton-producing
References
households. Brookes, G. and P. Barfoot. Barfoot 2014. GM Conclusion The increasing number numb of farmers
Crops:
Global
Socio Socio-economic
and
Environmental Impacts 1996 1996-2012. PG
who have grown GM crops both in the
Economics Ltd, UK. pp 1-189. 1
developed and developing countries is
James, C. 2013. Global Status of
strong evidence of their advantages in
Commercialized
agricultural production and value to farmers.
2013. ISAAA Briefs No. 46. ISAAA:
In 2013, after 18 years of GM crop adoption,
Ithaca, NY.
an accumulated hectarage of more than 1.5
Sankula,
billion hectares, were planted by 18 million
Blumenthal. nthal.
farmers. This unprecedented high adoption
Derived
rate reflects the trust and confidence of
Impacts on US Agriculture. Available at
millions of farmers in crop biotechnology.
http://www.ncfap.org
S.,
Biotech/GM
G. 2005.
Crops
Marmon
Crops:
and
E.
Biotechnology-
Planted
in
2004
-
14 September 2017
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Sen, A. 2005. Cotton Scenario in India. www.indiaonestop.com/cotton/cotton.ht ml Shetty,
P.K.
2004.
Socio Socio-ecological
Implications of Pesticide ticide Use in India. Economic and Political Weekly, 39(49): 5261-5267.
15 September 2017
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FOREST AND WILDLIFE CONSERVATION
Afforestation is a proactive method
– LEGISLATION IN INDIA
used to improve forests. Instead of taking
resources
from
existing
C.N.Hari Prasath, A.Balasubramanian, S.Radhakrishnan, S.Manivasakan and
natural forests, afforestation is a
C.Veeramani
process used to plant to trees and
Department of Silviculture
use them as resources instead of naturally existing forests.
Forest College and Research Institute
Reforestation is another method to
Tamil Nadu Agricultural University
sustain forests by improving existing
Mettupalayam – 641 301
forest areas. Reforestation is a Forest conservation is the practice method of planting trees in an of planning and maintaining forest areas for existing forest area. the benefit and sustainability for future Controlled burn is a technique that is generations. Forest conservation involves used to manage forest. Controlled the upkeep of the natural resources within a burning
renews
the
fo forest
forest that are beneficial to both humans undergrowth
and
stimulates
and the natural ecosystem. Techniques for the germination of trees species. forest conservation are used to improve forest areas and to make the available resources
sustainable.
techniques are
The
major
ACTS FOR FOREST CONSERVATION IN INDIA
Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 with Amendment Rules Made in 2014
16 September 2017
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Biological diversity act, 2002 Scheduled
Tribes
Traditional
and
Forest
Problem of overcrowding is the Other
Dwellers
major reasons for the depleting population of wild animals in India.
(Recognition of Forest Rights) Act,
Releasing of chemicals and other
2006
toxic effluents into the water bodies has led to poisoning of the water.
National Forest Policy, 1988 ACTS, RULES AND PROJECTS FOR Among conservation
the
techniques,
the
forest wildlife
conservation plays a important role.
WILDLIFE CONSERVATION IN INDIA
Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 with Amendment made in 2014
Wildlife Conservation is the practice of protecting wild plant and animal species and their habitats. The goal of wildlife conservation is to ensure that nature will be
The National Board for Wild Life Rules, 2003 The Declaration of Wild Life Stock Rules, 2003
around for future generations to enjoy and The Wildlife (Specified Plant Stock also
to
recognize
the
importance
of Declaration) Central Rules, 1995
wildlife and wilderness for humans. The Wildlife (Specified Plants THREATS
Conditions
for
Possession
by
Habitat Loss and Invasive Species
Licensee) Rules, 1995
Illegal wildlife trade
The Wildlife (Protection) Rules, 1995
17 September 2017
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Recognition of Zoo Rules, 1992 The Wildlife (Protection) Licensing (Additional
Matters
for
Consideration) Rules, 1983 The
Wildlife
(Stock
Declarat Declaration)
Central Rules, 1973 The
Wildlife
(Transaction
and
Taxidermy) Rules, 1973 Project Tiger Project Elephant
REFERENCE Dutta, Rutwick., Yadav and Bhupendra. 2011. Supreme Court on Forest Conservation,
Universal
Law
Publishing. Madhuri
Parikh.
2013.
The
Forest
Conservation in India and the Role of Indian Supreme Court: A Critical Analysis.
IOSR
Humanities
and
Journal Social
of
Science
(IOSR-JHSS). 13 (4): 55-61. 55 18 September 2017
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FOREST AND WILDLIFE CONSERVATION
Afforestation is a proactive method
– LEGISLATION IN INDIA
used to improve forests. Instead of taking
resources
from
existing
C.N.Hari Prasath, A.Balasubramanian, S.Radhakrishnan, S.Manivasakan and
natural forests, afforestation is a
C.Veeramani
process used to plant to trees and
Department of Silviculture
use them as resources instead of naturally existing forests.
Forest College and Research Institute
Reforestation is another method to
Tamil Nadu Agricultural University
sustain forests by improving existing
Mettupalayam – 641 301
forest areas. Reforestation is a Forest conservation is the practice method of planting trees in an of planning and maintaining forest areas for existing sting forest area. the benefit and sustainability for future Controlled burn is a technique that is generations. Forest conservation involves used to manage forest. Controlled the upkeep of the natural resources within a burning
renews
the
forest
forest that are beneficial to both humans undergrowth
and
stimulates
and the natural ecosystem. Techniques for the germination of trees species. forest conservation are used to improve forest areas and to make the available resources
sustainable.
techniques are
The
major
ACTS FOR FOREST CONSERVATION IN INDIA
Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 with Amendment Rules Made in 2014
19 September 2017
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Biological diversity act, 2002 Scheduled
Tribes
Traditional
and
Forest
Illegal wildlife trade Other
Problem of overcrowding is the
Dwellers
major reasons for the depleting
(Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006
population of wild animals in India. Releasing of chemicals and other toxic effluents into the water bodies
National Forest Policy, 1988 has led to poisoning of the water. ACTS, RULES AND PROJECTS FOR Among
the
forest
conservation
WILDLIFE CONSERVATION IN INDIA
techniques, the wildlife conservation plays a
Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 with
important role.
Amendment made in 2014
Wildlife Conservation is the practice
The National Board for Wild Life
of protecting wild plant and animal species
Rules, 2003
and their habitats. The goal of wildlife
The Declaration of Wild Life Stock
conservation is to ensure that nature will be
Rules, 2003
around for future generations to enjoy and also
to
recognize
the he
importance
of
The Wildlife (Specified Plant Stock Declaration) Central Rules, 1995
wildlife and wilderness for humans. The Wildlife (Specified Plants THREATS
Habitat Loss and Invasive Species
Conditions
for
Possession
by
Licensee) Rules, 1995
20 September 2017
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The Wildlife (Protection) Rules, 1995
Humanities
and
Social
Science
(IOSR-JHSS). JHSS). 13 (4): 55-61.
Recognition of Zoo Rules, 1992 The Wildlife ldlife (Protection) Licensing (Additional
Matters
for
Consideration) Rules, 1983 The
Wildlife
(Stock
Declaration)
Central Rules, 1973 The
Wildlife
(Transaction
and
Taxidermy) Rules, 1973 Project Tiger Project Elephant
REFERENCE Dutta, Rutwick., Yadav and Bhupendra. B 2011. Supreme Court on Forest Conservation,
Universal
Law
Publishing. Madhuri
Parikh.
2013.
The
Forest
Conservation in India and the Role of Indian Supreme Court: A Critical Analysis.
IOSR
Journal
of
21 September 2017
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CULTIVATION AND PRODUCTION OF TAMARIND IN TAMIL NADU
C.N.Hari Prasath*, A.Balasubramanian S.Radhakrishnan, S.Manivasakan and
commons and extensively planted as a roadside shade tree.
Production
in
India
is
mainly
concentrated in the drier southern states
K.K.Suresh Department of Silviculture
and the produce is collected by villagers
Forest College and Research Institute
and sold in the open market. market Tamarind is
Tamil Nadu Agricultural University
not grown on a plantation scale but trees in
Mettupalayam – 641 301 patches are common in the villages in many Tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.,) is a multipurpose tropical fruit tree used for its fruits (Eaten fresh or processed), seeds (Food and non-food food uses) and wood. Tamarind belongs to the dicotyledonous, family
Leguminosae
and
sub sub-family
Caesalpinioideae. Tamarind is one of the most common trees of tropical India; which is believed to be indigenous to tropical Africa probably introduced long back into India by Arabs. In Maharashtra, Bihar,
states. In some parts of India, it naturally regenerates on wastelands and forest lands. In India it has naturalized in the South India with the forest ty types of moist deciduous and Tropical Dry Evergreen forests. The tamarind tree can grow in a wide range of soils to have no specific soil requirement. However, tamarind thrives best in loamy, deep, well drained alluvial soil, which favours the development of a long tap root.
Odisha, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Andhra A Pradesh, it is the principal tree of the village
22 September 2017
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Nadu
(67.52
MT)
and
minimum
was
recorded in Puduchery with the production of 0.35 MT.
Area and production of tamarind in different states Area Sl.No
States
Production of tamarind in different states of
in
Production
(‘000
in (‘000 MT)
Ha) India
Andhra The initial survey was obtained from
7 states and 1 Union Territory namely Andhra
Pradesh,
Maharashtra,
Karnataka,
Puduchery,
Tamil
Kerala Nadu,
Chhattisgarh and Tripura. Comparing the th area
wise
production,
Tamil
Nadu
contributed the maximum area with the 21,11,000
ha.
followed
by
Karnataka
(16,80,000 ha.) and minimum cultivation area
of
60.00
ha.
was
observed
in
Puduchery.
1 2
production
20.00
16.80
87.00
14.00
20.00
5.70
11.40
0.06
0.35
21.11
67.52
9.25
1.20
0.087
0.263
Karnataka 3 Kerala 4 Maharashtra 5 Puduchery 6 Tamil Nadu 7 Chattisgarh 8 Tripura Handbook on Horticulture Statistics (2014) District-wise wise
area
and
production
of
tamarind in Tamil Nadu The
Whereas in fruit production, the highest
5.53 Pradesh
was
recorded reco
in
Karnataka (87.00 MT) followed by Tamil
maximum
tamarind
area
cultivated in Tamil Nadu is Dindigul (4467 Ha.)
followed
by
Theni
(2838
Ha.), 23
September 2017
e SS
Kanyakumari (1610 Ha.), Madurai (1410 Ha.), Tiruchirapalli (1318 Ha.), Krishnagiri (1114
Ha.),
Dharmapuri
(867
Ha.),
Coimbatore re (1318 Ha.) and the minimum tamarind area is 0 Ha. (The Nilgiris). Whereas in the production was expressed in Tonnes.
The
maximum
tamarind
fruit
production was observed in Dindigul (13464 Tonnes) followed by Theni (8318 Tonnes), Coimbatore (5194 Tonnes), ), Vellore (4300 Tonnes),
Madurai
Tiruchirapalli
(3178
(4255 Tonnes)
Tonnes), and
the
minimum production in The Nilgiris with the value of Nil (0 Tonnes).
Kancheepuram
52
209
Kanyakumari
1610
3131
Karur
111
302
Krishnagiri
1114
3874
Madurai
1410
4255
Nagapattinam
288
655
Namakkal
305
1165
Perambalur
384
1043
Pudukottai
324
803
Ramanathapuram
273
904
Salem
282
1248
Sivagangai
423
1507
Thanjavur
192
446
The Nilgiris
0
0
Theni
2838
8318
Thiruppur
180
720
Tiruchirapalli
1381
3178
Thirunelveli
841
1933
Thiruvallur
48
182
Thiruvannamalai
62
344
Thiruvarur
136
321
Thoothukudi
427
997
Vellore
737
4300
Villupuram
181
814
Virudhunagar
455
1431
21114
67524
Total
District Wise Area and Production of
Handbook on Horticulture Statistics (2014)
Tamarind in Tamil Nadu Area (In
Production
Hect.)
(Tonnes)
Ariyalur
250
653
Coimbatore
855
5194
Cuddalore
218
1052
Dharmapuri
867
2760
Dindigul
4467
13464
Erode
403
2374
District
Conclusion Eventhough, Tamil Nadu stands first in its area of cultivation, in production it ranks second. The major reason for the lowest
production
is
due
to
irregular 24
September 2017
e SS
flowering and fruiting in the plantation. It can be
increased
by
implementing
the
silvicultural practices actices (Floreign application and canopy management) in plantation.
REFERENCE El- Siddig, K., H.P.M. Gunasena, B.A. Prasad,
Pushpakumara
Vijayanand.
2006.
and
P.
Tamarind
(Tamarindus
indica
L.).
Southampton
Centre
for
Underutilized crops, Southampton, UK. pp. 35-38.
HOHS
(Hand Statistics).
Book 2014.
Agriculture
and
on
Horticulture
Department
of
Cooperation,
Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India, New Delhi, Pp: 21.
25 September 2017
e SS
IS PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION
to Ministry
of Commerce
and
Industry,
PATTERNS ASPECTS OF TAPIOCA TAP WILL
India exported tapioca starch worth 18.96
INCREASE IN INDIA?
crores during April to Dec, 2015.Thailand
Sangeetha R*, Raman M.S *, Vigila. V* and
is the largest supplier of tapioca starch
A.Chandrasekar
followed by Vietnam and Indonesia to our
* Research Scholar
country. Chennai Sea accounted for 34.9
Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003
per
cent
of
import
followed
by
Visakhapatnam Sea and Nhava Sheva Sea which accounted for 28.5 per cent and 25.1
Indian Scenario
per
cent
of imports respectively.
Huge
In India, Tapioca is cultivated in an
imports from Thailand have led to drastic fall
area of 2.08 lakhs hectares with a total
in the starch price. Starch is the most
production of 4.37 million tonnes during
important value added product produced
2014 -15 15 as given in Table 1. It is largely
from
cultivated in Tamil Nadu, Kerala, parts of
processing unitss located in Tamil Nadu.
Nagaland, Meghalaya, Andhra Pradesh and
are
650
Starch
of Tapioca in India
fourth in Asia and 14th in the world for area Year
production of tapioca roots. India exports several forms of tapioca including tapioca
There
Table 1. Area, Production and Productivity
Assam as given in Figure 5.India ranks
and third in Asia and 6th in the world for the
tapioca.
Area
Production
Productivit
(In '000
(In '000
Hectare)
MT)
(In MT / H)
236.00
1283.00
5.40
y
195051
chips, starch, sago and sago pith. According
26 September 2017
e SS
1960-
10 274.00
1969.00
7.20
61 20101970-
221.00
8076.00
36.50
226.70
8746.50
36.60
207.00
7236.60
35.00
228.00
8139.40
35.70
208.00
4373.00
21.00
11 345.00
5130.00
14.90
71 20111980-
12 321.00
5868.00
18.30
81 20121990-
13 247.40
5416.20
21.90
91 20132000-
14 251.80
7123.80
28.30
01 20142001-
15 247.60
6834.00
27.60
02
Source: Indiastat.com, 3rd Advance 2002189.80
4827.60
25.40
219.00
5945.30
27.10
229.40
5854.80
25.50
Estimates, 2016
03 200304
Some units in Kerala manufacture white and yellow dextrin’s using tapioca
200405
starch. Starch is mainly used in the textile
2005242.40
7620.20
31.40
industry,
adhesives,
pharmaceuticals,
06
paper industry, confectionery industry, etc. 2006256.40
8429.00
32.90
80 per cent of the tapioca starch produced
07 2007253.50
8722.40
34.40
in India is from Tamil Nadu
while
the
08
remaining
quantity
is
from
Andhra
2008280.00
9623.00
34.40
239.00
8059.90
34.80
09
2009-
Pradesh and Kerala.
27 September 2017
e SS
Economic growth and availability of
7
Maharashtra
Used as khichdi after fasting in the Hindu
lifestyle spending options make Indian
custom
consumers to demand more food products. In India, tapioca is consumed in three forms human consumption, industrial consumption Figure 1. Per cent Share of Major Tapioca and as animal feed. In Tamil Nadu, a large
Producing States of India in Tapioca
number of tapioca industries are found in
Production (2014-15)
Attur Taluk, Salem District. Salem City has 3.27 5.90 0.69
a marketing center for the sago or known as
27.61
61.74
"Javvarisi".
AP Assam Kerala
Megalay
Table 2. State Consumption Pattern of India Sl.
State
Tamil Na 0.79
Consumption
No.
In India tapioca is used mainly in the
1
Tamil Nadu
Chips, javvarasi
2
Kerala
Used along with fish curry, tapioca wafers
3
Andhra Pradesh
Chips
4
Assam
Raw/cooked tuber
industrial application, human consumption and animal feed sectors. Nearly 60 per cent of tapioca is used industrially in the production of sago, starch and dry chips. Pune and Nagpur in Maharashtra and Kolkata in West Bengal, Patna in Bihar,
5
Meghalaya
Raw/cooked tuber
Kanpur and Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh, 6
Gujarat
Sago, vermicelli
Gauhati in Assam are the t main marketing
28 September 2017
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others
centers for sago in India besides the production centers in Tamil Nadu and Andhra
Pradesh.
Kerala,
Meghalaya,
Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh are the states reporting relatively high tapioca consumption in India as given in Figure 1.
References Guy henrry and Andrew westby. (2005) Global Tapioca Starch markets: current situation and outlook, 593-614. 614. ICAR-CTCRI CTCRI Annual Report 2015-16. 2015 Food and Agricultural Organization of the United
Nations,
Food
Outlook
(2015),
Biannual Report on Global Food Fo Markets. Varalakshmi Starch Industries P Ltd., Salem. 2017.
29 September 2017
e SS
AREA, PRODUCTION AND
flowers and grows a legume shaped fruit
PRODUCTIVITY OF GROUNDNUT IN INDIA
that has 2 to 3 seeds which develops inside the earth. Trend in Area, production and
Sangeetha R*, Vigila. V*, A.Chandrasekar* and M.S.Raman* * Research Scholar
productivity
Coimbatore 641 003
Groundnut is called as the ‘king’ is
one
of
in
India
is
and down in the production of Groundnut over
oilseeds. It
Groundnut
presented in figure 1 and 2. There is an up
Tamil Nadu Agricultural University,
of
of
the
most
important oilseed and cash crop of country. Groundnut is also called as wonder nut and poor men’s cashew nut. It is the largest oilseed crop in India in terms of production. Groundnut accounted for 34.66 percent of
the
years.
The
production
of
Groundnut was 67.33 lakh tonnes in 20152015 16.
From
2001-02 02
to
2015-16, 2015
the
production has around 70.30 lakh tonnes to 67.33 lakh tonnes and decreased to 48.60 lakh tonnes in 2006-07 2006 and increased to 91.8 lakh tonnes in subsequent year (2007(2007 08).
the production of oilseeds in the country The year
during 2015-16. 16. India is the second largest producer
of
Groundnut
after
China
accounted for 21.03 percent share in the world
production
during
2015. The
groundnut dnut plant is an annual plant herb that comes from the pea family of Fabaceae. The plant has feather type leaves; yellow
2013 2013-14 registered a
highest production of Groundnut with 96.7 lakh tonnes. Area and productivity of crops are
the
major
determining
factors
of
production. In the case of Groundnut, the area under Groundnut production tends to be constant with average area of 62.4 lakh
30 September 2017
e SS
hectare over the years, whereas there was
Figure 1. Trend in Area and
an undulating trend in the productivity of
Production of Groundnut in India (2001(2001
Groundnut.
2015)
Productivity
increased
from
1127 kg/ha in 2001-02 02 to 1552 kg/ha in 2015-16. 16. Higher productivity was obtained in the year 2013-14, 14, which helped to attain higher production (96.70 lakh tonnes) during the same period. Figure 4 showed that productivity increases coincides with the increase in production. Figure 2. Trend in Productivity of Groundnut Groundn in India (2001 (2001-2015) Groundnut
witnessed
a
highest
production of 96.7 lakh tonnes when the productivity of the crops was registered as 1749 kg/ha whereas only 48.60 lakh tonnes was produced ced when the productivity was just 865 kg/ha. All these indicate that productivity alone contributes for more production of Groundnut. India is the second largest producer of Groundnut in the world and produced 7.15 million tonnes from an area of 4.76
31 September 2017
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million ha with productivity of 1552 kg per
Various Annual Reports of Department of
hectare. Groundnut production is highly
Agricultural
vulnerable to rainfall deviations and display
Economics,TNAU,C Economics,TNAU,Coimbatore
huge fluctuation between years. Gujarat (3
Department
million tonnes), Tamil Nadu (0.9 million
operation, Ministry of Agriculture, GoI.
tonnes), Andhra Pradesh (0.49 million
Directorate of Agriculture, Tamil Nadu
tonnes) and Karnataka (0.6 million tonnes)
State.
are
Seasonal
the
major
States
contributing
to
of
Crop
Agriculture
Report,
&
CoCo
(2014-15), (2014
Groundnut production in India. The above
Department of Economics and Statistics,
States contributed 70 per cent of the
Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
country’s production. Around 75 per cent of the crop is produced in Kharif and the remaining is produced in Rabi. Groundnut kernels are 70 per cent of weight in shells and kernels have an oil recovery of 40-42 40 per cent.
References
CMIE, January, 2015 Special Issue on Agriculture.
32 September 2017
e SS
mutations in Arabidopsisthaliana that have
TILLING IN CROPS
been identified via TILLING have provided Anusheela V *,, * Corresponding author, Research Associate, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University,
an
allelic
series
of
phenot phenotypes
and
genotypes to elucidate gene and protein function
throughout
the
genome
for
Coimbatore 641 003 Email:
[email protected]
Arabidopsis researchers. A
Maize
TILLING
Project
TILLING, this method has been established in 2005 at Purdue University widely used for the study of functional has already identified 319 mutations in 62 genomics in plants, especially for the model genes, which has greatly assisted functional funct plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Greene et al. genomic studies in maize(Weil and Monde (2003)
reported
that
the
Arabidopsis 2007). Barley, which is also an important
TILLING Project (ATP), which was set up cereal crop with a fairly large genome size and introduced as a public blic service for the of ~5,300 Mb, was evaluated for the ability
Arabidopsis community (Till et al., 2003), had of induced mutations to be detected by detected 1,890 mutations in 192 target gene TILLING (Caldwell et al., 2004). fragments. Heterozygote mutations were detected at twice the rate of homozygote
Wheat is an extremely important
mutations. Therefore, the mutational density
agronomic staple crop with an estimated
for treatment of Arabidopsis with EMS was
production level of 600 million tons per year
approximately 1 mutation / 300 kb of DNA
(Baggeet al., 2007). Wheat genetics can be
screened with these mutations distributed
complicated
throughout the genome. The numerous
complex, it is an allohexaploid, and the total
because
its
genome
is
33 September 2017
e SS
genome size is quite large arge (17,000 Mb). A
~50,000 genes, of which gene function
total of 246 alleles were uncovered in three
needs to be determined empirically. In
waxy gene homoeologues (Wx-A1, Wx-B1,
2005, a report was published on the
and
Wx-D1) D1)
and
generation of a large mutation population
via TILLING. This
(60,000) using ng multiple chemical mutagens
comprehensive allelic series provided 84
on IR64, a widely grown Indica rice (Wu et
missense, three nonsense and five splic splice
al., 2005). TILLING was suitable for reverse
site mutations. Phenotyping of M3 progeny
genetic studies with mutations detected in
demonstrated
amylose
two genes; albeit, the mutational density in
production. Detecting genetic variants via
the population was fairly low. In addition,
phenotyping in wheat can be difficult
extensive ive
phenotypic
because redundant copies of loci in the
assessed
for
genome can mask expression. Through
mutagens used to develop the mutant
TILLING identified more re extensive allelic
population and albinism was a common
variation in GBSSI (Slade et al., 2005).
phenotype no matter which mutagen was
allotetraploid
from wheat
allohexaploid
reduction
of
Rice, which is also a staple and important economic crop around the world, currently estimated to provide 80 per cent of the caloric intake for three billion people (Storozhenkoet al., 2007), has ha been the focus of a few TILLING studies. The rice genome has been predicted to contain
the
variation various
was
chemical
applied. In a separate study, EMS and AzAz MNU were used to induce an elevated mutational ional
density
in
rice,
with
57
polymorphisms identified from 10 target genes by TILLING (Till et al., 2007). Another report on rice TILLING published in 2007, demonstrated the efficacy of TILLING to
34 September 2017
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detect mutations by separation of products on
has been shown to be beneficial for human
agarose gels (Raghavanet al., 2007). Results
health. It is an important economic crop that
were analogous to pooling DNA and detecting
can improve soil quality by fixing nitrogen.
mutations
DNA
116 mutations were identified via TILLING
was
from seven target genes. The majority of o the
on
Analyzer.Another
a
LI--COR
investigated tigated
trait
spike morphology (Gottwaldet al., 2009). TILLING in legumes
mutations uncovered by TILLING were determined to be the expected G/C to A/T transitions. This study demonstrated that
A model plant, Lotus japonicus, has soybean is suitable for TILLING studies. also been the focus of elucidating gene function through TILLING. Lotus japonicus
References
is a perennial temperate legume that is a model plant for genomic studies because it
1. Greene, E. A., C. A. Codomo, N. E.
has a short life cycle, is a diploid (2n = 2x =
Taylor, J. G. Henikoff, B. J. Till, S. H.
12), ), has a relatively small genome (472
Reynolds, eynolds, L. C. Enns, C. Burtner, J. E.
Mb), and is self-fertilized fertilized (Sato and Tabata
Johnson and A. R. Odden. 2003.
2006). TILLING was used to investigate
Spectrum
induced mutations occurring in the protein
mutations from a large-scale large reverse-
kinase domain of the SYMRK gene, which
genetic
is necessary for root symbiosis (Perry et al.,
Genetics.164:731 Genetics.164:731-740.
2003).
of
chemically
screen
induced
inArabidopsis.
2. Till, B. J., S. H. Reynolds, E. A. Soybean (Glycine max) contains
approximately 35-50 50 per cent protein and
Greene, C. A. Codomo, L. C. Enns, J. E. Johnson, C. Burtner, A. R. Odden, 35
September 2017
e SS
K. Young, N. E.Taylor. 2003. LargeLarge
crop improvement by b TILLING. Nat
scale discovery of induced point
Biotechnol. 23:75 23:75-81.
mutations
with
high high-throughput
TILLING. Genome Res.h1.3:524-530. Res.h1.3:524 3. Weil, C.F. and R.A. Monde .2007.
7. Storozhenko, S., V. De Brouwer, M. Volckaert,
O.
Navarrete,
Blancquaert,
G.F.Zhang, G.F.Zhang
Getting to the point - Mutations in
W.
maize. Crop Sci.47:S60 :S60–S67.
Straeten. 2007. Folate fortification of
4. Caldwell, D.G., N. McCallum, P. Shaw,G.J.Muehlbauer,
D.F.
Marshall and R. Waugh. 2004. A structured
mutant
population
for
Lambert
D.
and
D.
Van
Der
rice by metabolic engineering. Nat. Biotechnol.25:1277 :1277-1279 8. Wu, J.L.,C. .L.,C. Wu ,C. Lei, M. Baraoidan , A.
Bordeos, M.R.
Madamba ,M.
forward and reverse genetics in
Ramos-Pamplona, Pamplona,
barley (Hordeumvulgare L. Plant
R. Mauleon, A. Portugal , V.J.Ulat, R.
J.40:143–150.
Bruskiewich ,G. Wang, J. Leach , G.
5. Bagge,
M.,
and
Khush and H. Leung. 2005. ChemicalChemical
Functional
and irradiation-induced irradiation mutants of
markers in wheat. Curr. Opin. Plant
indica rice IR64 for forward and
Biol.10:211–216.
reverse genetics. Plant Mol. Biol.
T.Lubberstedt.
X. 2007.
Xia
6. Slade, A.J., S.I. Fuerstenberg, D. Loeffler,
M.N.
Steine
and
D.
59:85–97. 9. Till,
B.J.,
Facciotti.2005. A reverse genetic,
Tai,P.Colowit,
nontransgenic approach to wheat
Henikoff
and
J.
Cooper,
E.A.
Greene,
T.H. S.
L. Comai. 2007.
36 September 2017
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Discovery of chemically induced
accessible collection of mutants of
mutations in rice by TILLING. BMC
the legume Lotus japonicus. Plant
Plant Biol.7:19.
Physiol. 131:866 :866–871. ,H.H.
13. Sato, S and S. Tabata. 2006. Lotus
Wang g ,G. Atienza, B. Liu,F.L. Qiu,
japonicus as a platform for legume
K.L. McNally, H. Leung.2007. Rapid
research.
method
9:128–132. 132.
10. Raghavan,
for
C.,M.E.Naredo
detecting
SNPs
on
Curr.Opin.
Plant
Biol.
agarose gels and its application in candidate
gene
mapping.
Mol.
Breed.19:87–101. 11. Gottwald,
S.,
P.Bauer,T.Komatsuda,U.Lundqvist and N.Stein. 2009. TILLING in tthe two-rowed rowed barley cultivar 'Barke' reveals preferred sites of functional diversity
in
the
HvHox1.BMCResearch
gene Notes.
2:258. 12. Perry, J.A.,T.L. Wang ,T.J. Welham ,S. Gardner,J.M. Pike ,S. Yoshida ,M.A.
Parniske.
2003.
TILLING
reverse genetics tool and a webweb
37 September 2017
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Vermicompost- A source of biointensive
manured in such a way that the activities of
nutrient management
the beneficial soil organisms necessary nece for recycling plant nutrients and producing
Dr. Pasupuleti Reddypriya*
humus
* Corresponding author. Department of Agricultural
Microbiology,
Agricultural
University,
Tamil
Nadu
Coimbatore
-
are
not
vermicompost, a
inhibited.
Hence
very best alternative
solution to keep soil health and fertility. Vermicompost
641003, India. It E-mail mail address:
[email protected]
is
the
end
product
of
the
breakdown of the organic matter by some species of earthworm. It is a nutrient rich,
Agriculture based only on chemical
natural fertilizer and soil conditioner. Also
fertilizers and other chemical inputs is not
called worm compost, vermicast, worm
desirable able because constant use of such
castings, worm humus or worm manure.
inputs causes soil infertility and affects
The process of producing vermicompost is
productivity. Now-a-days, days, compared with
called vermicomposting.
10-15 15
Mechanism of vermicompost
years
back
there
was
more
Materials
awareness about the harmful effect of the
consumed
by
worms
chemicals used to grow the crops therefore
undergo physical breakdown in the gizzard
step
towards
results in particles less than two microns
alternative sustainable solutions to keep soil
giving thereby an enhanced surface area for
healthy. So, use of biological resources of
microbial processing. This finally ground
the ecosystem, particularly those of soil
material is exposed to various enzymes
itself for the manipulation of soil fertility is
such as protease, lipase, amylase, cellulose
essential
and chitinase secreted into lumen by the gut
forwarded
which
in
is
movi moving
called
biointensive
nutrient management. In order to keep soils
wall
and
associated
microbes.
These
should be alive and home to many millions
enzymes breakdown complex biomolecules
of beneficial bacteria and other micro
into simple compounds. Only 5 5-10 percent
organisms to make them healthy and to
of the ingested material is absorbed into the
crops to yield well, the soil must be
tissues of worms for their heir growth and rest is 38
September 2017
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excreted as cast. Mucus secretion of gut
Aeration: 50% aeration from the total
wall add to the structural stability of
pore space
vermicompost.
Temperature: range between 18°C
Vermicompost preparation
to 35°C
Basic raw material:: Any organic
Procedure
materials like farm residues, humus,
It is mostly prepared either pit or
leaf fall, animal excreta, forest litter,
heap method. The dimensions either
cattle dung and kitchen wastes.
heap or pit are 10×4×2 feet. The
Note: Horse dung due to risk of
length and width can be increased or
Tetanus virus lethal to human beings
decreased
is not advisable and also paddy
availability of the material but not the
husk, marigold and pine needles are
depth
not advised to be used as feeding
activity is confined to 2 feet depth
materials for earthworms.
only. First of all select the site which
Starter: cow dung, biogas slurry or
is not under an any economic use and
urine of cattle
there is no water stagnation. The
Soil animal: Earth worms. Most often
site
used are Brandling worm (Eisenia
resource.
foetida) or Red wigglers (Lumbricus
First layer: bedding material of 1″
rubellus)
thickness with soft leaves
Thatched roof or vermished
Second
depending
because
should
be
layer:
the
upon
the
earthworm’s
near
9″thick
to
water
organic
residue layer finely chaffed material Third layer: Dung + water equal Favourable
conditions
for
composting
material
mixture ixture of 2″ layer. Continue the layer upto pile to
pH: range between 6.5 and 7.5
ground level in the case of pit
Moisture: 60-70 70 % of the moisture
method and upto 2 in heap or
below and above range mortality of
surface bed method. Protect the
worms taking place
worms against natural enemies like 39
September 2017
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ants, lizards, snakes, frogs, toads
Heap the compost by removing the
etc., maintain proper moisture and
balls and place them in a bucket.
temperature rature
However under most instances, top
by
turnings
and
subsequent staking.
layer has to be disturbed manually.
At the day of 24th, 4000 worms are
Earthworms move downward and
introduced in to the pit (1 m2 = 2000
compost
is
worms) without disturbing the pit by
collection
of
compost
from
regular
layers, s,
feed
materials
is
watering
the
enter
raw
separated.
After top
again
material will be turned into the
replenished and composting process
vermicompost in the form of worm
is rescheduled.
excreta.
The material is sieved in 2 mm
Beds should be kept moist by
sieve, the material passed through
sprinkling of water and by covering
the sieve is called as vermicompost
with gunny bags or polythene
which is stored in polythene bags
Bed should be turned once after 30
Note:
days for maintaining aeration and for
under thatched ed roof to protect worms
proper decomposition.
against rain and sun
Compost gets ready in 45-50 45 days.
Recomposting is done in the sample
The turnover compost is 75% 75 (the
pit or bed. Similar to the above
total material accommodated in the
described
pit is 1000kg; the outturn will be 750
vermicompost can be prepared in
kg)
wooden box or brick column in
Harvesting of the vermicompost
vermicomposting
pit
or
heap
is
done
method,
similar way.
Stop watering before one week of
Insitu vermicomposting can be done
harvest
by
Sometimes
the
worms
direct
field
application
of
spread
vermicompost at 5t/ha followed by
across the pits come in close and
application of cowdung (2.5 cm thick
penetrate each other in the form of
layer) and then a layer of available
ball in 2 or 3 locations.
farm waste about 15 cm thick. 40
September 2017
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Irrigation should be done at an
centipedes, rats, pigs, birds etc., hence,
interval of 15 days.
preventive measures include treating of site
Precautions Do
with 4% neem based insecticide before not
cover
beds/heaps
vermicompos vermicompost
with
plastic
sheets
filling the heap. Nutrient content of vermicompost
because it may trap heat and gases
The level of nutrients in compost depends
Do not overload the vermicompost
upon the source of the raw material and the
heap to avoid high temperature that
species of earthworm. A fine worm cast is
adversely affect their population
rich in N,P and K besides other nutrients.
Dry conditions kill the worms and
Nutrients in vermicompost are in readily
waterlogging
available form and are released within the
drive
them
away.
Watering should be done do daily in
month of application.
summer and every third in rainy and
Nutrient analyses of vermicompost vermicomp
winter season
Parameters
Addition of higher quantities of acid
pH
: 6.80
rich substances such as tomatoes
OC%
: 11.88
OM%
: 20.46
C/N ratio
: 11.64
and citrus wastes should be avoided Make a drainage channel around the heap to avoid stagnation of water
Content
Total nitrogen : 1.02 Available N
: 0.50
particularly in high gh rainfall areas in
Available P
: 0.30
rainy season
Available K
: 0.24
for
Ca (%)
: 0.17
composting should be free from non non-
Mg(%)
: 0.06
Organic
materials
degradable
used
materials
stones,
glass
pieces,
ceramic
tubes/bulbs,
such
as
plastics, chemicals,
The important natural enemies of are
ants,
It can be applied in any crop at any stage, but it would be more beneficial if
pesticides, metals etc.,
vermiculture ulture
Application rate
termites,
mixed in soil after broadcasting. The rate of application is as
41 September 2017
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Field crops : 5-6 6 t/ha Vegetables : 10-12 12 t/ha
http:// agritech.tnau.ac.in
Flower plants : 100 100-200 g/sq ft Fruit trees : 5-10 10 kg/tree Advantages of vermicompost It provides efficient conversion of organic
wastes/crop/animal
residues. It is a stable and enriched soil conditioner. It helps in reducing population of pathogenic microbes. It helps in reducing the toxicity of heavy metals. It
is
economically
environmentally supplement
viable
safe
for
and
n nutrient
organic
food
production. It is an easily adoptable low cost technology
Aalok A,TripathiAK and Soni P. (2008). Vermicomposting : A better option for organic solid waste management. In:Journal of Human ecology 24:5924:59 64.
Bansal
GL
and
Rana
SS.
2006.
Vermicompost:Agricultural gold from Garbage.
Bilingual
booklet,CSKHPKV, Palumpur. 42 September 2017
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Importance of Nanofertilizer Formulation
active
ingredients
environmentall
M.Yuvaraj1 K.S.Subramanian2
in
responding
triggers
and
to
biological
demands more precisely.
Assistant professor, Adhiparasakthi Agricultural College, Kalavai1
Importance and role of nanofertilizers in Professor, Tamil Nadu Agricultural improvement of nutrients use efficiency
University, Coimbatore2 Introduction
According
Because of the limitation in arable
to
"Nanotechnologies
Royal
Society,
the
design,
are
the
characterization, production and application
development of agriculture sector is only
of structures, devices and systems by
possible by increasing of resources use
controlling shape and size at nanometer
efficiency ficiency with the minimum damage to
scale"(Chinnamuthu and Boopathi, 2009).
production bed through effective use of
Nowadays, nanotechnology is progressively
modern
moved away from the experimental into the
lands
and
water
technologies.
nanotechnology
has
resources,
Among the
revolutionize
the
biomedicine,
environmental
these,
potential
agricultural
to
systems,
engineering,
practical areas (Baruah and Dutta, 2009). For
example,
the
slow/controlled
development developme
release
conditional
conversion, and numerous other areas.
herbicides, on the basis of nanotechnology
Nanostructured
has
through
become
of
fertilizers,
safety and security, water resources, res energy
formulation
release
of
critically
pesticides
important
and
for
mechanisms such as targeted delivery or
promoting the development of environment
slow/controlled release mechanisms and
friendly and sustainable agriculture. Indeed,
conditional release, could release their
nanotechnology ology has provided the feasibility 43
September 2017
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of exploiting nanoscale or nanostructured
Nanoporous zeolites
materials as fertilizer carriers or controlledcontrolled release vectors for building of so so-called “smart fertilizer” as new facilities to enhance nutrient use efficiency and reduce costs of o environmental protection (Cui et al., 2010).
Nano clays and zeolites that are a group of naturally occurring minerals with a honeycomb-like like layered
crystal structure
are other strategies for increasing fertilizer use efficiency. Its network can be filled with
Encapsulation of fertilizers within a
nitrogen, potassium, phosphorous, calcium calciu
nanoparticle is one of these new facilities
and a complete set of minor and trace
which are done in three ways a) the nutrient
nutrients. So acts as a nutrients supply that
can be encapsulated inside nanoporous
are slowly released "on demand". However,
materials, b) coated with thin polymer film, fil
the
or c) delivered as particle or emulsions of
agriculture is in nitrogen capture, storage
nanoscales
addition,
and slow release. Application of soluble N
nanofertilizers will combine nanodevices in
fertilizers lizers is one of the major reasons for
order to synchronize the release of fertilizer fertilizer-
groundwater
N and -P P with their uptake by crops, so
releasing dynamics of the absorbed form (in
preventing undesirable nutrient losses to
zeolites) is much slower than for the ionic
soil, water and air via direct internalization
form. The urea- fertilized zeolite chips, can
by crops, and avoiding the interaction of
be used as slow release nitrogen fertilizers.
nutrients with soil, microorganisms, water,
Ammonium-charged charged zeolites have shown
and air .
their capacity to raise the solubilization of
dimensions.
In
main
phosphate
application
of
zeolites
contamination.
minerals
and
thus
in
Nitrogen
go
to
44 September 2017
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improved phosphorus uptake and yield of
the e release of nutrients from the fertilizer
crop plants. Studies conducted to check
capsule. In this regard, the application of a
solubility and cation-exchange exchange in mixtures of
nano-composite composite
rock phosphate e and NH+4 and K-saturated K
micronutrients, mannose and amino acids
clinoptilolite showed that mixtures of zeolite
enhance the uptake and use of nutrients by
and phosphate rock have the potential to
grain
provide slow-release release fertilization of plants in
could supply ly tools and mechanisms to
synthetic soils by dissolution and ionion
synchronize the nitrogen release from
exchange reactions. the possibility of using
fertilizers with crop requirements. This will
surfactant-modified modified zeolite using hexa decyl
be accomplished only when they can be
trimethyl ammonium as fertilizer carrier to
directly internalized by the plants. Zinc– Zinc
control nitrate release, and deduced that
aluminium
surfactant-modified modified zeolite is a suitable
nanocomposites have been employed emplo for
sorbent for nitrate, since slow release of
the
nitrate is achievable. These dual properties
compounds which act as plant growth
propose that surfactant-modified modified zeolite has
regulators. Studies has shown that fertilizer
the potential to be used as fertilizer carrier
incorporation
to control the release of nitrate and other
(rolled-up up
anions.
improved crop yield.
Slow/controlled release nanofertilizers
Coating and binding of nano and subnano-composites composites are able to regulate
crops.
consists
Moreover,
layered
controlled
release
into
lipid
of
P,
K,
nanotechnology
double-hydroxide double
of
cochleate bilayer
N,
chemical
nanotubes
sheets),
had
More recent strategies have focused fo on technologies to provide nanofertilizer delivery
systems
which
can
react
to
45 September 2017
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environmental changes. The final goal is
appearances of nanotechnology open up
production of nanofertilizers that will release
potential novel application applications in different fields
their shipment in a controlled manner
of
(slowly or quickly) in reaction to different
Nanostructured
signals
mechanisms such as targeted delivery or
such
heat,
moisture
and
etc.
agriculture
and
biotechnology.
formulation
Furthermore, it is known that under nutrient
slow/controlled
limitation,
conditional release, could release their
crops
secrete
carbonaceous
release
through
compounds into rhizosphere to enable biotic
active
mineralization of N and/or P from soil
environmentall
organic matter and of P associated with soil
demands more precisely. There is the
inorganic ic
colloids.
in
triggers
responding and
to
biological
these
root
possibility of using these mechanisms to
considered
as
design and construction of nanofertilizers.
environmental signals and be selected to
The use of these nanofertilizers causes an
prepare
increase in their efficiency, reduces soil
exudates
can
Since,
ingredients
mechanisms,
be
nanobiosensors
that
will
be
incorporated into novel Nanofertilizers.
toxicity, minimizes th the potential negative effects associated with over dosage and
Conclusions
reduces the frequency of the application. Since
fertilizers,
particularly
synthetic fertilizers have a major ma potential to pollute soil, water and air; in recent years,
Nanofertilizers mainly delay the release of the nutrients and extend the fertilizer effect period.
many efforts were done to minimize these problems by agricultural practices and the design of the new improved fertilizers. The 46 September 2017
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References
Baruah S, Dutta J. 2009. Nanotechnology applications pplications
in
degradation in
sensing
and
pollution
agriculture.
Env.
Chem. Letters J 7:191-204. Cui HX, Sun CJ. Liu Q, Jiang J, Gu W. 2010. Applications of nanotechnology in agrochemical formulation, challenges
and
conference on
perspectives,
strategies.
International Internation
Nanoagri, Sao pedro,
Brazil.
Chinnamuthu CR, Boopathi PM. 2009. Nanotechnology Madras. Agric. J
and
Agroecosystem.
96:17-31. 31.
47 September 2017
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Significance of Micronutrient and Deficiency in Plant
dismutase in chloroplasts chloropl which about 4 to 5
M.Yuvaraj1 K.S.Subramanian2
percent
Agricultural College, Kalavai1
(Mn2+)
Manganese
Introduction
biochemical essential
play
in
mitochondria
2011; Millaleo et al.,2010).
University, Coimbatore2
and
is
Manganese
Professor, Tamil Nadu Agricultural
for plant growth
it
(Sharifianpour et al., 2013; Mousavi et al.,
Assistant professor, Adhiparasakthi
Micronutrients are
of
an important
functions
In
is
terms similar
of to
magnesium (Mg 2+), both ions connects ATP with
complexes omplexes
enzymes
role in balanced crop nutrition. They include
transferase
boron
(Fe),
Dehydrogenase and Decarboxylase in the
manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), zinc
Krebs cycle (TCA) are also activated by
(Zn), nickel (Ni) and chloride (Cl). The yield
Mn2+. Manganese plays an important role in
and
products
chlorophyll production and its presence is
increased with micronutrients application,
essential in Photo system II, also al involved in
therefore human and animal health is
cell division and plant growth.
protected with feed of enrichment plant
Manganese (Mn) Deficiency
(B),
copper
quality
of
(Cu),
agricultural
iron
and
(phosphor
Manganese
materials. Each essential element only
deficiency
very
serious
properly that other necessary elements are
carbohydrates, and roots carbohydrates
available in balanced ratios for plant. There
especially.
is
decreased due to manganese deficiency,
than
90 %
of
superoxide
Crops
on
has
when can perform its role in plant nutrition
more
effects
phosphokinase).
quality
non-structural non
and
quantity
48 September 2017
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and nd this is due to low fertility of pollen and
Zinc Deficiency
low in carbohydrates during grain filling. Manganese
deficiency
is
magnesium
deficiency,
because
comes
yellow
in
both
similar
Zinc deficiency can be seen in
to
eroded, calcareous and weathering acidic
there
soils. Zinc deficiency is often accompanied
intercostals.
with iron deficiency in calcareous soils. Zinc
Zinc (Zn)
deficiency in these soils is related to
Zinc uptake of soil solution in
adsorption of solution zinc in the soil by clay
divalent cations form (Zn2+) in calcareous
and limestone particles. In eroded soils, zinc
soils with high pH zinc uptake may be a
deficiency is caused by organic matter
valence ion form. In the xylem routes zinc is
deficiency. Also zinc deficiency may be
transmitted to divalent form or with organic
related
acids bond. In the phloem sap zinc makes
deficiency ency increases in
up complex with organic acids with low
weather conditions.
molecular
weight,
and nd
increases
its
cation
(Zn2+)
and
does
not
participate in oxidation and regenerative reactions. The main functions of zinc is tendency to make up tetragonal complexes with nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, thus zinc have a catalytic, building and activating role in the enzymes.
weather
conditions, cold
zinc
and wet
Iron (Fe)
concentration. Zinc is in plants only in divalent
to
Iron in the soil is the fourth abundant element on earth, but its amount was low or not
available
for
the
plants
and
microorganisms needs, due to low solubility of minerals containing iron in many ma places the world, especially in arid region with alkaline soils. Iron is an importance element in crops, because it is essential for many
49 September 2017
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important enzymes, including cytochrome
Deficiency Symptoms
that is involved in electron transport chain, synthesize structure
chlorophyll, of
maint maintain
chloroplasts,
and
the
leaves develop a thick coppery textu texture,
enzyme
sometimes becomes curled and brittle:
activity
inhibition in flower formation; stunted root growth and root tip becomes swollen and
Boron (B) Boron is mobile in the soil and is subject
to
leaching,
like
nitrate
and
sulphate. Organic matter is the main source of B in western Canadian soils. The vast majority of Saskatchewan soils ccontain enough organic matter to supply B for crop needs.
Death of the shoot and root tips,
Boron
tissues
disintegrate
causing
diseases e.g, “Heart Rot” of sugar beet, “Water Core” e” in turnip and “Browning” of cauliflower.
Copper (Cu) Copper is largely absorbed as the
suspected in alfalfa and canola on sandy
divalent cupric or monovalent cuprous ion. It
and eroded sandy soils in the Gray soil
is required in a very low concentration or it
zone. Boron may be limiting to seed
is
production
soils.
concentration. In plants it exists mainly main in
Symptoms that appear ppear in spring under cool
the cupric form, although it undergoes
and wet conditions tend to go away when
alternate oxidation and reduction as it acts
soil conditions become warm and drier.
as an electron carrier as part of certain
Apply B in test strips to confirm economic
enzymes.
alfalfa
in
have
internal
been
of
deficiencies
discolored. In storage or fleshy organs
these
highly
toxic
to
plants
in
high
yield response.
50 September 2017
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Deficiency Symptoms
Molybdenum deficiency
Copper deficiency causes a necrosis Molybdenum deficiency causes an of the tip and margin of young leaves, giving interveinal
chlorosis
of
lower
leaves,
it a withered ed appearance. Under severe followed by marginal necrosis and unfolding deficiency conditions, leaves may be lost of
the
leaves.
Under
more
severe
and the whole plant may appear wilted. Its conditions, mottled areas may become b deficiency also causes “Die Back” disease necrotic, causing the leaf to wilt. The dead of
Citrus
(Young
leaves
die)
and areas fall off leaving behind petiole and a
“Reclamation” disease of the cereal and few pieces of lamina looking like a ‘whip leguminous crops. tail’. The condition is known as “Whip tail” Molybdenum Molybdenum
disease as observed in cauliflower plants. functions
as
an
activator (electron carrier) of the enzyme nitrate reductase which converts nitrate to nitrite and ammonium ions, prior to amino acid and protein synthesis. It is also essential for the process of nitrogen fixation. It is involved in the phosphorus metabolism of the plant.
Chlorine It is absorbed by the plant and retained as chlorine ions. It is essential for the growth of tomato. Its deficiency causes stunted root formation, reduced fruiting and inhibition of photosynthesis as well. It is universally required by the plants. It also stimulates the activity ty of several enzymes.
51 September 2017
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References
Millaleo,
R.,
D.M.Reyes,
A.G.Ivanov,
M.L.Mora and M. Alberdi, 2010. Manganese as essential transport,
and toxic element for plants accumulation
and
resistance
mechanisms. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition. 10: 470-481. Mousavi,
S.R.,
M.
Shahsavari,
and
M.Rezaei, 2011. A General Overview on Manganese (Mn)
Importance for Crops
Production. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences.
5(9): 1799-1803. 1799
Sharifianpour, G., A.R.Zaharah, C.F.Ishak, M.M.Hanafi,,
N.Nejat,
A.Sharifkhani and Elucidating
the
P.
M.Sahebi, Azizi,
expression
2013. of
zinc
transporters involved in zinc uptake by upland rice landraces in Malaysia. Advances in Environmental Biology,7(14): 4854- 4857.
52 September 2017
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ORGANIC SEED PRODUCTION M.Ananthi and C.Menaka Department of Seed Science and Technology Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore- 03. Corresponding author mail id:
[email protected]
more time to attack the crop during seed maturation. With these factors playing a role in
conventional
seed
production,
the
challenges for organic seed production are increased. The most compelling reason for using organic seed when growing g organic crops is that seed produced organically causes
less
chemical
impact
on
the
environment. The term “organic seed” means A. Land selection seed produced under an organic system,
Land
should
be
organically
ideally one that is certified. Growing crops managed. for seed requires a longer season since the
Avoid the low lying area to restrict
crop must stay in the field twice as long as a the run off water contamination from conventional crop harvested for grain and conventional farming system. s also for increased monitoring to ensure high
To avoid contamination from wind,
seed quality and purity. Stand Standard production the organic farm shall be separated of seeds requires chemical herbicides, from conventional farm by live fence insecticides, fungicides, and fertilizers. An or manmade organically managed increase in the amount of chemical products crop can be maintained as buffer used on seed crops may occur due to the zone. length of time the crops remain in the field. As a result, plant diseases ases and insects get 53 September 2017
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A buffer zone of at least 3 meters shall
be
maintained
conventional entional
between
and
holding capacity to allow for uniform
organic
germination
management land.
The equipment or implements used
cleaned before use.
continued
The beds should be raised and shaped depending on rainfall.
C. Soil fertilization
Crops should be rotated to reduce
Itt is important that the fertility of the
pest problems and any potential for
soil is improved when producing
seed
organically since chemical fertilizers
contamination
by
open
pollination with similar species types.
and
vegetative growth.
for organic management shall be
The soil should have good waterwater
The seed production field should not
cannot be used.
To ensure good soil fertility and
have known weed problems that are
fewer soil borne diseases, crop
too
rotation, use of a cover crop, green
difficult
to
control
through
organic means
manure
crops,
mulch,
animal ani
compost, and plant material compost B. Land preparation
Soil should be tilled to ensure a fine seed bed, which is critical for
can be used. D. Choice of crop and varieties
Any crop of variety/hybrid except
germination, particularly with smallsmall
genetically modified organisms/crop
seeded crops.
which suits to the location shall be used or grown.
54 September 2017
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Pest and disease resistant varieties
The plant leaf extract was prepared
are mostly preferred
by grinding the fresh leaf with water. The
E. Seeds and planting material
leaf powder was prepared from dried leaves.
Seeds/planting material used
from
shall
organically
be
certified
source.
untreated
seeds
from
conventional farm shall be used for first year and for or subsequent years organic seeds shall be used.
The dried rhizomes izomes are powdered and used for seed treatment. The chemical
In case of unavailability of organic seed,
Rhizome powders
substance or active principle present in this powder induced the protection against the insects and pathogens. Seed/ plant oil: The oil extracted from seed and
In case of growing other varieties which are not grown in the first year, chemically untreated conventional material shall be used.
plant parts are used for seed tre treatment Name of the plants and parts Common
Scientific
Parts
name
name
used
Arappu
Genetically
engineered
seeds,
pollen, transgenic plants or plant materials shall not be allowed
F. Plants used for seed treatment Plant leaf extract and leaf powder
Albizia
Leaf
amara Pungum
Neem
Karuvel
Pongamia
Leaf/
pinnata
Seed
Azadirachta
Leaf/
indica
Seed
Acacia
Leaf
nilotica Prosopis
Prosopis
Leaf
juliflora May flower
Delonix regia
Leaf
55 September 2017
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Hariyali
Cyanodon
grass
dactylon
Hibicus
Hibiscus
Leaf
Soapnut
Mentha
Seed
trifoliatus Leaf
Jamun
rosasinensis Mint
Sapindus
Syzygium
Seed
cuminii Leaf
spicata Milk weed
Calotropis
Leaf
G. Rouging
procea Mahendi
Lowsonia
Leaf
inermis Notchi
Vitex
remove the off types from both in Leaf
male and female lines during hybrid
negundo Sambangi
Telosma
Leaf
seed production.
minor Drumstick
Moringa
Leaf
oleifera Tamarind
Tamarindus
H. Weed, pest and disease management Leaf
indica Bougainvillea
Bougainvillea
Rouging at periodical intervals to
Management of weeds and pests is
Leaf
critical to ensure that organically produced seeds have high yield and
spp. Basella
Basella ruba
Leaf
Beetroot
Beta vulgaris
Leaf
Marigold
Tagetus
Leaf
erectus Opuntia
Opuntia spp.
Garlic
Allium
quality.
Leaf
mulching with plant residues and
Rhizome
sativum Turmeric
Curcumba
other fully biodegradable materials, Rhizome
livestock grazing and hand weeding
longa Vasambu
Acorus
Weed can be managed through
Rhizome
coupled with mechanical cultivation.
calamus Chilli
Capsicum
Seed
annum Sikkai
Acacia
The seed crop is in the field for a long period of time, there are many
Seed
concinna
56 September 2017
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opportunities for multiple pathogens
to interact with a single crop.
I. Harvesting, threshing and drying
to
All seeds should be single units and
their individual temperature/humidity
should be done first.
requirements.
Method of harvesting depends on
Generally moisture content should be below 12% for storage.
When harvesting dry--seeded crops, seed shattering must be prevented
K. Organic Seed Certification
because
In simplified terms, the National Organic
seed after
harvest the
crop
generally reaches
physiological maturity.
Program Standards require for crop farms:
3 years (36 months prior to harvest)
To reduce shattering, the stalks of
with no application of prohibited
the plant need to be cut while
materials (no
stillgreen green and field dried, allowing for
synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, or
uniform seed maturation.
GMOs) prior to certification
J. Cleaning and Storage
evaluated
Harvesting the male parents line
occurs
be
all should be stored according to
the type of seed being produced.
should
determine the physical purity.
They
Once seeds are harvested, threshed
Proactive
steps
to
prevent
contamination from adjoining land uses
and extracted.
57 September 2017
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Implementation of an organic system
prohibited hibited synthetic materials, such
plan,
as fungicides)
with
proactive
fertility
management systems; conservation
measures;
environmentally
and
sound
manure,
crops
weed, disease, and pest
Use
of
natural
inputs
and/or
maintain
or
condition of the soil,
the National List, provided that
minimize
proactive management practices are
implement mplement
implemented
rotations
prior
to
use
improve
the
physical, chemical, and biological
of
Fertility
soil soil
erosion,
and
building
crop
management
must
not
No use of prohibited substances , no
contaminate crops, soil or water with
use
plant nutrients, pathogens, heavy
of
genetically
engineered
organisms (GMOs), defined in the rule as “excluded methods” and no
metals or prohibited substances
use of sewage sludge or irradiation
Must
approved synthetic substances on
approved inputs
Restrictions on the use of raw manure and compost
management practices.
Use of organic seedlings for annual
Use
of
organic
seeds,
when
commercially available (must not use seeds treated with
Maintenance
of
buffer
zones
depending on risk of contamination
No field burning to d dispose of crop residues
and
no
residues
of
prohibited substances exceeding 5% of the EPA tolerance.
58 September 2017
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Organic agriculture with organic seed
food and by-product product that affect their health
includes growing of crops by a set of
though the toxicity depends to some extent
guidelines that prohibit the use of synthetic
of the type of food consumed
products/ chemicals such as fertilizer,
References
pesticides and herbicides. Therefore, soil
https://www.researchgate.net
fertility and pest management is achieved
orgprints.org/6633/1/pr orgprints.org/6633/1/proceedings_berlin_sy
through
cropping
patterns
(rotations,
mposium.pdf
inter/mix-crops, crops, pest and disease-resistant disease genotypes), organic
manure re manures
(green
manure,
and
compost),
biofertilizers, cultural practices (weeding, planting,
conventional
biopesticides,
including
tillage) plant
and derived
products. At present this system seems to
.
be an ideal and valid solution to produce seeds eeds
aside
with
the
agriculture
production. The overuse of plant growth regulator, pesticides and fertilizer for faster growth of agriculture produce is detrimental to human health and environment as a whole. Further, consumers are becoming conscious and critical about the quality of
59 September 2017
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FIELD INSPECTION IN SEED
Verification of Isolation.
PRODUCTION
Checking of planting method
M.Ananthi and C.Menaka
followed i.e planting ratio, border
Department of Seed Science and
rows, in case hybrid seed
Technology
production.
Tamil Nadu Agricultural University,
Coimbatore- 03.
plants and other mechanical
Corresponding author mail id:
contaminants.
[email protected]
Field inspection Field
Guidance to seed growers.
Crop stage for field inspection as
The number of field inspection required
inspection of standing crop in seed field by
to be conducted depends upon the nature
the
and pollination behaviour of the seed crop.
seed
Inspection
Rouging of off types, diseased
certification
is
defined
officer
or
field
inspection of SSCA to confirm isolation,
genetically purity and timely rouging of contamination and other agronomical seed
inspections.\
production ction practices for their fulfillment of prescribed standards (or) norms of SCA.
Verification of seed source.
Verification of cropping history of land for processing season or year.
ften crops pollinated crops 2 to 3 inspections.
Objective of Field Inspection:
Self pollinated crops – 2
Cross pollinated crops. Hybrids – 4 inspections.
Procedure for field inspection
Field inspections of seed plots be carried without pre intimation to the
60 September 2017
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seed grower so as to ascertain
seed plot while taking the field
whether the seed grower is regularly
counts in all directions. Inspect
carrying rouging and other essential
adjacent
items of work.
isolation requirement.
During
1st
inspection
c check
all
Count off types, volunteer plants and
stage source of seed used, (tags,
each count and record them.
While taking count, barren rows or
of the seed plot registered for
long gaps if noticed need not be
certification, cropping history of the
included in the count.
Give guidance to seed producer or
Move on all sides of the plot for
his representative about Rouging, off
confirming whether the seed plot
types plant protec protection, harvesting.
meets isolation requirement. In case
for
other contaminants observed during
seed plot.
wastelands
information of about species, variety
labels, seed bags, cash memo) area
fields,
At the end of each inspection field
of doubt, measure the area of seed
inspector fill inspection report. ( In
plot and also distance between seed
prescribed proforma in appendix II)
plot and contamination field.
in Quadruplicate and handover send
Draw a rough map of the seed plot
green copy to seed producer or his
showing location.
represented and yellow copy to Div
During every field inspection, every
SCO office and pink copy co to district
part of the seed plot should be
seed certification office. Retain white
covered. For this walk across the
copy as record.
61 September 2017
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during
Appropriate stages for field inspection of
previous
inspection.
seed plots
Stages of
Inspection
Key Points to be
Crop
number
Observed
Sowing to
I
Pre-
Varietals
for different specific requirements
being inspected.
Verification
of
Post
source of seed.
flowering
Land Requirement.
May be III,
IV, or V
Stage
II,III,IV
the of
and Pre-
observation
made
Isolation distance.
harvest
in earlier inspection.
Planting ratio and
Stage
Rouging and taking field counts.
of hybrid seed plot.
May be
Confirm correctness
border rows in case
Flowering
for
prescribed for crop
eligibility
for verification.
flowering
Taking field counts
Issue of instruction
Area of seed plot.
to seed grower for
Check
harvesting,
of
factors
which were noticed
threshing,
during
packing,
pre pre-
bulk storage
flowering,
and
inspection.
to seed processing
Confirm
contamination
and
transportation
plant.
isolation
from the source of
drying,
Post
Last
Estimate seed yield.
Verify in seed crops
plot and calculation
harvest
involving
two
of area rejected if
stage
parents that male
any on account of
parent rows have
isolation
been
separately
requirement.
and
completely
Confirm observation
harvested
on planting rations,
removed from the
border,
field and to seal if
rows,
and
rouging of off types,
necessary
diseased
harvested male row
pollen
plants,
produce.
shedders,
detassel detasseling
made
the
Verify that the crop
62 September 2017
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from
the
rejected
area
due
to
inadequat isolation inadequate or poor rouging has been
separately
and
completely
harvested
and
removed from the field and to seal if needed the produce so harvested.
Avoidance admixture
of of
any
type of contaminant at
field
stage
threshing yard etc.
Sealing of threshed pr produce after initial cleaning and drying.
Instruction seed sale
to
the
grower
for
storage
and
transportation.
References
agriinfo.in/default.aspx?page=topic&superid =3&topicid=2305
63 September 2017
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ORGANIC SOURCES OF PLANT
concentration of nutrients, manures can be
NUTRIENTS
grouped into two
M.Ananthi, R.Sathya Priya and K.Brindha Tamil Nadu Agricultural University,
1. Bulky organic manures and 2. Concentrated organic manures.
Coimbatore – 03
A. BULKY ORGANIC MANURES
Corresponding author
Contain small percentage of nutrients
e-mail mail id :
[email protected]
and they are applied in large quantities.
Plant nutrients are essentially supplied
Farm yard manure, compost and green
through manures and fertilizers. Manures
manure are the most important and widely
are organic in nature and applied in large
used bulky organic manures.
quantities. They are also called as organics
1. Farm yard manure
or organic manures. The term manure was
Farmyard
manure
consists
of
used originally for denoting materials like
decomposed mixture of dung and urine of
cattle manure and other bulky natural
farm animals along with litter and left over
substances that were applied to land, with
material from roughages or fodder fed to the
the object of increasing the production of
cattle. In India, FYM generally contains 0.5
crops. ps. Fertilizers are inorganic or synthetic
% N, 0.2 % P2O5 and 0.5 % K2O depending
and the nutrient content is higher than in
upon the type of animals and nature of feed.
manures.
Urine contains 1 % N and 1.35 % K2O.N
Manures are defined as the plant and animal wastes which are used as sources of plant
nutrients.
On
the
basis
present in urine is mostly in the form of urea which is subjected to volatilization losses.
of
64 September 2017
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2. Compost
5. Sheep and goat manure
The compost made from the farm
The droppings of sheep and goat
waste like sugarcane trash, rice straw,
contain 3 % N, 1 % P2O5 and 2 % K2O. It is
weeds and other plants. It contains 0.5 % N,
applied to the field in two ways. The
15.0 % P2O5 and 0.5% K2O. Rice straw, the
sweepings of sheep and goat sheds are
most readily available material in rice
placed in pits for decomposition and applied
growing area is a good source of silica.
later to the field. Sheep penning wherein
3. Night soil (or Poudrette)
sheep and goats are ar allowed to stay
Night soil is human excreta, both
overnight in the field and urine and fecal
solid and liquid. It contains 5.5 % N, 4.0 %
matter is added to soil.
P2O5 and 2.0 % K2O. The dehydration of
6. Poultry manure
night soil, as such or after admixture with
Poultry manure contains 3.03 % N,
absorbing materials e.g., soil, ash, charcoal
2.63 % P2O5 and 1.4 % K2O.Litter is the
and saw dust produces a poudrette that can
straw, peat, sawdust, dry leaves etc. are
be
poudrette
used as bedding material for farm animals an
contains 1.32 % N, 2.8 % P2O5 and 4.1 %
and birds .It absorbs urine and feces
K2O.
voided animals and birds.
4. Biogas sludge and slurry
7. Green manuring
used
easily
as
manure
The residue from biogas plants
Green undecomposed plant material
makes good fertilizer, rich in all crop
used as manure is called as green manure.
nutrients. It is already composted and can
It is obtained in two ways,
be used directly in the field.
65 September 2017
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1. By growing green manure crops in
8. Vermicompost
the field and incorporating ng it in its green
Compost that is prepared with the
stage in the same field. It is called green
help of earthworms is called Vermicompost.
manuring.
Three species of earthworms used for
2. Green leaf manuring is the
vermicomposting
are
Eisenia
foetida,
application of green leaves and twigs of
Eudrillus euginase and Perionyx excavatus.
trees, shrubs and herbs collected from
It is generally rich in mixture of major and
elsewhere
minor nutrients. It contains 3.0 % N, 1.0 %
especially
wasteland
fields,
bunds and forests to the field.
P2O5 and 1.5 % K2O. Application of
Nutrient trient content of important green manure
verrmicompost increase the total microbial
and green leaf manure crops Plant
Scientific name
population of nitrogen fixing bacteria and Nutrient content (%) on air dry basis
N actinomycetes.
P2O5 Presence
of
K earthworm
Green manure crops Sunhemp
Crotalaria juncea
Dhaincha
Sesbania aculeata
Sesbania
Sesbania speciosa
Green leaf manure crops
2.30in aerating the 0.50 helps soil. 3.50
0.60
2.76Concentrated 0.28 organic
Pongania
Pongamia glabra
3.31
Neem
Azadirachta indica
Gulmohur
Delonix regia
Weeds
ORGANIC 2.21
MANURES
Gliricidia sepium
Peltophorum ferrugenum
1.20
B. 2.71 CONCENTRATED 0.53
Gliricidia
Peltophorum
1.80
higher 2.83
4.60have manures
0.44
nutrients 0.28 than
2.39
bulky
organic 0.35
2.76
0.46
0.50
manures. 2.63
0.37
0.50
1.45
1. Bird guano
Parthenium
Parthenium hysterophorus
2.68
0.68
Water hyacinth
Eichhornia crassipes
3.01
0.90
Trianthema
Trianthema portulacastrum
2.64
0.43
Ipomoea
Ipomoea
Calotrophis
Calotropis gigantea
Cassia
Cassia fistula
0.15 The excreta and dead remains of the 1.30
2.01It contains 7.00.338.0 % N, 11.00.40 birds. – 14.0 2.06
0.54
%P % K2O. 2O5 and 2.0 – 3.0 1.60 0.24
0.31 1.20
66 September 2017
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2. Fish guano The
refuse
8. Calcined bone left
over
after
the
extraction of oil from the fish in factories, is dried in paved yards and used as manure
It contains 37.0 % P2O5. 9. Oil cakes After oil is extracted from oil seeds, the
and it contains 7.0 % N and 8.0 % P2O5.
remaining solid portion is dried a cake which
3. Fish manure
can be used as manure. The oil cakes are
It contains 4.0 – 10.0 % N, 3.0 – 9.0 % P2O5 and 0.3 – 1.5 % K2O. 4. Raw Bone meal It contains 3.0 – 4.0 % N and 20.0 – 25.0 % P2O5. 5. Streamed Bone meal It contains 1.0 – 2.0 % N and 25.0 –
of two types a. Edible oil cakes It can be safely fed to livestock. e.g. groundnut cake, coconut cake. b. Non - edible oil cakes It cannot be fit for feedi feeding livestock and can be used as manuresespecially for
30.0 % P2O5.
horticultural crops. e.g. Castor cake,neem
6. Bone meal
cake, mahua cake.
It contains 13.0 - 20.0 % N, rich in
Average nutrient content of oil cakes Nutrient content
iron and its application ation gives a deep rich Oil cakes
N
P
K
4.3
1.8
1.3
3.9
1.8
1.6
Karanj cake
3.9
0.9
1.2
Mahua cake
2.5
0.8
1.2
Safflower cake (Undecorticated)
4.9
1.4
1.2
Non edible oil cakes
colour to the foliage, much appreciated by Castor cake
ornamental gardeners.
Cotton
seed
cake
(Undecorticated)
7. Meat meal / Meat guano / tankage It contains 8.0 – 9.0 % N and 7.0 %
Edible oil cakes
P2O5.
Coconut cake
3.0
1.9
1.8
Cotton seed cake (decorticated)
6.4
2.9
2.2
Groundnut cake
7.3
1.5
1.3
67 September 2017
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Linseed
4.9
1.4
1.3
Niger cake
4.7
1.8
1.3
Rape seed cake
5.2
1.8
1.2
Safflower cake (decorticated)
7.9
2.2
1.9
Sesame cake
6.2
2.0
1.2
Biofertilizers Biofertilizers
are
defined
as
preparations containing living cells or latent cells of efficient strains of microorganisms that help crop plants uptake of nutrients by their interactions in the rhizosphere when applied
through
seed
or
soil.
They
accelerate certain microbial processes in the soil which augment the extent of availability of nutrients in a form eas easily assimilated by plants. Biofertilizers are cost effective,
eco-friendly friendly
and
renewable
sources of plant nutrients to supplement chemical fertilizers. Biofertilizers also play a vital role in maintaining long term soil fertility and sustainability. References https://www.researchgate.net agritech.tnau.ac.in 68 September 2017
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SEED PRODUCTION TECHNIQUES OF CUCURBITS
systems and also as popular kitchen garden crops.
V.Rajasree1*, T. Shanmugasundaram2 and
total vegetable production of India and
J.RenugaDevi3 1Assistant
Cucurbits share about 5.6 % of the
Professor, 2Research Associate
according to FAO estimate, cucurbits were cultivated on about 4,290,000 ha with the
and 3Professor
productivity of 10.52 t/ha. According to an Department of Vegetable Crops, HC & RI,
estimate, India will need to produce 215,000
Tamil Nadu Agricultural University,
t of vegetables by 2015 to provide food and an
Coimbatore - 641003, Tamil Nadu.
nutritional security at individual level and,
Corresponding author:
being a large group of vegetable, cucurbits
[email protected]
provide better scope to enhance overall productivity and production production.
Introduction Cucurbits
are
vegetable
crops
belonging to family ly Cucurbitaceae, which primarily comprise species consumed as food worldwide. The Cucurbitaceae consists of about 125 genera and 960 species, mainly in regions of tropical and subtropical. Although most of them originated in old world, many species originated ated in the new world and at least seven genera in both hemispheres. Cucurbits are consumed in various
forms i.e.,
salad
(cucumber,
gherkins, long melon), sweet (ashgourd, pointed gourd), pickles (gherkins), desserts (melons) and culinary purpose. Some of them e.g. bittergourd are well known for
Climatic requirement : Cucurbits are warm season crops that grow best from 210c to 320c. Freezing ing kills the plants & cool weather below 160c slows or stops growth. Cucurbit seed germinates & emerges within a short period of 4 days at a soil temperature of 250c and from 6 to 12 days at 200c.
Most cucurbit seed do not
germinate well below 160c. Cucurbit seed is relatively
less
vigorous
&
stand
establishment is not a problem if proper soil preparation,
temperature
&
moisture
condition are met (Obshatko and Shabalina, 1984).
their unique medicinal properties. In India, a number of major and minor cucurbits are cultivated in several commercial cropping
Land and soil requirement : The land should be free of volunteer plants. The soil of selected fields should be well drained and
69 September 2017
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aerated. Cucurbits are grown successfully in
Time of planting, spacing & seed rate
many kinds of soil from sandy to heavy
requirements of cucurbits
clays and it is fairly tolerant to acid soils. It prefers pH 6.0 to 7.0. Soil temperature 55 to
Crop
600F and should have mode moderate to high
Jan.-Feb.; Feb.; June June-
organic matter. Prepare the field to a good tilth by one deep ploughing, two to three
Cucumber
seed
October-
Jan.-Feb.; Feb.; June-
from
source approved by a seed certification
July;
November
harrowing followed by leveling. Obtain nucleus/breeder/foundation
Time of planting
Bittergourd
agency.
July; September – October
Spacing (cm)
Seed rate (kg/ha)
120-150 x 100-
4-5
120
100-150 x 100-
5-6
120
Jan.-Feb.; Feb.; June
Isolation : The cucurbits are cross cr pollinated in
nature
and
honeybees
are
Bottlegourd
major
Ridgegourd
July; October-
Spongegourd
Jan.-Feb.; Feb.; JuneJune July; April – July;
Sl. No. 1
Crop
Snakegourd
Cucumber
1000
Certified
OctoberNovember
Minimum distance (m) Foundation
3-6
200 x 100
4-5
November
varieties, fields of the same variety not
Isolation distance
200
Jan.-Feb.; Feb.; JuneJune
isolation distance all around seed field is
confirming to varietal purity requirement.
December December-
250 x
January
pollinator, thus for pure seed production an
necessary to separate it from fields of other
July
Roundgourd
500 Watermelon
Jan.-Feb.; Feb.; May MayJune Jan.-Feb.; Feb.; April
100 x 50
250 x 200
120 x 60 200 x
4-5
5-6
3-5
5-6
2
Bittergourd
1000
500
3
Bottlegourd
1000
500
4
Ridgegourd
1000
500
5
Spongegourd
1000
500
6
Roundgourd
1000
500
7
Watermelon
1000
500
Planting : There are two methods, which are
8
Muskmelon
1000
500
generally used for sowing of cucurbits.
9
Pumpkin
1000
500
Muskmelon
Pumpkin
– May Jan.-March; March; April-May Jan.-Feb.; Feb.; June JuneJuly
150 200 x 100-150 200 x 100-150
4-5
6-8
Pits are prepared at proper spacing by adding well-rotted rotted farmyard manure 70
September 2017
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and a number of seeds are sown on
pollen throughout the fflowering period.
each hill.
Female flowers appear after the early flesh
Furrows are made at row to row
of male flowers. Following pollination, seed
spacing & seeds are sown on the edge
develop within the fruit of the fertilized
of the furrows rows 60 to 90 cm apart on
female or perfect flowers. 2 to 3 hives per
both sides, above the water level so
acre for gynoecious types. Flowers open for
that capillary movement receives the
one day. Bee activity activi greatest in the
water. Two-three three seeds may be sown
morning to early afternoon. Wet, cool
at each place (Vanangamudi, et al.,
conditions reduce bee activity and causes
2012).
poor fruit set. Bees placed too early go elsewhere.
Thinning
Apply insecticides late in the
day or at night when there is little or no bee
When the seed is sown on hills, the
activity. Multiple visits of eight or more visits
plants should be thinned, so that not more
per flower are required. Poor pollination is
than three plants are left standing on each
the main cause of fruit abortion, misshapen
hill. When sown along the furrows, the
fruit, or poor fruit set.
plants at each hill are thinned to one or two. Irrigation
Fruit set and development
The irrigation may be given at the
Set progressively at the nodes.
time of sowing and life irrigation at 3 days
Developing fruit at the lower nodes may
after sowing and subsequent sequent irrigation is
inhibit or delay fruit at subsequent nodes.
given at an intervals of 5 to 7 days
Number of seeds produced in each fruit is
depending upon soil moisture conditions.
related with size and shape of the fruit.
Excessive supply of water at maturity reduced the storage life of the fruit.
Weed management
Plant and flower development
The first weeding may be given 15 –
Cucurbit flower buds begin to appear
20 days after sowing. Generally three
several nodes s above the cotyledons &
weedings are enough. Better weed control
develop into either male (staminate) or
was
female (pistillate) flowers. The first flowers
Fluchloralin @ 2.0 kg a.i. /ha and Alachlor
produced are usually male. The plant
or Butachlor @ 2.5 kg a.i. / ha.
obtained d
by
the
application
of
produces many more male than female or perfect flowers to ensure an ample supply of
71 September 2017
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Field inspection
Specific requirements Maximum permitted
Foundation seed and certified seed A minimum of four inspections shall
Sl.No
(%)
Factor
be made. 1. Before flowering.
1
Off types
0.10
0.20
2
Objectionable
None
None
0.01
0.05
None
0.05
-
0.10
Features observed during
weed plants
roguing
Hybrids
Fruit shape, colour, rind colour,
1
skin (netted/plain), flesh colour (orange/red), TSS and cavity
2
3
flesh colour (red/yellow/white). Long melon
Fruit shape, colour, bitterness
Cucumber
Fruit shape, colour, presence of spines, spines colour, colour ofripen
fruit
(green,
yellow,
colour.
shape,
Pollen shedders
in
seed parent
Crop maturation / Maturity of fruit Cucurbits takes fairly long time to
white or orange)
(Squash,
Off-type in pollen parent
Fruit shape, colour, rind colour,
Fruit
Off-type in seed parent
size.
Pumpkin
seed
variety
4. Maturity stage.
Watermelon
seed
pollinated
3. Fruit developing stage.
Muskmelon
Certified
Open
2. Flowering stage.
Crop
Foundation
colour,
flesh
attain harvestable maturity. The maximum period is required in crops like pumpkin, ashgourd
summer)
and
watermelon,
however,
Gourds (Bottle
Fruit shape, colour, stripe, neck
muskmelon, round melon and bitter gourd
gourd,
etc.
take relatively less time. The maturity also
Bitter
gourd & Luffa
influenced by the environmental factors and
etc.)
crop
management
(trailing
etc.).
The
maturity period d is shorter in summer season than rainy season.
72 September 2017
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Crop
and long melon are cut longitudinally and
Maturity index
Cucumber
Fruit turn pale yellow to
seed
is
scooped
out
while
fruit
of
and summer
golden yellow and attached
muskmelon and pumpkin are cut into two
squash
with plant.
piece and seed is scooped out from cavity. However, in case of watermelon and ash
Pumpkin
Watermelon
seeds
gourd whole central portion are manually
inside the shell break readily
scooped out and macerated to separate the
from pulp.
seed from pulp. In wet method, the seed
Fruits are ready for harvest
extraction is done by three ways :
Fruit
redden
when
they
and
reach
edible
maturity, fruit colour change pale
the fruits are cut into pieces and
yellow of underside of the
macerated by machine. The seeds are
fruit.
separated out from pulp by floating with
Fruit turn to bright yellow.
water. This method is quick, less
from
Bitter gourd
1. Mechanical Extraction: In this method
green/white
to
and snake
expensive and seeds retain good
gourd
lusture, e, but require good amount of At maturity fruit colour ffades
water. This method is applicable in
to straw or pale yellow.
bottlegourd, watermelon, round melon
Sponge
Complete drying/fruit turn to
and ashgourd.
gourd
grey colour.
Bottle gourd
2. Natural
Fermentation: The
scooped
material kept in wooden/plastic or steel Seed Extraction
vessel
for
48
hours
at
room
Dry method: The dried fruits are cut from
temperature and stirred 2-3 2 times and
one side and the seed comes out from the
then seed is washed thoroughly with
fruit e.g. sponge gourd, ridge gourd, bottle
water 2-3 3 times. The main problem with
gourd.
this method are discolouration and poor lusture of seed.
Wet method: This method is employed for
3. Chemical Extraction: 25-30 ml of HCL
seeds extraction of cucumber, muskmelon,
or 8-10 10 ml. of commercial H2SO4 added
watermelon, ash gourd, bitter gourd, round
per 5 kg of pulp and some quantity of
melon
of
water is mixed, stirring of pulp is done
cucumber and bitter gourd, summer squash
to enhance separation and left for 30
and
long
melon.
The
fruit
73 September 2017
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minutes. The impurities will float and seed will sink. The seed should be washed thoroughly with clean water. This is quick method but accuracy of acid and time is important (Agrawal,
Seed standards class
Factors
No.
Foundation
Certified
1
Pure seed (min)
98%
98%
2
Inert matter (min)
2%
2%
5/kg
10/kg
None
None
None
None
1993). 3
Washing
Standards for each
Sl.
4
Seeds are washed slowly with care
Other crop seeds (max) Total weed seeds(max) Objectionable
in the running water. The pieces of rind,
5
coarse material from the seeds and fine
6
Germination (min)
60%
60%
pulp are separated through screening.
7
Moisture (max)
7%
7%
6%
6%
8
Yield Avg Crop
Avg fruit
seed
yield (q/ha)
yield
For vapour proof containers (max)
Processing
References
(kg/ha)
Agrawal, R.L. (1993). Seed Technology
Cucumber
100-200
400 400-500
Bittergourd
80-120
100 100-120
Bottlegourd
150-200
300 300-500
Ridgegourd
100-120
200 200-250
16/64”
Spongegourd
100-120
200 200-250
round
Roundgourd
100-150
100 100-120
perforated
Watermelon
300-400
metal sieve 200 200-300
Muskmelon
120-150
150 150-200
Pumpkin
250-350
400 400-500
Ashgourd
250-300
80--100
100
200
Snakegourd
weed seeds (max)
Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi. Pp. 215. Obshatko, L.A and Shabalina, L.P. (1984). In
:Termonezistentnort
I
ProducktivonstSel’ skokhozyaistvennykhRastenni Petrozavodsk, USSR, 113 - 19. Vanangamudi, K. et al., 2012 (2nd edition). Advances in Seed Science and Technology. Volume 2. Quality seed production in vegetables. Pp. 395 -
Fruit to seed recovery (%) Bittergourd : 30, Snakegourd : 15 1516,
Ribbedgourd
:
513.
13-14, 13
Ashgourd/Pumpkin : 1.0-1.3, 1.3, Water melon : 10-15, Bottlegourd : 40-50, 50, Spongegourd : 48-50. 74 September 2017
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GRAFTING OF VEGETABLES FOR
technique
ABIOTIC STRESS TOLERANCE
for
induce
plant
vigor
and
reducing the yield losses caused by abiotic stress.
R. Kalaiselvi1, M. Rajasekar2, P. Deivasigamani.
Introduction
Senior Research Fellow1, Research Associate2
The horticulture production of the
Precision Farming Development Centre, Agricultural Engineering College and
country is estimated to be around 287
Research Institute, Ph. D Scholar3, Dept. of Fruit Crops, HC & RI,
million tonnes. Among horticultural crops vegetable are important part of human diet
Tamil Nadu Agricultural University,
which provide a source of many nutrients
Coimbatore – 641 003.
and also reduces a risk of many chronic Abstract
diseases. ases.
Vegetable crops are very important due e to their higher yield potential, low production cost and higher nutritional value. Vegetables exposed to various stress leads to stunted growth and severe loss in terms of both fruit yield and quality. Unfavorable environmental growth owth
conditions
stages
determining Grafting
play
a
productivity
technique
for
during major of
plant
role
crop
in
yield.
vegetables
is
considered to be an environmentally friendly
Production
of
vegetables
is
estimated to be around 168.6 million tonnes. Abiotic stress represents the most important limiting factors for plant growth and horticultural
productivity worldwide.
Selection and breeding of cultivars can able to produce economic yield by developing tolerance under stress condition but it was a slow method also with limited success. Alternative strategies to improve abiotic stress
tolerance
are
important
one.
Consequently grafting in vegetables may 75
September 2017
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represent a viable alternative native to stress tolerance.
Grafting in vegetables
Among the vegetables, grafting is mostly
practiced
in
Solanaceae
and
Grafted tomato
Grafted melon
seedlings
seedlings
Cucurbitaceous vegetables. To met well balanced diet and nutrition requirement of people around worldwide Solanaceae and Cucurbitaceous family plays a major role
Abiotic stress tolerance
which paves a way for higher demand and Vegetables are often exposed to also named as a high valued crops which various environmental stress viz., Salinity, are grown under green house condition. drought,
low
and
high
temperature,
Grafting of vegetables with productive scion alkalinity, flooding, heavy metal and trace on compatible rootstocks provide a greater elements. Improvement in growth and yield tolerance for various stress conditions of of
tomato,
brinjal,
cucumber
and
plants. Tomato and brinjal are mostly watermelon were obtained in many grafting grafted by cleft/wedge grafting or side combinations which are grown under saline grafting. Cucurbits are grafted by any one of conditions. Thus, grafted plants are able to these methods viz,. Tongue approach, hole improve
salinity
tolerance,
especially
insertion, one cotyledon and side grafting. through a reduction of accumulation of salt ions into the shoot. Improvement in water
76 September 2017
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and nutrient uptake was enhanced by
used for resistance against both low and
rootstocks of grafted plants helps for better
high temperature. Presence of linolenic linole acid
growth and performance of plants under
helps to survival of graft plants under low
water stress condition. It was indicated by
temperature condition. Grafting helps the
higher N, K and Mg concentration in leaves
plants to tolerance to flood and drought. The
of grafted plants. Excessive soil acidity
enhanced tolerance of grafted vegetables
problem
grafting.
has often been associated with the root
Performance of grafted plants in heavy
system. Root characteristics are the t main
metal
was
reason for the alleviation of deleterious
improved by restricts the accumulation of
effects of abiotic stress. In fact, the root
heavy metal contamination in shoot and
systems are the most critical parts of the
leaves through restrict the uptake uptak of heavy
plant when faced with soil soil-related stress
metals and partly mitigation of heavy metals
factors such as salinity, drought and other
by grafting. Boron, copper, cadmium and
stress.
also
can
rectify
contamination
by
condition
manganese toxicity can also be mitigated by grafted vegetables onto suitable rootstocks by restricting uptake of trace elements. It may alleviate or even prevent preven growth and yield decreases due to toxicity. Higher temperature during winter is important for production of vegetables under greenhouse condition. Grafted plants were generally
77 September 2017
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S. N
Conclusion Crop
Rootstock Species
Abiotic stress
Grafting is a non chemical and
o
promising tool to enhance the performance
Solanum lycopersicon,
Flodding,
Tomat
inter-specific hybrids, S.
salinity,
o
lycopersicum x Solanum
drought,
habrochaites, Datura sp.,
alkaline
Solanum torvum, S.
Salinity, heavy
integrifoium, S.
metal
melongena
contamination
support the feasibility of the technique for
High
various abiotic stress tolerances. But the
1.
of vegetables under aboitic stress condition it
reduces
agrochemicals. 2.
3.
Brinjal
Chilli
Sweet pepper
the The
dependence positive
effect
of of
grafting on plant growth and productivity
temperature
selection of appropriate opriate rootstock and scion Cucu
Cucurbita spp., Cucurbita
Salinity, low
mber
ficifolia, Fig leaf gourd
temperature
4.
Largenaria siceraria,
Salinity,
Cucurbita spp., Benincasa
drought,
hispida
alkaline
is very important.
Water 5. melon
Saline and
Cucurbita spp., C. Melon
boron toxicity,
moschata, C. moschata x
6. s
Thermal shock,
C. maxima, Cucumis melo low temperature
Bitter
Luffa spp.
7.
Flooding
gourd
78 September 2017
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NEMATODES IN VEGETABLE CROPS
R. Kalaiselvi1, M. Rajasekar2, R. Deepa3. Senior Research Fellow1, Research Associate2 Precision Farming Development Centre, Agricultural Engineering College and Research Institute, Ph. D Scholar3, Department of Spices, Plantation, Medicinal and Aromatic Crops Horticulture College & Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University,
live plants and are detrimental to the garden. As plant-parasitic parasitic nematodes feed, they damage the root system and reduce the ability of a plant to obtain water and nutrients from the soil. Plant nematodes attack all crops grown worldwide and cause considerable economic yield loss. PlantPlant parasitic nematodes are of great economic importance.
Coimbatore – 641 003.
Types of Nematode in Veg Vegetable crops Introduction Major Types of Nematodes of Vegetable Nematodes
are
unsegmented
Crops
roundworms different from earthworms and other familiar worms. They are very small, microscopic, and colour less, most live hidden in soil, under water, or in the plants or animals they parasitize. Most nematodes are beneficial, feeding on bacteria, fungi, or other microscopic organisms and some may be used as biological control organisms to help
manage
important
insect
pests.
However, plant-parasitic parasitic nematodes feed on
(i)
Root-knot knot
nematodes vegetables
nematodes nematodes:
are
important
belonging
cucurbitaceous,
to
leguminous,
Root-knot pests
of
solanaceous, cruciferous,
okra and several other root and bulb crops. There are 60 species of this genus among this important species are Meloidogyne
incognita,,
Meloidogyne
javanica,
Meloidogyne arenaria and Meloidogyne
79 September 2017
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hapla.
Below
ground
of
reduced size of various shoot parts. On the
Meloidogyne spp. cause severe galling,
surface of infected roots, white to brown
stunting and chlorosis of crops.
bodies of females can be discerned with
Nitrogen
fixing
symptoms
bacteria
cause
naked eyes.
swellings on the roots of most legumes.
(iii) Lesion Nematodes (Pratylenchus spp.):
These swellings called led nodules are easily
The root lesion nematodes are most
distinguished
by
economically important phytonematodes. lt
differences in how they are attached to the
is having a wide host range. However, more
root.
from
than 350 hosts have been recorded. The
infection at the center of root, so they are an
plants show chlorosis, stunting and general genera
integral part of the root whose removal
lack of vigour resulting into wilt. The plant
requires tearing the cortex ex apart but the
form patches or zones in the field. The roots
nitrogen nodules are loosely attached to the
show necrosis and lesions which become
root, and can generally be very easily
ideal for infection of other microorganisms.
removed.
The presence of small brown to black
Root
from
knot
root-knot knot
galls
galls
originated
(ii) Cyst Nematodes (Heterodera spp. and
Globodera
spp):
It
can
see
without
magnification, the young adult females are
lesions on the root surface is the most important mportant symptoms or damage produced by the lesion nematode.
visible as tiny white colour. colou The above
(iv) Reniform Nematodes (Rotylenchulus
ground
these
reniformis): Reniform nematode has wide
associated with root damage and include
host range and associated with large
stunting of shoot, yellowing of foliage and
number
symptoms
resemble
of
vegetables in India. It is 80
September 2017
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considered as pest of great significance
and formation of tunnels in the cortical
after root-knot knot nematode. The nematode is
region.
a semi-endoparasite endoparasite and remains attached to roots. Infected plants show stunting in growth with reduced and discolored root system. Damage during pre and post emergence of seedlings leads to reduction in germination n and crop stand.
(vi) Stem and Bulb Nematode (Ditylenchus
spp.): This nematode commonly attacks onion, garlic, potato, pea and carrot etc. The symptoms of injury differ from different plants ts and different parts of the same plant. Infected
seedlings
become
twisted,
(v) Lance Nematodes (Hoplolaimus spp.):
enlarged and deformed, leading to death of
Lance nematodes parasitize wide hosts.
the plant. The plants become stunted. The
Among nematodes, which are often too
nematode feeds on stem leaves and bulbs
small to be accurately detected by sight, the
and is rarely found in soil.
lance nematode is one of the larger species.
Common Symptoms of Nemat Nematode infection
Sometimes they feed at a partic particular site for a long time with nearly half of the body inside the root system. Damage may show up as patches of yellowing and dying. These symptoms also can be caused by drought
or
nutrient
deficiency.
The
nematode acts as a vagrant endoparasite causing root ot lesions, thickening of cell wall
Above-ground ground symptoms symptoms: Since most plant nematodes
affect
root
functions,
most
symptoms associated with them are the result of inadequate water supply or mineral nutrition to the tops.
chlorosis or other
abnormal coloration of foliage, stunted stunt top growth, fertilizers,
failure to respond
normally to
small or sparse foliage,
a
81 September 2017
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tendency to wilt more readily than healthy
her white body wall is tanned to a tough
plants, and slower recovery from wilting.
brown capsule containing several hundred
Woody plants in advanced stages of decline
eggs.
caused by nematodes may exhibit dieback die of progressively larger branches. Plantings
Management of Nematode Problem in Vegetable Crops
stunted by nematodes often have worse weed problems than areas without them because the crop is less able than it should
Soil Solarization: Solarization Soil solarization is a process of using heat from the sun to kill nematodes and other pests.
be to compete with weeds.
Remove Below-ground
symptoms::
For
diagnose
nematode problem below ground round symptom may be more useful. Galls caused on roots by root-knot knot nematodes, roots
or
abbreviated
stunted root growth,
62
necrotic
lesions in the root cortex, and root rotting may
all
be
symptoms
of
nematode
problems. An experienced observer can often see cyst nematodes (Heterodera,
Globodera and Cactodera spp.) on the roots of their hosts without magnification. The young adult females are visible as tiny white beads. After a female cyst nematode dies,
all
sticks,
roots,
and
clumps. The soil should be moist but not wet. Cover the soil with a clear plastic tarp and bury the edges of the plastic. Leave the plastic on the soil for at least 4 to 6 weeks. Do not remove the plastic until you are ready to plant. Sunlight goes through the clear plastic plast and heats the soil underneath. Long-term Long exposure to high temperature kills nematodes, as well as many weeds, fungi, and insect pests. The disinfested zone is usually 6 to 8 inches deep. Do not till 82
September 2017
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or mix the soil after solarization. That
Flooding:: Flooding may sometimes
may
just
be used to help reduce numbers of
from
nematode pests. It is practical practic only
reinfest
solarized
the
with
soil
you
nematodes
below the treated zone.
where the water level
Crop rotation: Many nematodes, soil-borne borne disease organisms and insects can reproduce and survive on only a few plants. Rotation to non-host host
crops
may
interrupt
nematode reproduction and allow natural mortality factors to reduce
can be
controlled easily and maintained at a high
level
for
several
weeks.
Flooding probably kills nematodes by providing a long period without host plants rather than by some direct
physical
effect
on
the
nematodes.
their numbers. By carefully planning
Fallowing:: Fallowing is leaving a
the sequence of crops to be planted
field with no plants on it for a
in a particular field it may be
prolonged
possible to avoid excessive build-up build
nematodes. Most nematodes will
of pests of all of the major cash
decrease after a period of time
crops in the cycle.
without plants on which to feed.
Resistance and Tolerance: Tolerance Some
Use
vegetable varieties are marketed as
Organic amendments can be added
“nematode-resistant.” resistant.”
Cultivation
to soil as compost, compo manure, green
using these resistant varieties can
manure, or other materials. Organic
use to control nematode infestation.
matter can help prevent nematode
of
period
Organic
to
starve
Amendments Amendments:
83 September 2017
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damage
in
several
ways.
The
the resistant cover crop, its numbers
organic matter increases the ability
will decline over time. Nematode
of the soil to hold water and
damage to the next crop will be less
nutrients,
and
it
severe due to the lower population
structure.
This
makes
improves
soil
a
better
environment for most plants and can help the plants survive in spite of the nematodes. Organic amendments can also increase natural enemies of nematodes
that
suppress
nematode
populations.
the Some
organic amendments can release chemicals or gases that are toxic to the nematodes.
densities.
Managing Planting time: time Nematode activity slows as soil temperatures drop.
Therefore, efore,
annual
plants
grown in cooler months do not suffer as much from nematodes as those grown in warmer months. Become familiar
with
the
temperature
requirements of the plant and grow as early as possible in the spring or
Cover Crops:: A cover crop is a crop
as late as possible in the fall. Older
that is not harvested. Instead it is
transplants
planted in the season between
resistant to nematodes than younger
harvestable crops. Select a cover
transplants, so older transplants
crop that is resistant to the kind of
should
nematode
that
infested soil.
concerned
about.
you
are
Because
most the
nematode cannot nnot reproduce well on
be
generally
used
in
are
more
nematodenematode
Soil Tillage and Root Destruction Destruction: Roots left in the soil can continue to 84
September 2017
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live
and
support
nematode
nematodes hatch, they migrate to
reproduction. duction. Therefore, as soon as
the growing roots of the trap crops. cr
the crop is harvested, pull up all
The nematodes enter the plants and
plants and get rid of them. Till the
are killed because they can't set up
soil with a rototiller or hoe and
successful feeding sites. Marigold is
remove all roots that might harbor
a potential trap crop in potato and
nematodes. Exposure to sunlight
rice against nematodes and snails,
and drying kills
nematodes, so
respectively. Marigolds are known to
working the soil several seve times can
be particularly effective against root-
help reduce nematode populations.
knot nematode.
Container
Nematicides::
Growing Growing:
Growing
vegetables in containers off of the
Nematicides
sometimes can be very profitable when used correctly in appropriate
ground can help to avoid nematode
situations. Application of carbofuran
problems. Make sure that inspect
3G @ 1kga.i./ha (33 kg/ha).
transplant roots for root-knot root galls.
Carefully combining many of the
Also use clean potting media. Do not
following practices into an integrated
mix potting g media with native soil or
nematode
you might contaminate it.
often will help keep nematodes
Trap crops: The roots of the trap
below damaging levels, and improve
crops
that
effectiveness of nematicides if they
the
are available and must be used.
produce
stimulate
the
chemicals hatching
of
management
program
nematode cysts in the soil. Once the 85 September 2017
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OVERVIEW OF CLIMATE SMART
change, but agriculture and food security
AGRICULTURE FOR FUTURE
are also threatened by climate change. The
AGRICULTURE
growth of the world population and increase
V. Meenakshi, T. Parthasarathi and V. Anusheela
of income levels has resulted in a increased demand for food. Yet, this demand is increasing faster than ever before because
Department of Agricultural Extension and
the number of middle and high income
Rural Sociology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural
people in the world is growing rapidly.
University, Coimbatore, India.
Climate-Smart Smart Agriculture addresses on the one hand the reduction of the environmental
The Jacob Blaustein Institute of Desert Research, Ben-Gurion Gurion University of the Negev, Israel.
and climate impact of agricultural activity and on the otherr hand the development of food production methods and crops that are
Email:
[email protected]
well
adapted
to
changing
weather
conditions. Global warming may reduce yields, and agriculture causes more than one fifth
(CSA)
may
be
defined
as
an
of the global emission of greenhouse gases.
approach for transforming and reorienting
So, Climate smart agriculture (CSA) is a
agricultural development under the new
necessity.
realities of climate change (Lipper et al. 2014). The most commonly used definition
Sustainably increasing agricultural productivity and grower incomes
Adapting and building ilding resilience to climate change
Reducing
is provided by the Food and Agricultural Organisation of the United Nations ((FAO), which defines CSA as “agriculture that sustainably
and/or
removing
greenhouse gases emissions
increases productivity,
enhances resilience (adaptation adaptation), reduces / removes GHGs (mitigation mitigation) where possible, and enhances achievement of national food
Climate smart agriculture involves
security and development goals”.
using the cropland in an optimal way – ensuring high yields, while avoiding soil depletion.
Concepts of CSA Productivity
greenhouse
CSA aims to sustainably increase
gasses and d therefore contributes to climate
agricultural productivity and incomes from
Agriculture
emits
86 September 2017
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crops, livestock and fish, without having a
leads
negative impact on the environment. This, in
methodology
turn, will raise food and nutritional security.
address water scarcity with more benefits
A key concept related to raising productivity productivi
and environmental safety in the scenario of
is sustainable intensification. For example,
global
the
emission
rice
productivity
was
significantly
increased by solar powered drip irrigation system
with
favourable
root
sustainable for
warming
production
immediate
by
is
rice
an
future
reduced added
to
methane advantage advant
(Parthasarathi et al., 2012).
traits
CSA is not a set of practices that
(Parthasarathi et al., 2017).
can be universally applied, but rather an
Adaptation
approach that involves different elements
CSA aims to reduce the exposure of
embedded in local contexts. CSA relates to
farmers to short-term term risks, while also
actions both on-farm farm and beyond the farm,
strengthening their resilience by building
and incorporates technologies, policies,
their capacity to adapt and prosper in the
institutions
face of shocks and longer--term stresses.
elements which can be
Particular attention is given to protecting
climate-smart smart
the ecosystem
include:
services which ecosystems provide
essential for maintaining productivity and
agricultural
Different
integrated in approaches
1. Management of farms, crops, livestock, aquaculture and capture fisheries to manage resources better, produce more m
our ability to adapt to climate changes.
with less while increasing resilience
Mitigation Wherever and whenever possible, should
help
to
reduce
and/or
remove greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This implies that we reduce duce emissions for each calorie or kilo of food, fibre and fuel that
investment.
to
farmerss and others. These services are
CSA
and
we
produce.
CSA
avoid deforestation from agriculture. CSA
2. Ecosystem and landscape management to conserve ecosystem services that are key to increase at the same time resource efficiency and resilience 3. Services for farmers and land managers to
enable
them
to implement
the
necessary changes
manage soils and trees in ways that maximizes their potential to acts as carbon sinks and absorb CO2 from the atmosphere. Example, rice with micro irrigation practices
Governments and partners seeking to facilitate the implementation of CSA can undertake a range of actions to provide the foundation
for
effective
CSA
across 87
September 2017
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agricultural systems, landscapes and food
journal of Agronomy and Plant Production.
systems. CSA approaches include four
Vol., 3 (7), 241-254.
major types of actions:
Parthasarathi T, Vanitha K, Mohandass
1. Expanding the evidence base and assessment
tools
to
identify
agricultural growth strategies for food security
that
integrate
necessary
S et al. 2017. Variation in rice root traits assessed
by
phenotyping
under
drip
irrigation. F1000Research, 6:125 (doi: 10.12688/f1000research.9938.2 10.12688/f1000research.9938.2).
adaptation and potential mitigation 2. Building
policy
frameworks
and
consensus to support implementation at scale 3. Strengthening institutions
national to
and
enable
local farmer
management of climate risks and adoption
of context-suitable context
agricultural
practices,
technologies
financing
options
and systems 4. Enhancing support
implementation,
to
link linking
climate and agricultural finance.
Reference: https://ccafs.cgiar.org/ Lipper et al., 2014. Climate-smart smart agriculture for food security. Nature Climate Change, 4,1068–1072. 1072. doi:10.1038/nclimate2437. Parthasarathi,
T.,
K.
Lakshamanakumar
and
Vanitha D.
,
P.
Kalaiyarasi.
2012. Aerobic rice-mitigating mitigating water stress for the future climate change. International
88 September 2017
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Low temperature stress management of
regions of marginal adaptation. Conversely,
crops
even the best management systems will not be
T. Parthasarathi1, V. Meenakshi2, V.
successful
unless
highly
adapted
cultivars are available for production. In
Anusheela2 and K. Mohanraj2
other words, genotype establishes crop 1Ben-Gurion Gurion 2Tamil
University of the Negev, Israel
Nadu Agricultural University,
potential and proper management allows the farmer/grower to optimize this potential.
Coimbatore, India. Plant
Email:
[email protected];
[email protected]
production
Mobile: +91 94884 57269
on
survival
and
fringes ringes
of
economic regions
of
adaptation for many species has required the use Low-temperature temperature
is
a
systems
that
is
techniques. For example, the root system is
expressed following exposure of plants to
the most susceptible part of the plant to low
temperatures
temperature
complex
quantitative
that
tolerance
of low-temperature temperature avoidance
character
approach
freezing.
and
refined
damage.
management
Use
of
hardy
Recessive, additive, partial dominant and
rootstocks tstocks and protective mulches are
overdominantt control have all been reported
examples of how orchard managers and
for
gardeners have exploited this knowledge to
genes
conditioning
low-temperature low
tolerance.
over
winter
tender
genetic
stocks
of
economic and ornamental value. Field
Management of low temperature stress
location is also a particularly important The availability of highly adapted cultivars
with
low-temperature low
garden management. Protective techniques
tolerance is considered a prerequisite for
that include the use of windbreaks, snow
successful crop production roduction in many areas of
trapping, mulches, and transparent covers
the world. However, even the hardiest
have a moderating effect that help plants
cultivars
low low-
avoid low temperature extremes. In addition
temperature if proper attention is not paid to
to providing insulation, protective protec covers
management
help the plant avoid large temperature
can
superior
consideration in successful successf orchard and
be
damaged
practices,
by
especially
in
89 September 2017
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fluctuations and stresses due to alternate
result in damage due to ice encasement.
freezing and thawing. Similarly, the shading effects of snow cover and other barriers
Similarly, proper nutrient balance
protect evergreens from winter burn and
is essential for the production of healthy
tree trunks from sun scald and desiccation desic
vigorous plants and deficiencies can be
injury.
wind
expected to have an adverse effect on the
machines are regularly used to protect
low-temperature temperature tolerance. Deficiencies and
tender plant tissues from damage due to
excesses of a number of elements have
temperatures in the -2 to -5oC range in high
been studied with mixed results that are
value
Similar
probably related to the size of the deficiency
methods have been investigated for mid
or excess of the elemen element under study. High
winter
where
levels of salts associated with soil salinity
temperatures are much colder, but success
have been shown to reduce the winter
under
hardiness
Heaters,
sprinklers,
commercial
protection tion
these
and
orchards.
in
regions
conditions
requires
of
some
plants.
Excessive
sophisticated weather prediction and crop
nitrogen fertilization that stimulates luxury
monitoring systems.
growth
prior
to
plant
low low-temperature
acclimation has been reported to prevent
source
Light is important as an energy
full expression of cold-hardiness cold potential
and
while
an
environmental
cue.
corrections
of
deficiencies
in
Consequently, the timing and method met of
phosphorous and potassium are generally
pruning
associated with increased cold hardiness.
and
management hardiness
training
are
important
tools
that
affect
winter
through
their
influence
on
Therefore, successful management
shading, the initiation and differentiation of
of winter crops requires an understanding of
vegetative and floral meristem, and the
plant development, growth cycles and the
general health of the plant. Water supply
mechanisms used to survive periods of lowlow
affects growth, th, tissue water content, and the
temperature stress. An understanding of
cooling rate of the immediate environment.
how plants respond to low-temperature low
Excessive water on frozen soils can also
stress at different growth stages can also 90
September 2017
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assist in the assessment of crop condition
spray
of
Pink
Pigmented
Facultative
and production potential throughout the
Methnaotrops (PPFM) @ 106 as a source of
growing season.
cytokinins.
Field-testing testing is simple, inexpensive, and does not require access to specialized facilities or co-operating operating programs with conflicting
priorities.
Unfortunately,
the
Reference 1. www.plantstress.com 2. TNAU Crop Production guide 2015
opportunity for selection in field trials only occurs urs once a year, winters that provide critical selection temperatures usually occur infrequently, and non-uniform uniform stress levels due to variable snow cover and other environmental factors often result in high experimental errors that reduce within-trial within selection efficiency. Mitigation of cold Stress (a) Seed hardening with 0.01% Ammonium molybdate and foliar spray of
0.1 % ammonium molybdate at critical stages of stress. (b) Foliar spray of 2% calcium nitrate spray for membrane integrity (c) Foliar spray off 2% DAP + 1% KCl (MOP) (d) Foliar spray of 500 ppm cycocel for increasing root penetration
in
search
of moisture
for
alleviation (e) Spray of 100 ppm salicylic acid
(f)
Brassinolide
(0.5
ppm)
for
enhancing photosynthetic activity of plants (g) Seed treatment ent + soil application + foliar 91 September 2017
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Usage of Hydrogel for improving water use
derivative
backbone
polymer
chain
(carboxymethyl arboxymethyl cellulose). These hydrogels are
efficiency in agriculture
more biodegradable and therefore safer to the V. Meenakshi1, T. Parthasarathi2, environment. Unlike superabsorbent polymers
V. Anusheela1 and K. Mohanraj1 1Tamil
Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore,
possess the fast rate of fluid absorption and
India. 2Ben-Gurion Gurion
employed in hygienic applications which must
University of the Negev, Israel
ability to retain it under high load, the agricultural
Email:
[email protected];
[email protected] hydrogels should not only have the ability to Mobile: +91 94884 57269 absorb water, but must release the same gradually according to specific requirements of Hydrogels are cross-linked linked polymers with the plants. a hydrophilic group, which have the capacity to Agricultural hydrogel can be used for all absorb
large
quantities
of
water
without crops and all soil types. Its benefits are most
dissolving in water. Water absorption sorption capacity easily noticed in nurseries and seedling beds, arises from the hydrophilic functional groups crops
sensitive
to
moisture
stress,
crops
attached to the polymer backbone while their requiring large quantities of water, and container resistance to dissolution arises from cross-links cross gardens – pot cultures.Rate of application of between
network
chains.Polyacrylamide agricultural hydrogel depends upon the texture
(C3H5NO)nis widely used as a synsyn thetic of soil – for clay soil: 2.5 kg/ha (at the soil depth hydrogel
and
is
a
polymer
formed
from of 6–8 8 inches). For sandy soil: up to 5.0 kg/ha
acrylamide subunits. (at the soil depth of 4 inches). Hydrogels are used to improve the ability Application methods of soil to absorb water. They are prepared by For field crops: Prepare an admixture of grafting and cross- linking of water water-absorbent hydrogel and fine dry soil in 1 : 10 ratio and polymers (polyacrylamide) onto a cellulose apply along with the seeds/fertilizers or in the
92 September 2017
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opened furrows before sowing. For best results,
frequency of drip fertigation in horticultural crops
hydrogel should be close to seeds.
raised under protected and open field conditions
In nursery bed for transplants: Apply 2
respectively.Significantt improvement in yield and
g/m2 (or ac- cording to recommended rate) of
water
use
efficiency
in
hi-tech hi
cultivation
nursery bed mix of hydrogel uniformly in the top
compared to control in most of the test crops.
2 inches off the nursery bed. In pot culture, mix 3–5 5 g/kg of soil before planting. While transplanting: Thoroughly mix 2 g
Reference
Kalhapure, A., R. Kumar, V. P. Singh and D. S.
(or according to recommended rate) of hydrogel
Pandey.2016.Hydrogels: Hydrogels: a boon for increasing
per litre of water to prepare a free-flowing free
agricultural
productivity
in
water-stressed water
environment. Current science, 111(11):1773111(11):1773 solution; allow it to settle for half an hour. 1779. Dip the roots of the plant in the solution and then transplant in the field.A low rate of application, ranging from 1 to 2 kg/acre is effective in most of the crops.Lesser effect of fertilizer and salt solutions on the swelling ratio of hydrogel.Compared to control, the hydrogel amended sandy loam soil and medium without soil, e.g. sand, cocopit, etc. (used to raise vegetable and flower nurseries) exhibited delay in the onset of permanent wilting point (2–6 (2 days).In
hitech
horticulture, the application
hastened stened seedling growth and establishment period of chrysanthemum cuttings (18 days) compared to control crop (28 days).Reduced the
93 September 2017
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