niadagis resursebis msoflio monacemTa baza # 84

niadagis resursebis msoflio monacemTa baza # 84

Food and agriculture Organization of the United Nations

1

niadagis resursebis msoflio monacemTa baza # 84

Targmna:

s/m mecn. kan. e. sanaZe, s/m mecn. kan. T. qvriviSvili

redaqtori:

saq. mecn. akad. w/k., prof. T. uruSaZe

PPublished by arrangement with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations by GFA-Terra Systems

2

"es wigni Tavdapirvelad gamoqveynda gaerTianebuli erebis kvebisa da soflis meurneobis organizaciis (FAO) mier, rogorc niadagis resursebis msoflio monacemTa baza, # 84)".

"naSromSi warmodgenili masalisa da saxelwodebebis gamoyeneba ar gulisxmobs garTianebuli erebis kvebisa da soflis meurneobis organizaciis mxridan raime azris gamoTqmas romelime qveynis, teritoriis, qalaqis, raionis xelisuflebis iuridiuli mdgomareobis an maTi sazRvrebis gamijvnis Sesaxeb".

"saxelwodebebi _ "ganviTarebuli" da "ganviTarebadi" ekonomika gamoiyeneba statistikisTvis da ara qveynis, teritoriis an raionis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis procesSi miRweuli garkveuli etapis Sesaxeb azris gamoTqmisTvis".

© FAO 2002 © GFA-Terra Systems 2005

inglisuri versia qarTuli versia

3

GFA

From the Editor Soil is a special component of nature. Its variety complicates the opportunity of creating effective soil classification. Compared to the classification of plants and animals, the problem of creation of soil classification is that the soils create such type of system, which requires conditional and not a concrete classification. The idea of formation of a unified world soil-information system has a long history, the thing is that, it is important to have same titles for same types of soils all over the world. Nowadays this problem is about to be solved, owing to the establishment of world references base for soil resources or WRB. Success of using WRB is closely linked to the maintenance of basic principles: -

Classification of soils on the basis of soil features and main results of soil creation processes, Selection of objective diagnostic signs, No usage of climatic parameters while soil classification.

WRB represents a good example of scientific consolidation of many generations of scientists from different countries. Publication of WRB was positively accepted by World Soil Society and it has been already translated in more than 10 different languages of the world. Publication of WRB in Georgian language became possible with the assistance of Cadastre and Land Register Project co-financed by KfW. The project not only conducts activities in the field of evaluation of Georgian soil resources, but also assists the increase of professionalism of local employees representing different generations. Propaganda of WRB as a progressive classification of soils is ongoing quite successfully. Owing to the efforts of the project the famous scientists of the world such as Prof. H.P. Blume (Germany) and Prof. W. Blum (Austria) participate in this significant process. The publication of this book would be impossible without vigorous assistance and daily care of Dr. Wolfram D. Kneib. Hard mission of WRB translation was successfuly performed by soil scientists – E. Sanadze and T. Kvrivishvili. Thanks to our German colleagues I believe that the publication of WRB in Georgian language will facilitate the anticipated "soil boom" in our country.

Prof. Tengiz Urushadze

4

redaqtorisgan

niadagi bunebis gansakuTrebuli komponentia. niadagebis mravalferovneba arTulebs maTi efeqturi klasifikaciis Seqmnis SesaZleblobas. mcenareebisa da cxovelebis klasifikaciasTan gansxvavebiT niadagis klasifikaciis Seqmnis problema imaSia, rom niadagebi qmnian sistemas, romelic moiTxovs pirobiT da ara konkretul klasifikacias. msoflio niadagur-informaciuli erTiani sistemis Camoyalibebis ideas aqvs xangrZlivi istoria. metad mniSvnelovania, rom sxvadasxva qveyanaSi arsebul erTnair niadags erTnairi saxelwodebebi ewodos. dReisaTvis es problema gadaWril iqna niadagis resursebis msoflio monacemTa bazis anu "mmb"-is (WRB) wyalobiT. "mmb"-is warmatebulad gamoyeneba mWidrod ukavSirdeba Semdegi ZiriTadi principis dacvas: -

niadagebis klasifikaciis Seqmna niadagis maxasiaTeblebis da niadagwarmoqmnis procesebis ZiriTad Sedegebze dayrdnobiT; obieqturi diagnostikuri kriteriumebis SerCeva; niadagis klasifikaciis dros klimaturi parametrebis gamouyenebloba.

msoflio monacemTa baza ("mmb") sxvadasxva erTiani Zalisxmevis karg magaliTis warmoadgens.

qveynis

mecnierTa

"mmb" dadebiTad aris Sefasebuli niadagis msoflio niadagmcodneTa saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis mier da is iTargmna msoflios 10-ze met enaze. msoflio monacemTa bazis qarTul enaze gamocema SesaZlebeli gaxda KfW kadastrisa da miwis registraciis proeqtis mxardaWeriT. proeqti xorcieldeba ara mxolod saqarTvelos niadaguri resursebis Sefasebis sferoSi, aramed igi exmareba adgilobriv specialistebs kvalifikaciis amaRlebaSi. warmatebiT mimdinareobs "mmb", rogorc niadagebis progresuli klasifikaciis propaganda. am metad mniSvnelovan procesSi monawileoben cnobili mecnierebi: profesori h.p. blume (germania) da profesori v. blumi (avstria). am wignis gamocema SeuZlebeli iqneboda doqtor volfram knaibis (germania) aqtiuri daxmarebisa da yoveldRiuri zrunvis gareSe. naSromis Targmnisas rTuli misia warmatebulad Seasrules niadagmcodneebma _ e. sanaZem da T. qvriviSvilma. madlobas vuxdi Cvens germanel kolegebs da me mjera, rom "mmb"-s qarTuli varianti gaaZlierebs Cvens qveyanaSi niadagis Seswavlis moTxovnas da gamoiwvevs sasurvel "niadagur bums". profesori Tengiz uruSaZe 5

winasityvaoba

1994 wels akapulkoSi, meqsikaSi Catarebul niadagmcodneobis me15 kongresisa da SemdgomSi 4 wliani intensiuri muSaobis safuZvelze, niadagmcodneobis saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis samuSao jgufis monacemTa bazis saxeliT, momzadda 3 naSromi. samive naSromi winapiroba iyo axlandeli “niadagis resursebis msoflio monacemTa bazis”. naSromebi Sedgeba: 1. niadagis resursebis msoflio monacemTa baza: Sesavali. 2. niadagis resursebis msoflio monacemTa baza: atlasi. 3. niadagis resursebis msoflio monacemTa bazisgan. pirveli naSromis mizania niadagis mdgradobisa da misi ganawilebis Seswavla, romelic xelmisawvdomia ufro mecnierebisTvis vidre farTo sazogadoebisTvis an “niadagmcodneobis sensu stricto”sTvis. meore naSromSi igulisxmeboda atlasis Seqmna, romelic damzadda msoflioSi gavrcelebuli niadagebis monacemTa jgufebis ganawilebis gadasaxedad, xolo mesame ki warmoadgens naSroms, romelic teqnikuri saxelmZRvaneloa da sakmaod detalur informacias aZlevs niadagmcodneebs. saxelmZRvaneloSi ganxilulia niadaguri horizontebis, Tvisebebisa da nivTierebebis diagnostikuri kriteriumebi da gansazRvrebebi, niadagis monacemTa jgufebisa da maTi gamsazRvrelebis klasificirebisTvis saWiro ganmartebebi. samive naSromi Sedgenilia kvalificirebuli avtorebis didi jgufis xangrZlivi gamocdilebis safuZvelze da logistikurad mxardaWerilia “nss” (ISSS), “nsmic” (ISRIC) da “fao”-s (FAO) mier. imedia, rom samive naSromi mosaxleobaSi da samecniero sazogadoebaSi gamarTuli debatebiT wvlils Seitans niadagmcodneobis ukeT SecnobisTvis.

i. a. dekersi _ TavJdomare, o. s Sparxargareni _ moadgile f. o. naCergaeli _ mdivani “nss” (ISSS) monacemTa bazis samuSao jgufi

l. r. oldemani _ direqtori niadagis saerTaSoriso monacemTa da informaciuli centri ( “nsmic” _ ISRIC) r. brinkmani _ direqtori miwisa da wylis ganviTarebis ganyofileba gaerTianebuli erebis kvebis da soflis meurneobis organizacia (“fao” _ FAO)

6

mecnierTa wvlilis Sesaxeb naSromis teqti Sedgenilia Semdegi mkvlevarebis daxmarebiT: “akrisolebi” _ Cargeli (venesuela); “albeluvisoli” _ langori (belgia) da targuliani (ruseTi); “alisolebi” _ delvauqsi (belgia), herbiloni da volkovi (safrangeTi), konstantini (italia); “andosolebi” _ kuantini (safrangeTi) da SoJi (iaponia); “anTrosolebi” _ gong zi-Tongi (CineTi) da kosi (amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi); “arenosolebi” _ remelzvali (“fao”-dan warmomadgeneli) da leikeri (samxreT afrika); “kalcisolebi” _ ruelani (safrangeTi); “kambisolebi” _ leikeri (samxreT afrika) da Sparxargareni (niderlandebi); “durisolebi” _ elisi (samxreT afrika); “feralsolebi” _ esvorani (amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi) da klemti (brazilia); “fluvisolebi” _ kreutzbergi (niderlandebi); “gleisolebi” _ blume (germania) da zaidelmani (ruseTi); “gifsisolebi” _ ilaivi (siria) da boiadgievi (bulgareTi); “histosolebi” _ draiseni (niderlandebi) da okruzko (poloneTi); “leptosolebi” _ brijisi (garTianebuli samefo); “liqsisolebi” _ Cargeli (venesuela); “luvisolebi” _ dekersi (belgia) da dudali (belgia); “nitisolebi” _ sombroeki (“fao”-s warmomadgeneli) da muCena (kenia); “planosolebi” _ brinkmani (“fao”-s warmomadgeneli); “plinTosolebi” _ sombroeki (“fao”-dan warmomadgeneli); “podzolebi” _ rihi (safrangeTi); “regosolebi” _ arnoldi (amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi); “solonCakebi” _ loieri (safrangeTi); “soloneci” _ tursina (ruseTi); “umbrisolebi” _ holisi (garTianebuli samefo) da nemeseki (Cexoslovakia); “vertisolebi” _ segali (indoeTi). erTma Tematurma jgufma detalurad imuSava “kraisolebi”-s gansazRvrebebis, aRwerebis da misi qvedanayofebis, xolo meorem “Cernoziomebis”, “faeoziomebis” da “kaStanaziomebis” gansazRvrebebis, aRwerebis da maTi qvedanayofebis Sesaxeb. “akrisolebi” Seswavlili iqna tarnokais (kanada) da smitis (kanada), iakobsenis (denmarki), giliCinskis (ruseTi), koniuSkovis (ruseTi), naumovis (ruseTi) da sokolovis (ruseTi), blumes (germania), brolis (germania), bokhemis (amerika), kimbelis (amerika), fingis (amerika), sletenis (amerika) da svonsonis (amerika) mier. brongerma, gerasimovam, lebedevam, makeevma, rozanovma, Sobam, sotnikovma (ruseTi) da pazom (argentina) Seiswavles “Cernoziomebi”, “kaStanaziomebi” da “faeoziomebi”. “andosolebis”, “faeoziomebis” da “podzolebis” Sesaxeb arsebuli literaturis xelmeored gadaxedvaSi didi wvlili miuZRvis “fao”-s warmomadgenels _ f. r. berdings. swored mis mier iqna SemoTavazebuli nawilobrivi informacia niadagis monacemTa jgufebis dabali donis erTeulebis Sesaxeb. mkvlevarebis umetesobam werilobiTi komentarebi gaakeTa an aqtiuri monawileoba miiRo “mmb”-s an warsulSi saerTaSoriso monacemTa bazis Sesaxeb gamarTul diskusiebSi. udidesia TiToeuli monawilis wvlili, vinaidan maTi daxmarebiT Seiqmna, daixvewa da ganxorcielda warmodgenili

“niadagis resursebis msoflio monacemTa baza”. gansakuTrebul madlobas vuxdiT i. lozetsa da Capils (belgia), raTa “mmb”-is frangulad Targmnisas gaiTvaliswines yoveli 7

wvrilmani miTiTeba. aseve dasafasebelia brijis (gaerTianebuli samefo) muSaobac, vinaidan man yuradRebiT gadaxeda naTargmn teqsts da madloba gamoTqva Catarebuli samuSaos Sesaxeb.

8

Sinaarsi gverdi 1. zogadi mimoxilva

12

istoria miznebi principebi niadagis resursebis msoflio monacemTa bazis elementebi diskusia

12 15 16 18 23

2. niadagis monacemTa jgufebis ganmartebebi

28

“mmb”-is niadagis monacemTa jgufebis ganmartebebi

29

3. diagnostikuri horizontebi,Tvisebebi da nivTierebebi

36

diagnostikuri horizontebi “albik” horizonti “andik” horizonti “anTraqvik” horizonti “anTropedogenik” horizontebi “arjik” horizonti “kalcik” horizonti “kambik” horizonti “Cernik” horizonti “qraik” horizonti “durik” horizonti “feralik” horizonti “ferik” horizonti “folik” horizonti “frajik” horizonti “fulvik” horizonti “gifsik” horizonti “histik” horizonti “hidragrik” horizonti “horTik” horizonti “iragrik” horizonti “melanik” horizonti “molik” horizonti “natrik” horizonti “nitik” horizonti “oqrik” horizonti “petrokalcik” horizonti “petrodurik” horizonti “petrogifsik” horizonti

37 37 38 41 41 45 47 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 55 56 57 58 58 58 58 58 59 60 62 64 65 66 67 9

“petroplintik” horizonti “plajik” horizonti “plinTik” horizonti “salik” horizonti “spodik” horizonti “sulfurik” horizonti “Takirik” horizonti “terik” horizonti “umbrik” horizonti “vertik” horizonti “vitrik” horizonti “iermik” horizonti

68 69 69 70 70 71 72 72 73 74 75 76

diagnostikuri Tvisebebi “teqsturuli mkveTri cvlileba” “albeluvik ena” “alik” Tvisebebi “aridik” Tvisebebi daurRveveli mkvrivi qani “feralik” Tvisebebi “gerik” Tvisebebi “gleik” Tvisebebi mzraloba meoradi karbonatebi “stagnik” Tvisebebi Zlierad gamoxatuli humusovani Tvisebebi

77 77 77 78 78 79 79 80 81 80 80 82 83

diagnostikuri nivTierebebi “anTropogeomorfik” niadaguri nivTiereba “kalkarik” niadaguri nivTiereba “fluvik” niadaguri nivTiereba “gifsirik” niadaguri nivTiereba niadagis organuli nivTiereba “sulfidik” niadaguri nivTiereba “tefrik” niadaguri nivTiereba

83 83 84 84 85 85 85 86

4. niadagis monacemTa jgufebis qvedanayofebis klasificireba

87

dabali donis erTeulebis gansxvavebisTvis saWiro ZiriTadi principebi

88

dabali donis erTeulebis SeqmnisTvis saWiro elementebis gansazRvrebebi

91

daxasiaTebebi: danarTi 1: niadagis horizontebis gansxvavebebi danarTi 2: niadagis qveerTeulebisa da niadagis monacemTa jgufebisTvis saWiro kodebi

10

119 123

cxrilebis sia gverdi

1. 2. 3. 4.

“anTropedogenik” procesebi zogierTi “anTropogeomorfik” niadaguri nivTierebebi niadagis dabali donis erTeulebis sia niadagis monacemTa jgufebis dabali donis erTeulebis prioritetuli sia

11

42 84 92 111

zogadi mimoxilva

Tavi I winasityvaoba warsulSi did sirTules warmoadgenda niadagebis iseTi klasifikaciis SemuSaveba, romelic 100 wlis Semdegac gamoadgeboda Tanamedrove niadagmcodneobas (Dudal, 1990). es problema gamowveulia im faqtiT, rom niadagebi mcenareebisa da cxovelebisgan gansxvavebiT, warmoqmnian uwyvet sistemas da saWiroeben pirobiT klasebad dayofas. am mdgomareobis gamosasworeblad bolo 20 wlis manZilze niadagis sistematikebSi mimdinare samuSaoebi koncentrirebulia niadagis

resursebis msoflio monacemTa bazis ganviTarebaze.

istoria niadagis

resursebis

msoflio

monacemTa

baza

("mmb")

niadagis klasifikaciis saerTaSoriso monacemTa bazis ("smb") memkvidrea. es idea 1980 wels "fao"-s mier iqna SemoTavazebuli da SemdgomSi mxardaWerili iyo gaerTianebuli erebis garemos programisa ("gegp") da niadagmcodneTa saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis mier ("nss"). "smb" proeqtis mizani iyo, arsebuli sqemis gaTvaliswinebiT, niadagis saklasifikacio sistemebis Sejereba da SemdgomSi niadagis klasifikaciis srulyofa. sabolood, saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebis safuZvelze unda Seqmniliyo ZiriTadi niadagebis farTo masStabiT aRiarebuli jgufebi, romlebic moemsaxureboda saWiro meTodologiur miznebs. amgvar SeTanxmebaSi igulisxmeboda gamocdilebisa da informaciis gacvlis gamartiveba, saerTo mecnieruli enis uzrunvelyofa, niadagmcodneobis gamoyenebis gaZliereba da misi sxva disciplinebTan urTierTobebis gaumjobeseba. 1978 wels kanadaSi Catarebuli winaswari debatebis Semdeg bulgareTSi, q. sofiaSi, mowveul iqna sami sxdoma. 1981, 1982 wlebSi safuZveli Caeyara saerTaSoriso programas, romelic mimarTuli iyo niadagis klasifikaciis gamartivebisken. Camoyalibda 16 ZiriTadi niadaguri jgufi Semdegi ganmartebebiT: sustad ganviTarebuli,

gajirjvebuli da mSrali, miwisqveSa wylis gavlenis qveS myofi, damlaSebuli da tute, karbonatuli da TabaSiriani, "molik" (Mollic), "umbrik" (Umbric) da mciresisqiani (sustad ganviTarebuli), sialituri, fersialituri, feralituri, "andik" (Andic), zedapiruli wylebis gavlenis qveS myofi, gaewrebuli, "histik" (Histic), mzrali da anTropogenuri niadagebi. 1982 wels safuZveli Caeyara "smb" (niadagis klasifikaciisTvis saerTaSoriso monacemebis baza) proeqts, rogorc erT-erT miznobriv programas, romelsac "gegp"-Tan erTad sisruleSi unda moeyvana msoflio niadagebis politika. gaTvaliswinebuli iyo niadagis

12

klasifikaciisTvis saerTaSoriso monacemTa bazis (“smb”) safuZvelze msoflio niadaguri rukis legendis gadamuSaveba (FAO-UNESCO, 1974). 1982 wels, indoeTSi, niadagmcodneTa saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis me-12 kongresma mxari dauWira “smb” programas da gansaxilvelad gadasca V komisiaSi (niadagis genezisi, klasifikacia, kartografia) arsebul jgufis wevrebs. 1986 wels, germaniaSi, q. hamburgSi niadagmcodneTa saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis me-13 kongresze "smb" programa gadaeca V komisiis Tavmjdomaresa da mis samuSao jgufs, romlebsac daevalaT ZiriTadi niadaguri jgufebis gansazRvrebebis da Sesabamisi diagnostikuri Tvisebebis detaluri damuSaveba. maT agreTve unda warmoedginaT me-2; me-3 doneze myofi qvedanayofebis sqema da daedginaT korelacia ZiriTad niadagur saklasifikacio sistemebSi arsebul niadagur erTeulebs Soris. "smb"-is ganviTarebis sakiTxi ganixiles Semdeg konferenciebze: I. italiaSi, q. romSi 1987 wels; II. yazaxeTSi, q. alma-ataSi 1988 wels. 1990 wels miRweul iqna progresi simpoziumze, romelic mieZRvna "niadagis klasifikaciis saerTaSoriso monacemebis bazas". es simpoziumi Catarda niadagmcodneTa saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis me-14 kongresze, iaponiaSi, q. kiotoSi. am etapze msoflio niadaguri safaris safuZvelze gamoiyo 20 ZiriTadi niadaguri jgufi: saxeldobr, "organik" (organic), "anTrik" (anthric), "vertik" (vertic), "andik", "gleik" (gleic), "stagnik" (stagnic), "feralik" (ferralic), "podzik" (podzic), "luvik" (luvic), "nitrik" (nitric), "liqsik" (lixic), "fluvik" (fluvic), "gifsik" (gyfsic), "kalcik" (calcic), "salik" (salic), "sodik" (sodic), "Cernik" (chernic), "modik" (modic), "kambik" (cambic) da "primik" (primic) niadagebi. niadagebis dajgufeba moxda ZiriTadi niadagwarmomqmneli procesebis amsaxveli TvisebebiT. amasobaSi "fao"-m gamosca msoflio niadaguri rukis gadamuSavebuli legenda (FAO, 1988). am legendaSi ZiriTadi niadaguri jgufebis ricxvi gaizarda 26-dan 28-mde, xolo niadagis erTeulebi ki 106-dan 153-mde. ZiriTadad, adgili hqonda Semdegi saxis cvlilebebs: "leptosolebSi" (Leptosols) gaerTiandnen "liTosolebi" (Lithosols), "renZinebi" (Rendzinas) da "rankerebi" (Rankers). moxda "luvisolebis" (Luvisols) dayofa "luvisolebad" (Luvisols) da "liqsisolebad" (Lixisols). agreTve" "akrisolebi" (Acrisols) daiyo "akrisolebad" (Acrisols) da "alisolebad" (Alisols). gauqmda "qserosolebi" (Xerosols) da "iermosolebi" (Yermosols). sabolood, damkvidrda "anTrosolebi (Calcisols) da "(Anthrosols), "plintosolebi" (Plinthosols), "kalcisolebi" "gifsisolebi" (Gypsisols). miRebul iqna ramdenime diagnostikuri kriteriumi, danarCeni ki axlidan ganisazRvra (mag: "arjik" (argic) da "feralik" B horizontebi, aseve "andik", "fluvik", "gleik", "stagnik", "nitik" (nitic), "salik" da "sodik" Tvisebebi). 1990 wlis kongresis Semdeg, 1992 wels safrangeTSi, q. monpelieSi Catarda konsultaciebi. "smb"-s mdgomareobis Sesamowmeblad, amavdroulod gaTvaliswinebuli iyo kiotos simpoziumis debatebic. aRmoCnda, rom 20 ZiriTadi niadaguri jgufis nusxa sakmaod vrcelia, rac arTulebda maTTvis Sesabamisi ganmartebebis momzadebas. es ZiriTadi niadaguri jgufebi saWiroebda daSlas im TvalsazrisiT, 13

raTa miRebuliyo ufro mravlismetyveli qvedanayofi. kiotoSi miRebuli "smb"-s 20 erTeulis siis Sedarebisas "fao"-s gadamuSavebuli legendis ZiriTadi niadaguri jgufebis 28 erTeulTan, ibadeba kiTxva: gamarTlebulia Tu ara am ori sistemis erTdrouli ganviTareba, SesaZlebelia Tu ara miRebul iqnas niadaguri erTeulebis TiTqmis analogiuri sia. ori sxvadasxva programis "smb" da msoflio niadaguri rukis dafinanseba "nss"-is mier gaumarTlebeli iyo, vinaidan isini erT saerTo mizans emsaxurebodnen: kerZod, msoflio niadaguri resursebis inventarizacias. yovelive aman gamoiwvia is, rom 1974 wlis "fao-iunesko"-s legendas mxolod erTi mizani hqonda: samsaxuri gaewia mxolod msoflio niadaguri rukis (masStabi 1 : 5 000 000) Sedgenas. amis Semdeg legenda progresulad ganviTarda. amJamad is moicavs msoflios ZiriTadi niadagebis 3 dones da farTod gamoiyeneba rogorc ganviTarebad, aseve ganviTarebul qveynebSi. misi terminologia sayovelTaod cnobili da miRebulia. saboloo gadawyvetilebis mixedviT, "smb"-s unda mieRo "fao"-s gadamuSavebuli legenda, rogorc sqema misi samomavlo saqmianobisTvis. gansazRvrebis principebi da niadaguri urTierTkavSirebi unda damateboda "fao"-s arsebul erTeulebs, raTa uzrunvelyo maTi mecnieruli siRrme da safuZvlianoba. "smb"-isa da "fao"-s erTeulebis Sejerebam warmoSva axali saxelwodeba "niadagebis resursebis msoflio monacemebis baza"; (nss/fao/nrssc) (niadagebis monacemebis da informaciis saerTaSoriso centri). legendis Semowmebisa da gamoqveynebis (1988 w) Semdeg "fao"-m moiTxova komentaris gakeTeba da masSi SesaZlebeli Sesworebebis Setana. "mmb" Seecada daedgina xarvezebi da SesTavaza masSi koreqtivebis Setana. SeTavazebuli koreqtireba warmodgenili iqna sqemis saxiT niadagmcodneTa msoflio me-16 kongresze meqsikaSi, q. akapulkoSi (nss-nrssc-fao, 1994). igi Semowmda konferenciebsa da savele samuSaoebis dros germaniaSi (1995), ruseTSi (1996), samxreT afrikaSi (1996), argentinasa (1997) da avstriaSi (1997).

14

miznebi "niadagis resursebis msoflio monacemTa bazis" mTavari mizania mecnieruli siRrmiT da safuZvlianobiT uzrunvelyos "fao"-s 1988 wlis gadamuSavebuli legenda, msoflios niadagur resursebsa da maT urTierTkavSirze uaxlesi codnis gamoyenebiT. amave dros gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes ramdenime yvelaze ufro Tanamedrove niadaguri swavlebac da gafarTovdes sistemis gamoyeneba ara marto sasoflo-sameurneo, aramed garemos dacvis sferoSic. aSkaraa, rom 1988 wlis "fao"-s legendaSi Setanili cvlilebebi saWiroeben Semcirebas. ZiriTadi miznebia: dadgindes niadagebis konturebi da ganviTardes saerTaSorisod aRiarebuli sistema, romelic SemdgomSi Sejerdeba "fao"-s gadamuSavebul legendasTan; uzrunvelyofil iqnas sqema myari mecnieruli safuZvlebiT ise rom, moemsaxuros masTan dakavSirebul sxvadasxva dargebs, rogoricaa soflis meurneoba, geologia, hidrologia da ekologia; aRiarebul iqnas sqemaSi topo da qronoTanmimdevrobiT daxasiaTebuli niadagebis da niadaguri horizontebis sivrobrivi kavSiri; SedarebiT meti mniSvneloba mieniWos niadagebis morfologias, vidre arasrulyofil laboratoriul-analizur mxares. "mmb" Seqmnilia mecnierebs Soris ukeTesi komunikaciisTvis, raTa moxdes niadagis ZiriTadi tipebisTvis saxelwodebebis miniWeba, daxasiaTeba da dadgena. aq ar igulisxmeba erovnuli saklasifikacio sistemebis Secvla. "mmb"-s mizania saerTo maxasiaTeblebis moZebna, romlis meSveobiTac moxdeba masTan erovnuli sistemebis Sejereba. "mmb" emsaxureba maT, vinc dainteresebulia miwiTa da bunebrivi resursebiT. "mmb" aris pedologiuri sruqturebis gansazRvrisa da maTi mniSvnelobis dasadgeni saSualeba. igi aris niadagmcodneobis ZiriTadi ena, romelic uzrunvelyofs: mecnierul urTierTobas; niadaguri inventarizaciis ganxorcielebas da niadaguri monacemebis gavrcelebas. saerTo bazis mqone klasifikaciis sxvadasxva sistemebis damuSavebas da rukebis axsna-ganmartebas. niadagebs Soris urTierTkavSirebis dadgenas da topo da qronoTanmimdevrobiT ganawilebuli niadaguri horizontebis daxasiaTebas. niadaguri monacemebis saerTaSoriso gamoyenebas ara mxolod niadagmcodneebis aramed niadagis da miwis sxva momxmarebelTa mxridanac. rogoricaa: geologebi, botanikosebi, agronomebi, hidrologebi, ekologebi, fermerebi, metyeveebi, samoqalaqo inJinrebi, arqiteqtorebi. maT SeuZliaT uzrunvelyon: 15

gamoyeneba niadagis monacemebisa sxva mecnierebebis sasargeblod; Sefaseba niadagis resursebisa da niadaguri safaris sxvadasxva tipis potenciuri gamoyenebiT; niadagebis monitoringi, gansakuTrebiT im nidagebisa, romlebic imyofebian anTropogenuri faqtoris zegavlenis QqveS. eqsperimentuli meTodebis danergva niadagis mdgradi ganviTarebisTvis, romlebic inarCuneben an aumjobeseben niadagis potencials. gavrceleba niadagis teqnologiebis gamoyenebisa erTi regionidan meoreSi.

principebi zogadi principebi, romelzec dafuZnebulia “mmb”, ganxilul iqna 1981-1982 wlebSi sofiaSi gamarTul sxdomebze. Semdgom zogadi principebi damuSavebul iqna im jgufebis mier, romlebsac evalebodaT “mmb”-s ganviTareba. zogadi principebis arsi SemdegSi mdgomareobs: niadagebis klasifikacia efuZneba diagnostikur horizontebSi gansazRvrul maxasiaTeblebs da Tvisebebs, romelTa xarisxis Seswavla ukeTesia ganxorcieldes savele pirobebSi. diagnostikuri horizontebisa da Tvisebebis SerCeva xdeba niadagwarmoqmnis procesebTan kavSirSi, radgan cnobilia, rom niadagwarmoqmnis procesebze warmodgena gvexmareba niadagebis ukeT daxasiaTebisTvis, Tumca maTi ganmasxvavebel kriteriumad gamoyeneba dauSvebelia. maRali xarisxis misaRwevad sasurvelia SeirCes is diagnostikuri Tvisebebi, romlebic mniSvnelovania menejmenturi miznebisaTvis. niadagebis klasifikaciaSi ar gamoiyeneba klimaturi parametrebi. naTelia, rom isini gamoyenebul unda iqnan niadagis Tvisebebis cvlilebisas interpretaciuli miznebis dros, magram klimaturi parametrebi ar unda iyvnen niadagis gansazRvrebebis nawili. "mmb" yovlismomcveli saklasifikacio sistemaa, romelic adamianebs saSualebas aZlevs igi gamoiyenon sakuTar erovnuli klasifikaciebTan misasadageblad. “mmb” moicavs kategoriis detalebis 2 rigs: 1. "monacemebis baza", romelic moicavs mxolod I rigs __ niadaguri jgufebis 30 monacems; da 2. "mmb saklasifikacio sistema", romelic moicavs prefiqsebis mTel rig kombinaciebs. isini niadaguri jgufebis monacemebs emateba, rogorc gamsazRvrelebi da maT ganmartavs. amis Sedegad miiReba calkeuli niadaguri profilebis zusti daxasiaTeba da maTi klasifikacia. "mmb"–Si arsebuli niadagis erTeulebis monacemi unda warmoadgendes regionis ZiriTad niadagebs, rac dagvexmareba msoflio niadaguri safaris mimoxilvaSi. monacemTa baza ar gulisxmobs erovnuli niadaguri saklasifikacio sistemebis Secvlas. igi gamoiyeneba saerTaSoriso donis urTierTkavSirebisTvis. is moicavs dabali donis kategoriebs. kerZod, "mmb" –is me-3 kategoria emsaxureba qveynebis 16

adgilobriv saxesxvaobebs. gaerTianebuli dabali doneebi gamoxataven niadagis im Tvisebebs, romlebic mniSvnelovania miwis gamoyenebisa da niadagis menejmentisTvis. "mmb" ganviTarda msoflio "fao-iunesko"-s niadaguri rukis gadamuSavebuli legendis safuZvelze, ramac sargebeli moutana saerTaSoriso korelaciur saqmianobas niadagebis Sesaxeb, romelic manamde SemuSavebuli iyo am proeqtSi. niadagis erTeulTa gansazRvrebebi da aRwerebi asaxaven profilis vertikalurad da lateralurad (horizontalurad) niadagis maxasiaTeblebis saxesxvaobebs, rac gviCvenebs sivrciT kavSirebs landSaftSi. "monacemebis baza" aris "mmb"–is mier SemoRebuli termini. misi erTeulebi sakmaod farToa, romlebic astimulireben arsebuli erovnuli sistemebis korelaciasa da srulyofas. “mmb” rogorc arsebuli saklasifikacio sistemebis makavSirebeli, SesaZloa agreTve gamoyenebul iqnas, rogorc sakomunikacio saSualeba msoflio niadaguri monacemebisaTvis, msoflio niadaguri resursebis aRwerisa da monitoringisTvis. niadaguri jgufebis sxvadasxva saxelwodebebi inarCuneben tradiciul terminebs. sxvadasxva damatebiTi mniSvnelobis mqone saxelebis gamoyenebis dros, gaurkvevlobis asacileblad, terminebi zustad aris gansazRvruli. Tumca "fao"-s legendis ZiriTadi sqema miRebuli iyo ori kategoriis doniT da mesame donis klasebis ganviTarebisaTvis saWiro rCevebiT, magram mainc gadawyda dabali doneebis gaerTianeba. "mmb"–is niadaguri jgufis yovel monacems Tan axlavs prioritetobis mixedviT Tanmimdevrulad dalagebuli gamsazRvrelebis sia, ris Sedegadac momxmarebels saSualeba eZleva aagos sxvadasxva dabali donis erTeulebi. "mmb"-is klasebis diferenciaciis zogadi principebia: maRali kategoriis doneze klasTa diferenciacia xdeba niadagwarmoqmnis pirveladi procesebiT formirebuli niadagis damaxasiaTebeli TvisebebiT. dabali kategoriis doneze klasTa diferenciacia warmoebs niadagwarmoqmnis meoradi procesebiT. es aris procesebi, romlebmac mniSvnelovani gavlena moaxdina niadagis pirvelad Tvisebebze. garkveul SemTxvevebSi mxedvelobaSi unda miviRoT niadagis mniSvnelovani maxasiaTeblebic. cnobilia, rom niadaguri jgufebis monacemebi SesaZloa Segvxvdes sxvadasxva klimatur pirobebSi. gadawyda, rom niadagebis klasifikaciis dadgena ar xdeba klimaturi maxasiaTeblebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

17

niadagis resursebis msoflio monacemTa bazis elementebi "mmb"(WRB) –is niadaguri jgufebis monacemi "fao"-s gadamuSavebuli legendis mimoxilvis Semdeg ganisazRvra 30 niadaguri jgufis monacemi, ris safuZvelzec Seiqmna niadagis resursebis msoflio monacemTa baza. niadagur jgufebSi Sevida sami axali monacemi: "kriosolebi" (Cryosols), "durisolebi" (Durisols) da "greiziomebi" (Greyzems) SeuerTdnen "umbrisolebi" (Umbrisols). "faeoziomebs" (Phaeozems) da "podzoluvi-solebs "(Podzoluvisols) ewodaT axali saxeli "albeluvisolebi" (Albeluvisols). "mmb"–is 30 ZiriTadi niadaguri jgufia: "akrisolebi", "albeluvisolebi", "alisolebi", "andosolebi" (Andosols), "anTrosolebi", "arenosolebi" (Arenososls), "kalcisolebi", "kambisolebi" (Cambisols), "Cernoziomebi" (Chernozems), “kriosolebi”, "durisolebi", "feralsolebi" (Ferralsols), "fluvisolebi" (Fluvisols), "gifsisolebi", "histosolebi" (Histosols), "gleisolebi" (Gleysols), "kaStanaziomebi" (Kastanozems), "leptosolebi", "liqsisolebi", "luvisolebi", "nitisolebi" (Nitisols), "faeoziomebi", "planosolebi" (Planosols), "plintosolebi", "podzolebi" (Podzols), "regosolebi" "solonCakebi" (Solonchaks), "solonecebi" (Solonetz), (Regosols), "umbrisolebi" da "vertisolebi" (Vertisols). "kriosolebi" warmodgenilia umaRles doneze. isini qmnian im niadagebis jgufs, romelTa formireba damokidebulia garkveul garemo pirobebze, kerZod yinvisa da dnobis cvalebadobaze. am niadagebs gaaCniaT 100 sm sisqis mzrali horizonti, romelic dnobisas wyliT iJRinTeba. am niadagebis jgufs aReniSnebaT krioturbaciis maCveneblebi. "durisolebi" formirdeba semiaridul pirobebSi. maTTvis damaxasiaTebelia, CanarTebis an masiuri myari fenis saxiT, meoradi kaJmiwis dagroveba. "umbrisolebi" aerTianeben niadagebs, romlebsac aqvT "umbrik" an "molik" horizontebi da niadaguri profilis 0-125 sm sisqis zogierT nawilSi fuZeebiT maZRroba 50 % naklebia. "umbrisolebi" faqtiurad "Cernoziomebis", "kaStanaziomebis" da "faeoziomebis" analogiebia. "plintosolebSi" erTiandeba gadamuSavebul legendaSi arsebuli "plintosolebi" da mciresisqiani "petroplintik" (Petroplintic) fenis mqone niadagebi, romlebic gadamuSavebul legendaSi "leptosolebs" miekuTvnebodnen. gadawyda, rom msoflio monacemTa bazis (WRB) "leptosolebSi" Sesuliyo iseTi pedogenezisuri horizontebi rogoricaa mkvrivi kiriani an TabaSiriani horizontebi an gamkvrivebuli plintitebi. es gansazRvreba aucilebelia im niadagis jgufTa monacebisTvis, romlebic miekuTvnebian aRniSnul niadagebs. Tumca mciresisqiani "petroplintikur" feniani niadagebi da plintitebi landSaftSi ikaveben gansxvavebul adgilebs, erT jgufSi maTi gaerTianeba mainc gamarTlebulia, radgan isini genezisurad monaTesaveebi arian.

18

ukve aRiniSna, "podzoluvisolebs" ewodaT "albeluvisolebi". termini "podzoluvisoli" gviCvenebs or process: 1) "xeluviacias"1 (romelsac "podzolebamde" mivyavarT); da 2) niadagis siRrmeSi Tixis akumulacias (romelsac "luvisolebamde" mivyavarT), maSin roca "arjik" horizontebSi Tixisa da rkina/manganumis konkretuli zonebis (agregatebis zedapirebi, napralebi) gaswvriv migracia dominanturi procesia. aseT SemTxvevaSi saxelwodeba "albeluvisoli" ufro Sesaferisia da igi gamoxatavs gauferulebuli eluviuri horizontis ("albik" horizonti), TixiT gamdidrebuli horizontis ("arjik" horizonti) arsebobas da "albeluvik enebis" ("albeluvic tounguing") gamoCenas. rogorc

"mmb"(WRB)-is diagnostikuri horizontebi, Tvisebebi da nivTierebebi adre miRebuli SeTanxmebis safuZvelze, niadaguri jgufebi ganisazRvreboda niadaguri horizontebis kombinaciebis specifiuri eniT. kerZod, termini "diagnostikuri horizontebi" unda Secvliliyo terminiT "horizontebis monacemebi". "horizontis monacems" unda aexsna niadagis genezisuri horizontebi. samwuxarod, "horizontis monacemsa" da "diagnostikur horizontebs" terminebs Soris sxvaobam gamoiwvia gaurkvevloba. sabolood gadawyda, rom "fao"-s terminologia "diagnostikuri horizontebi" da "diagnostikuri Tvisebebi" kvlav ucvleli daetovebinaT. amasTanave, aucilebeli gaxda niadagebis diagnostikuri nivTierebebis gansazRvrac, romlis Sedegad miRebul iqna "mmb" diagnostikuri horizontebis, Tvisebebis da nivTierebebis gasagebi sia. is Sedgenilia morfologiuri maxasiaTeblebis an analizuri kriteriumebis mixedviT. "mmb"-s Semadgeneli nawilebi (diagnostikuri horizontebi, Tvisebebi da nivTierebebi) gvexmareba savele gansazRvraSi. "fao"-s diagnostikuri horizontebisa da Tvisebebis gansazRvrebis modifikaciebi

gadamuSavebul legendaSi 16 diagnostikuri horizontidan mxolod "fimik" (fimic) A horizonti ar iqna dabrunebuli. is warmoadgens adamianis mier Seqmnil zedapirul fenas; "mmb"-Si es horizonti ganawilebulia "horTik" (hortic),"plajik" (plaggic) da "terik" (terric) horizontebad. "fao"-s legendaSi "histik" horizontis minimaluri sisqe iyo 10 sm, "mmb"-Si ki horizontis es sisqe miCneuli iqna maqsimalur sidided. es procesi gamoiwvia gansazRvris meoradma gamoyenebam. gadamuSavebul legendaSi "histik" H horizonti gamoiyeneba niadagebis meore doneze 1

"xeluviacia" aris "xelatisa" da eluviaciis terminebis kombinirebuli varianti. "xelati" niSnavs organuli SenaerTebis SeboWvas (umTavresad metalebiT) rkinebiT, maSin roca eluviacia gulisxmobs gamotutvas anu gamorecxvas. maSasadame, mTliani termini "xeluviacia" gamosaxavs niadagis zeda nawilidan kompleqsuri (organuli nivTierebebis rkinebTan) nivTierebebis migraciis process. Y 19

gamosayofad, raTa ganisazRvros "histik" niadagis erTeulebi. "mmb"-Si es erTeulebi gamoiyeneba umaRles doneze "histosolebis" gansasazRvrad. gadawyda, rom "histosolebis" qveS, myari qanis minimaluri sisqe unda iyos 10 sm. adre "histosolebad" klasificirebuli qanis zemoT arsebuli Txeli organuli fenebi aRar unda iqnas gaTvaliswinebuli. Tu "fao"-s mixedviT A horizontebi P205-is Semcvelobis mixedviT gamoiyofoda, "mmb"-Si "molik" da "umbrik" horizontebisaTvis es moTxovnebi ugulebelyofilia. es moTxovna ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos diagnostikurad, radgan didi sisqis, muqi feris, adamianis mier Seqmnili horizontebi magaliTad, CineTSi mcire raodnobiT Seicaven fosfatebs. saWiroa moiZebnos "anTropedogenuri" horizontebisgan "molik" da "umbrik" horizontebis ganmasxvavebeli sxva kriteriumebi. "Cernik" horizonti gansazRvrulia, rogorc "molik" horizontis gansakuTrebuli saxeoba. "molik" horizontis Sesaxeb arsebuli gansazRvra zogadad asaxavs didi sisqis, moSavo, forovan zedapirul horizonts, romelic aseve tipiuria "CernoziomebisTvis". "oqrik" (Ochric) horizontis gansazRvra "fao"-s "oqrik" A horizontis msgavsia. "albik" horizontisaTvis, "fao"-s "albik" (albic) E horizontTan SedarebiT, ferTa moTxovna odnav Seicvala, raTa momxdariyo Sesabamisoba "mmb"-s "albik" horizontebTan. "albik" horizontebis feris intensivoba (teniani mdgomareobisTvis) mniSvnelovnad cvalebadobs. amgvari pirobebi xSirad gvxvdeba samxreT naxevarsferos niadagebSi. "arjik" horizontis gansazRvra gansxvavebulia gadamuSavebuli legendis "arjik" B horizontisgan. "mmb"-Si "arjik" horizontSi Tixis afskebis procentuli Semcveloba agregatebis horizontalur, vertikalur zedapirebze da forebSi gazrdilia 1-dan 5 %-mde. es uzrunvelyofs ukeTes korelacias im wina moTxovnebTan SedarebiT, romelic iTvaliswinebda gamWvirvale SlifebSi Tixis Semcvelobas sul cota 1 %-mde. Tu savele dakvirveba liTologiuri wyvetis dasadgenad ar iqna sakmarisi, maSin misi srulyofisTvis SeiZleba damatebul iqnas "arjik" horizontis aRwerac. liTologiuri wyveta SesaZloa dadgindes msxvilmarcvlovani da wvrilmarcvlovani qviSebis, aseve mtvris nawilakebis procentuli SemcvelobiT. es ukanaskneli ki gamoiTvleba Tavisufali Tixis safuZvelze, (nawilakTa saerTaSoriso zomis ganawilebis an SeerTebuli Statebis soflis meurneobis saministros sistemis damatebiTi dajgufebebis gamoyeneba da sxv.) an – xreSisa da ufro msxvili fraqciebis Semcvelobis cvlilebebiT. nawilakebis zomis ZiriTadi fraqciebis sul cota 20 % cvlileba iTvleba liTologiuri wyvetis diagnostikur faqtorad. amasTan dakavSirebiT gasaTvaliswinebelia Semdegi faqtorebic: 1) liTologiur wyvetas adgili aqvs Tu niadaguri profilis zeda nawilSi SesamCnevia Tixis zrda; da 2) Tu SesamCnevia, rom gadafaruli fena msubuqi meqanikuri Sedgenilobisaa. "arjik" horizontis aRweraSi gakeTebuli damatebebi aseve gamosayenebelia "natrik" (Natric) horizontisTvisac. "fao"-s "kambik" B horizontis gansazRvra "….. da aqvs 8 % Semcvelobis Tixa" ____ ugulebelyofilia. am moTxovnebs 20

akmayofileben niadagebi, romelTac aqvT kargi struqturis mqone B horizonti da Tixnar lamiani an mtvriani (Tixis mcire SemcvelobiT) meqanikuri Sedgeniloba. amgvari niadagebi gamoiyofa (magaliTad, skandinaviis qveynebis fluvioglaciur naleqebze) ufro "regosolebSi" vidre "kambisolebSi" (Cambisols). es moTxovna ar aris saWiro "kambisolebis" "arenosolebisgan" (Arenosols) gamosayofad ("mmb"Si es niadagebi xasiaTdebian Tixnar-qviSnari an msubuqi meqanikuri SedgenilobiT). "mmb"-Si "kambik" horizontis gansazRvrebaSi zemoT aRniSnuli moTxovna ar iqna gamoyenebuli. mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi moxda "spodik" (Spodic) horizontis gansazRvraSi. SeTanxmeba miRweul iqna niadagis taqsonomiebis modifikaciebis safuZvelze, romlebic exeboda "spodik" nivTierebis gansazRvrebebs (Soil Survey Staff, 1996). kerZod, damatebuli iqna Semdegi moTxovnebi: ferTa moTxovnebi, oqsalatis mJavaSi eqstragirebadi Al procentuli raodenobis (0,5 an meti) damateba rkinis im raodenobasTan, romelic aluminis mocemuli raodenobis naxevaria da 0,25 an meti sididis optikuri sixSire oqsalatebis eqstraqtisTvis (ODOE). "spodik" horizontebis zeda sazRvari dadginda 10 sm siRrmemde. "feralik" horizontis gansazRvridan amoRebuli iqna moTxovna _ mtveri/Tixis fardoba 0,2 an naklebi, romelic mkacrad unda iqnes daculi. mtvris zomis nawilakebis fraqcia gaizarda 2-50-idan 2-63 mkmmde (FAO, 1990). SemoTavazebuli iqna sxva sidideebic (mtveri/Tixis 0,7 an naklebi; wvrilmarcvlovani mtveri/Tixis fardoba 0.2 an naklebi) Tumca SeTanxmeba jer kidev ar aris miRweuli. aseve cvlilebebia "kalcik" da "gifsik" horizontebis gansazRvrebebSic. "mmb"-Si isini daiyo kalcik/gifsik da hiperkalcik/hipergifsik horizontebad. aRniSnul horizontebs aqvT CaCO3 da TabaSiris 50-60 % eqvivalentis Sesabamisi Semcveloba, magram maTi Sewebeba-Secementeba ar xdeba. "sulfurik" (sulfuric--gogirdis Semcveli horizonti) "mmb"-Si horizontis gansazRvra igive darCa, rac iyo gadamuSavebul legendaSi. "mmb"-Si aRniSnul diagnostikur horizontebs daemata 19 axali horizonti. zogi maTgani Semosulia "fao"-s diagnostikuri Tvisebebidan, zogi ki axleburad ganisazRvra. "mmb"-Si maTma saboloo raodenobam 34 miaRwia. axleburad gansazRvruli diagnostikuri horizontebia: "andik", "anTropedogenik" (Anthropedogenic), "Cernik", "qraik" (Cryic), "durik" (Duric), "ferik" (Ferric), "folik" (Folic), "frajik" (Fragic), "fluvik", "melanik" (Melanic), "nitik", "petrodurik" (Petroduric), "petroplintik", "plintik" (Plintic), "salik", "Takirik" (Takiric), "vertik" (Vertic), "vitrik" (Vitric) da "iermik" (Yermic) horizontebi. (gansazRvrebebi da aRwerebi ixileT me-3 TavSi). "anTraqvik" (Anthraquic) horizonti da mis qveS myofi "hidragrik" (hydragric) horizontis kombinacia qmnis 50 sm sisqis fenebs, romlebic ganisazRvreba "anTrosolebad". es gansazRvra gulisxmobs mxolod iseT "anTrosolebs", romlebSic Sesabamisi cvlilebebi SeimCneva sveli kultivaciis dros. igi Sedgeba gamkvrivebuli fenis, xnulis Zirisa da siRrmiTi iluviuri horizontisgan. es kombinacia

21

damaxasiaTebelia brinjis kulturis qveS gavrcelebuli niadagebis xangrZlivi damuSavebisas. xelaxla ganisazRvra Semdegi diagnostikuri Tvisebebi da nivTierebebi: "albeluvikuri enebi", "alik da "aridik" (Aridic) Tvisebebi (anthropogeomorphic), "kalkarik" (Calcaric), da "anTropogeomorfik" "fluvik", "gifsik", "organik", "sulfidik" da "tefrik (Tephric) niadagis nivTierebebi". (gansazRvrebebi da aRwerebi ixileT me-3 TavSi). "gleik" da "stagnik" Tvisebebi Tavidan iqna formirebuli. "teqsturul mkveTr cvlilebaze" da "gerik" Tvisebebze" "fao"-s mier gakeTebuli gansazRvrebebi odnav Seicvala, maSin roca mzralobis gansazRvreba yovelgvari cvlilebis gareSe iqna miRebuli. fxvier, rbil kirs ewoda meoradi karbonatebi da es termini ucvlelad gadavida "mmb"-Si. "gleik" da "stagnik" Tvisebebis aRweraSi naCvenebia "gleik da stagnik ferTa nimuSebi". es terminebi esadageba Fe/Mn oqsidebis ganawilebis mixedviT gamowveul ferTa cvalebadobas. aRniSnuli oqsidebi niadagSi Cndebian gruntis wylis an zedapiruli wylis gavleniT. "gleik ferTa nimuSebs" aqvs "oqsimorfuli" Tvisebebi struqturuli elementebis garedan, isini aseve gvxvdebian fesvTa arxebisa da forebis gaswvriv, romlebic niadagSi vrceldebian qvemodan zeviT. meores mxriv, "stagnikur ferTa nimuSi" "oqsimorful" Tvisebebs gviCvenebs agregatebis centrSic an wylis dinebis Seferxebis Sedegad zemodan qvemoT. "teqsturuli mkveTri cvlilebis" da "gerik" Tvisebebis aRweraSi mcireodeni cvlilebebi miniSnebulia niadagis sxvadasxva siRrmesTan, raTa moxdes meqanikur SedgenilobaSi momxdari cvlilebis dadgena da meores mxriv, efeqturi kaTionis gacvlis tevadobis2 gaangariSeba.

2

ekgt: efeqturi kaTionis gacvlis tevadoba (gacvliTi fuZeebis jams damatebuli gacvliTi mJavianoba) 22

diskusia niadaguri safari: vertikaluri da lateraluri morfologia da misi funqcia niadaguri safari niadaguri safari aris uwyveti, bunebrivi sxeuli, romelsac aqvs 3 sivrcobrivi da erTi droebiTi ganzomileba. niadaguri safaris 3 ZiriTadi Tvisebaa: is formirdeba organuli da mineraluri SenaerTebiT da moicavs myar, Txevad da airovan fazebs. SenaerTebi erTiandebian struqturebSi, romlebic specifikuria niadaguri garemosTvis. es struqturebi qmnian niadaguri safaris morfologiur aspeqts, romelic cocxali arsebis anatomiis eqvivalenturia. is warmoadgens niadaguri safaris istoriis, arsebuli dinamikis da TvisebebiT miRebul Sedegs. niadaguri safaris struqturis Seswavla aadvilebs fizikuri, qimiuri da biologiuri Tvisebebis aRqmas. amiT gasagebi xdeba niadagis rogorc warsuli, aseve awmyo da samomavlo mdgomareoba. niadagis safari mudmiv evoluciaSia, rasac moyveba niadagis me-4 ganzomileba _ dro. niadagis struqtura

niadagis safaris morfologiur agebulebaze arsebobs sxvadasxva saxis dakvirveba: kerZod, dawyebuli uwvrilesi zomis nawilakebidan (romlebic SesaZloa danaxul iqnes mikroskopiT) da damTavrebuli landSaftSi ganlagebuli niadaguri sistemebis wyobiT. gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba unda mieniWos struqturaTa 4 tipis aRweras, Seswavlasa da gazomvas, romelsac Seesabameba organizaciis 4 done:

1. elementaruli organizaciebi. SenaerTebis struqturebis Segroveba. maTi danaxva SesaZlebelia, rogorc mikroskopiT, aseve TvaliT. elementaruli organizaciis ZiriTadi tipebia: agregatebi (pedebi), sicarieleebi (forianoba), kutanebi, CanarTebi, biologiuri aqtivobis Tvisebebi. niadaguri nivTierebebis feri gvexmareba elementaruli organizaciebis Secnobasa da dadgenaSi.

2. asociaciebi(kavSirebi); niadagur moculobas gansazRvraven arsebuli sxvadasxva elementaruli organizaciebi. asociaciebis magaliTebia: "andik", "kalcik", "feralik", "vertik" da sxv. TiToeuli maTgani SeiZleba dadgindes feris, agregatebis, forianobis, kutanebis, CanarTebis da sxvaTa specifiuri asociaciebiT.

23

3. horizontebi: niadagis moculobebi met-naklebad dedamiwis zedapiris paraleluria. horizonts aRwers asociaciaTa erTi an meti tipi da asociaciebs Soris urTierTkavSirebi. horizontis aRwera agreTve xdeba sisqiT, misi lateraluri ganlagebiT, vertikaluri da lateraluri morfologiuri sazRvrebiT. landSaftis masStabis doneze horizontebi usasruloni arasodes ar arian; lateralurad ki isini qrebian an uerTdebian sxva horizontebs. 4. pedologiuri sistemebi: horizontebis sivrcobrivi ganawileba da urTierTkavSirebi landSaftis doneze (Ruellan da Dosso, 1993). niadaguri sistemis struqturis aRwera SesaZlebelia horizontTa Semdegi ganlagebiT: horizontebis elementaruli organizaciebiT da horizontebis asociaciebiT, horizontebis vertikaluri SreebiT da horizontebis lateraluri TanmimdevrobiT, im sazRvrebis saxeobebiT, romlebic yofen horizontebs. pedologiuri swavleba dRemde moicavs elementaruli agebulebebis, asociaciebis, Tavad horizontis da aseve misi vertikaluri wyobis daxasiaTebas da maT genezisur mniSvnelobas. detalurad iqna Seswavlili niadaguri safaris sam ganzomilebiani, sivrcobrivi agebuleba, misi agebulebis istoria da dinamika. msgavsi swavleba saWiroa niadagis dinamiuri erTeulebis an niadagis erTeulebis gasagebad landSaftis da ekosistemebis doneze, agreTve pedosferosa da dedamiwis sxva komponentebs (loTosfero, hidrosfero, atmosfero, biosfero) Soris urTierTkavSirebis dasadgenad. niadagis morfogenezisuri monacemTa sistema, rogoricaa "mmb", dafuZnebulia elementarul organizaciebze, asociaciebze, horizontebis vertikalur Sreebze. miuxedavad amisa, lateralurad ganawilebuli monacemTa sistemis Seswavla jer kidev ar aris zustad Camoyalibebuli. xsenebuli lateraluri ganawilebis arsebobis aRiarebisTanave isini daadastures "mmb"-is komponentebis gansazRvrebaSi. amis Sedegad, daiwyo msoflio monacemebis bazis programa romelic exeboda niadagur sistemebs (liToTanmimdevroba, topoTanmimdevroba, qronoTanmimdevroba, bioTanmimdevroba, klimatTanmimdevroba da a.S.). wamoWrili problemebi "mmb"-is ZiriTadi filosofia SemdegSi mdgomareobs: saboloo niadagurma jgufebma unda aCvenon kavSiri geografiul sivrcesa da pedogenezisur xasiaTs Soris. amitomac, niadagebi, pirvel rigSi, unda daxasiaTdnen maTi morfologiiT da ara – analizuri monacemebiT. yovelive aman migviyvana ZiriTad niadagur jgufebSi dayofamde da zog SemTxvevaSi – gaerTianebamde. magaliTad; "fao"-s "leptosolebi" warmoadgenen "siRrmeSi SezRudul niadagebs....0-30 sm daurRveveli Secementebuli feniT", magaliTad, "petrokalcik" (petrocalcic), "petrogifsik" (petrogypsic), "petroferik" (petroferric) fenebi an duripeni (kaJmiwiani qveniadagi). xsenebuli fenebi "mmb"-Si gansazRvrulni arian, rogorc niadagis genezisuri horizontebi da am fenebis Semcveli niadagebi, maT Sesabamis jgufebTan erTad, klasebad unda daiyvnen. amis Sedegad, msoflio monacemebis bazaSi, "petrokalcik", 24

"petrodurik", "petrogifsik", "petroferik" horizontebze mdebare mciresisqiani niadagebi dajgufebulia Sesabamisad "kalcisolebSi", "durisolebSi", "gifsisolebSi" da "plintosolebSi". gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom "petroplintik" horizontze arsebulma mciresisqianma niadagebma SeiZleba sxvadasxva poziciebi daikavon landSaftSi. "plintik" horizontis Semcveli niadagebi Cveulebriv vrceldebian depresiebSi da eqstensiurad gamoyenebul vakeebze. maSin rodesac, "petroplintik" horizontze arsebuli niadagebi, xSirad vrceldebian xolme reliefis SemaRlebul elementebze. magaliTad, rogorc "kirasebi" (anu pancirebi) dasavleT afrikaSi, romlebic warmoqmnian "qudis" formis magvar platoebs. "leptosolebs" miekuTvnebian is niadagebi, romlebic didi raodenobiT Seicaven msxvil fragmentebs. es kombinacia "leptosolebs" tovebs mcire sisqis niadagebis an SedarebiT Rrma sisqis niadagebis Tavisebur jgufad, romlebsac axasiaTebT gamosayenebeli tenianobis SedarebiT mcire raodenoba. iyo versia, rom ufro Rrma "leptosolebi" dajgufebuliyo "regosolebad", ramac gamoiwvia "leptosolebi"-is jgufis "gawmenda", xolo "regosolebi"is jgufis "dabinZureba". maSasadame, msxvilfragmentiani niadagebi kvlav "leptosolebSi" daabrunes. did mniSvnelobas warmoadgenda Tu rogor unda midgomodnen adamianis zegavlenis qveS myof niadagebs, romlebic "anTrosolebad" ar iyvnen dajgufebulni. "podzolebis", "umbrisolebisa" da "arenosolebis" niadaguri jgufebis monacemebSi Sedian is niadagebi, romelTa zedapiruli fena ganoyierebiT saxeSecvlilia da isini kiriT imdenad noyierdebian, rom qreba fuZeebiT maZRrobis dabali maCveneblebi. garkveuli periodis Semdeg, fuZeebiT dabali maZRroba, kvlav ubrundeba niadags, rogorc Cveulebrivi bunebrivi movlena. niadagis xanmokle gamoyenebam zegavlena ar unda moaxdinos niadagis jgufze. aseTi saxis niadagebi rCebian "podzolebSi", "umbrisolebsa" da "arenosolebSi", xolo "anTrik" modifikatori ki SesaZloa gamoyenebul iqnas adamianis zegavlenis misaniSneblad. gadamuSavebul legendaSi ramdenime niadags Soris zRvari "luvisolebis", "alisolebis", pirobiTia. "fao"-Si arsebuli "akrisolebis" da "liqsisolebis" dayofa Zalzed gamosadegia, maTi gansazRvra ZiriTadad efuZneba analizur monacemebs, imitom rom velze am niadagebs Soris gansxvavebebis dadgena rTulia. erTis mxriv, iyo mcdeloba "luvisolebi" dajgufebuliyvnen "alisolebTan", xolo "akrisolebi" – "liqsisolebTan". aman gamoiwvia afrikis ori sxvadasxva niadagis erT jgufSi gaerTianeba, mag: dasavleT evropuli sartylis liosebze gavrcelebuli, ganoyierebuli "luvisolebi" dajgufda andesisa an kalimantanis mTiswineTis mJave da unayofo "alisolebTan". aRniSnuli ukuagdebs "mmb"-is princips, romelic exeba niadagis geografiul ganawilebaSi urTierTkavSirebs. sabolood, gadawyda, rom gadamuSavebul legendaSi arsebuli dayofa ucvlelad daetovebinaT. agreTve saWiro gaxda "alik" Tvisebebze dayrdnobiT moZebniliyo "luvisolebsa" da "alisolebs" Soris ZiriTadi gansxvaveba; gagrZelebuliyo morfologiuri da gaerTianebuli kriteriumebis kvleva, rac gaaumjobesebda velze, 4 "luvik" niadagis erTmaneTisagan dasayofad Seqmnil ganmasxvavebel kriteriumebs. aseTi

25

kriteriumi SesaZloa efuZnebodes magaliTad, maT struqturul ganviTarebas. msgavsi problema Cndeba "andosolebsa" da "podzolebs" Soris. aRniSnuli problema exeba "andosolebs", romlebic gamdidrebulia romlebic ar alumo-organuli kompleqsebiT da "podzolebsac", Seicaven "albik" horizonts. xsenebuli kriteriumebi ar aris sakmarisi CamoTvlili niadagebis gansasxvaveblad garda kerZo SemTxvevebisa, romlebic miRebuli iyo teritoriis geografiidan. amgvarad, ori niadagis gansxvavebis swori SerCevisTvis, saWiroa maTi Seswavla analizuri kuTxiTac. "feralsolebsa" (ferralsols) da gadamuSavebul legendaSi "nitisolebs" Soris dadgenili zRvari ar aris damakmayofilebeli. bevr "nitisolebis" msgavs niadags aqvs "nitik Tvisebebi" da "feralik" B horizonti. ris Sedegadac isini Tavsdebian "feralsolebSi". rac Seexeba "feralsolebis" zogad ganmartebas, maT aqvT sustad ganviTarebuli struqturebi da dabali aqtivobis Si, Al da Fe. amave dros "nitik Tvisebebi" gamoiyeneba im niadaguri TvisebebisTvis, romelTac aqvT mZlavri struqtura da moZravi Fe didi raodenoba (FAO, 1988). amgvari Seusabamoba gauqmebuli iqna "mmb"-Si, sadac gamoricxuli iqna "nitik" horizontebis arseboba "feralsolebSi". amave dros, "feralsolis" damaxasiaTebeli "feralik" gamsazRvreli gaerTianda "nitisolebSi". SeTanxmeba miRweuli iqna "feralik" horizontebze da Tixis dabali aqtivobis Semcvel "arjik" horizontebzec. horizontebSi, 16 an naklebi sanmolikkg-1 Tixa gansazRvravs "feralik"-s, romelic uzrunvelyofs yvela sxva arsebul moTxovnebs. Tu "feralik" horizonts zemodan adevs "arjik" horizontis msgavsi horizonti, an iseTi horizonti, romlis zeda 30 sm Seicavs daaxloebiT 10 % odenobiT wyalSi dispersirebad Tixas, maSin saklasifikacio miznebisaTvis "arjik" horizonti ufro prioritetuli iqneba, vidre mis qveS mdebare "feralik" horizonti. standartuli 10, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 75, 100, 150 da 200 sm siRrmeebi gamoiyeneba maSin, rodesac maT Sesaxeb ar arsebobs sawinaaRmdego argumenti. argumenti __ siRrmeebis Secvla __ SesaZlebelia erovnul saklasifikacio sistemebSic, rac daSvebulia "mmb"-is miznebSi. siRmeebis Secvla dasaSvebia niadagis resursebis aRsawerad, romelic aseve gamoyenebuli iqneba saerTaSorisod misaReb sqemad da mas SeuerTdeba erovnuli klasifikaciebi. korelacia arsebul saklasifikacio sistemebTan. "mmb" Tavis megzurad iyenebs gadamuSavebuli legendis sqemas. maT Soris SeimCneva bevri msgavseba. nomenklatura miRebulia da aucilebelia daculi iqnas miRebuli wesebi. "mmb"-Si diagnostikuri horizontebisa da Tvisebebis cnebebi Seivso niadagebis diagnostikuri nivTierebebis SemotaniT. "fao"-s legenda (FAO-UNESCO, 1974) Seiqmna msoflios niadagmcodneTa gamocdilebis da codnis safuZvelze. masSi asaxulia rigi saklasifikacio sistemebidan miRebuli konsesusebi. magaliTad, 26

"greioziomebis",

"Cernoziomebis"

da

"kaStaniozomebis"

cnebebi SemoRebulia rusuli uZvelesi klasifikaciidan, romlebic gulisxmoben tyis rux niadagebs, Savmiwebs da wabla niadagebs. "kambisolebi" emsgavseba germanul da frangul yomralebs ("Braunerde"germanulad, "Sols bruns"-frangulad da niSnavs yomral niadagebs); amerikuli "oqsisolebis" (Oxisols) da braziliuri "latosolebis" (Latosols) cnebaTa mimdevaria "feralsolebi". niadagis resursebisaTvis msoflio monacemebis baza kvlav agrZelebs ganviTarebas arsebul saklasifikacio sistemebze dayrdnobiT. mag: "anTrosolebi" moicaven bevr elements CineTis niadagebis taqsonomiuri klasifikaciis sistemebidan (CSTC mkvlevarTa jgufi, 1995). "andosolebis" aRwera da gansazRvra axlosaa frangul "andisolebis" jgufTan (AFES, 1995). analogiuri msgavseba aRiniSneba "podzolebsa" da frangul "podzolebs" Soris. xolo "solonCakebis", "gleisolebis", "plintosolebis", "feralsolebis", "durisolebis", "alisolebis", "umbrisolebis" da "regosolebis" saklasifikacio sistema Seiqmna axal ideebze da ara pirvelad wyaroebze dayrdnobiT.

27

Tavi II niadaguri monacemTa jgufebis ganmartebani

"mmb"-Si niadaguri jgufebis monacemebi aRwerilia da gansazRvrulia niadagis maxasiaTeblebiT, TvisebebiT da horizontebiT, romelTa kombinacia gansazRvravs niadagebs da maT Soris urTierTkavSirebs. calkeuli parametrebi niadagis maxasiaTeblebia, romelTa dadgena SesaZlebelia velze an laboratoriaSi, an kidev mikroskopiT. es maxasiaTeblebia: feri, niadagis meqanikuri Sedgeniloba da struqtura, biologiuri aqtivobis Tvisebebi, forianoba da niadaguri koncentraciebi (laqebi, kutanebi, CanarTebi da a.S.). laboratoriaSi SesaZlebelia ganisazRvros niadagis reaqcia, niadagSi fraqciebis ganawileba, kaTionis gacvlis tevadoba, gacvliTi kaTionebi, xsnadi marilebis buneba da raodenoba da a.S. niadagis Tvisebebia nidagis maxasiaTebelTa kombinaciebi ("asociaciebi"). xsenebuli maxasiaTeblebi Cndebian niadagebSi da miuTiTeben niadagwarmoqmnis procesis awmyos da warsuls. (magaliTad, "vertik Tvisebebi" arian mZime meqanikuri Sedgenilobis, monTmorilonitis jgufis Tixa mineralebis Semcvelobis, "sliqensaidebis", mSral mdgomareobaSi mZime konsistenciis, dasvelebis dros mwebaobis, mSral mdgomareobaSi kumSvadobis da svel mdgomareobaSi gajirjvebis kombinaciebis Sedegi). niadagis horizontebi 3 ganzomilebiani niadaguri sxeulebia, romlebic met-naklebad dedamiwis zedapiris paraleluria. calkeuli horizonti moicavs erT an met Tvisebas, romelic Cndeba garkveul siRrmeze da axasiaTebs horizonts. zogjer horizontis sisqe ramdenime santimetridan ramdenime metrs aRwevs; zogjer horizotis sisqe ramdenime decimetrsac uaxlovdeba. horizontebis zeda da qveda zRvrebis ("sazRvrebis") saxeebia: TandaTanobiTi, mkveTri da wyvetadi gadasvlebi. lateralurad niadaguri horizontebi farTo manZilze iWimeba. mag: ramdenime metridan ramdenime km-mde. miuxedavad yovelive aRniSnulisa, niadagis horizonti usasrulo arasdros ar aris. igi sabolood qreba an uerTdeba sxva horizonts. niadagebi isazRvreba horizontebis vertikaluri gaerTianebiT (romlebic gvxvdebian garkveul siRrmeze) da niadaguri horizontebis lateraluri wyobiT ("TanmimdevrobebiT") an maTi ar arsebobiT, romlebic asaxulni arian garkveuli masStabis miwis erTeulze da reliefze.

28

niadaguri resursebisaTvis msoflio monacemTa bazis mixedviT niadaguri jgufebis monacemTa ganmartebani

Tu niadagebSi SesamCnevia "histik" an "folik"

horizonti

1. an a) niadagis zedapiridan 10 sm an met sisqeSi, romelic SexebaSia "liTik" da "paraliTik" gamsazRvrelTan; an b) 40 sm an meti sisqis, romelic iwyeba niadagis zedapiridan 30 sm-Si; da 2. "andik" da "vitrik" horizontebi ar SeiniSneba niadagis zeda nawilSi (0-30sm-Si).

"histosolebi" (HS)

Tu niadagebSi, zedapiridan 100 raodenobis "qraik" horizonti. .

sm-Si

SesamCnevia

erTi

an

meti

"qraiosolebi" (CR) Tu niadagebSi SesamCnevia an 1. 50 sm an meti sisqis "horTik", "iragrik", "plajik" an "terik" horizontebi; an 2. "anTraqvik" horizonti, romlis qveS devs "hidragrik" horizonti da maTi sisqeebis jami 50 sm an metia.

"anTrosolebi" (AT) Tu niadagebSi SesamCnevia an 1.

siRrmis SezRudva zedapiridan 25 sm-mde, daurRveveli mkvrivi qaniT; an 2. zedapiridan 25 sm-Si arsebuli nivTierebebi Seicaven 40 % an met eqvivalent kalciumis karbonatebs; an 3. 10 % (woniT) an naklebi odenobis wvrilmiwa niadagis zedapiridan 75 sm an met siRrmeSi; da 4. SeiniSneba "molik", "oqrik", "umbrik", "iermik" an "vertik" horizontebi da arc erTi sxva diagnostikuri horizonti.

"leptosolebi" (LP)

29

Tu niadagebSi SesamCnevia 1. zedapiridan 100 sm-Si "vertik" horizonti; da 2. yvela horizontSi zeda 20 sm-idan 100 sm-mde an met siRrmesTan an gansxvavebul fenebSi ("liTik", "paraliTik", "petrokalcik", "petrodurik" an "petrogifsik" horizontebTan, daurRvevel sedimentaciasTan da sxvebTan) 50-idan 100 sm Soris 30 % an meti odenobis Tixis Sereva; da 3. napralebi3, romlebic periodulad iReba da iketeba.

"vertisolebi" (VR) Tu niadagebSi SeiniSneba 1. "fluvik niadaguri nivTierebebi", romlebic iwyeba niadaguri zedapiris 25 sm-idan da grZeldeba niadagis zedapiridan sul cota 50 sm siRrmemde; da 2. SeiniSneba "histik", "molik", "oqrik", "Takirik", "umbrik, "salik" an "sulfurik" horizontebi da arc erTi sxva diagnostikuri horizonti.

"fluvisolebi" (FL) Tu niadagebSi SeiniSneba 1. zedapiridan 50 sm-Si dawyebuli "salik" horizonti; da 2. "histik", "molik", "oqrik", "Takirik", "iermik", "kalcik", "kambik", "vertik" horizontebi da arc erTi sxva "durik", "gifsik" an diagnostikuri horizonti.

"solonCakebi" (SC) Tu niadagebSi SeiniSneba 1. "glei" Tvisebebi" zedapiridan 50 sm siRrmeSi; da 2. "anTraqvik", "histik", "molik", "oqrik", "Takirik", "umbrik", "andik", "kalcik", "kambik", "gifsik", "plinTik", "salik", "sulfurik" an "vitrik" horizontebi, romlebic unda gvxvdebodnen zedapiridan 100 sm siRrmeSi da arc erTi sxva diagnostikuri horizonti.

"gleisolebi" (GL) 3

naprali aris masebs Soris mravalwaxnagovani danayofi. Tu zedapiri Zlierad TviTmulCirebulia, e.i. granulirebulia (`grumic~) an Tu niadagi damuSavebulia, maSin mTeli napralebi iReba da isini SesaZloa mTlianad Seivsos niadagis zedapiridan Camotanili granulirebuli masaliT, magram napralebi Riaa, roca mravalwaxnagebi dayofilia. naprali gaRebulia, Tu mSral mdgomareobaSi daregulirebulia wylis filtracia da infiltracia Tixovan niadagebSi. (Soil Survey Staff, 1996) Tu niadagi irwyveba, mis zeda 50 sm grZivi gaWimvis koeficientis (sgk) mniSvneloba 0,06 an metia. 30

Tu niadagebSi SeiniSneba 1. an zedapiridan 25 sm sisqeSi dawyebuli "vitrik" an "andik" horizonti; da 2. "histik", "fulvik", "melanik", "molik", "umbrik", "oqrik", "durik" an "kambik" horizontebi (50 sm ufro Rrmad gadamarxvis gamoklebiT) da arc erTi sxva diagnostikuri horizonti.

"andosolebi" (AN) Tu niadagebSi zedapiridan 200 sm siqeSi iwyeba "spodik" horizonti, romlis qveS mdebareobs 50 sm an naklebi sisqis "albik", "histik", "umbrik" an "oqrik" horizontebi an "anTropedogenik" horizonti.

"podzolebi" (PZ) Tu niadagebSi SeiniSneba an 1. zedapiridan 50 sm sisqeSi dawyebuli "petroplinTik" horizonti; an 2. zedapiridan 50 sm sisqeSi dawyebuli "plintik" horizonti; an 3. zedapiridan 100 sm sisqeSi dawyebuli "plintik" horizonti, romlis qveS mdebareobs an "albik" horizonti an "stagnik Tvisebebis" mqone horizonti.

"plintosolebi" (PT) Tu niadagebSi 1. SeiniSneba "feralik" horizonti zedapiridan 25-200 sm siRrmeebis ramdenime nawilSi; da da 2. ar arsebobs zedapiridan 100 sm-is sisqeSi "nitik" horizonti; 3 iseTi fenis ar arseboba, romelSic sruldeba "arjik" horizontis moTxovnebi da am fenas zeda 30 sm-Si axasiaTebs wyalSi dispersirebuli Tixa ("gerik Tvisebebis" an 1,4 % -ze meti organuli naxSirbadis Semcvelobis mqone niadagis nivTierebebis gamoklebiT) 10% an meti raodenobiT.

"feralsolebi" (FR) niadagebSi zedapiridan 100 sm-Si SeiniSneba "natrik" horizonti.

"soloneci" (SN)

31

Tu niadagebSi 1. SeiniSneba, zedapiridan horizonti, romelic

100 sm-Si, mciresazRvriani eluviuri warmoiqmneba am sazRvris zemoT "teqsturuli mkveTri cvlilebis" "stagnik Tvisebeb"-Tan SerwymiT; da 2. ar aRiniSneba "albeluvik ena".

"planosolebi" (Pl) Tu niadagebSi SeiniSneba 1. tenian mdgomareobaSi 2 an 2-ze naklebi feris intensivobis mqone "molik" horizonti, roca meqanikuri Sedgeniloba aris ufro mZime, vidre Tixnari qviSiani an 3,5 naklebi feris intensivobis mqone "molik" horizonti, romlis meqanikuri Sedgeniloba Tixnar qviSiani an ufro msubuqia. orive SemTxvevas adgili unda hqondes niadagis sul cota 20 sm siRmesTan an aRniSnuli feris intensivobebi unda SeiniSnebodes pirdapir romelime saxnavi fenis qvemoT; da 2. meoradi karbonatebis koncentraciebis dawyeba humusovani horizontis (Ah) qveda zRvris 50 sm sisqis farglebSi, xolo niadagis zedapiridan 200 sm farglebSi; da 3. ar gvxvdeba "petrokalcik" horizonti niadagis zedapiridan 25-100 sm siRrmeebs Soris; da 4. ar gvxvdeba meoradi TabaSiri; da 5. ar aris dafaruli struqturuli agregatebis zedapirebi qviSisa da mtvris marcvlebiT.

"Cernoziomebi" (CH) Tu niadagebSi SeiniSneba 1. tenian mdgomareobaSi 2 an meti feris intensivobis mqone "molik" horizonti sul cota 20 sm siRrmesTan an SeiniSneba zemoT aRniSnuli feris intensivoba pirdapir saxnavi fenis qvemoT; da 2. meoradi karbonatebis koncentracia niadagis zedapiridan 100 sm-Si; da 3. "arjik", "kalcik", "kambik", "gifsik"an "vertik" horizontebi da arc erTi sxva diagnostikuri horizonti.

"kaStanaziomebi" (KS) Tu niadagebSi SeiniSneba 1. "molik" horizonti; da 2. 50 % an meti raodenobis fuZeebiT maZRroba (1 M NH4OAc-s mixedviT); zedapiridan 100 sm sisqemde niadagis masa mTlianad gamotutulia karbonatebisagan an masa aseve gamorecxilia 25-100 sm Soris ganTavsebul kontrastul ("liTik" an "paraliTik" SexebasTan, "petrokalcik" horizontTan) fenasTan; da

32

3.

"albik", "arjik", "kambik" an "vertik" horizontebi an substratSi "petrokalcik" horizonti4 da arc erTi sxva diagnostikur horizonti.

"faeozomebi" (PH) Tu niadagebSi SeiniSneba 1. an zedapiridan 100 sm-Si "gifsik" an "petrogifsik" horizonti; an 15 % (moculobiT) an meti raodenobis TabaSiri, romelic akumulirebulia hidromorfuli pirobebiT, saSualod 100 sm siRrmis zeda nawilSi; da 2. "oqrik", "kalcik", "kambik" an "vertik" horizontebi, xolo "arjik" horizonti gajerebulia TabaSiriT an CaCO3 an "petrokalcik" horizontis qveS mdebareobs "gifsik" horizonti da arc erTi sxva diagnostikuri horizonti.

"gifsisolebi" (GY) Tu niadagebSi SeiniSneba zedapiridan 100 sm sisqeSi "durik" an "petrodurik" horizonti.

"durisolebi" (DU) Tu niadagebSi SeiniSneba 1. zedapiridan sul cota 100 sm sisqeSi "kalcik" an "petrokalcik" horizonti; da 2 "oqrik" an "kambik" horizontebi, mokirianebuli "arjik" horizonti, "vertik" horizonti an kidev "gifsik" horizontis qveS mdebare "petrokalcik" horizonti da arc erTi sxva diagnostikuri horizonti.

"kalcisolebi" (CL) Tu niadagebSi SeiniSneba"arjik" horizonti zedapiridan 100 sm sisqeSi araswori zeda sazRvriT, rac "arjik" horizontSi "albeluvikuri enebis" gamoCenis Sedegia.

"albeluvisolebi"(AB)

4

"petokalcik" horizonti SesaZlebelia arsebobdes konkretul adgilze, mag;

`toska~

(kalciumis

karbonatebi pampasebis liosebidan) argentinaSi. amgvari miCneulni arian poligenezisurad da igi ganisazRvreba saklasifikacio miznebisaTvis (mag: "luvik faeozomebi", "toska" faza)) fazis donesTan.

"petrokalcik"

horizontebi

33

Tu niadagebSi SeiniSneba 1. zedapiridan 100 sm an zedapiridan 200 sm sisqeSi dawyebuli "arjik" horizonti, romlis kaTionis gacvlis tevadoba (gansazRvruli 1 M NH4OAc-iT) 24 an meti santimolikkg-1 Tixaa da Tu "arjik" horizonti mTlianad gadafarulia Tixnar-qviSnari an ufro msubuqi meqanikuri SedgenilobiT; da 2. zedapiridan 25-100 sm siRrmeebis ZiriTad nawilSi "alik" Tvisebebi; da "plintik", 3. "oqrik", "umbrik", "albik", "andik", "ferik", "nitik", "vertik" horizontebi da arc erTi sxva diagnostikuri horizonti.

"alisolebi" (AL) Tu niadagebSi SeiniSneba 1. zedapiridan 100 sm sisqeSi "nitik" horizontis dawyeba; da 2. zedapirul da mis qveS mdebare horizontebs Soris sazRvrebis gadasvla meryeobs TandaTanobidan Sereulamde; da 3. zedapiridan 100 sm sisqeSi sxva horizontebi da ara "ferik", "plintik" an "vertik" horizontebi.

"nitisolebi"(N) Tu niadagebSi SeiniSneba 1. zedapiridan 100 sm sisqeSi an zedapiridan 200 sm sisqeSi dawyebuli "arjik" horizonti, romelic ramdenime nawilSi moicavs 24 an nakleb santimolik kg-1 Tixa kaTionis gacvlis tevadobas (gansazRvruli 1M NH4OAc-iT) da Tu "arjik" horizonti zemodan mTlianad dafarulia Tixnar-qviSnari an ufro msubuqi meqanikuri SedgenilobebiT; da 2. 50 % naklebi odenobis fuZeebiT maZRroba (1 M NH4OAc-s mixedviT) 25-100 sm sisqeebis umetes nawilSi.

"akrisolebi" (AC)

Tu niadagebSi SeiniSneba "arjik" horizonti, romlis mTliani nawili moicavs 24 an met santimolik kg-1 Tixa kaTionis gacvlis tevadobas (1 M NH4OAc-is mixedviT).

"luvisolebi" (LV) Tu niadagebSi SeiniSneba "arjik" horizonti.

"liqsisolebi" (LX) Tu niadagebSi SeiniSneba

34

1. 2

"umbrik" horizonti;

da 50 sm an naklebi sisqis "anTropedogenuri" an "albik", horizontebi da arc erTi sxva diagnostikuri horizonti.

"kambik"

"umbrisolebi" (UM) Tu niadagebSi SeiniSneba an 1. "kambik" horizonti; an 2. qveniadagze gadafarebuli "molik" horizonti, romlis zedapiridan 100 sisqis ramdenime nawilSi fuZeebiT maZRroba (1 M NH4OAc-s mixedviT) 50 % an naklebia. an 3. zedapiridan gansazRvrul siRrmeze erTi romelime qvemoT CamoTvlili diagnostikuri horizonti: a) "andik", "vertik" an "vitrik" horizontebi, dawyebuli 25-100 sm siRrmeebs Soris; b) "plintik", "petroplintik" an "salik" horizontebi, dawyebuli 50-100 sm siRrmeebs Soris. am horizontebis zemoT ar gvxvdeba Tixnar-qviSnari an ufro msubuqi meqanikuri Sedgenilobebi.

"kambisolebi" (CM) Tu niadagebSi SeiniSneba 1. Tixnar-qviSnari an ufro msubuqi meqanikuri Sedgeniloba niadagis zedapiridan sul cota 100 sm siRrmesTan an niadagis zedapiridan 50-100 sm siRrmeebs Soris "plintik", "petroplintik" an "salik" horizontebTan; da 2. zedapiridan 100 sm sisqeSi qanis natexebis an msxvili fragmentebis 35 %-ze naklebi (moculobiTi) raodenoba; da 3. "oqrik", "iermik" an "albik" horizontebi an "plinTik", "petroplinTik" an "salik" horizontebi niadagis zedapiridan 50 sm sisqis qvemoT an 200 sm sisqis qvemoT "arjik" an "spodik" horizontebi da arc erTi sxva diagnostikuri horizonti.

"arenosolebi" (AR) danarCeni niadagebi erTiandebian

"regosolebi" (RG)

35

Tavi III diagnostikuri horizontebi, Tvisebebi da nivTierebebi niadagis horizontebi, Tvisebebi da nivTierebebi im maxasiaTeblebs asaxaven, romlebic gamoiyeneba niadagTa klasebis aRwerisa da gansazRvrisTvis. morfologiiT, gazomviT, mniSvnelobiTa da raodenobrivi kriteriumebiT gansazRvruli niadagis maxasiaTeblebi diagnostikurad@miiCneva Tu maT niadagis profilSi gamoxatvis minimaluri xarisxi gaaCniaT. imisaTvis, rom niadagis horizontebi CaiTvalos diagnostikurad, maT unda hqondeT minimaluri sisqe, romlis Sefaseba xdeba bioklimaturi faqtorebiT (mag: "albik" (albic) horizonti borealur (arqtikul) regionebSi iseTive sisqis ar aris rogorc tropikebSi). naSromSi aRwerilia diagnostikuri horizontebi, Tvisebebi da nivTierebebi. SeZlebisdagvarad mocemulia maTi zogadi aRwerebi, diagnostikuri kriteriumebi, savele gansazRvrebebi, damatebiTi maxasiaTeblebi da maTi urTierTkavSirebi sxva diagnostikur horizontebTan. kaTionis gacvlis tevadoba (kgt) gamoiyeneba diagnostikuri horizontebis an Tvisebebis gansazRvris kriteriumad, aseve niadagTa ZiriTadi jgufebis ganmartebisTvisac. igi asaxavs gacvlis kompleqsis mineraluri komponentis bunebas. niadagis wvrilmiwaSi gansazRvrul kgt-ze gavlenas axdens masSi arsebuli garkveuli saxis organuli nivTierebebis raodenoba da buneba. iq sadac dabali aqtivobis Tixa diagnostikur Tvisebas warmoadgens, sasurvelia kgt gansazRvruli iqnas Semdegnairad: wvrilmiwis kgt-as gamoakldes organul nivTierebasTan dakavSirebuli kgt, romlis gansazRvra individualuri profilebis SemTxvevaSi grafikuli meTodis5 gamoyenebas saWiroebs (Bennema and Camargo, 1979, Brinkman, 1979, Klamt and Sombroek, 1988).

niadagis morfologiis aRwerisas gamoyenebuli terminologia miRebulia publikaciidan "zogierTi rCevebi niadaguri profilis aRwerisaTvis" (FAO, 1990). feris aRniSvnebi gamoiyeneba "mansel skalis" mixedviT (KLC, 1990). qimiuri da fizikuri maxasiaTeblebi ki gamokvleulia saxelmZRvanelos "niadagis analizebisTvis saWiro procedurebi" (Van Reeuwijk, 1995) safuZvelze.

5

meTodi mdgomareobs regresiuli organuli C raodenobis (gamoxatuli gr.-Si) gansazRvraSi kgt-is (pH 7) mimarT, romelic gamoisaxeba kaTionebis sanmolikkg–1 Tixa raodenobiT. miRebuli tolobiT SesaZlebelia gamoiTvalos C raodenobis ganawileba kgt-Si da Semdeg igi SeiZleba Seswordes Tixis kgt-ze. unda vivaraudoT, rom mTel niadagur profilSi Tixis mineralogia erTgvarovania. 36

diagnostikuri horizontebi "mmb"-Si diagnostikuri horizontebis gansazRvris safuZvels warmoadgens "fao"-s gadamuSavebuli legenda (FAO, 1988). amavdroulad amoRebulia "fimik" horizonti da damatebulia Semdegi "andik", "anTropogenik", ("anTraqvik", "hidragrik", horizontebi:

"horTik", "iragrik", "flajik" da "terik" horizontebi), "Cernik", "qraik", "durik", "ferik", "folik", "frajik", "fulvik", "melanik" (melanic), "nitik", "petrodurik", "petroplintik", "plintik", "salik", "Takirik", "vertik", "vitrik" da "iermik". am horizontebidan mxolod ramdenime darCa "fao"-s diagnostikuri TvisebebiT da fazebiT. "albik"

horizonti

zogadi aRwera. "albik" horizonti (laTinurad albus – TeTri) aris Ria Seferilobis siRrmiTi horizonti, romlidanac Tixa da Tavisufali rkinis oqsidebi gadaadgilebulia an oqsidebi segregirebulia im donemde, rom horizontis feri ganisazRvreba ufro qviSisa da mtvris nawilakebis feriT, vidre am nawilakebze arsebuli afskebis feriT. "albik" horizonts Cveulebriv aqvs sustad gamoxatuli niadagis struqtura an igi ustruqturoa. misi zeda da qveda sazRvrebi Cveulebriv aris wyvetili an mkveTri. sazRvrebis cvalebadi morfologia zogjer gamowveulia "albelukur enebis" arsebobiT. "albik" horizonts Cveulebriv aqvs ufro msubuqi meqanikuri Sedgeniloba, vidre mis zeda an qveda horizontebs. Tu mis qvemoT gvxvdeba "spodik" horizonti, maSin meqanikur Sedgenilobebs Soris gansxvaveba SedarebiT sustia. "albik" horizontebis umetesoba teniania da masSi SesamCnevia "gleik" an "stagnik" Tvisebebi. diagnostikuri kriteriumi. "albik" horizonts unda gaaCndes: 1. "manselis" skalis mixedviT mSral mdgomareobaSi: a) feris sidide 7 an 8 feris intensivoba 3 an naklebi; an b) feris sidide 5 an 6 feris intensivoba 2 naklebi; da

da

da an

2. "manselis" skalis mixedviT notio mdgomareobaSi: a) feris sidide 6, 7 an 8 da feris intensivoba 4 an naklebi; an b) feris sidide 5 da feris intensivoba 3 an naklebi; an

37

g) feris sidide 4 da feris intensivoba 2 an naklebi.6 feris intensivobis mniSvneloba 3 dasaSvebia, Tu dedaqans aqvs 5 YR an ufro wiTeli elferi da feris intensivoba ganapirobebulia mtvris an qviSis marcvlebis (afskebis gareSe) feriT; da 3. sisqe: sul cota 1 sm. savele gansazRvra. "albik" horizontebis savele gansazRvras safuZvlad udevs "mansel” skalis ferebi. feris gansazRvris Sesamowmeblad damatebiT gamoiyeneba X 10 xelis linza, romliTac aseve dgindeba mtvrisa da qviSis marcvlebze afskebis arseboba. damatebiTi maxasiaTeblebi. qviSisa da mtvris marcvlebze afskebis arseboba gamWvirvale SlifebSi SeiZleba ganisazRvros optikuri mikroskopiT. afskebis gareSe marcvlebis zedapirs aqvs Txeli kideebi. afskebi SeiZleba iyo organuli bunebis an Sedgebodes rkinis oqsidebisagan anda Seicavdes orives erTad, romelsac sinaTleze gaaCnia muqi Seferiloba. Suqze areklili rkinis afskebi mowiTalo ferisaa, maSin rodesac organuli safari – moyavisfro-Savia. kavSirebi zogierT sxva diagnostikur horizontebTan. "albik" horizontebi zemodan gadafarulia humusiT mdidari zedapiruli horizontebiT ("molik", "umbrik" an "oqrik" horizontebi), magram isini SesaZloa Segvxvdes zedapirzec eroziis an zedapiruli fenis xelovnurad moSorebis Sedegad. "albik" horizonti miCneulia eluviuri horizontis gansakuTrebul tipad da igi zemodan efareba "arjik", "natrik" an "spodik" iluviur horizontebs. qviSiani "albik" horizontebis sisqe zogjer ramdenime metrsac aRwevs. humidur tropikul regionebSi masTan kavSirSi myofi sxva diagnostikuri horizontebis dadgena sakmaod Znelia. "andik" horizonti zogadi aRwera. es horizonti (iaponurad An –muqi da Do-niadagi) umTavresad piroklasturi danaleqebis zomieri gamofitvis Sedegia. Tumca, is aseve gvxvdeba aravulkanur naleqebzec (mag: liosebi, argilitebi da feralituri gamofitvis produqtebi). horizontis mineralogia gamdidrebulia mokle-radiusiani-rigis mineralebiT da isini warmoadgenen piroklastur naleqebSi gamofitvis 6

"albik" horizontis feris kriteriumebi odnav Secvlilia "fao"-Si (1988) da niadagmcodneebis (Soil Surey Staff, 1996) mier gansazRvrul feris kriteriumebTan SedarebiT, rac aRiniSneba feris intensivobis Sesabamisi SriftiT (teniani mdgomareobisTvis). "albik" horizonti xSirad gvxvdeba samxreT afrikis regionebSi. 38

Tanmimdevrobis ("tefrik" (tephric) niadaguri nivTiereba _> "vitrik" (vitric) horizonti –> "andik" (andic) horizonti) nawils. "andik" horizontebi SeiZleba Segvxvdes rogorc zedapirze, aseve niadagis siRrmeSic. isini agreTve xSirad gvxvdebian Sreebis saxiT, romlebic ara-"andik"-ur fenebad iyofa. zedapiruli "andik" horizontebi Cveulebriv Seicaven organul nivTierebas didi raodenobiT (5 % meti), aqvT Zalian muqi Seferiloba ("mansel” skalis mixedviT feris sidide da feris intensivoba notio mdgomareobaSi 3 an naklebia), fxvieri makrostruqtura da xSirad misi konsistencia ar aris webovani. isini msubuqi wonisaa (aqvT dabali moculobiTi wona) da umetesad axasiaTebT Tixnar-lamiani an ufro mZime meqanikuri Sedgeniloba. organuli nivTierebebiT mdidari "andik" zedapiruli horizontebis sisqe xSirad 50 sm an metsac aRwevs ( "peCik" maxasiaTebeli). "andik" siRrmiTi horizontebi ki Cveulebriv ufro Ria Seferilobisaa. niadaguri nivTierebebis gamofitvis dominanturi tipis mixedviT "andik" horizontebs SeiZleba gansxvavebuli Tvisebebi hqondeT. zogjer maT SesaZloa gamoavlinon Tiqsotropia e.i. niadaguri nivTierebebi icvlebodes wnevis an xaxunis Sedegad, kerZod myari mdgomareobidan gadavides Txier mdgomareobaSi da Semdeg kvlav daubrundes mkvriv mdgomareobas. eqstrahumidur klimatur pirobebSi humusiT mdidari "andik" horizontebi SeiZleba Seicavdes 100 % meti odenobis wyals (moculobiT) TermostatSi maT gamomSral moculobasTan SedarebiT ("hidrik" maxasiaTebeli). amgvarad, Seswavlilia "andik" horizontebis ori mTavari tipi: erTi, romelic mdidaria alofaniTa da misi msgavsi mineralebiT ("siandik"-is tipi) da meore, romelic mdidaria aluminis organul mJavebTan kompleqsuri naerTebiT ("alu-andik" tipi). "si-andik" horizontis aris reaqcia meryeobs mJavedan – neitraluramde, xolo "alu-andik"–isa ki Zlier mJavedan – mJavemde. diagnostikuri kriteriumi. "andik"' horizonts unda gaaCndes Semdegi fizikuri, qimiuri da mineralogiuri Tvisebebi (Shoti et .al, 1996; Berding, 1997): niadagis moculobiTi wona 0,9 kg dm –3 naklebi savele tentevadobis (winaswari gamoSrobis gareSe) CaTvliT; da 2. 10 % an meti Tixa da 2 % an meti raodenobiT Alox +1/2 Feox7 maCvenebeli wvrilmiwis fraqciebSi; da 3. 70 % an meti raodenobiT fosfatebi; da 4. 10 %-ze naklebi vulkanuri minis Semcveloba wvrilmiwis fraqciaSi; da 5. sul cota 30 sm sisqe. "sil-andik" horizontebi Seicaven oqsalatis mJavaSi (pH 3) eqstragirebad kaJmiwas (Siox) 0,6 % an meti raodenobiT, maSin roca "alu-andik" horizontebSi oqsalatis mJavadan eqstragirebadi Si 1.

7

Alox da Feox aris Sesabamisad oqsalitis mJavadan eqstragirebadi Al da Fe, (Blakemore etal meTodi, 1987) 39

raodenoba unda iyos 0,6 % naklebi (an Sesabamisad Alpy(8)/Alox0,5; an Alpy/Alox=0,5). savele gansazRvra. "andik" horizontebis savele gansazRvra SesaZlebelia pH NaF fildisa da perotis (Fieldes and Perott, 1966) mier SemoTavazebuli savele testiT. 9,5 meti pH NaF sidide miuTiTebs alofanis produqtebis da/an organo-aluminis kompleqsebis Warb Semcvelobaze. aRniSnuli testi indikatoria "andik" horizontebis umravlesobisTvis. gamonaklis warmoadgenen is "andik" horizontebi, romlebic Zalian mdidaria organuli nivTierebiT. Tumca analogiuri aris reaqcia SesaZloa aRiniSnebodes "spodik" horizontebSi da im mJave Tixian niadagebSic, romlebic mdidaria Tixa mineralebiT, romelTa SreebSi dominirebs alumini. "sil-andik" horizontebs zogadad axasiaTebs savele pH (H2O) 5 an ufro maRali, maSin rodesac "alu-andik" horizontebis savele pH (H2O) 4,5 naklebia. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac savele pH (H2O) 4,5 – 5 Soris meryeobs, saWiroa damatebiTi testebis Catareba, raTa dadgindes "andik" horizontis "alu" an "sili"- maxasiaTebeli. kavSirebi zogierT sxva diagnostikur horizontebTan. "vitrik" gansxvavdebian "andik" horizontebisgan gamofitvis naklebi xarisxiT. amas adasturebs "vitrik" horizontebSi (10 %-ze meti wvrilmiwa fraqcia) vulkanuri minis ufro maRali Semcveloba da arakristaluri an misi msgavsi kristaluri pedogenezisuri mineralebis dabali Semcveloba. amgvari saxis mineralebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia oqsalatis mJavadan eqstragirebadi Al (pH 3) da Fe saSualo raodenoba (Alox+1/2 Feox = 0,4-2,0%), ufro maRali kuTri wona ("vitrik" horizontebis moculobiTi wona meryeobs 0,9-1,2 kg dm-3 Soris) da fosfatebis dabali Semcveloba (25 - >HCO3>Cl maCveneblebiT (mxolod "solonCak"-ebSi). "Takirik" (Takiryc) gulisxmobs "Takirik" horizontis arsebobas. "tefrik"(Tephric)

gulisxmobs "tefrik niadaguri arsebobas niadagis zedapiridan 30 siRrmesTan.

nivTierebis" sm

an

met

"terik"(Terric)

gulisxmobs "terik" horizontis arsebobas; "anTrosol"-ebSi 50 sm an meti sisqiT, xolo sxva danarCen niadagebSi 50 sm naklebi sisqiT.

"Tionik"(Thionic)

gulisxmobs "sulfurik" horizontis an "sulfidik niadaguri nivTierebis" arsebobas, niadagis zedapiridan 100 sm sisqeSi.

"orTiTionik" (Orthithionic)

gulisxmobs "sulfurik" horizontis arsebobas, niadagis zedapiridan 100 sm sisqeSi.

"protoTionik" (Protothionic)

gulisxmobs" sulfidik niadaguri nivTierebis" arsebobas, niadagis zedapiridan 100 sm sisqeSi.

"toqsik" (Toxic)

gulisxmobs niadagis zedapiridan 50 sm sisqeSi Al, Fe, Na, Ca an Mg ionebis ar arsebobas da iseTi ionebis arsebobas, romlebic toqsikuria mcenaris zrdisTvis. 106

"turbik" (Turbic) gulisxmobs krioturbaciul maxasiaTeblebs [Sereuli niadaguri nivTiereba, darRveuli niadaguri horizontebi, involuciebi (niadagis horizontebSi morevis msgavsi niSnebi), organuli intruziebi, yinulis borcvebi, niadagis msxvili nivTierebebis dayofa wvril nivTierebamde, napralebi, zedapiris iseTi niSnebi, rogoricaa burcobebi, qvargvalebi, badisebri ganlageba da mravalwaxnagebi], an zedapirTan an niadagis zedapiridan 100 sm sisqeSi (mxolod "qraisol"-ebSi). "umbrik" (Umbric) "urbik" (Urbic)

gulisxmobs "umbrik"

horizontis arsebobas.

"anTropogeomorfik niadaguri nivTierebis" akumulaciebs, romlebic Seicavs 35 %

gulisxmobs

meti (moculobiT) odenobiT RorRiTa da “artifaqtebiT” Sereul miwanarev nivTierebebs (mxolod "anTrofik" regosol"-ebSi). "vermik" (Vermic)

gulisxmobs 50 % an meti (moculobiT) odenobiT Wiebis xvrelebis da mRrRnelebis soroebis arsebobas, niadagis 100 sm sisqis zeda nawilSi an qvemoT qanTan an mciresisqian "petrokalcik", "petrodurik", "petrogifsik", an "petroplintik" horizontebTan.

"vertik" (Vertic)

gulisxmobs "vertik" horizontis niadagis zedapiridan 100 sm sisqeSi.

"vetik" (Vetic)

Tixa gulisxmobs 6-ze nakleb santimolikkg-1 gacvliTi fuZeebis da gacvliTi mJavianobis jams niadagis zedapiridan 100 sm sisqeSi, B horizontis minimum ramdenime qvehorizontSi.

"vitrik"(Vitric)

igulisxmeba niadagis zedapiridan 100 sm sisqeSi horizontis arseboba da "vitrik" horizontis zemoT "andik" horizontis ar arseboba.

arsebobas

"vitrik"

"qsenTik"(Xenthic)

horizontis arseboba, igulisxmeba "feralik" romelic yviTeli an mkrTali yviTeli Seferilobisaa (niadagis monatex nimuSs axasiaTebs "mansel"-is mixedviT 7,5 YR an ufro yviTeli elferi, 4 an 4-ze meti feris sidide (notio mdgomareobaSi) da 5 an 5-ze meti feris intensivoba (notio mdgomareobaSi).

"iermik" (Yermic)

igulisxmeba "iermik" horizontis arseboba, romelic Seicavs udabnos qvafenils. 107

"iermik" hori"nudiiermik" (Nudiyermic) gulisxmobs zontis arsebobas udabnos qvafenilis gareSe. qvemoT mocemuli prefiqsebi SesaZloa gamoyenebul iqnas siRrmis Cvenebis misaniSneblad an niadagis maxasiaTeblebisa da Tvisebebis intensivobis aRsaniSnavad. isini kombinirebulia erT sityvaSi sxva elementebiT, mag: "orTikalcik". ormagi kombinaciaa _ "epihiperkalcik". "baTi" (Bathi)

gulisxmobs horizontis, Tvisebis an nivTierebis arsebobis dawyebas niadagis zedapiridan 100 _ 200 sm Soris.

"kumuli" (Cumuli) gulisxmobs A horizontSi an zedapirze 50 sm an meti sisqesTan niadaguri nivTierebis ganmeorebiT akumulacias. "endo" (Endo)

gulisxmobs horizontis, Tvisebis an nivTierebis arsebobis dawyebas qveda siRrmeebTan, zogadad, niadagis zedapiridan 50 _ 100 sm Soris.

"epi" (Epi)

gulisxmobs horizontis, Tvisebis an nivTierebis arsebobis dawyebas niadagis zedapiridan 50 sm sisqeSi.

"hiper" (Hyper)

gulisxmobs garkveuli gamoxatulebas.

"hipo" (Hypo)

gulisxmobs garkveuli Tvisebebis sust an msubuq gamoxatulebas.

"orTi" (Orthi)

gulisxmobs garkveuli Tvisebebis tipur gamoxatulebas (tipurSi igulisxmeba mniSvnelovnad damaxasiaTebeli).

"para" (Para)

gulisxmobs garkveul TvisebebTan (mag: "paraliTik") msgavsebas.

"proto" (Proto)

mianiSnebs garkveuli Tvisebebis (mag: "frotoTionik") ganviTarebis winapirobas an adreul stadias.

"tafto"(Thapto)

gulisxmobs damarxuli horizontis arsebobas niadagis zedapiridan (mocemulia damarxul diagnostikur horizontTan kombinaciaSi, mag: "taftomolik") 100 sm sisqeSi.

108

Tvisebebis

Zlier

an

Warb

ganmartebiTi SeniSvnebi dabali donis saxelebis gamoyenebisa da gansazRvrisTvis

diagnostikur horizontebTan kavSiri: diagnostikuri horizontebis umetesoba SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas niadagis qveerTeulebis dasaxelebisTvis, Semdegi axsna-ganmartebebiT: "arjik" horizonti: dabal donesTan saxeli "luvik" mianiSnebs, rom Cans "arjik" horizonti da ara "arjik" gamsazRvreli. "arenosol"-ebSi termini "hipoluvik" gamoiyeneba "luvisol"-ebSi gadasvlisTvis, maSin roca "arjik" horizonti ar gvxvdeba. "kambik" horizonti: niadagis qveerTeulisTvis "kambik" saxelis gamoyeneba zogadad rekomendirebuli ar aris. "feralik" horizonti: saxeli "feralik" ar gamoiyeneba "feralik" horizontis arsebobis misaniSneblad. imitom, rom amgvarma gamoyenebam SesaZloa gamoiwvios gaugebroba diagnostikuri Tvisebisa da niadagis erTeulis `feralik ~ damatebiTi mniSvnelobis arsSi. Tumca igi gamoiyeneba 100 sm sisqeSi "feralik" Tvisebebis mqone niadagis qveerTeulebis dasayofad (mag: "hipoferalik"). "sulfurik" horizonti: niadagis "sulfurik" saxelis mqone qveerTeulis gamoyeneba ar aris rekomendirebuli. "sulfuri-Tionik"is magivrad unda gamoviyenoT "orTi-Tionik" saxelwodeba.

diagnostikur TvisebebTan da niadagis nivTierebebTan kavSiri: diagnostikuri kriteriumebis umetesoba gamoiyeneba dabali donis danayofis gansazRvris an Sesabamisi damatebiTi saxelebis Seucvlelad. amasTan gasaTvaliswinebelia Semdegi SeniSvnebi: feri: terminebis "rodik", "rabik", "qromik" da "qsenTik" gamosaxatavad gamoiyeneba niadagis B horizontis Seferilobis sxvadasxva xarisxebi. es terminebi gamoiyeneba im niadagebisTvisac, romelTac gaaCniaT "arjik" da "feralik" horizontebi an gamosayenebelia "kambisolebsa" da "arenosolebisTvisac". "vertisol"-ebSi termini "pelik" miuniSnebs muq Seferilobas. "distrik"/"euTrik": niadagis qveerTeulebis saxelebis gansazRvrisTvis dadgenili wesebis Tanaxmad, "distrik" da "euTrik" gamsazRvrelebs aqvT erTaderTi mniSvneloba, romelic SemdgomSi ar unda iqnes gamoyenebuli mJave (mag: araviTari "distrik-orTiTionik fluvisoli") an fuZeebiT (mag: araviTari euTri-petrik kalcisoli") maZRari niadagebisTvis. "fluvik niadaguri nivTierebebi": niadagis qveerTeulis "fluvik" saxeli mniSvnelovania "gleisol"-isa da "kambisol"-ebis niadagis monacemTa jgufebisTvis, raTa mieniSnos "fluvik" Tvisebebis arseboba. axali masalis Txeli zedapiruli safarebi (50 sm naklebi sisqis) miniSnebuli unda iyos fazis doneze. 109

"sodik Tvisebebi": niadagis qveerTeulis "sodik" saxeli maSin gamoiyeneba, roca gacvliTi natriumis procentuli raodenoba (gnp) 15ze metia, niadagis zedapiridan 50 sm sisqeSi. gacvliTi natriumis 6-ze meti procenuli Semcvelobis misaniSneblad gamoiyeneba termini "hiposodik". "sulfidik niadaguri nivTierebebi": termini "sulfidik niadaguri nivTierebebi" gamoiyeneba diagnostikur "sulfurik" horizontTan, raTa moxdes "Tionik" niadaguri erTeulebis gamoyofa. Tu aucilebelia "Tionik" niadaguri erTeulebis qveerTeulebad dayofa, maSin SemoTavazebulia prefiqs - "proto" -s gamoyeneba mxolod "sulfik niadaguri nivTierebis" Semcveli niadagebisTvis. ar aris rekomendirebuli "sulfik" an "sulfidik" saxelebis gamoyeneba "Tionik" niadaguri erTeulebis qveerTeulebad dasayofad. ena (Tonguing): dasaSvebia enebis or tipad dayofa: erTi - rodesac "albik" horizontis ena Sedis B horizontSi ("albiglosik" (Albiglossic)) da meore _ enebis ufro iSviaTi SemTxveva: rodesac A horizontis ena Sedis B an C horizontSi ("glosik" (Glossic), "moliglosik" (Molliglossic) da "umbriglosik" (Umbriglossic)). niadagis monacemTa jgufebis prioritetuli Tanmimdevroba: prioritetuli Tanmimdevroba niadaguri jgufebis monacemebisTvis mocemulia me - 4 cxrilSi. unda aRiniSnos, rom mocemuli niadaguri jgufis monacemebis prioritetuli Tanmimdevroba iTvaliswinebs damatebiTi saxelebis kombinaciebs yvela niadagis erTeulebisTvis, romlebic niadagis monacemTa jgufs miekuTvneba. magram TanmimdevrobaSi yvela aRniSvna ar aris vargisi jgufSi arsebuli individualuri niadaguri erTeulis gansasazRvrelad, imitom rom sistemis zogadi wesebi da gansazRvrebebi ugulebelyofs garkveul kombinaciebs.

E

110

cxrili 4 niadagis monacemTa jgufebis dabali donis erTeulebis prioritetuli sia "histosolebi"

"qraisolebi"

"anTrosolebi"

"leptosolebi"

"vertisolebi"

"qraik" "glacik" "salik" "gelik" "Tionik" "folik" "fibrik" "saprik" "ombrik" "reik" "alkalik" "toqsik" "distrik" "euTrik"

"histik" "liTik" "leptik" "turbik" "salik" "natrik" "gleik" "andik" "molik" "gifsik" "kalcik' "umbrik" "iermik" "aridik" "glacik" "Tionik" "oqsiaqvik" "stagnik" "haplik"

"hidragrik" "iragrik" "terik" "plajik" "horTik" "gleik" "stagnik" "spodik" "feralik" "luvik" "arenik" "rejik"

"liTik" "gleik' "renZik" "umbrik" "iermik' "aricik" "vertik" "gelik" "hiperskeletik" "molik" "humik" "gifsirik"' "kalkarik" "distrik" "euTrik" "haplik"

"Tionik" "salik" "natrik" "gifsik" "durik" "kalcik" "alik" "gifsirik" "pelik" "grumik' "mazik" "qromik" "mezoTropik"' "hiposodik" "euTrik" "haplik"

"fluvisolebi"

"solonCakebi"

"gleisolebi"

"andosolebi"

"podzolebi"

"histik" "Tionik" "salik" "gleik" "molik" "umbrik" "arenik" "Takirik" "iermik" "aridik" "gelik" "stagnik" "humik"' "gifsirik" "kalkarik" "sodik" "tefrik" "skeletik" "distrik" "euTrik" "haplik"

"histik" "vertik" "gleik" "sodik" "molik" "gifsik" "durik" "kalcik" "petrosalik" "Takirik" "iermik" "aridik" "gelik" "stagnik" "hipersalik" "oqrik" "acerik" "qloridik" "sulfaTik" "karbonatik" "haplik"

"histik" "Tionik" "anTraqvik" "endosalik"' "andik" "vitrik" "plinTik" "sodik" "molik" "gifsik" "kalcik" "umbrik" "arenik" "Takirik"' "gelik"' "humik" "alkalik" "alumik" "toqsik" "abraptik" "kalkarik" "tefrik" "distrik" "euTrik" "haplik"

"vitrik" "euTrisilik" "silik" "gleik"' "melanik" "fulvik" "hidrik" "paCik" "histik" "molik" "durik" "umbrik"' "luvik" "placik" "leptik" "aqroqsik" "vetik" "kalkarik"' "arenik" "sodik" "skeletik" "taftik"' "distrik" "euTrik" "haplik"

"gelik" "gleik" "stagnik" "densik" "karbik" "rasTik" "histik" "umbrik" "enTik" "placik" "skeletik" "frajik" "lamelik" "anTrik"' "haplik"

111

cxrili 4

(gagrZeleba)

niadagis monacemTa jgufebis dabali donis erTeulebis prioritetuli sia "plinTosolebi"

"feralsolebi"

"solonecsebi"

"planosolebi"

"Cernoziomebi"

"petrik" "alik" "aqrik" "umbrik" "albik" "stagnik" "endoeuTrik"

"plinTik" "gleik" "andik" "aqrik"' "liqsik"' "arenik' "gibsik" "gerik" "humik" "histik" "molik" "umbrik" "endostagnik" "vetik" "pozik" "alumik" "ferik" "hiperdistrik" "hipereuTrik"' "rodik" "qsanTik" "haplik"

"vertik"' "gleik" "salik" "molik" "gifsik"' "durik" "kalcik" "magnezik"' "Takirik" "iermik" "aridik" "stagnik" "albik" "humik" "haplik"

"histik" "vertik" "Tionik" "endosalik" "plinTik" "gleik" "sodik" "molik" "gifsik" "kalcik" "alik" "luvik" "umbrik" "arenik" "gelik" "albik" "gerik" "petroferik" "alkalik" "alumik" "ferik" "kalkarik" "rodik" "qromik" "distrik" "euTrik" "haplik"

"Cernik" "vertik" "gleik" "luvik" "glosik" "kalcik" "silTik" "vermik" "haplik"

"faeoziomebi" "leptik" "vertik" "gleik" "andik" "vitrik" "sodik" "luvik" "albik" "stagnik" "greik" "paCik" "abraptik" "glosik" "tefrik" "kalkarik" "skeletik" "silTik" "vermik" "qromik" "haplik"

"gifsisolebi" "petrik" "leptik" "vertik"' "endosalik" "sodik" "durik" "kalcik" "luvik" "Takirik" "iermik" "aridik" "arzik"' "skeletik" "hiperoqrik" "hipergifsik" "hipogifsik" "haplik"

"durisolebi" "petrik" "leptik" "vertik" "gifsik" "kalcik" "luvik" "arenik" "Takirik" "iermik" "aridik" "qromik" "hiperoqrik" "haplik"

"kalcisolebi" "petrik" "leptik" "vertik" "endosalik" "gleik" "sodik" "luvik" "Takirik" "iermik" "aridik" "skeletik" "hiperoqrik" "hiperkalcik" "hipokalcik" "haplik"

"gerik" "humik" "endodurik" "vetik" "alumik" "abraptik" "paCik" "glosik" "ferik" "haplik"

"kaStanaziomebi" "vertik" "gifsik" "kalcik" "luvik" "hiposodik" "silTik" "qromik" "anTrik" "haplik"

112

cxrili 4

(gagrZeleba)

niadagis monacemTa jgufebis dabali donis erTeulebis prioritetuli sia "albeluvisolebi"

"alisolebi"

"nitisolebi"

"akrisolebi"

"luvisolebi"

"histik" "gelik" "gleik" "alik" "umbrik" "arenik" "frajik" "stagnik" "alumik" "endoeuTrik" "abraptik" "ferik" "silTik" "haplik"

"vertik" "plinTik" "gleik" "andik" "nitik" "umbrik" "arenik" "stagnik" "albik" "humik" "abraptik" "profondik" "lamelik" "ferik" "hiperdistrik" "skeletik" "rodik" "qromik" "haplik"

"andik" "molik" "alik" "umbrik" "humik" "vetik" "alumik" "rodik" "feralik" "distrik" "euTrik" "haplik"

"leptik" "plinTik" "gleik" "andik" "vitrik" "umbrik" "arenik" "stagnik" "gerik" "albik" "humik" "vetik" "abraptik" "profondik" "lamelik" "ferik" "alumik" "hiperdistrik" "skeletik"

"leptik" "vertik" "gleik" "andik" "vitrik" "kalcik" "arenik" "stagnik" "albik" "hiposodik" "profondik" "lamelik" "ferik" "rodik" "qromik" "kutanik" "hiperoqrik" "distrik" "haplik"

"rodik" "qromik" "hiperoqrik" "haplik" "liqsisolebi"

"umbrisolebi"

"kambisolebi"

"arenosolebi"

"regosolebi"

"leptik" "plinTik" "gleik" "andik" "vitrik" "kalcik"' "arenik" "stagnik" "gerik" "albik" "humik" "vetik" "abraptik" "profondik" "lamelik" "ferik" "rodik" "qromik" "hiperoqrik" "haplik"

"gelik" "leptik" "gleik" "arenik" "stagnik" "albik" "humik" "feralik" "skeletik" "anTrik" "haplik"

"gelik" "leptik" "vertik" "fluvik" "endosalik" "plinTik" "gelistagnik" "stagnik" "gleik" "andik" "vitrik" "molik" "Takirik" "iermik" "aridik" "sodik" "feralik" "gifsirik" "kalkarik" "skeletik" "rodik" "qromik" "hiperoqrik" "distrik" "euTrik" "haplik"

"gelik" "plinTik" "gleik" "hipoluvik"' "iermik" "aridik"' "feralik" "albik" "gifsirik" "kalkarik" "lamelik" "rubik" "frajik" "hiposalik" "tefrik" "hipodurik" "proTik" "distrik" "euTrik" "haplik"

"gelik" "leptik" "gleik" "taftoandik" "taftovitrik" "arenik" "Takirik" "iermik" "aridik" "gelistagnik" "stagnik" "anTrofik" "arik" "garbik" "redaqtik" "spolik" "urbik" "humik" "vermik" "hiposalik" "hiposodik" "gifsirik" "kalkarik" "tefrik" "skeletik" "hiperoqrik" "distrik" "euTrik" "haplik"

113

gamoyenebuli literatura:

AFES (Association francaise pour I`etude du sol). 1995. Referentiel Pedologique. INRA, Paris. Berding F.R. 1997. Third level modifiers for the major soil groups of Andosols, Phaeozems and Podzols. Working Paper. FAO/AGLS, Rome. Bennema J. and Camargo M.N. 1979. Some remarks on Brazilian Latosols in relation to the Oxisols. In: Proceedings of the Second International Soil Classification Workshop. Part I. Beinroth F.H. and Paramanthan S. (eds.) Malaysia, 28 August to 1 September 1978. Soil Survey Division, Land Development Department, Bangkok. pp. 233-261. Blakemore L.C., Searle P.L. and Daly. B.K. 1981. Soil Bureau Laboratory Methods. A method for chemical analysis of soils. N.Z.Soil Bureau Sci. Rep. 10A. DSIRO. Brammer H., Antoine J., Kassam A.H. and van Velthuizen H.T. 1998. Land Resources Appraisal of Bangladesh for Agricultural Development. Report 3, Land Resources Data Base, Volume II, Soil, Landform and Hydrological Data Base. UNDP/FAO, Rome. Brinkman R. 1979. Ferrolysis, a Soil-forming Process in Hydromorphic Soils. Thesis. Agricultural University Wageningen. PUDOC, Wageningen, The Netherlands. CEC (Commission of the European Communities). 1985. Soil Map of the European Communities 1:1 000 000. Directorate-General for Agriculture, Coordinition of Agricultural Research, Luxembourg. CSTC (Chinese Soil Taxonomic Classification) Research Group. 1995. Chinese Soil Taxonomic Classification System. Revised Proposal. Chinese Agricultural Science and Technology Press, Beijing. (in Chinese). Dudal R. 1990. Progress in IRB preparation. In: Soil Classification. Reports of the International Conference on Soil Classification, 12-16 September 1988, Alma-Ata, USSR. Rozanov B.G. (ed.). Centre for International Projects, USSR State Committee for Environmental Protection., Moscow. pp 69-70. FAO. 1998. Soil, Terrain and Crop Production Zones Database for Northeastern Africa. FAO Land and Water Digital Media Series 2. FAO, Rome. (in preparation) 114

FAO. 1990. Guidelines for Soil Profile Description. Third edition (revised). Soil Resources, Management and Conservation Service, Land and Water Development Division, FAO, Rome. FAO. 1988. Soil Map of the World. Revised Legend. Reprinted with corrections. World Soil Resources Report 60. FAO, Rome. FAO-UNESCO. 1974. Soil Map of the World 1 : 5 000 000. Volume I. Legend. UNESCO, Paris. Fieldes M. and Perrott K.W.1966. The nature of allophane soils: 3. Rapid field and laboratory test for allophane. New Zeal. J. Sci. 9: 623-629. Fischer G., de Pauw E., van Velthuizen H.T., Nachtergaele F.O. and Antoine, J. 1996. A provisional world climatic resource inventory based on the length of growing period concept. In: Proceedings of a workshop on National Soil Reference Collections and Databases (NASREC). Vol. 3. Papers and Country Reports. Batjes N.H., J.H. Kauffman and O.C. Spaargaren (eds.). ISRIC. Wageningen, The Netherlands. pp. 30-43. FitzPatrick E.A. 1988. Soil horizon designation and classification. A coordinate system for defining soil horizons and their use as the basic elements in soil classification for different purposes. ISRIC Technical paper 17. Wageningen, The Netherlands. Gong Z., Zhang X., Luo G., Shen H. and Spaargaren O.C. 1997. Extractable phosphorus in soils with a famic epipedon. Geoderma 75: 289-296. Hewitt A.E. 1992. New Zealand Soil Classification. DSIR Land Resources Scientific Report 19. Lower Hutt.

Honna, T.S., Yamammoto S. and Matsui, K. 1988. A simple procedure to determine melanic index. ICOMAND Circular Letter 10: 76-77. ISSS-ISRIC-FAO.1994.

World

Reference

Base

for

Soil

Resources.

Draft.

Wageningen/Rome. KIC (Kollmorgen Instruments Corporation). 1990. Munsell Soil Color Charts. Baltimore, USA. 115

Klamt E. and Sombroek. W.G. 1988. Contribution of organic matter to exchange properties of Oxisols. In: Proceedings of the Eighth International Soil Classification Workshop. Classification, characterization and utilization of Oxisols. Part 1:Papers. Beinroth, F.H. Camargo M.N. Eswaran H. (eds.). Rio de Janeiro. pp 64-70. Nachtergaele F.O. 1996. From the Soil Map of the World to the Clobal Soil and Terrain Database. AGLS Working Paper. FAO. Rome. Nachtergaele F.O, A. Remmelzwaal, J. Hof, J. van Wambeke, A. Souirji and R. Brinkman. 1994. Guidelines for distinguishing soil subunits. In: Transactions 15th World Congress of Soil Science. Volume 6a, Commission V: Symposia. Etchevers, B.J.D. (ed.). Instituto Nacional de Estadistica, Geografia e Informatica. Mexico. pp 818833. Northcote K.H. 1979. A Factual Key for the Recognition of Australian Soils. Fourth edition. Rellim Technical Publications, Adelaide. Olsen S.R., C.V. Cole, F.S. Watanabe and L.A. Dean. 1954. Estimation of Available Phosphorus in Soils by Extraction with Sodium Bicarbonate. USDA Circ. 939. United States Department of Agriculture, Washington D.C. Purnell M.F., Nachtergaele F.O, Spaargaren O.C. and Hebel.A. 1994. A practical topsoil classification – FAO proposal. In: Transactions 15th World Congress of Soil Science. Etchevers B.J.D. (ed). Instituto Nacional de Estadistica, Geografia e Informatica. Mexico. Remmelzwaal, A. and Verbeek, K. 1990. Revised general soil legend of Botswana. AG:BOT/85/011. Field Document 32. Ministry of Agriculture, Gaberone, Botswana. Ruellan A. and Dosso M. 1993. Regards sur le Sol. Foucher-Aupelf, Paris. Shoji S., .Nanzyo M.,. Dahlgren R.A. and Quantin. P. 1996. Evaluation and proposed revisions of criteria for Andosols in the World Reference Base Soil Resources. Soil Sc. 161(9): 604-615. Soil Classification Working Group. 1991. Soil classification. A taxonomic system for South Africa. Memoirs Agric. Nat. Res. South Africa 15. Dept. Agricultural Development, Pretoria. 116

Soil Survey Staff. 1996. Keys to Soil Taxonomy. Seventh adition. United States Department of Agriculture, Washington D.C. Sombroek W.G. 1986. Identification and use of subtypes of the argillic horizon. In: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Red Soils. (Nanjing, Nov. 1983). Institute of Soil Science. Academia Sinica. Science Press, Beijing, and Elsevier, Amsterdam. pp 159-166. Spaargaren O.C. 1992. Framework for Characterization and Classification of Topsoils in the World. AGLS Working Paper. FAO. Rome. Van Engelen V.W.P. and Wen T.T. (eds.). 1995. Glonal and National Soils and Terrain Digital Databases (SOTER). Procedures Manual (revised adition). UNEP-ISSSISRIC-FAO. Wageningen, The Netherlands. Van Reeuwijk L.P. (ed.). 1995. Procedures for Soil Analysis. Fifth edition. ISRIC Technical Paper 9. Wageningen, The Netherlands. Varghese T. and Byju. G. 1993. Laterite soils. Their distribution, characteristics, classification and management. Technical Monograph 1, State Committee on Science, Technology and Environment. Thiruvananthapuram, Sri Lanka.

117

118

danarTi 1

niadagis horizontTa aRniSvnebi ZiriTadi horizontebi da fenebi didi asoebiT: H, O, A, E, B, C da R aRiniSneba ZiriTadi horizontebi da fenebi. am ZiriTad simboloebs aRniSvnis srulyofisTvis emateba sxva asoebic. umetesi horizontebisa da fenebisTvis mocemulia calkeuli didi asoTi aRniSnuli simbolo, magram zogierTi saWiroebs or asos. amJamad cnobilia 7 mTavari horizonti da fena. ZiriTadi horizontebi da maTi qvedanayofebi warmoadgenen iseT fenebs, romlebic ganicdian garkveul cvlilebebs, xolo zogierT maTganSi ki es cvlilebebi SeumCnevelia. umetes SemTxvevaSi niadaguri horizontebi genezisuria, romlebic asaxaven maTSi momxdar Tvisobriv cvlilebebs. genezisuri horizontebi diagnostikuri horizontebis ara eqvivalenturia, Tumca niadagis profilSi SeiZleba identurebic iyvnen. diagnostikuri horizontebi raodenobrivad gansazRvruli maxasiaTeblebia, romlebsac klasifikaciaSi iyeneben. H horizontebi an fenebi: organuli nivTierebiT dominirebuli fenebi, formirebuli niadagis zedapirTan dauSleli an nawilobriv daSlili organuli masalidan, romelic SeiZleba iyos wylis qveSac. yvela H horizonti wyliT gajerebulia drois xangrZlivi periodis manZilze, an iJRinTeba mxolod erTxel, magram amJamad ar aris SeiZleba arsebobdes xelovnurad drenirebuli. H horizonti mineraluri niadagis zedapirze da Tu igi damarxulia, maSin zedapiris qvemoT romelime siRrmesTan.

O horizontebi an fenebi: organuli nivTierebiT dominirebuli fenebi, moicavs dauSlel an nawilobriv daSlil safars, romelic Sedgeba foTlebisgan, wiwvebisgan, totebisgan, xavsisa da liqenisgan (romlebic grovdeba zedapirze); isini SeiZleba akumulirebuli iyos mineraluri an organuli niadagis zedapirze. O O horizontebi ar aris wyliT xangrZlivad gaJRenTili. aseTi masalis mineraluri fraqcia masalis moculobis mxolod mcire procents Seadgens da zogadad misi wonis naxevarze bevrad naklebia. O fena SeiZleba iyos mineraluri niadagis zedapirTan an Tu igi damarxulia, zedapiris qvemoT romelime siRrmesTan. Tu horizonti formirebulia mineralur qveniadagSi organuli nivTierebis iluviaciiT, maSin igi O horizonti ar aris. Tumca amgvarad formirebuli zogierTi horizonti bevr organul nivTierebas Seicavs. A horizontebi: mineraluri horizontebi, romlebic formirdebian O horizontis zedapirTan an mis qveS, romelSic pirveladi qanis struqturis mTliani an umetesi nawili darRveulia da romelic xasiaTdeba qvemoT moyvanili erTi an meti niSniT: 119

_ akumulirebuli humificirebuli organuli nivTiereba farulad Sereulia mineralur fraqciasTan da ar amJRavnebs E an B B horizontebisTvis damaxasiaTebel Tvisebebs (ix. qvemoT). _ damuSavebiT, ZovebiT an msgavsi zemoqmedebis Sedegad miRebuli Tvisebebi; an _ morfologia formirebulia zedapirze mimdinare procesebiT da gansxvavdeba qveSmdebare B an C horizontebis morfologiisgan. Tu zedapirul horizonts axasiaTebs rogorc A, aseve B horizontis Tvisebebi, magram dominanturi maxasiaTebeli aris humificirebuli organuli nivTierebis akumulacia, maSin igi A horizonti. Tbili ariduli klimatis aRiniSneba rogorc pirobebSi, daurRveveli zedapiruli horizonti aris naklebad muqi Seferilobis, vidre misi momijnave qveSmdebare horizonti, romelic organuli nivTierebis mxolod mcire raodenobas Seicavs. mas axasiaTebs C fenisagan gansxvavebuli morfologia, Tumca misi mineraluri fraqcia SeiZleba ucvleli an odnav Secvlili iyos gamofitvis Sedegad. amgvari horizonti aRniSnulia A asoTi, radganac igi gvxvdeba zedapirze. zedapirze mimdinare procesebiT ganpirobebuli gansxvavebuli struqturis an morfologiis mqone niadagebia: "vertisol"-ebi an niadagebi gamkvrivebuli SreebiT an brtyel aluviur sanapiro xmeleTze gavrcelebuli niadagebi mcire mcenareulobiTa da udabnos niadagebi. Tumca axali aluviuri an eoluri naleqebi, romlebic moicavs wvrilmarcvlovan stratifikacias, ar miiCneva A horizontad, Tu ar xdeba misi damuSaveba. E horizontebi: mineraluri horizontebi, romelTa mTavari maxasiaTebelia silikaturi Tixis, rkinis, aluminis an maTi kombinaciebiT gaRaribeba da qviSis an mtvris nawilakebis koncentraciebis darCena da pirveladi qanis struqturis mTliani an umetesi nawilis darRveva. E horizonti Cveulebriv ufro Ria (magram aucilebeli piroba ar aris) Seferilobisaa, vidre mis qveS mdebare B horizonti. zogierT niadagebSi Seferilobas ganapirobebs qviSisa da mtvris nawilakebis feri, xolo umetes SemTxvevaSi pirveladi nawilakebis feri ganpirobebulia rkinis JangeulebiT an sxva SenaerTebis safariT. niadagis erTi da imave profilSi E horizonti mkveTrad gansxvavdeba qveSmdebare B horizontisagan feris ufro maRali sididiT, xolo feris intensivobis ufro dabali maCvenebliT, an feris orive maCveneblis simciriT; msubuqi meqanikuri SedgenilobiT; an am Tvisebebis kombinaciebiT. E horizonti, Cveulebrivad, zedapirTan axlos mdebare horizontia anu mdebareobs O an A horizontebis qveS da B horizontis zemoT. E simbolo SesaZloa gamoyenebuli iyos profilSi mdebareobis miuxedavad im horizontisTvis, romelic 120

akmayofilebs zemoT naxseneb kriteriumebs da warmoadgens niadagis genezisis Sedegs. B horizontebi: formirdebian A, E, O an H horizontebis qveS. am horizontebis mTavari maxasiaTeblebia pirveladi qanis struqturis umetesi an mTeli nawilis rRveva, qvemoT CamoTvlil erT an ramdenime kombinaciasTan erTad: - silikaturi Tixis, rkinis, aluminis, humusis, karbonatebis, TabaSiris an kaJmiwis an maTi kombinaciebis iluviuri koncentraciebi; - karbonatebis gamotutvis niSani; - erTnaxevari Jangebis koncentraciis narCeni; - erTnaxevari Jangebis safarebi, romelTa gamoc horizontis feris sidide rkinis iluviaciis gareSe SesamCnevad dabalia, xolo feris intensivoba maRali da elferi ufro wiTelia, vidre mis qvemoT da zemoT mdebare horizontebSi,; - gardaqmna, romelic iwvevs silikaturi Tixis formirebas an Jangeulebis gamonTavisuflebas an orive process erTad da romelic ganapirobebs marcvlovan, beltovan an prizmul struqturas, Tu tenianobis cvlilebebs Tan axlavs moculobis cvlilebebi; - simyife. yvela saxis B horizonti siRrmiTi horizontia. B horizonts ganekuTvneba karbonatebis, TabaSiris an kaJmiwis iluviuri koncentraciebis fenebi, romlebic pedogenezisuri procesebis Sedegia (fenebi SeiZleba iyos gamkvrivebuli an gaumkvrivebeli). da myife fenebi, romlebsac aReniSneba Secvlis iseTi maCveneblebi, rogoricaa prizmuli struqtura an Tixis iluviuri akumulacia. fenebi, romelebSic Tixis afskebi an qanis fragmentebis safari mdebareobs wvrilad stratificirebul gaumkvrivebel naleqebze, imisda miuxedavad es afskebi adgilzea warmoSobili Tu iluviuria; agreTve fenebi, romlebSic xdeba karbonatebis iluviacia da ar aris urTierTSemxebi zemoT mdebare genezisur horizontTan; da galebebuli fenebi, romelTac ar axasiaTebs arc erTi sxva pedogenezisuri cvlileba, ar miekuTvnebian B horizontebs. C horizontebi an fenebi: iseTi horizontebi an fenebia, romlebic ar miekuTvnebian mkvriv qveSnafen qans, romelic naklebad ganicdis pedogenezisuri procesebis zemoqmedebas da ar axasiaTebs H, O, A, E an B horizontebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebi. umetesi mineraluri fenebi garda ramdenime siliciumiani da kiriani fenisa (niJarebis, marjnis an miwa diatomituri (kaJovan wyalmcenareTa pigmenti)) miekuTvneba C horizonts. C fenebis masala msgavsia an ar aris msgavsi im masalisa, romlidanac albaT niadagis zeda nawili (sadac mimdinareobs niadagwarmomqmneli procesebi) warmoiSva. C horizontma SesaZloa saxe icvalos maSinac ki, Tu pedogenezisis niSani ar arsebobs. mcenareTa fesvebma SesaZloa SeaRwion C horizontebSi, romlebic mcenaris zrda-ganviTarebisaTvis SesaniSnav garemos warmoadgenen. 121

C fenebs miekuTvneba sedimentebi, saproliti, aramkvrivi qveSnafeni qani da sxva geologiuri masala, romelTa mSrali natexebi wyalSi moxvedrisas lbeba 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi da notio mdgomareobaSi SesaZlebelia maTi damuSaveba bariT. zogierTi niadagi formirdeba ukve Zlier gamofitul masalaze. Tu amgvari masala ar xasiaTdeba A, E an B horizontebis kriteriumebiT, maSin igi C simboloTi aRiniSneba. cvlilebebi ar SeiZleba iqnes miCneuli pedogenezisurad, Tu isini ar ukavSirdebian zemoT mdebare horizontebs. kaJmiwis, karbonatebis an TabaSiris (gamkvrivebulic ki) akumulaciebis Semcveli fenebi SeiZleba Sediodnen C horizontebSi, Tu fena ar ganicdis pedogenezisuri procesebis aSkara zemoqmedebas. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi igi B horizonti iqneba. R fenebi: niadagis qveSnafeni mkvrivi qani. graniti, bazalti, kvarciti da gamkvrivebuli kirqva an qviSa-qva qveSnafeni qanis magaliTebia da aRiniSneba R simboloTi. R fenis ufro mSrali natexebi an haermSrali natexebi, romlebic wyalSi xvdeba, ar lbeba 24 sT ganmavlobaSi. R fena notio mdgomareobaSi sakmaod Secementebulia da misi bariT damuSaveba praqtikulad SeuZlebelia, Tumca imtvreva patar-patara natexebad. zogierTi R fena SeiZleba dairRves Zlieri iaraRis gamoyenebiT. qveSnafen qans mcire raodenobiT SesaZlebelia hqondes patara zomis napralebi, ris gamoc mcenaris fesvebi Znelad aRweven masSi. napralebi SesaZloa dafaruli an Sevsebuli iyos TixiT an sxva masaliT.

122

danarTi 2 niadagis monacemTa jgufebisa da qveerTeulebisTvis saWiro kodebi a) Nniadagis monacemTa jgufebisTvis saWiro kodebi AC "akrisoli" DU "durisoli" AB "albeluvisoli" FR "feralsoli" AL "alisoli" FL "fluvisoli" AN "andosoli" GL "gleisoli" AT "anTrosoli" GY "gifsisoli" AR "arenosoli"' HS "histosoli" "kalcisoli" CL KS "kaStanaziomi" CM "kambisoli" LP "leptosoli" "Cernoziomi" CH LX "liqsisoli" CR "qraisoli" LV "luvisoli" b) niadaguri erTeulebis damatebiTi kodebi "abraptik" ap dy "distrik" "acerik" dye "epidistrik" ae "aqrik" dyh "hiperdistrik" ac "aqroqsik" dyo "orTidistrik" ao "albik" ab "enTik" abh "hiperalbik" et abg "glosalbik" eu "euTrik" "alkalik" eun "endoeuTrik" ax "alik" euh "hipereuTrik" al "alumik" euo "orTieuTrik" au "andik" an "euTrisilik" es ana "aluandik" ans "silandik" fl "feralik" "anTraqvik" flw "hipoferalik" aq frh "hiperferik" am "anTrik" "anTrofik" "ferik" ah fr "arik" ai frh "hiperferik" "arenik" "fibrik" ar fi "aridik" "folik" ad fo "arzik" "fluvik" az fv "frajik" fg "fulvik" fu "kalkarik" ca "kalcik" cc "garbik" cch "hiperkalcik" ga "gelik" ccw "hipokalcik" ge "gelistagnik" cco "orTikalcik" gt "karbik" "gerik" cb gr ""karbonatik" "gibsik" cn gi "Cernik" "glacik" ch gc "qloridik" "gleik" cl gl "qromik" gln "endogleik" cr "qraik" glp "epigleik" cy "kutanik" "glosik" ct gs gsm "moliglosik" "densik" gsu "umbriglosik" dn "durik" "greik" du gz 123

NT PH PL PT PZ RG SC SN UM VR

"nitisoli" "faeoziomi" "planosoli" "plinTosoli" "podzoli" "regosoli" "solonCaki" "solonecsi" "umbrisoli" "vertisoli"

gm gy

"grumik" "gifsik" gyh "hipergifsik" gyw "hipogifsik" "gifsirik"

gp ha hi

hg hy hk

"haplik" "histik" hif "fibrihistik" his "saprihistik" hib "taftohistik" "horTik" "humik" hum "molihumik" huu "umbrihumik" "hidragrik" "hidrik" "hiperskeletik"

ir

"iragrik"

ll

"lamelik"

le

"leptik" len "endoleptik" lep ""epileptik" "liTik" lip "paraliTik" "liqsik" "luvik" lvw "hipoluvik"

ht hu

li lx lv

mg mz me ms mo

"magnezik" "mazik" "melanik" "mezoTrofik" "molik"

na ni

"natrik" "nitik"

pf pr

"profondik" "proTik"

oh om

"oqrik" ohh "hiperoqrik" "ombrik"

oa

"oqsiaqvik"

ph pe pt

"redaqtik" "rejik" "renZik" "reik" "rodik" "rubik" "rafTik" "rastik"

sz

pc pd pg pp ps pi pa

"paCik" "pelik" "petrik" ptp "epipetrik" pnt "endopetrik" "petrokalcik" "petrodurik" "petrogifsik" "petroplinTik" "petrosalik" "placik"' "plajik"

rd rg rz rh ro ru rp rs

"salik" szn "endosalik" szp "episalik" szw "hiposalik" szh "hipersalik" "saprik" "silik" "silTik" "skeletik"

pn

"planik"

st su

sa si sl sk

skn

ty tf tr ti

"stagnik" stn "endostagnik" "sulfatik"

tx tu

"Takirik" "tefrik" "terik" "Tionik" tio "orTiTionik" tit "protoTionik" "toqsik" "turbik"

um ub

"umbrik" "urbik"

vt vm vr vi

"vetik" "vermik" "vertik" "vitrik"

"endoskeletik"

"plinTik" skp "episkeletik" xa plp "epiplinTik" so "sodik" plh "hiperplinTik" son "endosodik" ye plo "orTiplinTik" sow "hiposodik" plr "paraplinTik" sd "spodik" "pozik" po sp "spolik" niadagis erTeulebis specifiuri kodebi "baTi" d h "hiper" r "kulumi" c w "hipo" t "endo" n o "orTi" b "epi" p pl

124

"qsanTik" "iermik" yes "nudiiermik"

"para" "proto" "tafto"

msoflio niadaguri resursebis angariSebi

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34.

Report of the First Meeting of the Advisory Panel on the Soil Map of the World, Rome, 19-23 June 1961.** Report of the First Meeting on Soil Survey, Correlation and Interpretation for Latin America, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 28-31 May 1962.** Report of the First Soil Correlation Seminar for Europe, Moscow, USSR, 16-28 July 1962.** Report of the First Soil Correlation Seminar for South and Central Asia, Tashkent, Uzbekistan, USSR, 14 September-2 October 1962.** Report of the Fourth Session of the Working Party on Soil Classification and Survery (Subcommission on Land and Water Use of the European Commission on Agriculture), Lisbon, Portugal, 6-10 March 1963.** Report of the Second Meeting of the Advisory Panel on the Soil Map of the World, Rome, 9-11 July 1963.** Report of the Second Soil Correlation Seminar for Europe, Bucharest, Romania, 29 July-6 August 1963.** Report of the Third Meeting of the Advisory Panel on the Soil Map of the World, Paris, 3 January 1964.** Adequacy of Soil Studies in Paraguay, Bolivia and Peru, November-December 1963.** Report on the Soils of Bolivia, January 1964.** Report on the Soils of Paraguay, January 1964.** Preliminary Definition, Legend and Correlation Table for the Soil Map of the World, Rome, August 1964.** Report of the Fourth Meeting of the Advisory Panel on the Soil Map of the World, Rome, 16-21 May 1964.** Report of the Meeting on the Classification and Correlation of Soils from Volcanic Ash, Tokyo, Japan, 11-27 June 1964.** Report of the First Session of the Working Party on Soil Classification, Survey and Soil Resources of the European Commission on Agriculture, Florence, Italy, 1-3 October 1964.** Detailed Legend for the Third Draft on the Soil Map of South America, June 1965.** Report of the First Meeting on Soil Correlation for North America, Mexico, 1-8 February 1965.** The Soil Resources of Latin America. October 1965.** Report of the Third Correlation Seminar for Europe: Bulgaria, Greece, Romania, Turkey, Yugoslavia, 29 August-22 September 1965.** Report of the Meeting of Rapporteurs, Soil Map of Europe (Scale 1:1 000 000) (Working Party on Soil Classification and Survey of the European Commission on Agriculture), Bonn, Federal Republic of Germany, 29 November-3 December 1965.** Report of the Second Meeting on Soil Survey, Correlation and Interpretation for Latin America, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 13-16 July 1965.** Report of the Soil Resources Expedition in Western and Central Brazil, 24 June-9 July 1965.** Bibliography on Soils and Related Sciences for Latin America (Ist edition), December 1965.** Report on the Soils of Paraguay (2end edition), August 1964.** Report of the Soil Correlation Study Tour in Uruguay, Brazil and Argentina, June- August 1964.** Report of the Meeting on Soil Correlation and Soil Resources Appraisal in India, New Delhi, India, 515 April 1965.** Report of the Sixth Session of the Working Party on Soil Classification and Survey of the European Commission on Agriculture, Montpellier, France. 7-11 March 1967.** Report of the Second Meeting on Soil Correlation for North America, Winnipeg-Vancouver, Canada, 25 July-5 August 1966.** Report of the Meeting Fifth of the Advisory Panel on the Soil Map of the World, Moscow, USSR, 2028 August 1966.** Report of the Meeting of the Soil Correlation Committee for South America, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 12-19 December 1966.** Trace Element Problems in Relation to Soil Units in Europe (Working Party on Soil Classification and Survey of the European Commission on Agriculture), Rome, 1967.** Approaches to Soil Classification, 1968.** Definitions of Soil Units for the Soil Map of the World, April 1968.** Soil Map of South America 1:5 000 000, Draft Explanatory Text, November 1968.** 125

35. Report of a Soil Correlation Study Tour in Sweden and Poland, 27 September-14 October 1968.** 36. Meeting of Rapporteurs, Soil Map of Europe (Scale 1:1 000 000) (Working Party on Soil Classification and Survey of the European Commission on Agriculture), Poitiers, France 21-23 June 1967.** 37. Supplement to Definition of Soil Units for the Soil Map of the World, July 1969.** 38. Seventh Session of the Working Party on Soil Classification and Survey of the European Commission on Agriculture, Varna, Bulgaria, 11-13 September 1969.** 39. A Correlation Study of Red and Yellow Soils in Areas with a Mediterranean Climate.** 40. Report of the Regional Seminar of the Evaluation of Soil Resources in West Africa, Kumasi, Chana, 14-19 December 1970.** 41. Soil Survey and Soil Fertility Research in Asia and the Far East, New Delhi, 15-20 February 1971.** 42. Report of the Eighth Session of the Working Party on Soil Classification and Survey of the European Commission on Agriculture, Helsinki, Finland, 5-7 July 1971.** 43. Report of the Ninth Session of the Working Party on Soil Classification and Survey of the European Commission on Agriculture, Chent Belgium 28-31 August 1973.** 44. First Meeting of the West African Sub-Committee on Soil Correlation for Soil Evaluation and Management, Accra, Ghana, 12-19 June 1972.** 45. Report of the Ad Hoc Expert Consultation on Land Evaluation, Rome, Italy, 6-8 January 1975.** 46. First Meeting of the Eastern African Sub-Committee for Soil Correlation and Land Evaluation Nairobi, Kenya, 11-16 March 1974.** 47. Second Meeting of the Eastern African Sub-Committee for Soil Correlation and Land Evaluation, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 25-30 October 1976. 48. Report on the Agro-Ecological Zones Project, Vol. 1-Methodology and Results for Africa, 1978. Vol. 2-Results for Southwest Asia, 1978. 49. Report of an Expert Consultation on land Evaluation Standards for Rainfed Agriculture, Rome, Italy, 25-28 October 1977. 50. Report of an Expert Consultation on land Evaluation Criteria for irrigation, Rome, Italy, 27 February-2 March 1979. 51. Third Meeting of the Eastern African Sub-Committee for Soil Correlation and Land Evaluation, Lusaka, Zambia, 18-30 April 1978. 52. Land Evaluation Guidelines for Rainfed Agriculture, Report of an Expert Consultation, 12-14 December 1979. 53. Fourth Meeting of the West African Sub-Committee for Soil Correlation and Land Evaluation, Banjul, The Gambia, 20-27 October 1979. 54. Fourth Meeting of the Eastern African Sub-Committee for Soil Correlation and Land Evaluation, Arusha, Tanzania, 27 October-4 November 1980. 55. Cinquième réunion du Sous-Comité Ouest et Centre africain de corrélation des sols pour la mise en valeur des terres, Lomé, Togo, 7-12 décembre 1981. 56. Fifth Meeting of the Eastern African Sub-Committee for Soil Correlation and Land Evaluation, Wad Medani, Sudan, 5-10 December 1983. 57. Sixième réunion du Sous-Comité Ouest et Centre Africain de corrélation des sols pour la mise en valeur des terres, Niamey, Niger, 6-12 février 1984. 58. Sixth Meeting of the Eastern African Sub-Committee for Soil Correlation and Land Evaluation, Maseru, Lesotho, 9-18 October 1985. 59. Septième réunion du Sous-Comité Ouest et Centre africain de corrélation des sols pour la mise en valeur des terres, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, 10-17 novembre 1985. 60. Revised Legend, Soil Map of the World, FAO-Unesco-ISRIC, 1988. Reprinted 1990. 61. Huitième réunion du Sous-Comité Ouest et Centre africain de corrélation des sols pour la mise en valeur des terres, Yaoundé, Cameroun, 19-28 janvier 1987. 62. Seventh Meeting of the East and Southern African Sub-Committee for Soil Correlation and Evaluation, Gaborone, Botswana, 30 March-8 April 1987. 63. Neuvième réunion du Sous-Comité Ouest et Centre africain de corrélation des sols pour la mise en valeur des terres, Cotonou, Bénin, 14-23 novembre 1988. 64. FAO-ISRIC Soil Database (SDB), 1989. 65. Eighth Meeting of the East and Southern African Sub-Committee for Soil Correlation and Land Evaluation, Harare, Zimbabwe, 9-13 October 1989. 66. World soil resources. An explanatory note on the FAO World Soil Resources Map at 1: 25 000 000 scale, 1991. Rev. 1, 1993. 67. Digitized Soil Map of the World, Volume 1: Africa, Volume 2: North and Central America. Volume 3: Central and South America, Volume 4: Europe and West of the Urals. Volume 5: North East Asia. Volume 6: Near East and Far East. Volume 7: South East Asia and Oceania. Release 1.0, November 1991.

126

68. Land Use Planning Applications. Proceeding of the FAO Expert Consultation 1990. Rome, 10-14 December 1990. 69. Dixième réunion du Sous-Comité Ouest et Centre africain de corrélation des sols pour la mise en valeur des terres, Bouaké, Odienné, Côte d'Ivoire, 5-12 novembre 1990. 70. Ninth Meeting of the East and Southern African Sub-Committee for Soil Correlation and Land Evaluation, Lilongwe, Malawi, 25 November-2 December 1991. 71. Agro-ecological land resources assessment for agricultural development planning. A case study of Kenya. Resources data base and land productivity. Main Report. Technical Annex 1: Land resources. Technical Annex 2: Soil erosion and productivity. Technical Annex 3: Agro-climatic and agro-edaphic suitabilities for barley, oat, cowpea, green gram and pigeonpea. Technical Annex 4: Crop productivity. Technical Annex 5: Livestock productivity. Technical Annex 6: Fuelwood productivity. Technical Annex 7: Systems documentation guide to computer programs for land productivity assessments. Technical Annex 8: Crop productivity assessment: results at district level. 1991. Main Report 71/9: Making land use choices for district planning, 1994. 72. Computerized systems of land resources appraisal for agricultural development, 1993. 73. FESLM: an international framework for evaluating sustainable land management, 1993. 74. Global and national soils and terrain digital databases (SOTER), 1993. Rev. 1, 1995. 75. AEZ in Asia. Proceedings of the Regional Workshop on Agro-ecological Zones Mathodology and Applications, Bangkok, Thailand, 17-23 November 1991. 76. Green manuring for soil productivity improvement, 1994. 77. Onzième réunion du Sous-Comité Ouest et Centre africain de corrélation des sols pour la mise en valeur des terres, Ségou, Mali, 18-26 janvier 1993. 78. Land degradation in South Asia: its severity, causes and effects upon the people, 1994. 79. Status of sulphur in soils and plants of thirty countries, 1995. 80. Soil survey: perspectives and strategies for the 2Ist century, 1995. 81. Multilingual soil database, 1995. 82. Potential for forage Legumes of land in West Africa, 1995. 83. Douzième réunion du Sous-Comite Ouest et Centre African de corrélation des sols pour la mise en valeur des terres, Bangui, République Centrafricain. 5-10 décembre 1994. 84. World reference base for soil resources, 1998. ** Out of print

127

128