Northern Bald Ibis Conservation and Translocation Workshop
Report of 4th IAGNBI Meeting Seekirchen 2016
Ed. C. Boehm & Bowden C.G.R. 1
Northern Bald Ibis Conservation and Reintroduction Workshop
Proceedings of the International Advisory Group for the Northern Bald Ibis (IAGNBI) meeting Seekirchen, Austria August 2016 Editor:
Christiane Boehm Alpenzoo Innsbruck‐Tirol Weiherburggasse 37a A‐6020 Innsbruck, Austria
[email protected] Christopher G R Bowden Royal Society for the Protection of Birds The Lodge, Sandy, Beds SG19 2DL, UK
[email protected]
2016
Published by: RSPB, The Lodge, Sandy, Bedfordshire, UK Alpenzoo Innsbruck‐Tirol, Austria Suggested citation: Boehm C. & Bowden CGR (2016): Northern Bald Ibis Conservation and Reintroduction Workshop. Proceedings of 4th Internatinal Advisory Group for the Northern Bald Ibis (IAGNBI) meeting Seekirchen, Austria; August 2016; pp 121. ISBN 978‐1‐905601‐54‐7
Cover picture: S. Dereliev
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ISBN 978‐1‐905601‐54‐7
Northern Bald Ibis Conservation and Translocation Workshop
Proceedings of 4th Meeting of International Advisory Group for Northern Bald Ibis (IAGNBI), Seekirchen, Austria 2016
Ed. Boehm, C. & Bowden, C.G.R. Overview and introduction from the departing Chairman ........................................................ 4 Participants list of the 4th IAGNBI meeting ............................................................................... 6 5th – 7th August 2016 Seekirchen, Austria .................................................................................. 6 IAGNBI: Its history and role ........................................................................................................ 8 Updated Terms of Reference for IAGNBI and why this is important for supporting the AEWA International Working Group and NBI conservation – Why we need two groups: ................. 11 IAGNBI its role and committee ................................................................................................. 13 Draft update to Release guidelines and methodology for Northern Bald Ibis Geronticus eremita) .................................................................................................................................... 14 Problems and demands of the selection of release sites for the Northern Bald Ibis ............... 24 Morocco wild population update ............................................................................................. 29 Conservation support of the Northern Bald ibis in Morocco ................................................... 31 Conservation of the Northern Bald ibis, Birecik, Turkey 2013‐2106 ........................................ 34 Conservation Project, Birecik, Turkey ....................................................................................... 40 Back into European ecosystems: The LIFE+ Northern Bald Ibis reintroduction project in Central Europe: ........................................................................................................................ 47 Northern Bald Ibis Reintroduction program in Andalusia ........................................................ 57 Translocation in the context of the AEWA Northern Bald Ibis International Single Species Action Plan ............................................................................................................................... 68 Genetic diversity in the critically endangered Northern Bald Ibis ............................................ 72 Planning for Wildlife Reintroductions and other Conservation Translocations ....................... 74 Northern Bald Ibis Geronticus eremita bibliography ............................................................... 79 Poster....................................................................................................................................107
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Overview and introduction from the departing Chairman
It’s now been seven years since the previous IAGNBI meeting, held in Palmyra, Syria in 2009, and we highly appreciate the offer from the Waldrappteam LIFE Plus project to host and support this fourth full IAGNBI meeting, which simply wouldn’t have otherwise happened. Our warm appreciation to the project for this support which in previous years was very largely provided by the RSPB in conjunction with the respective hosts Alpenzoo, Proyecto Eremita, the Syrian Desert Commission and many additional supporters. The fate of the two remaining wild Northern Bald Ibis populations has diverged significantly since 2009, with the Moroccan (western) population consolidating and building up well to the credit of Souss‐Massa National Park, GREPOM and SEO Birdlife, whilst the Syrian (eastern) population has sadly dwindled to perhaps the last single wild individual. A huge array of activities has accompanied those two stories, not least the dreadful conflict in Syria, and on behalf of all at the meeting, we extend our deepest concern for the welfare of our friends and colleagues there, but despite all of this, the net effect of the efforts for the species is that the Northern bald Ibis is currently being considered for down‐listing next year from Critically Endangered. This would be a major milestone for us all, but is still very far from a signal to reduce our efforts – and indeed further encourages us that all our efforts are producing results! Some of the biggest changes since 2009 have been the major progress in translocation work by Proyecto Eremita in Spain and our hosts here in Austria, and these are extensively reported in this report, with exciting plans afoot to publish them more systematically for a wider international audience. The recent work in Turkey, led by the Turkish Government, with support from Doga Dernegi has also transformed the situation and successfully doubled the semi‐wild population there. All this is extremely positive and helps bring more secure prospects for the species. Of course one reason that IAGNBI hasn’t met for so long was the formation of the inter‐governmental AEWA Northern Bald Ibis International Working Group (AEWA NBI IWG) in November 2012 – a meeting that filled much of the role of an IAGNBI meeting. It also developed an updated version of the International Single Species Action Plan for the species which is now available and adopted by AEWA (http://www.unep‐aewa.org/en/publication/international‐single‐species‐action‐plan‐ conservation‐northern‐bald‐ibis‐ts‐no‐55). In fact you may be wondering why we need both groups (IAGNBI and IWG), which I feel is very positive and will explain in more detail below. The single main reason is that we desperately need stronger involvement and ownership of NBI conservation priorities (stipulated in the Action Plan) by the range state Governments, and I firmly believe that it is through the actions and meetings of AEWA international working group that this can really happen and progress. 4
Meanwhile, IAGNBI still has a hugely important and proactive role to play in terms of driving the translocations agenda forwards, supporting the respective projects in terms of ensuring good documentation of the progress that is being made, and thereby allowing the IWG to focus more on the huge challenges of progressing the ongoing in‐situ actions that are needed – often with threats and pressures that are growing every year. It is not without some regrets that I step down as IAGNBI Chairman after nearly fifteen years (I did so at the meeting, and remain an ordinary IAGNBI committee member), but I feel that this way, I can better focus my attentions on developing the activities of the AEWA working group, whilst maintaining very close contact with IAGNBI, and keeping in mind my considerable vulture commitments – this all seems to makes good sense. I’m very confident that my co‐chair successors in Christiane Boehm and Cathy King are more than capable of successfully developing IAGNBI’s redefined role (see the updated terms of reference below which focus more strongly on documenting and progressing translocation methodology), such that the two groups can jointly serve the species even better. Chris Bowden (IAGNBI Chairman 2001‐2016)
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Participants list of the 4th IAGNBI meeting 5th – 7th August 2016 Seekirchen, Austria name Bichler
given name Martin
Böhm
Christiane
Boucekkine Bourass
Ouahida Khadija
Bowden
Chris
Cunningham
Andrew A.
Dereliev
Sergey
Fellous Djardini
Amina
Fritz Hadjeloum
Johannes Mohamed
organisation & function Förderverein Waldrappteam, secretary NBI EEP coordinator; IAGNBI secretary/ Alpenzoo Innsbruck‐ Tirol As‐director of wildlife, hunting and hunting activities Conservation officer at GREPOM/BirdLife Morocco IAGNBI chairman, Globally Threatened Species Officer ‐ RSPB Head of wildlife epidemiology ‐ Zoological Society of London Head of Unit (science, implementation and compliance) at the UNEP/AEWA Secretariat Mouvement Ecologique Algerien; National Agency for Nature Conservation General Project Manager LIFE+ Project Northern Bald Office manager of protecting wildlife
Hafner
Lynne
Biologist & zoo keeper, Tierpark Rosegg
Hatipoglu
Taner
Hoffmann Jordan King Kirtz Kirtz Kotrschal López Oppel Orueta Peške Puehringer‐ Sturmayr Quevedo Sandri Seddon Shobrak Sikli Spiezio Stadler
Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs, National Expert Department of research and conservation – Wiebke Tiergarten Schönbrunn/Vienna Zoo Mike Director of Animal and Plant Collections ‐ Chester Zoo EAZA Ciconiiformes and Phoenicopteriformes Catherine Taxon Advisory Group Chair Angelika Förderverein Waldrappteam, manager Manfred Förderverein Waldrappteam Kurt Konrad Lorenz Forschungsstelle, University of Vienna José Manuel NBI Reintroduction Program in Andalusia, Coordinator Steffen Senior Conservation Scientist ‐ RSPB Jorge Fernández SEO/BidLife international project officer Lubomír biologist; freelancer Konrad Lorenz Forschungsstelle, Scientific project Verena assistant Veterinarian Jerez Zoo and Proyecto Eremita; Miguel A. veterinarian advisor IAGNBI General Curator, Food Inspection Veterinary Camillo Specialist ‐ Parco Natura Viva University of Otago, and IUCN SSC Reintroduction Phil Specialist Group Chairman of regional committee for Birdlife Mohammed Middle East region Latifa Veterinarian at the wildlife conservation service Head of Research & Conservation Department ‐ Parco Caterina Natura Viva Susanne official zoological expert of Salzburg
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contact
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] sergey.dereliev@unep‐aewa.org
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] proyectoeremita@andaluciajunta.
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] .nz
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]
Unsöld
Markus
Vaglio
Stefano
von Liechtenstein
Emanuel
Wirtz
Sarah
Yeniyurt
Can
Curator of Ornithology, Bavarian State Collection of Zoology Lecturer, University of Wolverhampton & Research Associate, Parco Natura Viva Chairman – Förderverein Waldrappteam / Manager ‐ Tierpark Rosegg PhD student at Trier University ‐ Department of Biogeography Doğa Derneği (Birdlife Turkey), Key Biodiversity Areas
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[email protected] [email protected] [email protected] s6sawirt@uni‐trier.de
[email protected]
IAGNBI: Its history and role
Christiane Boehm NBI EEP CO‐ORDINATOR & C‐CHAIR IAGNBI ALPENZOO INNSBRUCK‐TIROL, AUSTRIA
[email protected]
Background On the 8th–12th March in 1999 an International workshop on the strategy for the rehabilitation of the Northern Bald Ibis was held in Agadir, Morocco. The meeting was hosted by the GTZ, RSPB and BirdLife International. It was for the first time that almost all people working specificly with the Northern Bald Ibis met in person. 34 people of 9 different countries were invited. The participants represented the Moroccan government, field biologist of Souss Massa Nationalpark, Morocco, of zoos and NBI projects and the EEP coordinator. The main reasons why this meeting took place were: • there were less than 220 birds left in the wild • in 1996 in Morocco 38 birds had died for unexplained reasons • there was a plan of a re‐introduction project in Taza, Morocco • there were more than 1000 birds in captivity which could be used as a source for reintroductions • there existed no Species Action Plan, however, for any region nor globally • there were no successful trials or guidelines how to release the Northern Bald Ibis As during that meeting all “NBI people” and hence the whole “up‐to‐date knowledge” of the NBI had come together, we felt that this newly created acquaintance should not be lost. Therefore, the International Advisory Group of the Northern Bald Ibis (in short: IAGNBI) was founded. IAGNBI obtained a structure of a chair, secretary and committee. The first and major tasks drafted were to enforce good communication and information within IAGNBI and to promote compiled experience and knowledge of the NBI.
Newsletters and meetings It was agreed by all participants that newsletters should be published in order to make the gained knowledge and ongoing research of the NBI accessible and to exchange experiences within IAGNBI as well as with all interested parties. The first newsletter was quickly published in 2001 and was followed by two others in 2003 and 2004 (BOWDEN 2001, 2003,
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BOEHM 2004). Whereas the first newsletter contained just 6 articles, the following editions substantially increased in volume and contained 9 and 14 papaers respectively. Besides publishing newsletters, IAGNBI decided to meet on a regular basis. The first meeting took place in 2003 in Innsbruck, Austria. During the meeting there were presentations of the situation of all wild colonies, including the discovery of an soforth unknown Syrian colony in 2002 and all projects planned or running and about the captive population of the European zoos. During the meeting release guidelines were acquired as well as conservation and research priorities for the NBI. A meeting report was published in September 2003 (JORDAN, BOEHM & BOWDEN 2003): The 2nd IAGNBI meeting took place in Vejer, Spain with updates of the status of the wild colonies and research projects. Both release trials projects (Waldrappteam and Proyecto eremita) had already started in 2004. Further an emergency plan for the Syrian population was discussed. Results of this meeting are published in BOEHM, BOWDEN, JORDAN & KING (Eds.) (2007). Furthermore, the need for a website of IAGNBI was discussed in order to replace the newsletters. The 3rd IAGNBI meeting was held in Palmyra, Syria (see BOEHM & BOWDEN 2010). In the meantime three of the Syrian birds had been tagged and therefore their migration route was discovered (SERRA ET al 2007). Besides the usual updates during the meeting a supplementation plan for the Syrian declining colony was discussed and planned in detail (see below). For every meeting proceedings were published (see above). These documents are available on the IAGNBI website.
Species Action Plan The activities of IAGNBI were acknowledged by AEWA (Agreement on the Conservation of African‐Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds) who initiated and sponsored a meeting to realize a Species Action Plan for the NBI. This meeting took place in 2006 in Madrid, Spain and the key knowledge, key threats per each country, and how the SAP could be implemented was put into the AEWA SAP template. This first SAP was published in June 2006 (JIMENEZ ARMESTO, BOEHM & BOWDEN 2006): and is also available on the IAGNBI website. The NBI SAP was updated during a meeting in Jazan, Saudi Arabia and published in 2016 (BOWDEN 2016).
Supplementation plan for Syria Although many efforts were undertaken to conserve the Syrian population it was declining quickly because hardly any juveniles were returning to the breeding grounds. Therefore a supplementation of young NBIs of Turkish origin was discussed and undertaken. During the 3rd IAGNBI meeting in Palmyra the supplementation was planned and a detailed schedule was prepared. The supplementation took place in spring 2010 and facilitated by nearly all IAGNBI partners! Three juveniles and 4 adult birds were donated by the Turkish authorities and the Syrian colleagues transferred the birds to Palmyra. These adult birds were supposed to function as a start up for the breeding colony in Palmyra and the juveniles were released with a wild Syrian juvenile. The Waldrappteam provided a mobile aviary, material and manpower assistance. Although the released birds did not survive, a lot of knowledge of how to plan and implement such an attempt was gained. The project revealed how efficiently IAGNBI can work when all powers pull together in one direction. It was an extraordinary experience without precedent! 9
IAGNBI website The IAGNBI website went online in spring 2007. It is since funded by the Alpenzoo Innsbruck‐Tirol and the RSPB. All IAGNBI members contributed to the content (wild and captive populations, projects, research, etc). The website contens are offered in English, as well as in French and Arabic languages. The website has replaced the newsletters and is visited since its start by nearly 150 nations. Many NBI papers, IAGNBI meeting proceedings and the NBI SAP are available on the download section which is used frequently. However, after 7 years the website template needs modernising and measures are needed for preventing it being hacked (see below).
Future prospect: IAGNBI and IWG In 2012 a meeting in Jazan, Saudi Arabia took place to update the Species Action Plan of 2006. The demands of implementing the SAP for the NBI in the NBI range countries made the establishment of a working group (IWG) necessary. Although IAGNBI has not met since the meeting Plamyra, Syria in 2010 there is still a very strong interest in continuing this Advisory group. This is evident by the large number of people which attended this meeting here in Salzburg, Austria. IAGNBI, in the future, will focus on supporting international conservation efforts for the NBI mainly through the provision of scientific and expert advice.
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Updated Terms of Reference for IAGNBI and why this is important for supporting the AEWA International Working Group and NBI conservation – Why we need two groups! Chris Bowden GLOBALLY THREATENED SPECIES OFFICER RSPB, The Lodge, Sandy, Beds SG19 2DL, UK
[email protected]
IAGNBI has been functioning since 1999 and has played a very important role in facilitating communication, coordination, and collaborations between the broad array of NBI players, developing an important network that has been available for action planning and implementation of many of the identified conservation priorities. There have been outstanding successes in terms of the meetings, reports produced, and research, and arguably the best example was how such a diverse set of organizations and individuals cooperated for the 2010 supplementation attempt in Syria. Of course it’s not all been easy, and it is precisely this role of bringing diverse ideas and organizations together that is the main strength of the group – not always simple nor the most comfortable mix! The fact that many of the members know each other as well as they do, (many for the full seventeen years!) and understand the motivation and character of each other is already a very important and helpful start. But due to this diverse and predominantly non‐government nature of IAGNBI, it has not been feasible for the Group to take full responsibility for the implementation of the International Species Action Plan (first version approved 2005, updated version approved 2015), and the need for a Government‐led working group directly linked to pursuing the priority actions in the action plan becomes clear. For this reason, the IWG has been formed, and although we’re aware that it needs to step up its activity, this does provide the essential platform for Government‐driven actions, particularly at a national level. Incidentally, we anticipate that IWG will next meet in 2017 in Morocco. Meanwhile, the discussions and activities of IAGNBI have almost invariably centred around the very exciting translocation work, and there is a recognized need to orient and document that work to feed into the Action planning priorities, but at the same time not to spend all our efforts and attention on this area. With these considerations in mind, the Terms of Reference have been updated (see below). There were some very important discussions at the 2016 meeting including agreement to 11
produce a peer‐reviewed overview of the progress and status of the three main translocation initiatives (Spain, Austria, Turkey). There was also a renewed emphasis to define habitat suitability for areas where translocation might be considered. These two initiatives illustrate where IAGNBI can provide key support for the initiation and delivery of focused work in these priority areas. We had considered confining IAGNBI remit purely to the translocations topics, but agreed that areas such as veterinary expertise and even the habitat feasibility work have important overlap with the in‐situ situation, and it is important to maintain both in‐situ and ex‐situ remits for IAGNBI. We look forward to the cohesive functioning of both groups in the best possible interest for the progression of the work, and the effective implementation of the International Species Action Plan for Northern Bald Ibis.
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IAGNBI its role and committee IAGNBI was created on 12th Match 1999 during a meeting held in Agadir. Following to the creation of the AEWA International working group there is a slightly shift in the mission and Term of Reference.
Mission statement
“Supporting international conservation efforts for the NBI through the provision of scientific and expert advice “
Updated Terms of Reference: Contribute and provide technical input and advice on the NBI to AEWA NBI IWG and other relevant parties Collate and evaluate release guidelines for the NBI on the basis of ongoing work that refines and develops techniques Encourage applied scientific research to increase knowledge in relation to translocation and ex‐situ conservation of the NBI Communicate and disseminate the outcomes and results of relevant NBI work Follow the AEWA ISSAP as the international framework for NBI conservation
Contacting the committee: The contact should be directed via the Co‐Chairs Christiane Boehm (
[email protected]) Cathrine King (
[email protected])
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Draft update to Release guidelines and methodology for Northern Bald Ibis Geronticus eremita Chris Bowden, Christiane Böhm Jóse Manuel López, Taner Hatipoglu
General consensus (built on reports of 2003, 2006, 2009)
Social bonds within Northern Bald Ibis groups are agreed to be important, the species has a highly complex social structure. Both learning and tradition appear to play an important role in their behaviour and only young birds are adaptable to learning whilst older birds (>2 years) accommodate change very poorly.
Releasing as a group is considered essential. A hard release of adult, untrained birds is not recommended, however a release of young, hand‐reared, well trained birds works. Supplementing juvenile and sub adult birds works when they are integrated in an already well established group for at least 2‐4 weeks. This kind of supplementation should not take place within the dispersal or migration period of the NBI (July – September, Feb ‐ May). It is still uncertain how strong the bonding within the group really is and if it is truly built on an individually basis. Because it is obvious that NBI tend to remain together with both other NBI and other species and solitary birds very often aggregate with other gregarious bird species (e.g. egrets, other ibis, geese, etc.)
During hand‐rearing it is considered important to keep chicks in groups, comprising asynchronous ages (simulating the natural 2 day hatching gap) and the number of the nestlings should contain that of a “normal” nest, i.e. not more than 3‐4 chicks each “nest”. Hand‐rearing appears to be a valuable tool for Northern Bald Ibis release, however it is time consuming, costly and dedicated and trained human fosters are required to effectively take on the role of parents for at least 2‐3 months. Rearing in a group will prevent sexual imprinting on humans. Hand reared birds have to be guided to feeding, resting and roosting sites. A soft release is required with appropriate post‐release care and monitoring. In this way the birds can be easily handled for veterinary or tag application needs.
Hand‐rearing with other bird species does not lead to interspecific bonds, even if these species have a similar foraging strategy, are as gregarious as the NBI or mix with them in the field (tested with cattle egret, Proyecto Eremita).
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Releasing via an aviary (which provides safe roosting sites even when released) is essential, especially when juveniles or sub‐adults are added to an already established free flying group. Then the birds have to be confining on site for a period (at least 2‐3 weeks) which is considered important to ensure site and group fidelity. Free flying and sedentary free flying colonies could be important sources for releasing birds.
Health screening: There already exists a pre‐release health‐screening protocol for NBI (CUNNIGHAM 2003, KIRKWOOD 1999). Health screening should be obligatory for any bird that is used for a release project or any relocation of a colony. Elements of the protocol also apply to the colonies that provide chicks and/or eggs for a project. Health screening is necessary as long as a project is running, i.e. post‐release health screening on an annually basis and of course post mortems when possible. Special hygienic care should be taken in nutrition.
Before the birds are released a permanent marking with e.g. coloured rings (additionally a transponder) and a genetic sample (blood, tissue) should be taken. Ideally every bird should be equipped with GPS tag. Sexing of the released stock must occur prior to release and can be carried out using DNA samples collected as part of the pre‐release health screening process.
Wild colonies: Mechanisms for natural establishment of new colonies are not known but must be possible probably involving a combination of juvenile dispersal and post breeding season movements. Research Gap
Setting up a sedentary or migratory population
Sedentary populations should be managed to limit dispersal, at least initially; hand rearing birds with a human foster parents assists in limiting initial dispersal post‐ release. Dispersal normally occurs around 1‐3 month after fledging and again at the time of autumn migration. Birds should be contained for 2‐3 months from about 1 month after fledging, and then annually from early/mid‐August – November for at least 3 years (probably according to sexual maturity). Young hatched at the site may also have to be constrained for the autumn migration period for up of 3 years in order to become sedentary. The use of a companion species does not encourage staying in an area. It is still unclear what to do with inappropriately dispersing birds. Public awareness and cooperation is useful for monitoring unexpected movements of birds. Therefore all released should have a Satellite or GSM/GPS tags so they can be located and re‐caught. rearing of 5—10 day old chicks in restricted numbers with close, strictly limited contact to few foster parents to build up a strong relationship for the flight training and a human led migration (Waldrappteam is doing this with micro light planes) suitable and long term secured breeding and wintering sites Post release monitoring very close (tracking via GPS, supplementary feeding, predator control, collecting strayed individuals, veterinary control, etc.) 15
Summary table of what is known and what is tested/untested
Release strategy
Experience
2 persons for 16 birds considered the ideal (very close contact)
Hand rearing chicks in groups with contact to human parents
Tested
Supplementation1of juveniles and sub adults to an established group
Tested
Hand rearing chicks in groups with contact to human parents and a second species
Tested
Colony translocation2
Hard release3 of adults
General consensus
2‐7 persons “labelled” with an ibis‐ helmet and a black T‐shirt for 30 birds
good results (5‐15 birds)
Project Waldrappteam Proyecto Eremita Waldrappteam Proyecto Eremita
no bonding issues with the second Proyecto Eremita species Good potential (trials by Waldrappteam)
Tested
Waldrappteam
Technique inappropriate due to high dispersal and mortality, birds Mendelssohn 1994 Tested & failed lack any experience in site, feeding on natural food, orientation
Technique inappropriate due to Mendelssohn 1994, Hard release3 of juveniles high dispersal and mortality, birds Akçakaya, 1990 following acclimatisation in Tested & failed lack any experience in site, feeding Supplementation in cage on natural food, orientation Syria 2012
Cross fostering4
untested
considered for testing but agreed as an inappropriate technique due to potential behavioural problems for a birds species normally associated with cross fostering
Hand rearing isolated chicks
Tested
Technique generally considered inappropriate due to behavioural deprivation of chicks
KLF
Hand rearing chicks with no contact with humans
Untested
Technique generally considered inappropriate due to behavioural deprivation of chicks
1
Constrained within an enclosure, which is then opened to allow bird to escape. means splitting an released colony and translocate them 3 Released straight into the wild with nonclosure. 4 Chicks reared by another surrogate species. 2
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Managing dispersal / migration behaviour
The Northern Bald Ibis appears to be a migratory species however, the Eastern population is more a long distance migrant with wintering in Ethiopia, Eritrea and Sudan whilst the surviving Western population seems to be more dispersive and erratic and tend to stay within the breeding range of 20 km. Tagging of 2 Moroccan juveniles however, showed a wider dispersion than assumed, so further tagging is needed to clarify their migration potential. Historical records of the colonies of the Middle and High Atlas however suggests that these birds were more migratory and wintered south of Morocco, Mauretania and Mali (Bowden 2015) Research Gap
Post‐release maintenance and monitoring
Close monitoring of released NBI is essential for at least one year and ideally three (or even much longer if necessary) to prompt and allow interventions as required. Different regimes and interventions may be required for releases of sedentary and migratory populations.
•
Time schedule/population target: There is a need to pre‐define timescales for declaring when initiatives are declared a success, and this is an area that still requires attention both in terms of timescales and population size.
For Proyecto Eremita: A major problem was the predation of nestlings by rats and a high rate of lice infestation at the breeding sites. The problems could be solved by eliminating the rats and lice at the sites prior the breeding season. VHF transmitters showed a low efficiency in locating birds at the main feeding in hilly n areas. These VHF transmitters had to be replaced by GPS/GSM transmitters, although these are much more expensive. The growing free flying and well reproducing group increases its home range and it becomes necessary to make more electric poles safe to reduce the risk of electrocution within the new “home ranges”. The next target is to have 30 (wild) breeding pairs with a reproductive success of ≥ 1 offspring/pair/year 17
Summary table of projects experiences and results
Waldrappteam
Proyecto Eremita
Survival rate
Survival rate 1st year: 25% of the released 61%; 75 % of the losses birds & their offsprings survived (in are juveniles (1st year) 12 years from the (LIFE+ 2014‐2016; begin of the project prelim.data)
causes of mortality recorded/known
Illegal hunting: 22%; unknown: 22%; electrocution: 14%; injury: 25%; predation: 3%; other reasons:
60 %
Birecik
%
80%
all birds are
all birds are Habitat use documented all birds carry GPS tags individually ringed, (different for sedentary and and their whereabouts individually ringed, but but only few have GPS migratory groups) are all documented none have GPS tags tags
Dispersal documented
permanent
Breeding success (% of population)
Mean hatched chicks per nest 2,2% (LIFE+ 2014‐2016; prelim.data)%
50 %
?%
Regular
good
birds are tested regularly
human caused
??
?
Population growth Health and condition of birds known Threats to ibis known? Social behaviour and age structure Impact on sympatric species known/tested
Hardly any, due to 12 year empirical experience,
*references of the table of project holders and their estimation
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Summary table of monitoring techniques
Waldrappteam Proyecto eremita
metal ring Coloured ring (for visual identification from a distance)
Birecik
(with numbers and letters)
50%
0%
0%
Microchips (useful as a permanent identification means, but not an alternative to ringing)
0% (estimated (cheap, important to follow released birds; 100% during the unsuitable because different frequencies in different countries might 10 years, since of large spatio‐ cause problems when birds are migrating 2014 only 10% temporal moving (international frequencies?). pattern) Radio tracking ‐ terrestrial VHF
Satellite (PTT) or GSM/GPS tags (expensive: important for long distance information of released and migrating birds) Public awareness and reported sightings
partly??‐
100% 1
15%
frequent
by DNA
‐
‐
100%
frequent
(good public relations exercise as well) Sexing (by collecting tissue sampling or simply by bill length) DNA sample (essential for all released birds, can allow future reproductive contribution to colony of individuals to be assessed) % of birds lost that are retrieved and Post‐ mortems carried out 1
Waldrappteam: Post release should include a suitable spatio‐temporal and veterinary monitoring. The use of GPS tags, at least at a proportion of the released birds) has proven to be very helpful. Spatiotemporal data should be entered into a database, which is available for meta‐analysis (e.g. Movebank). Waldrappteam can provide the opportunity to enter the data into the freeware App Animal Tracker. Also the veterinary data should be available via a database for meta‐analysis.
Site selection criteria
The historic range of the Northern Bald Ibis is interpreted in its widest sense to include the limits of former distribution rather than specific sites. This is in light of the large distances moved by birds and the poor quality of information on former sites. 19
Sites need to comprise:
Foraging areas: Open steppe, short grassland or extensively used meadows within 20 km of breeding and roosting sites. Sources of fresh water may well be important and an assessment of the prey base available is important to help determine if the site is large enough to support a viable population. Roosting/breeding sites: These are often the same and should afford protected ledges that are inaccessible to people and free from human or predator disturbance (Natural cliffs as well deserted towers, ruins, town walls) Shade, shelter from the wind and the structure and shape of the ledges are all very important.
Sheltered ledges available for nesting at least 1 m wide and ideally >5 m long; and >10 m high affording significant shade from direct sunshine during much of the day.
Habitat evaluation and risk assessment is also necessary for breeding, roosting and wintering sites.
Consideration should be given to: • • • • • •
• • •
•
• • •
possibility to do post monitoring (no social or political problems which prevent any follow up program) protected areas, their legal status and ownership are important for selecting release sites. long term development plans within 30 km radius of the release site should be known and compatible with the establishment of an NBI population in the area. potential predators should be surveyed and localised predator control may have to be considered early on in the release. human activities / threats that could have impact on the population / survival or significant disturbance – such as hunting, recreational activities (e.g. paragliding). land use survey of surrounding areas is important particularly with a view to assessing likely risks to the ibis from neighbouring activities. for example if pesticide use is likely, this should be clearly addressed and planned for (e.g. locust control measures) a risk assessment in place on the likely impact of released populations on existing biodiversity at the release site. Securing long‐term management agreements or assurances for the breeding, roosting and feeding areas. Climatic extremes should be considered in detail for the medium or long‐term, as these may represent occasional but limiting factors especially for a sedentary population. The distance from existing Northern Bald Ibis populations is an important consideration: Initially a precautionary approach should be adopted until further data may allow distances to be reduced. The distance also needs to take into consideration the likely flyways involved. Etablishing sedentary and migratory populations with overlapping activity ranges may cause interference. Local support and public awareness should be fostered in advance of any release activities. Improving nesting conditions and availability of suitable ledges if required. 20
• Adherence to the updated IUCN translocation guidelines (IUCN/SSC (2013): Guidelines for Reintroductions and Other Conservation Translocations. Version 1.0, IUCN Species Survival Commission, VIIII + 57 pp.) Summary table of the pros and cons of potential release areas
Pros 2003
EUROPE: Management control easy with skilled staff available locally
Large fund raising potential
Easily accessible resources
Good public relations and awareness already exists
Cons 2003 Unsuitable winter conditions means that migratory populations are required.
Long absence of the species since extirpation means there may be increased risks to existing biodiversity Costs are comparatively very high
if relating the costs to the benefit the project runs quit efficient; the efficiency of key methods like hand‐raising, human‐led migration or monitoring could be substantially improved NGO support is variable, many but Major attention has been achieved not all on national and international level, Risk assessment on possible impact on other biodiversity not yet completed
Large distance from existing extant Human pressure is high populations Risk assessment on possible impact on other biodiversity not yet completed Good resources available locally Close proximity of the Moroccan population
Generally good NGO, Government Not supported by all NGOs and and local support significantly not by SEO BirdLife. Risk assessment on possible impact on other biodiversity not yet completed Suitable sites for release
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update 2016 WALRAPPTEAM LIFE+/ Establishment of a migrating population (2015: 258 hand reared, 206 stayed with, 134 dead/missing, 72 survived) 2016: 80 birds) Life+ project since 2014 is providing the level of resources required.
Illegal hunting in Italy remains a serious concern that may mean that ongoing efforts are required (61% for the LIFE+ period)
PROYECTO EREMITA wild breeding since 2008 and positive population trend with minimal intervention apart from ongoing supplementation Now better accepted. Release project since 2014 organized and funded mainly by Junta Andalusia
good protection and management of breeding sites (and ironically the birds selected a relatively disturbed site beside a main road, which
Good public awareness especially locally
TURKEY NGO support in existence and Government showing increasing support Good public awareness Recently extirpated in region
seems to be ok!) funding still difficult
Lack of protection of birds and sites away from breeding station Lack of resources and skilled staff Uncontrolled development of buildings and pesticide and land‐ use threats only partially under control
BIRECIK BREEDING CENTER strong and growing governmental and NGO (Doğa Derneği, BirdLife) support more studies made Additional pressures of incoming refugees from Syria to feeding areas, and earlier threats of pesticides and growing powerline threats need attention. good breeding success since 2010
The Birecik semi‐wild colony provides a good model for testing release issues. The semi‐wild population may provide a comparatively low disease risk for release
Lack of a sufficiently large semi‐ wild population to begin release yet Close proximity of the Syrian population
Population would have to be migratory and information does not exist on previous wintering sites
Morocco Many sites with recently extirpated populations
Close proximity to still extant Moroccan population
Suitable sites for release
Current national Species Action Plan is not formally adopted and does not integrate ‘in situ’ and ‘ex situ’ conservation actions. Only for consideration once methodology has been developed and proven elsewhere since in‐situ work remains priority. Not regarded as priority until Limited resources and risks of proximity to wild population make methodology further proven and agreed through Action Planning this lower priority at this stage process. Could decrease fragmentation Awareness localised to Souss Massa Opportunity exists for any Still require a detailed evaluation partnership to assist local socio‐ of former breeding sites economic development KNOWLEDGE GAP
Potential to establish sedentary populations
22
Syrian breeding population now extinct 22 juveniles released and migrated. 100% of loss of the released birds. Wintering sites likely to be similar to Syrian population which is now known to be highlands of Ethiopia.
Souss‐Massa National Park With slow but steady increase at Souss‐Massa, the likelihood of a natural recolonisation has significantly increased Project in North Morocco formally closed down in 2015.
Genetics
As the genetic differentiation between Western and Turkish birds is unclear and there are contradictory studies, it is advised to keep the two populations separately. Further genetic studies are recommended to test for potential adaptation to regional conditions. Birds which are released in Birecik, Turkey belong to the Eastern population and may still possess strong migration abilities. All birds available for releases (apart from those in Turkey) stem from European zoo stock, EEP and are from the western population in Morocco. A genetic analysis is currently running (with results due to be available at the end of 2016) to detect different breeding lines which evolved due to imports, unequal breeding success and/or transfer within the 50 years of keeping and breeding in captivity. It is important to use the outcome of this analysis for the selection of birds for further releases or the optimization of release populations. REFERENCES: BOWDEN (COMPILER, 2015): International Single Species Action Plan for the Conservation of the Northern Bald Ibis Geronticus eremita. AEWA Technical Series No. [15]. Bonn, Germany. CUNNIGHAM (2003): Disease considerations for the Northern Bald Ibis Translocation: in BÖHM, C., BOWDEN, C.G.R. & M..J.R. JORDAN (eds., 2003): Northern Bald Ibis Conservation and Reintroduction Workshop. Proceedings of the International Advisory Group for the Northern Bald Ibis (IAGNBI) meeting Alpenzoo Innsbruck – Tirol, July 2003 IUCN/SSC (2013): Guidelines for Reintroductions and Other Conservation Translocations. Version 1.0, IUCN Species Survival Commission, viiii + 57 pp.) KIRKWOOD (1999): Veterinary protocol in the reintroduction of the Northern Bald Ibis (Geronticus eremita). in: Int. workshop on a strategy for the rehabilitation of the Northern bald Ibis: 45‐46. WIRTZ, S. BÖHM, C., Fritz, J. Hankeln, T. & HOCHKIRCH A. (2016): Isolation of Microsatellite Loci by Next‐ Generation Sequencing of the Critically Endangered Northern Bald Ibis, Geronticus eremita. J. of Heredity 107 (4): 363‐366. doi: 10.1093/jhered/esw013
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Problems and demands of the selection of release sites for the Northern Bald Ibis Christiane Boehm NBI EEP CO‐ORDINATOR & C‐CHAIR IAGNBI ALPENZOO INNSBRUCK‐TIROL, AUSTRIA
[email protected]
Although there are a few studies of the habitat use of the Northern Bald Ibis, we still have no comprehensive understanding of the optimal habitat requirements of the species. The NBI seems to be rather open and flexible in using different habitats but we do lack specific knowledge about seasonal and/or age influenced patterns of its habitat use. Climate data (precipitation, seasonal & annual temperature profile) from former and recent breeding and winter areas (e.g. Böhm & Pegoraro 2011, Fig. 1), data about the seasonal fluctuations in the availability of prey (e.g. Lindsell at al. 2010) and/or the efficiency of the birds in catching prey on an individual basis (e.g. according to age; Böhm & Pegoraro 2011 fig 2) do hint at complex conditions for the NBI in different and quick changing environments. To understand such conditions and the requriements of the species, however, are key demands for selecting release sites.
Fig 1: Average and minima /maxima temperature in recent and former breeding and wintering areas of the NBI.‐ (HA= High Atlas, MA= middle Atlas, NE‐ NE Morocco, A= Agadir region, P=Palmyra, B= Birecik, AA= Addis Abeba, Ethopia); (from BÖHM & PEGORARO 2011 after data of BROOKS 1997, MALIN 1990, PEGORARO 1996)
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Fig.2: Age‐dependent hunting efficiency of the NBI in different regions (fro BÖHM & PEGORARO 2011 after data of BROOKS 1997, MALIN 1990, PEGORARO 1996)
A series of coordinated research projects, at least at PhD and MSc levels, at key sites will be necessary to get comparable and sufficient data of each site. As a first step, site selection criteria in the light of running projects (Birecik, Turkey, Waldrappteam, Austria, Proyecto Eremita, Spain) and a probable release area in the former breeding range in Algeria have been discussed during the meeting.
BIRECIK BREEDING CENTER, TURKEY The size of the breeding colony in Birecik Breeding Centre has increased to a number (more than 200 (KILIC 2015, HATIPOGLU, this volume), which makes it necessary to split the colony in two groups. Furthermore, as the Turkish Northern Bald Ibises represent the last remaining birds of the Eastern NBI population, it is desireable to have the birds now at two sites in order to distribute and diminish risks of disturbance and failure. In order to select an appropriate site for a second location, the conditions required were discussed during the meeting under consideration of the long lasting experiences from the established breeding station in Birecik. It was agreed that a feasibility study should be undertaken before conducting the split. The following factors were agreed upon to be of importance: General requirements Climate: Although the birds are in an aviary, during the winter months, winters at the site should not be too cold and severe, and the summer conditions should be warm 25
Water: ponds or a river should be close by, however a different river base than Birecik (Euphrat) is desirable in order to reduce collision risks the area should have few power lines
Human impact:
preferably an area with low potential for economic and urban development should be selected a military area is of advantage because hunting is prohibited there save social and political aspect (hunting, security) high public awareness
Predators: avian predation pressure should be low Site conditions: Breeding sites: cliffs near the aviary which are inaccessible for rats, mice, marten, fox etc. are necessary Roosting sites: several and different roosting sites close to the aviary and breeding cliffs are needed Feeding area: it is important to have 3 ‐ 5 foraging areas differing in food supply and habitat structure in the vicinity ( 5‐ 10 km) of the aviary and breeding cliffs short grass and/or extensive used fields cropland with low pesticide use ALGERIA In Algeria about a dozen breeding colonies are documented. However, most of these observations date back to the 1950s. Data that are more recent stem or come from the El Bayadh region: in 1974 a colony has been discovered there and its birds survived until 1990. Investigations and visits in this area in 2002 and 2004 did not reveal further breeding or sightings. Few further sightings are from 1978: seven specimens were seen 10 km southwest of Ain Sefra close to the Moroccan border. Algeria offers a good potential for reintroduction. First investigations were undertaken at the early 2000s and should be made on a more intensive level. The following first steps are recommended for Algeria: General considerations
decision for a sedentary / migratory populations
Investigation on historical distribution sites
interviews with local people examine publications examine climate data (altitude, winter, summer) of potential sites
Sites: Breeding: check if nesting sites at historical sites still available Feeding/foraging areas: examine prey availability o comparison with Syrian and Moroccan feeding areas 26
o study: Normalized Differenced Vegetation Index for feeding areas o check for potential feeding areas in the Atlas mountain
Predation and other species
interaction and /or completion with other species exchange information with the North African Houbara (Chlamydotis undulata) project
Human impact
hunting pressure and other human activity: assessment needed
SITES SELECTION FOR NBI PROJECTS General remarks The released NBI of all projects use foraging sites which are well known. However, their habitat equipment and food resources are only partly analysed and it is not documented and fully understood how and why the birds selected these sites. The NBI seems to be a rather traditional bird species because it always uses the same well known foraging areas. Newly fledged birds tend to accompany con‐specific, experienced birds and do not search for new sites. In this way they take over the traditions for the same feeding sites. As all projects started with young, inexperienced birds there remains the question how those birds did select the feeding sites and built up a “tradition”. Resource selection studies are needed to indentify critical environmental features of NBI habitat at different scales (breeding foraging and non‐breeding foraging) and under different conditions (inter‐annual variation in rainfall and temperature). In addition, parallel work is required to quantify population vital rates (survival, productivity) by site, season, and individual characteristics. In addition, it is important to put more attention on potential impacts of NBI on other ecosystem components and endangered species in order to avoid conflicts with local nature conservation groups and regional legislation (e.g. compare LANDMANN 2015) Proyecto Eremita The release site “La Janda” is already in use since 2004 i.e. for more than 10 years. The released NBI selected 5 different breeding sites/cliffs by themselves. The breeding cliffs are maintained and are protected against predators and potential parasites (see above.) The release site “La Janda” is a remote area of extensive used farmland mainly for livestock. The birds are unmolested by humans. The area has, however, a high number of potential predators and power line electrocution is severe problem. General requirements
Habitat characteristics: short grass (golf courses) proximity to cattle proximity to water flat or undulating terrain
Feeding sites: In general the birds seem to remain in a defined area, although similar sites seem to be available, suggesting that either there are critical habitat features that are not easily appreciated by researchers, or the birds have strong site fidelity that restricts movements. 27
Prey:
It was also thought that density of prey items was likely to be important, but that preferred prey varied with site and season. Closer studies have to be done. WALDRAPPTEAM: LIFE+ PROJECT (see DYLLA ET AL. 2013) habitat (ecological) requirements
open areas (habitat structure) safety (powerlines, predation, disturbance) water / food avaibility connectivity breeding facilities (natural or artificial) actions: o Feasibility study o Assessment of potential suitable areas with free‐flying hand raised birds
References BOEHM, C. & K. PEGOARO (2011): Der Waldrapp Geronticus eremita:. Ein Glatzkopf in Turbulenzen Neue Brehm Bücherei Bd. 659, 195pp BROOKS, D.J. (1987): Feeding Observations on Birds in North Yemen. Sandgrouse 9: 115‐120. DYLLA M, SCHMALSTIEG AG, GÖNNER B, UNSÖLD M, FRITZ J & KOTRSCHAL K (2013): Evaluierung potenzieller Brut‐ und Nahrungshabitate für die Wiederansiedlung des Waldrapp Geronticus eremita in Mitteleuropa. Vogelwarte 51: 319‐320. KILIC, A. (2015). Reproduction success in the Birecik Northern Bald Ibis (Geronticus eremita). J. Appl. Biol. Sciences, 9, 6‐10. LANDMANN, A. (2015): Bestandsschutz, Bestandsstützung, Wiederansiedlung oder Auswilderung – Wie kann oder soll der Waldrapp Geronticus eremita geschützt werden?. – Vogelwarte 53: 49‐62 MALIN, G. (1990): Brutbiologische Studien am Waldrapp (Geronticus eremita) in Marokko, Massa‐NP. Diplomarbeit Univ. Innsbruck. PEGORARO, K. (1996): Der Waldrapp. Vom Ibis, den man für einen Raben hielt. Wiesbaden. AULA Verlag. 144S.
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Morocco wild population update Sikli Latifa1, Oubrou Ouidade2 & El Bekkay Mohammed2 1
WILDLIFE CONSERVATION SERVICE MOROCCO PARC NATIONAL DES SOUSS MASSA, MOROCCO
[email protected],
[email protected],
[email protected] 2
The research program on the follow‐monitoring of reproduction and population dynamics of the Northern Bald Ibis (Geronticus eremita), was established in 1994 at the National Park Souss‐Massa. This program is part of the National Action Plan for the Conservation of the NBI realised by the High Commission for Water, Forests and Combating Desertification in partnership with BirdLife International, represented in Morocco by the national NGO GREPOM (Research Group for the Protection of Birds in Morocco). The population monitoring is based on: Feeding survey, Counting survey, Grazing survey, survey Cultivation, and Breeding survey.
Breeding Survey results (2015): Parameters Breeding pair without laying Breeding pair with laying (1) Chicks Chicks have left the nest (2) Survival rate (%) Productivity (2/1)
PNSM 2014 2015 61 68 58 60 129 135 112 111 86,8 82,2 1.9 1.8
Table 1. Comparison of the breeding results of the 2014 and 2015
29
Tamri 2014 2015 63 61 57 56 151 162 80 94 52,9 58 1,4 1,6
PNSM &Tamri 2014 2015 124 129 115 116 280 297 192 205 68,5 69 1,6 1,7
140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0
Figure 1: Evolution of the number of breeding pairs of bald ibis population
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Figure 2: Evolution of the productivity of the population of NBI
600 550 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100
Figure 3: Evolution in population numbers of NBI
The NBI population had a successful breeding season during which, 116 pairs have laid and 205 chicks survived to fledging, with 1.7 chicks/pair as a productivity rate. After this nesting season, the population of NBI in the Souss‐Massa region has 584 birds distributed over the PNSM area and Tamri.
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Conservation support of the Northern Bald ibis in Morocco
Khadija Bourass1, Oureta Jorge Fernández2 1 CONSERVATION OFFICER AT GREPOM/BIRDLIFE MOROCCO 2 SEO/BidLife international project office
[email protected],
[email protected]
Introduction GREPOM is a non‐profit making association that aims at protecting wild birds given their primary role in the natural ecosystems and as catalysts in local sustainable development. This end can, therefore, be summed up in four general goals: 1. Contribution to the protection of wild birds and their habitats in Morocco. 2. Contribution to the development of knowledge, expertise and tools about the protection of wild birds. 3. Working to improve the living conditions of the local populations associated with wild birds and protecting them. 4. Supporting and promoting a culture of sustainable use of wild birds and their habitats. GREPOM is founded in 1993, as initiative of a group of scientists and wild birds lovers, BirdLife affiliate by 1st of June 2013 and IUCN member since January 2015
Conservation support of the Northern Bald ibis in Morocco The Northern bald Ibis is subject of a monitoring program that started in 1994 with aims to identify factors controlling its population survival and dynamics. This program is part of the National Action Plan for the Conservation of the NBI (PANIC), implemented by the Haut Commissariat aux Eaux et Forets et à la lutte contre la désertification in partnership with GREPOM / BirdLife Morocco. It includes monitoring of breeding ibis in the areas of Souss‐Massa National Park and the Tamri coast.
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Fig.1 Breeding sites and roosting sites of the NBI in Tamri and Souss Massa National Park
The issues and challenges addressed by the Project Two main sets of challenges must be addressed to conserve the Northern Bald Ibis and allow its population to expand. 1. Reduce the impact of the main issues that have contributed to its decline: these are particularly a. loss and degradation of key breeding and feeding habitats, b. disturbances on some breeding colonies, c. insufficiency of information about ecology and migration, and d. low level of local population awareness. 2. Insure compatibility between local communities’ development and NBI viability: find and implement sustainable actions as development alternative with better benefits to local communities. The success of the conservation program of the NBI in Morocco is mainly due to BirdLife support, particularly through the financial supports of, CEPF program, through Noé Conservation (France) and a few contributions provided by donors to insure the work of the wardens at the breeding colonies.
Fig.2 Feeding sites and roosting sites of the NBI along the coast
Support of Prince Albert II of Monaco Foundation Since 2009 a funding of the Foundation of Prince Albert II of Monaco supported the monitoring and the protection of the NBI colonies within SMNP. This project aims to contribute to the agreed International Single Species Action Plan, by maintaining self‐ 32
sustaining wild population in SMNP in harmony with, and contributing to, socio‐economic development, through four specific goals: 1. breeding colonies and feeding grounds of BI protected from disturbance and other threats; 2. public and private sector awareness of BI and its conservation increased nationally and locally in Morocco 3. benefits of ibis conservation received by local communities (including wardens) living near breeding and foraging sites increased 4. capacity built in a national NGO (GREPOM) and its local partners. Community livelihoods will be strengthened to support ibis conservation, focusing on income‐ generation including ecotourism. As a result of support from the Foundation, and the support from HSH Prince Albert II, considerable progress has been made in the conservation of the species. This includes (in Morocco): Protection of the breeding populations, leading to the three best years on record for productivity in 2013, 2014, 2015 Building of local conservation commitment and capacity Appointment of BirdLife International as the lead organisation for the implementation of the Northern Bald Ibis International Single Species Action Plan (ISSAP) on behalf of the United Nations Africa‐Eurasia Waterfowl Agreement (AEWA)
Support of CEPF, through Noé Conservation (France) Noé, by conducting the “Conservation of Pelicans, a Key Biodiversity Species of Skadar Lake Project”, will be able to share its experience with GREPOM in the implementation of conservation activities for NBI in SMNP (April 2016 ‐ February 2017). This help will be provided through an agreement based on 3 major aims: 1. Protect wild birds and their habitats in Morocco 2. Develop knowledge, expertise and tools in wild birds and their protection 3. Promote culture of sustainable use of wild birds and their habitats 4.
Contributions provided by donors to insure colonies wardenning GREPOM look to be made viable this conservation program Honeyguide Wildlife Holidays Maroc Renewable
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Conservation of the Northern Bald ibis, Birecik, Turkey 2013‐2106 Can YENİYURT DOĞA DERNEĞI (BIRDLIFE TURKEY)
[email protected] Doğa Derneği (BirdLife Turkey) is a national NGO and IAGNBI member and conducts for Northern Bald Ibis: 1. Research on key foraging sites 2. Breeding monitoring 3. Migration 4. Threats and awareness raising activities in Birecik, Turkey since 13 years
1. Research on key foraging sites Birecik has important areas for NBI. The green area shows the boundaries of the Key Biodiversity Areas and Important Bird Areas and red area shows the Wildlife Development Area. We conduct monitoring with support of local volunteers. During breeding monitoring we both monitor natural nests and next boxes. All data are recorded on standard forms such as pairs with ring code, number of eggs, hatching and fledglings.
Fig.1. site of the Birecik Breeding area (left) and the Key Biodiversity Areas (KBA) and Important Bird Areas (IBA) in green and the Wildlife development area in red around Birecik (right).
Also we monitored which individuals feed on supplementary feeding. Supplementary feeding is conducted by the Ministry. 34
Fig.2: Observations were made at the supplementary (left) and natural feeding sites (right).
Data from different feeding areas are collected with direct observations. Data such as number of pecks and food type are recorded with vegetation type are recorded. Our observation shows, Birecik has 4 important natural foraging sites. These areas are consistent with satellite data (red points).
Fig.3: Feeding sites of the NBI around the Birecik area.
The graph (Fig. 4) suggests that manure and mint are preferred feeding areas and are keys to support breeding relative to other crop types available and frequented.
35
Fig.4: Mean foraging success (number of pecks required for successful prey capture, 95% confidence intervals) of the Northern bald Ibis froaging in differetn crop types near Birecik in southern Turky in 2014.
2) Breeding monitoring
Fig.5.: Breeding Monitoring of natural sites and at the nest boxes close to the new wintering aviary, Birecik
In Table 1 are the data of the breeding monitoring between 2009 – 2015. Further research will be conducted to better understand what affects productivity with an increase of individuals. Further research will be conducted to better understand effects of different parameters such as age, sex etc. on foraging success. Tab. 1: Summary of breeding paramenters of the semi‐wild Northern bald Ibis population at hte breeding station in Birecik, south‐east Turkey, from 2009 ‐2015. Note that the total number of birds is based on the post‐breeding recapture and includes juvenile birds from the respective year.
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
n nests
21
28
28
32
42
45
52
0,89
0,75
0,71
0,75
0,76
0,84
0,79
0,84
0,72
0,72
0,83
0,75
0,74
0,70
0,81
0,97
0,69
0,67
0,77
0,73
0,76
Productivty 0,68
0,70
0,50
0,56
0,58
0,54
0,53
1,07
0,96
1,16
1,17
1,13
1,13
Breeding propensity Hatching success Breeding success
1,19
36
Explanation number of pairs that started breeding (laying eggs) number so pairs laying eggs/total number of pairs % of eggs that hatched % of chicks that fledged % of breeding pairs that raised at least one fledgling avg number of fledgling/total number of pairs
3) Migration On 15‐16 July 2013 RSPB, a transmitter expert, the Ministry, Doğa and volunteers participated in the ringing and tagging of birds. Identified 6 chicks were tagged for migration. On the basis of the signals, birds’ migration to Palmyra region of Syria was observed. After that point, signals were lost and no further data was obtained.
Fig.6.: Mean froaging success ( number of pecks required for successful prey capture, 95% confidence intervals) of Northern bald Ibis in differetn crops types near Birecik in sourthern Turkey 2014.
4) Threats and raising awareness Pesticides Many different pesticides are still used in feeding and foraging areas. Doğa will work on detailed pesticide profiling in the next years. Electrocution and collision Electrocution and collision mortality is believed to be a very significant and potentially the most important threat in the area for this species. The scientific data to back this up is not fully available yet but Doğa will focus on collecting more data in the coming years. Another issue is rapid urbanization and therefore impending loss of foraging areas.
37
Scientific publications and presentations are made in order to raise awareness of larger science community in Turkey.
Face to face communication activities towards farmers and landowners are conducted in order to foster better understanding of the species. Advices towards wise use of pesticides are made. Syrian refugees within foraging areas were another issue. A multi‐language sign board was prepared and placed in collaboration with the Ministry. Mahmoud Shayesh from BirdLife Syria (former ibis warden of Palmyra) will support our activities towards refugees.
38
We also support technical team of Ministry for rehabilitation activities towards the species. Local people produce different products such as ibis watchcap or T‐shirts using NBI as a flagship species.
A special session on Northern Bald Ibis was put in 17th Turkish Bird Conference. Bald Ibis experts from different generations such as Udo Hirsch, Tansu Gürpınar and Mahmoud Shayesh met at the event.
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Conservation Project, Birecik, Turkey Taner Hatipoglu MINISTRY OF FORESTRY AND WATER AFFAIRS, TURKEY
[email protected]
Background The Bald Ibis once existed throughout the whole Southeast Region of Turkey but now, they only live in ‘Bald Ibis Breeding Center’ which was established by the Ministry of Forestry and located in Birecik, Sanliurfa. Turkish Bald Ibis colony was first documented in 1836 by W.F. Ainsworth. By the early 1900s there were five colonies and one of them was holding over 1000 birds. The birds were using the area as breeding grounds. Bald Ibis colony in Birecik, Southeast Turkey had faced a dramatic decline starting from late 1950s and it continued until its extinction in 1990. Main reason for the decline was the intensive application of DDT against malaria and locusts. Initial major loss was so rapid that 600 birds, which were forming 70% of the population, were found dead between 1959 and 1960. Following deaths and continuing reproductive failure resulted in the shrink of the breeding population down to 23 pairs in 1973(Arıhan 1999). Following this rapid decline, responsible governmental authority in Turkey (Currently mentioned as General Directorate of National Parks and Game‐Wildlife ‐ MPG) had started a program to save the existing population. With the help of DHKD (former BirdLife partner in Turkey) and WWF the program had started in 1973. A breeding station was established in 1977 at the 3 km of the northern end of the town. Before the establishment of the breeding station, birds were breeding in the rock ledges in the Birecik town. The main idea of the project was to initiate a captive breeding and re‐introduction program for Bald Ibis which will protect them from the negative factors affecting their survival and breeding success thus magnify their numbers. After the establishment of the breeding station a total of 41 birds was caught between 1977 and 1989, 32 of them in the first three years. Birds were allowed to breed inside the rock shelf in a cage and artificial food was given twice a day (Arıhan 1999). After its extinction in the wild in 1989, the Birecik colony General Directorate of National Parks and Game‐Wildlife decided to terminate captive breeding and currently the population can be considered as semi‐wild (Akçakaya et al. 1992). Bald Ibises naturally used to migrate to t h e South in July ‐ August and come back to Turkey in February. After the extinction of the wild birds in 1989 until 1997 nearly 20‐25 individuals would migrate to South (Ethiopia, Egypt, etc.) while approximately 50 40
individuals would stay in Birecik each year. This natural pattern of migration kept going until 1997 but none of the birds has returned since 1990. In addition to that sudden chick deaths and loss of some adults occurred in 1998‐1999‐2000. As a result, the number of birds has declined till 42 individuals. In order to provide existence of these species since 2008 the birds were taken to cages in July‐August (before migration). In December 2000, after visit to the region by the representatives from the General Directorate of National Parks and Game and Wildlife, DHKD (former BirdLife partner in Turkey) and RSPB had a meeting and discussed the situation in the Region and Breeding Center. This was the kick‐off meeting of the project. In this meeting it has been decided that bald ibises would be monitored during the breeding season in 2001 and it has been started by Nuri Ozbağdatlı in the 2nd of May 2001. General Directorate of National Parks and Game and Wildlife, DHKD (former BirdLife partner in Turkey) and RSPB have started to work on a Project aiming to protect and help them survive in Nature in 2001. The priorities of Project in short term were as follows: To mark each and every bird and in order to monitor them individually, to determine social, feeding and breeding relations between them; Inform visitors coming to center and raise awareness for local people in order to provide their help protecting Bald Ibises. The general aim of the Project is; To have 100 individuals in short term while protecting the semi natural pattern of the population. After reaching this number, let some birds to migrate after putting radio transmitters and determine the problematic regions on the migration route. To let all birds to migrate after solving the problems in problematic areas The studies carried out in nature and zoos have shown that these birds learn species‐ specific behaviors from their adults only. In accordance with the general object of the Project, which is to have 100 individuals in short term while protecting the semi natural pattern of the population, Bald Ibises are taken into cages before migration and thus it is avoided to have casualties due to migration. They are released for six months during the breeding season and thus it is ensured that they keep their natural instincts and pass them to next generations. Bald ibises have been started to be observed and records have been started to be hold in 2001 breeding season. 42 individuals have been released from the cage in breeding station to nature to provide breeding in 2001 February. These birds had 12 nests, there had been breeding in 10 of them and 19 chicks have been obtained. In 2001 October, a new meeting has been organized with the participation of people who carried out studies on this species at national and international level. Some of topics discussed were enhancement of habitats of Bald Ibis in Birecik, content of the feed given, Visitor’ center, management of breeding center, shape and size of fences, etc. The decisions made were as follows: 2. Enhancement of two cages in breeding center. Wires of cages should be revised. 41
3. Cleaning of the cages and enhancement of the floor of the cages. 4. Revision of enclosures located in cages. 5. Habitat restoration in breeding center (cutting down trees between two cages in order to have a semi‐dry area) 6. Analyzing the daily ration and enrichment of it. 7. Inspecting bald ibises living in zoos in Turkey. 8. Ringing and recording individuals and monitoring them constantly at least during the breeding season. 9. Monitoring feeding areas in nature. 10. Replacement of breeding boxes located in cliff and building new natural nests. The studies were carried out step by step in accordance with the decisions mentioned above. At 23‐25 January 2002 first ringing process has been made with the metal and plastic rings supplied by RSPB. In this way all the bids in birding station started to be individually monitored and social, nutritional and reproductive relations between them began to detecting. Table 1: Number of chicks and population trends 2000 – 2016
YEAR 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 CHICKS 0
19 17 11
9
19 21 26
9
16 26 27 33 34 42 52 38
TOTAL 42 60 63 65 70 86 91 105 95 105 116 129 153 163 189 211 217 From 2003 to 2015 Doğa Derneği (BirdLife Turkey) monitored breeding population of the species. Also data on foraging and feeding ecology was collected by face‐to‐face interviews with the farmers and field observations. An education program towards children was also prepared by Doğa Derneği and implemented in order to foster better understanding of the interaction between the species and people living in Birecik. The main goal of the project was to increase the critical number of birds up to 100. This goal was reached in 2007. Furthermore in 2007 was started the proses of tagging the birds with radio transmitters and released them for migration. In fist year totally 4 juveniles were radio transmitted, 3 of them disappeared and 2 of them turned back to the station but because of problems in receiving data we do not know where the juveniles spent the winter. The main goal of project to reach 100 individuals was revised to 150 in 2008. Besides this it was decided to continue the releasing of individual for migration. Except for 2 juveniles released in 2007 none of others 19 individuals returned back. Released birds were found dead in North Saudi Arabia, Jordan and Syria electrocuted, hunted or poisoned. Because of war in Middle East, release plans were postponed in 2014. 42
Table 2: Total number of birds released for trial migration
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2013
Total
3
4
3
2 (from Syria)
4
7
21+2
Methodology Because of t h e artificial feeding twice a day w h i c h i s continued throughout the year it is easier to monitor the ibis. Although the birds are free flying during the breeding season, at least once a day most ibises come to the station for feeding. Furthermore because of the safe roosting sites, almost all of the birds spend the night close to the two cages in the station. Because of these behaviors it becomes easier to r e c a p t u r e t h e ibises in the cages by the end of June. Both of the cages have doors used by the birds. (see Photo below). As a method for putting ibises b a c k inside the cages, twice a day we put some of the artificial food out of the cages and more of the foot inside the cage. After finishing the food outside birds are tending to eat inside the cage. Meanwhile a warden closes the door. This process continues 10 to 15 days until most or all birds have been caught up.
Fig.1: Aviary at the Birecik breeding Centre: Big doors enables the birds to enter the aviary easily. Most of the birds use the aviaries to sleep there.
If people enter the cage it causes stress for the birds and they try to flush away. Tiring birds which are landing on the floor are caught. Each captured bird’s rings are checked than passed for the general examination. If a caught bird is juvenile, first it is ringed then required measurements are taken, a s w e l l a s blood and feather samples. After that bird is transferred to the other cage. Birds transferred to the new cage remain there until the middle of February. During the 6 months in the cage there is no change in the food composition ratios (100 gr. minced meat, 14gr. cottage cheese, 44 gr. chicken feed, 44 gr. carrot, 0,13 pieces of boiled egg).
43
Fig.2: NBI uses the supplied food once a day.
Like every year according to the weather condition at the middle of February (14‐15) ibises are released from the cages. The methodology is the same in catching, opened the door put some of the artificial food near the door and more of the foot outside of the cage. Birds which are feeding outside of cage fly to the breeding boxes near the cages. This process continues 4‐5 days. Each year between early March and July we inspected all natural and semi‐natural nest cavities with binoculars and spotting scopes to assess whether they were occupied by a pair, and whether the pair initiated a nest and laid eggs. We then monitored each recorded breeding attempt at least twice a week to assess how many chicks hatched, and how many fledglings were produced per nest.
Fig:3: Artificial breeding boxes at the Birecik Breeding Centre
Most of the birds breed in the wooden boxes mounted on the cliff or in carved natural nest on cliff in the station. Generally one pair breed in natural nest near the castle of Birecik and dependent of year 2‐3 pair breed in natural nests in valley behind station. As long as the project is running there were no changes in the catching or releasing methodology. In some years wooden breeding boxes were renovated and sizes of it were equalized. Besides this new natural nests were carved on cliff in station. After the release the pairs start quickly preparing their nest. To prevent energy losses through transporting nest materials we leaving alfalfa and cotton stalks in station. Causes of losses and other problems Main reasons for losses observed throughout the project: 1. Electrocution or loss of extremities by crashing electrical wires 44
2. Poisoning with pesticides and herbicides used by farmers 3. Predators attacks 4. Individuals who could not get into the cages at the end of breeding season testing migration 5. Falling down of chicks from nests. 6. Negative weather conditions after releasing (storm, heavy rain or hail) 7. Crash of inexperienced juvenile to electricity poles or cliff because of heavy wind. 8. Feeding areas (especially Mezra and Euphrates River coasts) are under contracture pressure. Turkey is a fast‐growing country because of this it requires large quantities of energy. Therefore in all suitable rivers dams and hydroelectric power plant are established. Both in north and south part of (near the Syrian border) of restrict Birecik dams and hydroelectric power plants are established. Throughout building of these dams natural islands in the river Euphrates which were used by bald ibises to find food were eliminated. After that birds have become more dependent on the surrounding fields for food. In this case ibises have more exposed to pesticides and herbicides used by farmers. Besides, for the transmission of electricity generated at the dams, transmission lines were passed over the Euphrates. Human population of Birecik district is rapidly increasing. Because of this spaces previously used as a field have been changed to multi‐story apartment. However, occupation of some areas used by ibises for finding food by Syrian refugees and gravel and sand removal operations from the Euphrates river coast narrowing in feeding areas.
Fig.4: newly erected houses within the Birecik breeding centre.
Costs The highest expenditure at station is staff salaries and feed costs. Each year around $ 30,000 is spent for food ingredients and $ 90,000 as salary of five staff employed there. All of this $120,000 is covered by the budget of General Directorate of Nature Protection and National Parks under The Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs. Lessons learned Artificial support for species which level come to extinction was found as a very 45
comprehensive process. In this process Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs as a responsible institution for maintaining of the species is necessary to collaborate with Local Public Institutions and Organizations (Municipality, Agricultural Cooperatives, Electricity Transmission Companies), NGO’s and local peoples. Especially significance was observed in increasing public awareness of local people; include them together with local authorities in conservation efforts. In this process the Ministry and his Provincial Organization should be very compatible. Al so Provincial Organization must be work in harmony with local authorities, NGO’s and local people. Wider application Dependence on a single area in protection of this species contains very high risk. For persistence of Bald Ibises it is absolutely essential to implement this project to at least one another area. Consequently the Ministry has begun work in finding a suitable place outside of the Euphrates River basin for new breeding station. In the scope of experience in Birecik after selecting the appropriate location Ministry will start operation in formatting new breeding station and colony. List of project outputs, including reports and publications AKÇAKAYA, H.R., R.AKÇAKAYA & S.BARIŞ (1992): Birecik’teki kelaynak Geronticus eremita populasyonunun yokolma nedenleri ve koruma çalışmalarının değerlendirilmesi. Turkish Journal of Zoology 16:1‐12 ARIHAN, A. (1999): Northern Bald ibis in Turkey: Experiences from captive breeding and reintroduction programs. Turna, The Bulletin of the Ornithological Council of Turkey, Page 10‐15, Volume 1 BOWDEN, C. & , J. (2000): The Current Situation of Semi Wild Northern Bald Ibis population in Birecik, South‐ Eastern Turkey (RSPB Report) ÖZBADATLI,N. (2001): The Current Situation of the Northern Bald Ibis in Birecik, South‐Eastern Turkey. (Report of Turkish Society for Protection of Nature) (Unpublished) ÖZBADATLI,N. (2001): Report on the status of the species from observation May to July 2001 TAVARES, J. & BALKIZ, O. (2008): Middle East Northern Bald Ibis International Meeting and Progress Report. (Peport of Doğa Derneği) (Unpublished) YENIYURT, C. OPPEL, S., İSFENDIYAROĞLU, S. ÖZKINACI, G., ERKOL, I.L. BOWDEN, C.G.R (2016): Bird Conservation International, page 1 of 13 . © BirdLife International, 2016 doi:10.1017/S0959270916000253
46
Back into European ecosystems: The LIFE+ Northern Bald Ibis reintroduction project in Central Europe: Johannes Fritz1, Wiebke Hoffmann2, Markus Unsöld1,3
1 2
WALDRAPPTEAM, LIFE+12‐BIO_AT_000143, 6162 MUTTERS, AUSTRIA; VIENNA ZOO, AUSTRIA; 3BAVARIAN STATE COLLECTION OF ZOOLOGY, MUNICH, GERMANY
[email protected] Historic distribution and actual status The Northern Bald Ibis (NBI) was native in Europe till the middle age. This is shown in a variety of proofs throughout centuries, i.e. bones, drawings and reports (Schenker, 1977; Kumerloeve, 1978; Böhm and Pegoraro, 2011; Unsöld and Fritz, 2011; Fritz & Unsöld, 2015). Various historic documents indicate that wild NBI populations were utilized as food resources. There were even attempts to preserve them by rules and laws (Schenker, 1977). Seemingly, this was not very effective and around 1630 the species went extinct in Europe. Migration behaviour and Life Style NBIs showed a migratory lifestyle all over their historic range (Bowden et al., 2008; Fritz & Unsöld, 2015; Kumerloeve, 1978). It is evident from historic records, that also the former European NBI population was migratory (e.g. Schenker 1981). For example, Gesner (1557) wrote that in March 1481 Northern Bald Ibis, among other birds which returned to Ueberlingen at Lake Constance, could be collected by hand due to severe weather conditions. Gesner (1557) also noticed that people, which collected chicks (for food), should leave one chick in the nest, to ensure that the adults use the same nest in the following year. However, nothing is known about the wintering site(s) of the former European population (see Schenker 1977; Fritz & Unsöld 2015) However, nothing is known about the wintering site(s) of the former European population. The European zoo population, descendants of former colonies in the Moroccan Atlas, still show a migration ability. This could be shown during the feasibility study as well as by basic research on the general migration ability and formation flight with our released NBIs, done by the Waldrappteam and colleagues (Portugal et al., 2014; Bairlein et al., 2015; Voelkl et al. 2015; Stanclova et al. subm.; see the regarding section in this article). The group continues research in the context of the LIFE+ project. Under certain ecological conditions, populations became sedentary, particularly along coastlines with year‐round temperate climate, quite comparable to other migratory species like the White Stork (Ciconia ciconia; Shephard et al., 2015). This is also the case for the remaining wild population in Souss‐Massa and Tamri. However, data of tagged individuals and sight reports indicate a departure from the breeding sites, particularly of juvenile birds, at time of the autumn migration. A comparable pattern is also known from sedentary 47
release populations, interpreted as a migration motivation in these juvenile birds (Kotrschal, 2001 & 2004). Project Life+ Northern Bald Ibis In 2014, after a twelve‐year feasibility study (e.g. Fritz, 2004; Fritz & Unsöld, 2015; Zoufal et al., 2007), the project turned into a European LIFE+ reintroduction project, co‐financed by the European Union. Eight partners from Austria, Germany and Italy aim for a sustainable reintroduction of migratory NBI colonies in Europe. The project runs under the direction of the Waldrappteam (www.waldrapp.eu). The implementation is based on the IUCN Reintroduction Guidelines and continuously coordinated with international conservation experts. The project is an outstanding example for a fruitful collaboration between conservationists, scientists, Zoos and Zoo associations (Fritz & Unsöld, 2015). During evaluation by the European Commission, the NBI reintroduction project got the second highest rating of all submitted biodiversity projects. The rating was outstanding especially in the categories of conservation value and European added value. This value corresponds especially to the development of innovative nature and species conservation methods, among others the HLM, the comprehensive spatiotemporal monitoring based on GPS data and veterinary monitoring as well as on the extensive measures against illegal bird hunting in Italy. Major aim of the LIFE+ project is the establishment of three migratory breeding colonies with at least 120 birds in total. Establishment of two breeding sites is ongoing, one in Burghausen, Bavaria, and the other near Kuchl, country of Salzburg. From 2017 onward, a third colony will be established near the city of Ueberlingen in Baden‐Wuerttemberg, Germany. Hand‐raising and human‐led migration Our key method for the release of NBI chicks into the wild and the establishment of a new migration tradition is the so‐called human‐led migration (HLM) with human‐imprinted chicks (Fritz & Unsöld, 2015). From 2003 to 2016, a total of 180 chicks from various Zoo breeding colonies in Austria, Germany, Switzerland and Czechoslovakia were taken for hand‐raising. Hand‐raising follows a detailed protocol, which is mainly an accumulation of empirical experiences gained by zoo experts. Year for year, the protocol is updated on the basis of further empirical experiences and scientific outcomes. Until the release, direct contact to the birds is limited to the foster parents to ensure optimal parental imprinting. During the first weeks, hand‐raising takes place at Vienna Zoo, due to logistic and technical advantages as well as for public relation reasons. Shortly before fledging, the birds are transferred to a campsite where the flight training takes place. There, they are housed in a wooden building with an adjacent aviary. In 2015 and 2016, this site was in Seekirchen am Wallersee, country of Salzburg, as experienced by the participants of the IAGNBI meeting 2016 (Fig. 1). From 2017, the campsite will be at Lake Constance, country of Baden‐Wuerttemberg, just above the cliffs where a further reintroduced colony should breed.
48
Fig.1: IAGNBI Meeting in Seekirchen am Wallersee, Austria, August 2016.
Immediately after fledging, the flight training starts. As a first stage, the birds have to habituate to the microlight, the sound of the engine and the huge parachute (Fig.2). Thereafter, the major challenge for the birds is to associate the microlight with the foster parent, who sits on the back seat. To facilitate this learning process, only the foster parents wear yellow shirts. About one month after fledging, the first flights take place, from the campsite to meadows nearby. During the training, the flight distance is gradually increased to 70 km and even more.
Fig.2: Human‐led migration flight with a group of juvenile human‐raised Northern Bald Ibises; the birds follow the microlight plane in a V‐formation. Copyright Waldrappteam.
About mid of August, the training is finalized. It is the time, when the birds are known to turn into a status of migratory readiness (Zugunruhe). The body mass reaches a maximum and the level of Corticosterone, as a major hormone for the regulation of bird migration, is increased (Bairlein et al., 2015; Fritz et al., 2006). At that time, the wild birds in the release population depart from their breeding areas Burghausen and Kuchl. Accordingly, the HLM starts at that time. 49
From 2004 to 2016, ten HLM flights were carried out (Fig.3; Tab.1). During the initial migration journeys the mean daily flight distances were about 60 km. Flights took place only in the morning to avoid thermals. Meanwhile, we substantially improved the method. The daily flights lead over distances up to 360 km and last for up to 8 hours. A differentiated understanding of the NBI behaviour and an improved flight technique of the pilots allows leading the birds also during thermal periods of the day, where the birds change from formation flight to soaring and gliding (Fritz & Unsöld, 2015; Portugal et al., 2014). In 2015 and 2016, the method could further be improved by the fusion of two groups of hand‐raised birds before the start of the migration. This way, we are able to lead up to 32 birds during one HLM.
Fig.3 Improvement of the human‐led migration method from 2004 to 2016; The graph shows the number of birds per human‐led migration (green line) and the mean daily flight distance per day (blue line). In 2015 and 2016, the number of birds per migration could almost be doubled.
Tab.1 Statistics of the human‐led migration 2004‐2016; In the years 2006, 2012 and 2013 no human‐led migrations took place. Total Duration (days) Flight Stages Proportion flight days : stopover days Mean flight distance per stage (km) Max flight distance per stage (km) Total flight distance (km)1 Mean ground speed (km/h) Birds at start Birds at arrival2
2004 37 14 1 : 2.6 61 95 865 52 10 7
2005 22 10 1 : 2.2 86 135 865 45 12 7
2007 38 12 1 : 3.2 63 132 746 45 17 5
2008 37 13 1 : 2.8 93 158 1205 46 13 10
2009 40 21 1 : 1.8 52 150 1153 44 11 11
2010 26 7 1 : 3.7 180 271 1219 46 16 14
2011 36 6 1 : 6.0 226 360 1353 47 16 15
2014 11 4 1 : 2.7 236 301 944 46 14 14
2015 18 5 1:3.6 159 192 794 46 31 28
2016 27 6 1:5 178 297 835 47 25 23
1
Flight path of the leading microlight plane; from 2008 to 2011, the HLM route was to the East, around the Alps and through Slovenia; Lower number of birds at arrival mainly means that birds had to be excluded from the migration group due to various reasons, mainly injuries or lack of motivation, in some cases birds died due to an accident or got lost.
2
Other translocation and management techniques In addition to the HLM, several other translocation and management methods are implemented in the course of the LIFE+ project. They are mainly needed to increase the population size and to support the establishment of a stable migration tradition in the start‐ up colonies. The man technics are described in the follow. 50
1. Temporary adult supplementation Objective: Availability of mating partners, increase of the seasonal reproduction rate, genetic management. Method: End of March, when the released migratory group is still at the wintering site, up to four adult NBIs are transferred to each breeding site and kept in a temporary aviary adjacent to the breeding cliffs. Size and sex of this group depends on the actual requirement, i.e. on the composition of the sexual mature migratory group, which is at that time still at the wintering site. When the migrating birds arrive, usually from mid of April, they meet these conspecifics. This causes fast pair‐bonding and, in combination with delivering of nesting material, fast nest building and breeding. The particular release technique varies, depending on the actual situation. In a small start‐up colony, the arriving migrants are taken into the aviary and the aviary is removed, when most of the birds started to breed. In a larger colony, the aviary is removed as soon as the first migrants arrive. During summer, the supplemented adults are part of the breeding colony. But end of July, shortly before start of the migration period, the supplemented adults are caught while all juveniles remain in the migrating colony. Evaluation: In our project, this method has been proofed to be an efficient and relatively cheap method to increase the reproduction rate in a start‐up colony. Suitable adults must be available during the breeding season, ideally the same birds every year; re‐ catching after release must be ensured, in our case the adult supplemented group mainly consists of hand‐raised birds; temporary supplementation of selected individuals with a valuable genotype can also be used to improve the genetic variability. 2. Juvenile supplementation Objective: Increase of the population size, genetic management. Method: We release juveniles out of zoo breeding colonies or hand‐raised juveniles. A soft release takes place at the breeding site, usually about 2‐6 weeks after fledging of the supplemented juveniles. As a first stage, they are taken into a temporary aviary at the breeding site for about 4‐10 days. If possible, a few birds from the wild colony are with them in the aviary. The release itself should take place in presence of the wild birds. A scared, uncontrolled departure should be avoided because this could cause loss of the supplemented birds, which need to fly some circles to get oriented. Evaluation: The released juveniles usually associate with the wild conspecifics and, in our migratory colony, join the wild conspecifics for the autumn migration. In 2010, this method was applied in the Middle East to supplement juveniles from Birecik to the remaining adults in Palmyra (Bowden et al. 2012). It is a rather simple method to compensate for a low seasonal reproduction rate. In contrast to the method described above is, a part of the ontogeny of supplemented juveniles was outside the wild colony, so their physiological and cognitive condition can vary from that of the juveniles in the wild colony. It is also a suitable method improve the genetic variability by supplementing selected juveniles with a valuable genotype. 3. Colony translocation Objective: Transfer of an already established sedentary or migratory colony or a proportion of a colony out of their activity range to a new site.
51
Method: In our project, the method was applied so far with a whole sedentary colony (translocation from the Tuscany to Rosegg in Carinthia) and with a whole migratory colony regarding the breeding site (translocation from a temporary breeding site near Burghausen in Bavaria to the definite breeding site at the castle of the city). In both cases, the translocation took place in spring at begin of the breeding season. The translocated group needs to be enclosed for some weeks. Ideally, they start breeding in the aviary because this is a strong motivation for the birds to stay there after release. Evaluation: Colony translocation is a powerful tool to establish new breeding colonies, both migratory and sedentary. Due to our experiences, the method is rather simple to implement, if a whole colony is translocated and if the new site is appropriate. It is probably more challenging, if a part of a master colony is translocated. In this case, a demographically appropriate subgroup has to be chosen and an appropriate subgroup has to remain, to ensure that both colonies prosper. At a further stage of our reintroduction project, we aim to use this technique to found satellite colonies around the reintroduced master colonies (Burghausen, Kuchl and Überlingen). 4. Reunion Objectives: Juvenile NBIs rely on social information to find the way to the common wintering site. However, as known from the meanwhile extinct wild migratory group in the Middle East (Serra et al. 2014) and from our reintroduced migratory colony, occasionally juveniles loose contact to the leading adults. In our project, separation of juveniles happens almost at every autumn migration season, probably a consequence of a rather high number of juveniles in relation to the number of leaders, caused by a high reproduction rate and the above described supplementation techniques. If the population size is low, either at the start‐up of a reintroduction or in a small relict population, separated juveniles hardly have a chance to meet other conspecifics along the flyway, which they can join. The reunion of separated juveniles with experienced conspecifics along the flyway aims to overcome the diminishing effect of low size migratory populations. Method: Due to our experience, reunion works in both directions, either transferring the separated juveniles to a stopover site with one or more adult conspecifics or transferring an adult bird to the site with one or more separated juveniles. Reunion can take place just by release in vicinity of the free flying NBIs. However, we usually build up a small aviary (5 * 2.5*2.5 meter, l*w*h) where the birds remain for 0.5 to 1 hr before release. Evaluation: With a high probability, the reunion works and the juveniles can continue the migration journey. However, the implementation depends on some specific prerequisites. In particular, a suitable group of adult migrants or at least a single one must be along the flyway in the range of the separated juveniles and either the adults or the juveniles must be caught. More general, reunion requires tagged birds, which regularly send their positions. However, it is worth taking the effort because separated juveniles hardly survive. I our view, reunion is an essential method both for the reintroduction of migratory species which establish social traditions as well as for the conservation of relict populations like the former Middle East population. 52
Demography and mortality In June 2016, the wild migratory population in Europe consist of 99 individuals (Tab.2). They belong to the two breeding sites Burghausen (BGH) and Kuchl, with a common wintering site in the Southern Tuscany. 67 of these birds were bred in Zoos, hand‐raised by human foster parents and led to the south during a HLM (we call them the founder generation F0), while 32 individuals were raised in the wild and led to the south by their conspecifics. These birds are defined as “real wild birds” (generation F1+). From a current point of view, the overall aim of the LIFE+ reintroduction project, to establish three wild‐living migratory breeding colonies with at least 120 individuals until the end of 2019, will be reached. Tab.2 Demography of the release population June 2016; A total of 99 individuals belong to two breeding colonies Burghausen and Kuchl; further 32 birds were human raised in 2016, these birds will later be assigned to the two breeding colonies; about two third of the population refers to the founder generation F0, one third belong to the generations F1+ the “real wild birds”. Year of birth 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 and older total Generation F0 generation F1+
Colony BGH
Colony Kuchl
Human raised
total
6 13 5 2 2
7 13 13 1 5
32
45 26 18 3 7
28
39
32
99
67 32
Since 2011, we have a regular reproduction at the breeding sites. In the LIFE+ period since 2014, a total of 45 chicks fledged at the two sites Burghausen and Kuchl, while 77 chicks were raised by human‐foster parents. A mean of 2.2 chicks fledged per nest. Since 2014, 75 % of the losses are juveniles (1st year). 61% of the juveniles survive their first year of live. This is a comparatively high rate; e.g. Flack et al. (2016) report a survival rate of less than 35 % for various European White Stork populations. Obviously, the high survival rate is also due to the GPS tracking of all the birds and the use of the described management and translocation techniques. During the feasibility study (2002‐2013), 71% of the losses were caused by illegal hunting in Italy (Fritz & Unsöld, 2015). Since start of the LIFE+ project in 2014, a reduction of hunting‐ related losses becomes apparent. The proportion of losses dedicated to illegal bird hunting dropped down to 22%. Consequently, also the overall mortality rate decreased (see Fig.4). Apart of illegal hunting, electrocution at power lines and injury of the exposed beak are among the causes of mortality. Natural causes, in particular predation, are of only minor importance.
53
Fig. 4: Mortality LIFE+ period 2014 till mid of 2016; potentially hunting refers to cases where we did not find the body but the conditions indicate a high probability of hunting as the mortality cause. In contrast, unknown reason refers to cases where the body was not found but the condition did not indicate hunting as the mortality cause; sudden onset of winter refers to losses due to a delayed autumn migration in 2014 and consequent loss of birds at a sudden temperature fall.
During the autumn migration 2016, three NBIs were shot dead in Italy and a further bird was heavily injured by gun‐pellets. These cases were not taken into account in the statistics of the article. They cause an increase in the percentage of losses by illegal hunting. They also leads to an intensification of the campaign against illegal birds hunting in Italy (see the regarding section in this article). Illegal bird hunting and bird mortality In 2012, two NBIs were shot by an Italian bird hunter in the province of Livorno, Italy. It was the first and so far only case in our project, where the hunter could be identified. He had the licence to hunt on woodpigeon and justified himself with having confused the birds with pigeons. After four years, in September 2016, the hunter has been recognized guilty, condemned and his hunting licence has been withdrawn. This is an important precedent case for future prosecutions and it opens the way for a civil lawsuit to compensate the damage, which is estimated in this pre‐LIFE case with about € 15.000. Altogether, it is a clear signal to the hunters that poaching is not a trivial matter but a serious threat to endangered species like the NBI. The three actual cases of illegal hunting caused a very high Italian and international public attention. For example, a Facebook posting due to the shot of the bird TARA had more than 170.000 follower in Italy and further 72.000 followers outside Italy. Certainly, this high public attention is to some extend due to increasing public knowledge and sensitization caused by the illegal hunting campaign in the course of the LIFE+ project. Prosecution of poachers and the accompanying high media attention are part of an extensive campaign against illegal bird hunting in the course of the LIFE + reintroduction project. Through media work, broad public information campaigns, the use of modern technology to follow and protect the birds in the field as well as the offensive co‐operation with the Italian hunting associations we want to reach a sustainable reduction of losses by illegal hunting in Italy. 54
Genetics The reintroduction in the context of the EU funded LIFE + project allows the funding and implementation of a long‐overdue and repeatedly unsuccessfully initiated genetic screening, in close collaboration with the European NBI studbook keeper at Alpenzoo Innsbruck. The genetic variability of European Zoo breeding colonies, the sedentary colonies and the release colonies are examined in order to optimize the gene pool. Major preliminary results indicate various breeding lines in the zoo population, with no indication of inbreeding. The already reintroduced migratory population includes the main breeding lines and also no indication of inbreeding. In contrast to a former publication (Pegoraro et al. 2001), the data provide no indication for a genetic differentiation of an Eastern and Western NBI population. Rather, a highest number of private allele found for the Syrian and Turkish specimens indicate an adaptation to local environmental cues (Wirtz et al., 2015, 2016; see also the contribution of Wirtz in this report). Basic science on bird flight and bird migration A particular complementary attribute of the project is the successful combination of applied species protection and basic research. Already at the beginning of the LIFE + project, in January 2014, an internationally acclaimed scientific article in the journal NATURE could be published (Portugal et al., 2014), based on accurate position data in formation flying NBIs, collected during the HLM flights (see Fig. 2). These data provide the first empirical evidence that birds flying in V‐formation are able to save energy. A year later, in February 2015, another outstanding scientific articles was published (Voelkl et al., 2015), again with data collected during a HLM flight. This paper presents the formation flight as one of the rare examples of genuine cooperation in the animal kingdom. A further article (Bairlein et al., 2015) has its focus on the physiology and energetics of bird migration. Such a high level scientific output is quite exceptional for a conservation project. Acknowledgement We are grateful to all people and institutions which support the ongoing reintroduction project in various was, as actors, partners, co‐financers. With 50 % contribution of the LIFE financial instrument of the European Union (LIFE+12‐BIO_AT_000143, LIFE Northern Bald Ibis). References BAIRLEIN, F., FRITZ, J., SCOPE, A., SCHWENDENWEIN, I., STANCLOVA, G., VAN DIJK, G., MEIJER, H.A.J., VERHULST, S. & DITTAMI, J. (2015): Energy Expenditure and Metabolic Changes of Free‐Flying Migrating Northern bald ibis. PLoS ONE 10(9): e0134433. BOEHM, C. & PEGORARO, K. (2011): Der Waldrapp. Ein Glatzkopf in Turbulenzen. Neue Brehm‐Bücherei. Westarp Verlag: Magdeburg. BOWDEN, C.G., SMITH, K.W., EL BEKKAY, M., OUBROU, W., AGHNAJ, A. & JIMENEZ‐ARMESTO, M. (2008): Contribution of research to conservation action for the Northern bald ibis Geronticus eremita in Morocco. Bird Conservation International 18: 74–90. BOWDEN, C.G.R, HAMOUD, A., JBOUR, S., FRITZ, J., PESKE, L, RIEDLER, B., LINDSELL, J.A., AL SHAIESH, M., ABDALLAH, A., BOEHM, C., HATIPOGLU, T. TAVARES, J.P., AL SALAMAH, M., SHOBRAK, M. & SERRA, G. (2012): Attempted supplementation of the relict wild Eastern population of Northern Bald Ibis in Syria with Turkish semi‐ wild juveniles. IUCN Reintroduction Specialists Group Case Studies Part III. p130‐134. FLACK, A., FIEDLER, W., BLA,S J., POKROVSKY, I., KAATZ, M., MITROPOLSKY, M., AGHABABYAN, K., FAKRIADIS, I., MAKRIGIANNI, E., JERZAK, L., AZAFZAF, H., FELTRUP‐AZAFZAF, C., ROTICS, S., MOKOTJOMELA ,TM., NATHAN, R., WIKELSKI, M. (2016). Costs of migratory decisions: A comparison across eight white stork populations. Sci. Adv. 2016, 1‐7.
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FRITZ, J. (2004): The Scharnstein Project: Establishing a migratory tradition with handraised Waldrapp Ibises. WAZA Magazin 5: 16‐19. FRITZ, J. & UNSÖLD, M. (2014): Grund zur Hoffnung: Die Wiederansiedlung des Waldrapp in Europa. Tagungsband 40‐jähriges Jubiläum des Arbeitskreises Wildbiologie an der Justus‐Liebig‐Universität Giessen e.V., Oktober 2014: Giessen. FRITZ, J. & UNSÖLD, M. (2015): Internationaler Artenschutz im Kontext der IUCN Reintroduction Guidelines: Argumente zur Wiederansiedlung des Waldrapps Geronticus eremita in Europa. Vogelwarte 53: 157–168. GESNER, C. (1557): Vogelbuch. Christoffel Froschouer: Zürich. KOTRSCHAL, K. (2001): The Grünau project is in its 5th year: How to establish a Waldrapp Geronticus eremita colony from scratch. Proceedings of the International Advisory Group for the Northern Bald Ibis (IAGNBI): Newsletter 2001. KOTRSCHAL, K. (2004): The Grünau Project: Establishing a semi‐wild colony of Waldrapp Ibis. WAZA Magazin 5: 12‐15. PEGORARO, K., FÖGER, M. & PARSON, W. (2001): First evidence of mtDNA sequence differences between Northern bald ibises (Geronticus eremita) of Moroccan and Turkish origin. Journal of Ornithology 142: 425‐428. PORTUGAL, S.J., HUBEL, T.Y., FRITZ, J., HEESE, S., TROBE, D., VOELKL, B., HAILES, S., WILSON, A.M. & USHERWOOD, J.R. (2014): Upwash exploitation and downwash avoidance by flap phasing in ibis formation flight. Nature 505: 399‐402. SCHENKER, A. (1977). Das ehemalige Verbreitungsgebiet des Waldrapps Geronticus eremita in Europa. Ornitologischer Beobachter 74: 13‐30. SCHENKER, A. (1981): Der Waldrapp ‐ ein historisches Wildbret. Wildbiologie 4/7, 1‐12. SERRA, G., LINDSELL, J.A., PESKE, L., FRITZ, J., BOWDEN, C.G.R., BRUSCHINI, C., WELCH, G., TAVARES, J. & WONDAFRASH, M. (2014): Accounting for the low survival of the Critically Endangered Northern bald ibis Geronticus eremita on a major migratory flyway. Oryx 49: 312‐320. SHEPHARD, J.M., RYCKEN, S., ALMALIK, O., STRUYF, K. & VAN ERP‐VAN DER KOOIJ, L. (2015): MIGRATION STRATEGIES revealed by satellite tracking among descendants of a population of European white stork (Ciconia ciconia) reintroduced to Belgium. Journal of Ornithology 156:943–953. STANCLOVA, G., SCHWENDENWEIN, I., MERKEL, O., KENNER, L., DITTAMI, J., FRITZ, J. & SCOPE, A. (subm): The effect of migratory flights on hematologic parameters in Northern Bald Ibises. PLOS ONE UNSÖLD, M. & FRITZ, J. (2011): Der Waldrapp: Ein Vogel zwischen Ausrottung und Wiederkehr. Wildbiologie 2: 1‐ 16. VOELKL, B., PORTUGAL, S.J., UNSÖLD, M., USHERWOOD, J.R., WILSON, A.M. & FRITZ, J. (2015): Matching times of leading and following suggest cooperation through direct reciprocity during V‐formation flight in ibis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112/7: 2115–2120. WIRTZ, S., BÖHM, C. & HOCHKIRCH, A. (2015): Genetische Diversität beim Waldrapp ‐ Ein Vergleich zwischen Zoo‐ und Freilandpopulationen. Vogelwarte 53/4: 400. WIRTZ, S., BÖHM, C., FRITZ, J., HANKELND, T. & HOCHKIRCH, A. (2016): Isolation of microsatellite loci by next‐ generation sequencing of the critically endangered Northern bald ibis, Geronticus eremita. Journal of Heredity; doi: 10.1093/jhered/esw013. ZOUFAL, K., FRITZ, J., BICHLER, M., KIRBAUER, M., MARKUT, T., MERAN, I., WOLF, A. & KOTRSCHAL, K. (2007): Feeding ecology of the Northern Bald Ibis in different habitat types: an experimental field study with handraised individuals. Report of the 2nd IAGNBI Meeting 2nd IAGNBI Meeting, Vejer 2006, C. Böhm, C. Bowden (Eds.), pp. 77‐84.
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Northern Bald Ibis Reintroduction program in Andalusia
José Manuel López1 & Miguel A. Quevedo2 1
NBI REINTRODUCTION PROGRAM IN ANDALUSIA 2 JEREZ ZOO AND PROYECTO EREMITA &VETERINARIAN
ADVISOR IAGNB
[email protected],
[email protected],
Background, overview, goal(s) of the project (expressed in terms of the desired size or number of populations) Between 2004 and 2013 Proyecto Eremita was developed in Andalusia. It was designed as an experimental study of different release techniques of captive born NBI with the aim of establish the best protocols for future reintroductions of the species on its former range. The Proyecto Eremita obtained, among others, the following results: Healthy & stable group settled in the release area (78 birds in January 1 2016 ) Demonstrated ability of released birds to survive in the wild. Breeding in the wild (2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012). Breeding colony established since 2011. No migration or juvenile dispersion of birds born in the wild. No negative impacts on wild colonies and release area ecosystems. No negative impacts on native flora and fauna Excellent acceptance by local communities. Promoters of “ Proyecto Eremita” (Andalusia Government and Zoobotánico Jerez) agreed to launch the NBI Reintroduction Program in Andalusia. Considering the critical situation of the species, the positive results of “Proyecto Eremita”, the public awareness and the evidence of historic presence of the species in Spain the proposal for the re‐ introduction of Northern Bald Ibis in southern Spain was approved by the Environmental Ministry of Spain on July 2013. The final goal to be achieved with this program is to contribute to the global conservation of the species through the settlement in Andalusia of a wild population that will be self‐sufficient and viable in the long term from demographic, genetic and ecological standpoints. Following objectives to be achieved sequentially: First: To consolidate the NBI experimental population established in La Janda, reaching the 35 breeding pairs. 57
Second: Establishing a second population of NBI in another area of Andalusia (Gata Natural Park), using techniques refined in the Proyecto Eremita framework.
Release site: location, suitability, management, history of bird presence The release site is "La Janda" region, Cádiz province, in southern Spain near the Strait of Gibraltar. An area of rangelands and extensive livestock that offers plenty of foraging sites for the birds all year round. Also the presence of coastal and inland cliffs facilitate the nesting sites. Some matters of concern in this program are the presence of potential wild predators (eagle owl, Bonelli´s eagle, peregrine falcon, foxes, gennets, etc) that are common in the area. Awareness and sensitization campaigns have been developed with local people for the community. The historical presence of ibis in the south of Spain is proven and registered in references on old falconry books. More information about this issue can be found at: Evidence of the historic presence of the Northern Bald Ibis (Geronticus eremita) in Spain. Iñigo Sánchez. IAGNBI Meeting Vejer Report.2007
Timing of releases to date, origin of birds, numbers, age, sex of birds released All released birds come from the European Endangered Species Programme (EEP) developed by the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria (EAZA). Table 1: released Northern Bald Ibis at La Janda 2004‐ 2016: number, sex and age YEAR n BIRDS SEX RATIO m/f RELEASE AGE
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 *2013
23 20 17 27 25 31 40 42 37 35
9/14 10/10 7/10 11/16 16/9 20/11 26/14 23/19 18/19 17/18
2014 2015 2016 TOTAL
17 0 27 341
15/2 ‐ 16/8 (3 ND) 188/150 (3 ND)
0y 0y 5y (2), 4y (2), 3y (2), 0y (11) 0y 0y 0y 2y (5), 1y (17), 0y (18) (1y) 31, 0y (11) 2y (1), 1y (29) 0y (7) 19y (1), 12y (2), 11y (3), 8y (1), 2y (7), 1y (11), 0y (10) 2y (5), 1y (10), 0y (2) ‐ 2y (15), 1y (12) 0y (185), 1y (110), 2y (33), >2y
* Releases of adults / breeding pairs kept in the release aviary together with the juveniles.
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Methodology, including pre‐release preparation (e.g. diet, vet, behavior), transport, release, (hard/soft) and post –release monitoring (type and intensity) Materials and methods Birds used in this study come from the European Endangered species Programme (E.E.P.), mainly from Zoobotánico Jerez (Spain). Other EEP institutions have kindly collaborated with the project, providing birds: Innsbruck (Austria), Jersey and Chester (U.K.), Amersfoort (Netherlands), Doue and Clères (France), Budapest (Hungary), Parco Natura Viva (Italy), Opel zoo (Germany), Taberna, Almería y Selwo Málaga (Spain). The project facilities are found at two sites. One at Zoobotánico Jerez where there are a Northern Bald Ibis enclosure, quarantine aviary, a nursery for egg incubation and hand rearing as well as veterinary facilities. The second is the release aviary, built in a military zone in La Janda area, Barbate. The diet is composed of a mixture of minced heart of beef, chicken, carrots, pellet for insectivorous birds, multivitamins and carotene. During the breeding season minced mice, insects (mealworms) are added. Release techniques Although various release techniques have been tested, two of them gave the best results. (1) Hand‐rearing (HR) by characterized foster parents wearing black shirts and ibis shaped helmets. Hand rearing has been proven as a good release method to establish a sedentary colony in the release area. The chicks follow and approach only these “dressed up” foster parents and can be handled and caught whereas they avoid contact with other humans. The eggs are incubated at Jerez zoo and chicks are hand rearing until they are one month old. Then the group of chicks is transferred to the aviary at the release site to complete their development. The group of birds is taking out of the aviary once they start flying following their foster parents. Fig.1: Foster parent are wearing black shirts and ibis shaped helmets to be recognizable for the hand reared birds.
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(2) Juvenile parent‐rearing (PR) integration technique has been also a good method. Group of parent reared chicks (4 – 6 months old) incorporated into the hand reared group when the birds are kept in the aviary or flying around. So far, there are similar release results comparing hand‐ versus parent‐ reared technique. Although similar results, we recommend to start with a core group of HR birds for the first two years as they seems to be easier to establish in the release area. Once the free‐ flying group is established it is time to start with the addition of juvenile PR birds. Fig.2: Release aviary for the Northern bald Ibis in La Janda, Spain.
Monitoring All the released and wild birds, as well as those kept in aviaries, are marked individually: Birds kept in captivity: PVC colour rings and two digits provided by the EAZA. Birds released into the wild: a 3‐digit PVC ring provided by the EBD / CSIC plus a metal ring provided by the Ringing Office of the Spanish Ministry of Environment. Birds born in the wild: Whenever possible they shall be ringed in the nests with metal and PVC rings. If this is not possible due to inaccessibility of some nests, fledglings will be captured with clap traps during the dependence period. In addition to the rings, actually 19 birds equipped with GPS/GSM transmitters (10 Eobs, 9 UvA) which enable daily web monitorig. Also remote radio tracking of free birds is possible with this and another 5 VHF transmitters. Throughout the year feeding areas are weekly visited by observers. During the breeding season the colonies are monitored daily. There is a database with records of all birds (born in the wild and released) and more than 1400 records of field observations.
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Fig.3: an Example of one day monitoring with UvAGPS/GSM emitters (in Google Earth.)
Veterniary procedures The veterinary department of Jerez zoo assists the project continually. A permanent veterinary service is assisting during the captive management, pre‐ release and the different phases of releases. A medical surveillance of released birds has been established to monitor for any signs of disease or mortality during the project. Any dead birds found are thoroughly analysed through a post mortem study. The official regional laboratory (CAD) gives assistance with special analysis (microbiology, toxicology, histopathology) Transport The transport of any bird is carried out according to national or international regulations regarding: veterinary health certification, IATA regulations and animal welfare. Quarantine New juveniles coming from other European institutions are kept in an isolated aviary at Jerez zoo during the quarantine period (30 days). A thorough check‐up on every bird was completed before its release, including a physical examination, checks for ectoparasites, blood samples, cloaca swabs for microbiology (Klebsiella, Salmonella, E. coli, Campylobacter) and faeces samples for parasitology. Screening for Chlamidia psittaci, West Nile, Avian influenza and Newcastle virus. In case of any illness or death during quarantine the cause is thoroughly investigated. Once the first quarantine period has finished, the juveniles birds are transferred to the release aviary, where they are kept at least 30 days prior to release for a second quarantine and acclimatisation period. Surveillance of the released birds Throughout the year the field team watches the birds movement, behaviour, feeding activity and ready to detect any signs of disease or mortality.
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Post‐release performance including breeding, dispersal, losses, causes of losses and other issues
Table2: list of the released NBI which survived till 15th July 2016
year of hatch 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 TOTAL
Ffree flying birds 0 0 1 3 5 3 10 4 2 2 14 7 53
* All birds released after three or more years of age died or disappeared in less than three
sex ratio m/f ‐ ‐ 0/1 0/3 1/4 1/2 5/5 2/2 0/2 0/2 12/2 1/4 (2 ND) 22/27 (2 ND) months, except a female 5 years old
who stayed for just over two years with a group of younger birds settled in the release area.
Breeding in the wild In May 2008 the first breeding pair succeeded in building a nest and reared a chick in a nearby coastal cliff (Barbate) located 5 km from the release site. Since then there has been breeding activity each year. In 2011 a new nesting location was selected 15 km away from the release site, the Vejer cliff which is at present the main breeding colony. Every breeding season the reproduction progress has been monitored and the chicks ringed. The released NBI have established breeding colonies within 12 to 23 kilometers away from the release site. Table 3: breeding performance of the , released and free flying Northern Bald Ibis in the La Janda region, Spain
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Fig.4: demography and breeding success of the released and free‐flying NBI 2008‐2016 in the La Janda region, Spain
Table3: Number of fledged, free flying and sex ratio of the Northern Bald Ibis in La Janda region till 15th July 2016
YEAR
FLEDGED IN WILD
FREE BIRDS
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 TOTAL
1 1 0 8 2 17 25 18 26 98
0 0 0 2 1 8 11 12 23 57
SEX RATIO M/F ‐ ‐ ‐ 1/1 1/0 4/4 4/6 (1 ND) 4/8 ND 14/19 (24 ND)
Table4: number free flying birds in the La Janda region 2006 – 2016 (15th July 2016): birds which fledged in the wild, were released and their sex ratio
BIRTH YEAR 2006 2007 2008
FLEDGED IN WILD ‐ ‐ 0
RELEASED
TOTAL BIRDS
1 3 5
1 3 5
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SEX RATIO M/F 0/1 0/3 1/4
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 TOTAL
0 0 2 1 8 11 12 23 57
3 10 4 2 2 14 7 ‐ 51
3 10 6 3 10 25 19 23 108
1/2 5/5 3/3 1/2 4/6 16/8 (1 ND) 5/12 (2 ND) (23 ND) 36/46, (26 ND)
Causes of losses and mortality Of the total number of losses, some birds are found dead but other are missing from the release and foraging area and no further new has been received. We assume that most of them have died as no further observation occurred. In the cases of the dead birds, the carcase is remitted for post mortem studies. The first year survival rate for northern bald ibis in our project is 0.44, even lower than the mean rate of the order Ciconiiformes (0.3). We considered that mortalities registered in our project are within the range expected. The causes of mortality have been natural or accidental due to human‐ related activities. The main known causes of mortality found were: raptor predation (mainly by eagle owl), electrocution, power line collision and trauma. Raptor predation is a natural condition that the released birds have to deal with. Due to the high rate of mortality related to electrocution and power line collision the regional government started a corrective programme in the electric poles at the release and feeding areas. Poles were isolated appropriately and power lines marked with save‐birds systems. Many losses of birds were related to unpredictable heavy storms in the area after the release time. In July 2014 a mortality incident was detected in adults birds. A total of 9 death or severely sick birds were found. Alimentary toxi‐infection caused by a verotoxin produced by E.coli. This bacteria was contaminating the prepared food (minced heart of beef, chicken, pellet for insectivorous birds) used to attract the birds to capture then in order to set the transmitters. This mortality incident decreased the breeding pairs from 24 in 2014 to 15 in 1015.
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Fig. 5: causes of death (%) of released Northern Bald Ibis found dead or which had to be euthanized (n=129)
Fig.6: settlement and the intensity of use of the area for the released and with GPS/GSM transmitters marked Northern Bald Ibis in the La Janda region (Data available in Movebank)
Costs and logistic requirements ( estimates if necessary) The total cost for Proyecto Eremita (2004‐2013) was 1,850,000 € (*). The higher costs had been: Staff and 4x4 vehicles (10 years): 1,600,000 € aproxx. Construction and maintenance of facilities and release aviary: 120,000 € Optical and telemetry material: 60,000 € (17 GPS transmitters, provided free of charge by 65
scientific advisor are not included). * (Costs of veterinary care expenses provided by the Jerez Zoo and the scientific advisory are not included). The budget available for the NBI Reintroduction Program in Andalusia in the period 2014‐2016 (3 years) it is only 85,000 €. For 2017 it is reserved a budget of 40,000 € Lessons learned and wider application The release methods used in this project has been successful to establish a sedentary population in the release area. No migratory and juvenile dispersion movement has been recorded o There has been a high juvenile mortality rate, but still within the mean rate (6070 %) of the order Ciconiiformes. Breeding pairs has been nesting and rearing chicks since 2008 in nearby cliffs. All the fledglings have joined the free flying group. There is a public awareness about the species with the local people finding the birds and the project interesting. The causes of mortality have been natural or accidental due to human‐ related activities. The main known causes of mortality found were: raptor predation, electrocution, power line collision and trauma. References (list of project outputs, including reports and publication Veterinary issues MONCLUS L; TALLO‐PARRA O; CARBAJAL A; SABÉS‐ALSINA M, QUEVEDO MA, LÓPEZ‐ BÉJAR M. ( 2 0 1 5 ) : The effect of the moulting period in the measurement of feather corticosterone of ibis eremitas (Geronticus eremita). International conference on diseases of zoo and wild animals. 13th ‐ 16th May 2015, Barcelona (Spain). Poster: “Overview of the risk análisis of the northern bald ibis (Geronticus eremita) release project in southern Spain. Pablo Rodríguez, Jaco Bakker, Miguel A. Quevedo. International Conference on Diseases of Zoo and Wild Animals, Vienna Austria, 8 – 11 May 2013. QUEVEDO, M.A. (2001): Veterinary investigations and a request for information from zoos. Newsletter 1º of the International Advisory Group for the Northern Bald Ibis I.A.G.N.B.I. QUEVEDO, M.A. ( 2003): Results of a mortality survey of adult Northern Bald Ibis held in captivity. Report to IAGNBI ‐ February. QUEVEDO, MA.(2003): Programa Eremita: papel del veterinario en la recuperación y liberación de especies en peligro”. IV Curso Nacional sobre manejo, conservación y patología de animales silvestres y de zoológico. Córdoba 14 – 16 de Noviembre de 2003. QUEVEDO, MA. (2003): Diseases and Medical problems found in captive northern bald ibis”, 1 st IAGNBI (International Advisory Group for the Northen Bald Ibis) Meeting. Reunión del Grupo Internacional de Expertos del Ibis Eremita (IAGNBI), Innsbruck Austria, 1 – 5 Julio 2003. QUEVEDO, MA. (2009): Veterinary aspects of a release study of northern bald ibis (Geronticus eremita) in southern Spain. British Veterinary Zoological Society spring meeting,. Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, Jersey. 25th – 26 th April 2009. QUEVEDO, MA. (2009): Veterinary aspects of Nortrhern Bald Ibis (Geronticus eremita) and causes of mortality in freeflying trials in southern Spain. 3 rd IAGNBI (International Advisory Group for the Northern Bald Ibis) Meeting. Reunión del Grupo Internacional de Expertos del Ibis Eremita (IAGNBI), Palmyra, Syria, 1 – 4 November 2009. QUEVEDO, MA. ( 2 0 1 0 ) : Aspectos veterinarios del Proyecto Eremita. Reunión del grupo veterinario de la Asociación Ibérica de Zoos y Acuarios (AIZA). 4 – 6 Febrero 2010, Benidorm, Alicante.
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Release program QUEVEDO M.A., SÁNCHEZ, I., AGUILAR J.M., CUADRADO, M. LÓPEZ J. M. (2004): A study of different release techniques for a captive population of NBI (Geronticus eremita) in the region of La Janda (Cádiz, southern Spain). In: 3º Newsletter of the International Advisory Group for the Northern Bald Ibis (IAGNBI) (ed.C.Böhm). Published by the IAGNBI. QUEVEDO, MA. (2005): “Proyecto eremita”. AICAS II Congreso Ibérico de Cuidadores de Animales Salvajes 22 – 23 de Octubre de 2005, Jerez de la Frontera. QUEVEDO, MA. ( 2 0 0 6 ) : ( 2 0 0 6 ) : Cuestiones veterinarias del Proyecto Eremita. VIII Reunión de Veterinarios de la Asociación Ibérica de Zoos y Acuarios (AIZA). Guadalajara, 10 y 11 de febrero de 2006. QUEVEDO, MA. (2006): Situación del Proyecto Eremita. III Jornadas de Historia Natural de Cádiz. Jimena de la Frontera, Cádiz, 26 de Marzo de 2006. QUEVEDO, MA. (2006): El voluntariado en el “Proyecto Eremita”. El papel de la ciudadanía y de la acción voluntaria organizada”, sede cultural de la Universidad Pablo Olavide, Carmona, Sevilla, 19 de julio de 2006. QUEVEDO, MA. & LÓPEZ JM (2006): Update of Proyecto Eremita. 2nd IAGNBI (International Advisory Group for the Northern Bald Ibis) Meeting. Reunión del Grupo Internacional de Expertos del Ibis Eremita (IAGNBI), Vejer, Cádiz, España, 27 Septiembre – 1 Octubre 2006. LÓPEZ, JM & QUEVEDO MA. ( 2 008) : Proyecto Eremita: experiencias y resultados el periodo 2004 – 2008. IV Jornadas de Historia Natural de Cádiz. Jerez de la Frontera, Cádiz, 12 de Diciembre de 2008. QUEVEDO, MA. ( 2 0 0 9 ) : Update of Proyecto Eremita. 3 rd IAGNBI (International Advisory Group for the Northern Bald Ibis) Meeting. Reunión del Grupo Internacional de Expertos del Ibis Eremita (IAGNBI), Palmyra, Syria, 1 – 4 November 2009. QUEVEDO, MA. ( 2 0 1 1 ) : Proyecto Eremita. Conservación del ibis eremita (Geronticus eremita). Primer curso de gestión y conservación en Galicia. Aspectos Biológicos y Veterinarios de la Conservación. Parque de las Ciencias Vigozoo, Vigo 8, 9 y 10 de Abril de 2011. QUEVEDO, MA. (2011): Proyecto Eremita: síntesis de actuaciones y resultados. Propuesta de futuro. En las V Jornadas de Historia Natural de Cádiz, 18, 19 y 20 de noviembre de 2011. Puerto de Santa María, Cádiz. LÓPEZ, J.M.,. QUEVEDO, MA; SÁNCHEZ, I.; AGUILERA E. & RODRÍGUEZ F. B. (2013): Balance de 10 años de experiencias VI Jornadas de Historia Natural de Cádiz, Vejer, Cádiz. 18 – 20 Octubre 2013 QUEVEDO, MA. (2014): Update of “Proyecto Eremita”. Viena, Austria 2014 Waldrappteam QUEVEDO, MA.(2015): Proyectos de conservación e investigación del Zoobotánico Jerez, Proyecto Eremita. Seminario El Biodomo como espacio para la Educación, la Conservación y la Investigación. Parque de las Ciencias de Granada. 9 de Abril de 2015. QUEVEDO, MA. (20 16): Northern Bald Ibis (Geronticus eremita) Reintroduction Program in Southern Spain. EAZA Conservation Forum 2016. Fuengirola, Málaga, 11 mayo 2016 LÓPEZ VAZQUEZ JM, QUEVEDO MA, SÁNCHEZ GARCÍA I, RODRÍGUEZ B, GIMENO D Y AGUILERA E. ( 2 0 1 5 ) : Crónica de la reintroducción del ibis eremita en Andalucia. Quercus 359 (marzo 2015 ) pgs: 14‐ 23. I. SÁNCHEZ (2007): Evidencias de la presencia histórica del ibis eremita en España. Quercus, 257 (julio 2007): 14‐19. Quercus 227, págs 10 y 11
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Translocation1 in the context of the AEWA Northern Bald Ibis International Single Species Action Plan Sergey Dereliev UNEP/AEWA SECRETARIAT, UN CAMPUS PLATZ DER VEREINTEN NATIONEN 1, 53113 BONN, GERMANY sergey.dereliev@unep‐aewa.org
Introduction to AEWA The Agreement on the Conservation of African‐Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) is an international treaty that was concluded on 16 June 1995 in the Hague, the Netherlands. It covers 119 countries in Africa, Europe, the Middle East and Central Asia as well as the north‐ eastern tip of Canada. To date 75 countries and the European Union have acceded to the Agreement as Contracting Parties. AEWA lists 254 species of migratory waterbirds that depend on wetlands for at least part of their annual cycle. They are represented by 550 populations and the conservation status of each of them is individually evaluated against a list criteria. Thus, different populations of the same species may receive different listings under the treaty, implying varying measures to be implemented by the respective range states, from stringent protection to much more relaxed regimes. AEWA International Single Species Action Plan for the Northern Bald Ibis The first AEWA International Single Species Action Plan (ISSAP) for the Northern Bald Ibis (NBI) was adopted by the 3rd session of the Meeting of the Parties (MOP3) to AEWA in 2005 in Dakar, Senegal. Following the usual 10‐year cycle of AEWA ISSAPs, the revision of the action plan for the Northern Bald Ibis was initiated in 2012 at the 1st meeting of the AEWA Northern Bald Ibis International Working Group in Jazan, Saudi Arabia, and was adopted by MOP6 in 2015 in Bonn, Germany. The revised AEWA NORTHERN BALD IBIS SINGLE SPECIES ACTION PLAN (http://www.unep‐ aewa.org/sites/default/files/publication/unep_aewa_ts55_rev_issap_nbi.pdf) covers the two remaining wild populations. The Eastern population, which is in a critical status with imminent risk of extinction, has five range states (Syria, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Ethiopia, and
1
As described in the AEWA Guidelines on the Translocation of Waterbirds for Conservation Purposes, the term “translocation” is defined as any human‐facilitated movement of living organisms from one area to another. This includes introduction, re‐introduction, and supplementation.
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Eritrea) plus Turkey, which holds a semi‐wild population in Birecik. The Western population is occurring in Morocco, but the plan was to include Algeria as a range state due to the recent extinction of the species and the aspiration for its re‐establishment. The long‐term goal of the ISSAP is to restore the NBI to a favorable conservation status and downlist it from the globally threatened categories on the IUCN Red List and Category 1 of Column A of the AEWA Table 1. The purpose of the revised plan is to increase population size and breeding range in the wild by 2025 with the Moroccan population reaching 700 birds and two new colonies established with five or more pairs in each. The action framework of the ISSAP is ambitious and had four objectives, 35 expected results and 73 actions. Translocation has relevance with respect to Objective 3 aiming at establishing new colonies. For the wild Eastern population, under this objective, it is anticipated to increase it 5‐fold through reinforcement. For the semi‐wild population in Turkey, in addition to maintaining it at 150 birds, it is expected to establish a wild migratory population at Birecik, to create a second semi‐wild population in another site in Turkey and another wild population away from Birecik. For the Western population it is aimed at re‐colonising or colonising sites away from Souss‐ Massa and Tamri in Morocco and re‐establishing the population in Algeria at the breeding site of the recent extinction. This a very ambitious set of translocation activities, therefore the ISSAP prioritises Turkey in the Eastern population and Algeria in the Western population. Syria, or elsewhere further south along the flyway in the Arabian Peninsula, and Morocco are placed in the second‐tier for translocation work. The two ongoing projects (Austria/Italy and Spain) shall undergo a review before any possible association with the ISSAP. Obligations of the Contracting Parties under AEWA regarding Translocation The obligations of the AEWA Parties with respect to translocation are specified in the AEWA Action Plan, which is part of the legal text of the treaty. In accordance with it, Parties shall exercise the greatest care when re‐establishing populations into parts of their traditional range. Whenever undertaking translocation, it shall constitute an integral part of an appropriate broader species action plan rather than be a discrete and stand‐alone activity detached from the rest of the international conservation planning for the respective species. For each translocation Parties shall develop and follow detailed plan based on appropriate scientific studies. Such plans shall assess the impact on the environment and shall be made widely available. Before initiating any translocation work, Parties shall inform the UNEP/ AEWA Secretariat in advance. To guide the Parties in their work, Guidelines for the Translocation of Waterbirds for Conservation Purposes were compiled and adopted by MOP5 in 2012 in La Rochelle, France and it is expected that the Parties will follow and adhere to these guidelines. 69
AEWA Guidelines for the Translocation of Waterbirds for Conservation Purposes The AEWA Guidelines for the Translocation of Waterbirds for Conservation Purposes (http://www.unep‐aewa.org/en/publication/aewa‐conservation‐guidelines‐no13‐ guidelines‐translocation‐waterbirds‐conservation) builds on the 1998 IUCN Guidelines for Re‐introductions and some other taxa‐specific guidelines. Being the first and only so far guidelines focusing on waterbird taxa, the AEWA translocation guidelines provide a very comprehensive, well‐structured and authoritative advice.
PRE‐PROJECT ACTIVITIES Background research Justification assessment (► Section 3.3) Feasibility assessment (► Section 3.4) Decision making (► Section 3.5)
PLANNING AND PREPARATION STAGE Construction of a multi‐disciplinary team (► Section 4.1) Securing political and financial support (► Section 4.2) Project planning, including as appropriate:
Setting targets (► Section 4.3.1) Identification of appropriate release sites (► Section 4.3.2) Disease Risk Assessment (► Section 4.3.3) Health management and biosecurity plan (► Section 4.3.4) Wild capture/egg collection plan (► Section 4.3.5) Captive management plan (► Section 4.3.6) Habitat management plan (► Section 4.3.7) Release strategy (► Section 4.3.8) Interventions policy (► Section 4.3.9) Post‐release monitoring strategy (► Section 4.3.10) Community and stakeholder engagement strategy (► Section 4.3.11) Budgeting (► Section 4.3.12) Effective timing and duration planning (► Section 4.3.13)
PRE‐RELEASE & RELEASE STAGE Licenses and other legal requirements (► Section 5.1) Sourcing birds for release (► Section 5.2) Preparing birds for release (► Section 5.3) Release (► Section 5.34) Ongoing habitat management and engagement activities
POST‐RELEASE STAGE Interventions (► Section 6.1) Post‐release monitoring (► Section 6.2) Reporting and publications (► Section 6.3) Evaluation of success (► Section 6.4) Ongoing habitat management and engagement activities
LESSONS LEARNED Updates to all plans listed for the above stages as required
FEEDBACK LOOP
Preparing facilities (► Section 4.4), sourcing equipment & training, as required Establishment of a captive breeding population, if required Initiation of required habitat management and engagement activities
Fig. 1. Flowchart of the key stages of a translocation project and checklists of the key activities required as part of each stage (from Lee et al. 2012: AEWA Guidelines for the Translocation of Waterbirds for Conservation Purposes).
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The Guidelines describes any translocation as a 5‐stage process (see Figure 1). Particularly important is stage 1 – pre‐project activities – which is a stage that is sometimes insufficiently implemented or skipped altogether. This stage is critical for the overall success and acceptance of any translocation work and includes important activities such as background research, justification assessment, feasibility assessment and decision‐making. One of the very first, but often overlooked activities is the justification assessment which is defining the need for translocation. It should identify the conservation necessity and whether the benefit of such an initiative would outweigh any possible negative impacts it could cause as well as if the desired outcome can be achieved through a more cost‐efficient method. Last but not least, at this stage it is assessed whether the project is consistent with existing conservation plans and policies. The potential of the project to divert resources away from other important conservation measures shall be also dully considered in the pre‐ project assessments.
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Genetic diversity in the critically endangered Northern Bald Ibis Sarah Wirtz UNIVERSITY ‐ DEPARTMENT OF BIOGEOGRAPHY s6sawirt@uni‐trier.de
PhD project as a part of the EU‐LIFE+ project “Reason for Hope – Reintroduction of Northern Bald Ibis in Europe” ACTION C.8: Genetic screening of European NBI zoo populations Objectives Identification of potential genetic lineages Creation of a gene bank by genetic screening of all European zoo populations Comparison of in situ and ex situ genetic diversity Data sampling Genetic material (blood, buccal swaps, feathers) was sampled during the regular veterinary screening to keep the sampling least invasive as possible. For museum specimen small pieces of tissue were used. Altogether, we collected 836 samples from 52 zoos/locations. Fig.1: origin and number of the DNA sampling of the Northern Bald Ibis within EEP zoos, projects and museums
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Laboratory analysis All laboratory work was done at Trier University. The following steps were implemented: DNA isolation DNA quantification DNA sequencing (NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (ND5) , Cytochrome b (cyt b)) Microsatellite screening Results: (1) Identification of genetic lineages: We confirmed the point mutation at the cyt b gene found by Pegoraro et al. 2001. Furthermore we found one substitution at the ND5 gene. But, both substitutions were silent mutations, which means that they do not have any influence on the codon composition. Despite the single nucleotide base substitution, the same amino acid is encoded. We could not determine any difference between birds from the Eastern (Syria, Turkey) and Western (Morocco, zoo birds) populations based on the DNA sequencing of the mitochondrial genes ND5 and cyt b. (2) Genetic screening of the European Zoo populations We developed a NBI specific microsatellite primer set consisting of 15 polymorphic loci (see Wirtz et al., 2016). Within the actual data set (N = 671) we found 17 genetic clusters by conducting a STRUCTURE analysis (STRUCURE Version XY). Museum specimen from Turkey and Syria formed a separate genetic cluster. Furthermore these individuals showed highest values for allelic richness and the number of private alleles. All genetic clusters showed high values (>0.5) for expected heterozygosity. No signs for inbreeding were detected within the genetic clusters.
fig 2: genetic clusters of the Northern Bald Ibis DNA samples run by STRUCTURE:
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Planning for Wildlife Reintroductions and other Conservation Translocations Philip J. Seddon DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF OTAGO, DUNEDIN, NEW ZEALAND
[email protected]
One of the first conservation translocations in the world took place in New Zealand in the 1880s, when Ricgard Henry moved large numbers of flightless kakapo and kiwi to an offshore island, the first attempt to protect New Zealand’s native species from the impacts of exotic mammalian predators (Seddon et al. 2015). Henry’s attempts ultimately failed because the offshore island release sites were within the swimming range of mainland stoats (Hill and Hill 1987, Miskelly and Powlesland 2013). At around the same time, on the other side of the world, Edward (Ned) McIlhenny was conducting ultimately much more successful translocations of captive‐bred snowy egrets from eggs sourced from declining populations along the southern Gulf Coast of the United States. Reintroduction as an official and organized conservation action, came of age in 1907 when 15 bison were sent from the Bronx Zoo and released into the Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge in Oklahoma (reviewed in Beck 2001). This was an initiative of the American Bison Society (ABS) to reintroduce bison into their former range following population declines from over 40 million in 1830 to only around 1,000 animals by 1884. The release in Oklahoma was the first animal reintroduction in North America. Following the successes of bison reintroductions in the United States, there were several decades with few reintroduction attempts, then several high‐profile success stories, such as the Arabian oryx in Oman and the peregrine falcon in North America, in the 1960s to 1980s helped raise the profile of reintroduction as a population restoration tool. In contrast to the well planned, well‐monitored, and well‐documented reintroduction successes, there were many poorly planned releases of animals into unsuitable areas where their inevitable failure to survive, breed, and establish a population was largely undocumented. The lack of post‐release monitoring or reporting of unfavorable outcomes makes it impossible to summarize these undocumented failures. It was principally a response to rising numbers of ill‐conceived reintroduction attempts that led to the IUCN position statement on translocations in 1987 (IUCN 1987) and formation of the IUCN Species Survival Commission (IUCN / SSC) RSG in 1988. The RSG was formed by Mark Stanley Price, architect of the Arabian oryx reintroduction to Oman (Stanley Price 1989), and had the aim of promoting responsible reintroductions (Stanley Price & Soorae 2003). The RSG’s first strategic planning workshop was held in 1992, and led to the formulation of a set of reintroduction guidelines (IUCN 1998). By early 2006, the RSG consisted of a volunteer network of over 300 practitioners and maintained a database of nearly 700 reintroduction projects. The 1998 Reintroduction Guidelines were a slim booklet of commonsense suggestions designed to encourage reintroduction 74
practitioners to consider the various aspects of proposed projects, from biological to social, legislative, and economic. Previous work has shown that conservation translocation projects, as with other types of conservation management, show a marked taxonomic bias toward birds (33% of projects, whereas birds make up 18% of species represented in nature) and mammals (41% of projects versus 8% of species), particularly the larger, more charismatic species, almost irrespective of the degree of threat or vulnerability (Seddon et al. 2005). Recent data on reinforcements show that this bias toward birds and mammals is continuing (Seddon et al. 2014). For conservation translocations in general, relatively few invertebrate, reptile, amphibian, or fish species are represented relative to their prevalence in nature. The discipline of reintroduction biology started to develop from the early 1990s (Serena 1995). Reintroduction biology is broadly considered to be the study and associated practice of establishing populations of organisms using conservation translocation tools and maintaining them using ongoing management (Ewen et al. 2012). Reintroduction projects increasingly were framed as more than just one‐off management responses, as practitioners engaged with ecologists, geneticists, population modelers, veterinarians, and social scientists to enhance translocation success (Seddon et al. 2007). Fig.1. The Translocation Spectrum (from IUCN 2013) Although the first Reintroduction Guidelines provided a valuable framework for reintroduction planning, by 2010 it was evident the 1998 booklet was not sufficiently detailed or comprehensive. In particular, it did not fully consider the range of conservation translocation options needed to address the threats of habitat loss and the extinction of keystone species (Seddon 2010). A task 75
force was formed under the auspices of the IUCN / SSC and the chair of Mark Stanley Price. Because the new guidelines needed to deal with the complexity of translocations outside the indigenous range of species, the task force core membership was drawn from both the RSG and the Invasive Species Specialist Group. The fully revised and much more comprehensive guidelines became official IUCN policy in 2013 (IUCN 2013). These recognized an expanded spectrum of translocation types, identifying conservation translocations as those which primary aim relates to improving the status of a focal species or restoring natural processes (Fig. 1). Importantly the IUCN Guidelines also formally recognize two types of conservation introduction, release outside the indigenous range for conservation purposes: assisted colonization and ecological replacement. Assisted colonization seeks to avoid impacts within the indigenous range by moving species to suitable areas of habitat that they could not reach due to barriers. Ecological replacements are species moved outside their indigenous range to restore an ecological function lost through the extinction of the original species (Fig. 1). The IUCN Guidelines set out a conservation translocation planning cycle (Fig. 1) to guide any project.
Fig.2: The Conservation Translocation Planning Cycle (from IUCN 2013)
This states with a clear statement of the overall goal of the planned project, and proceeds through an important process of assessing the feasibility and risks of the proposed form of conservation translocation. Importantly, the feasibility assessment should also evaluate non‐translocation alternatives. Following a decision to proceed with a translocation there is a process of project design involving decisions around release site selection (Osborne and Seddon 2012), founder group origin and composition, transport and release methods, and planning for post‐release monitoring. Monitoring should adopt an adaptive management framework whereby predicted outcomes, 76
perhaps in terms of population performance, are explicated tested using targeted data gathering, and results feedback into informing and adjusting ongoing and future work (Fig. 3) Define the Problem
Model and Predict
Make explicit statement of management objec ves
Use literature and models to predict performance of alterna ves
e.g. Do we maximize popula on growth through the release of hand or puppet‐reared founders?
e.g. Puppet‐reared founders will have higher post‐release survival due to less imprin ng on humans
Update Focus on the best‐ performing op on
Adap ve Management
Decide and Design Set the management ac on and the monitoring required Ac ve AM e.g. release of both hand and puppet‐reared founders and compare performance Passive AM e.g. release puppet‐reared founders only and assess against expecta ons
Monitor Outcomes e.g. Compare survival, dispersal and breeding between groups or against expecta ons
Implement e.g. Release chosen founders
Fig. 3. Post‐release monitoring using an adaptive management framework
Simple classification of any reintroduction as success or failure to result in a self‐sustaining population is of limited use because the time scale for success evaluation is important, and there are examples of successful projects failing at a later stage (e.g. Spalton and Lawrence 1999). The IUCN guidelines advocate that projects make clear definitions of success in relation to three phases of any reintroduction: establishment, growth, and regulation, with future population persistence assessed through population viability analysis. Assessment of success or of the causes of failure can be made only through adequate post‐release monitoring. Monitoring is needed also to facilitate meta‐ analyses, to track genetic diversity, and to evaluate the performance of reintroduced populations and the possible impacts on recipient ecosystems (Armstrong and Seddon 2008). With official IUCN recognition of a spectrum of conservation translocation possibilities, the emphasis has now shifted to how best to apply these approaches in such a way as to maximize conservation benefit while minimizing the risk of unintended consequences (Seddon and Armstrong 2016). The future focus will be the development and application of rigorous methods to match species to habitats and to evaluate and manage environmental, social, cultural, and economic risks. References Armstrong, D.P. & Seddon, P.J. (2008): Directions in reintroduction biology. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 23:20–25. Beck, B.B. (2001): A vision for reintroduction. Communiqué, September 2001:20–21. American Zoo and Aquarium Association, Silver Spring, MD.
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Ewen, J.G., Armstrong, D.P., Parker K A. & Seddon P.J. (eds, 2012): Reintroduction Biology: Integrating Science and Management. Conservation Science and Practice No. 9. Wiley‐Blackwell, Chichester, UK, 73–104. IUCN (1998): Guidelines for Re‐introductions. IUCN / SSC Re‐introduction Specialist Group, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. Available online at: http://www.iucnsscrsg.org/. IUCN (2013): Guidelines for Reintroductions and Other Conservation Translocations. 1 IUCN / SSC Re‐ introduction Specialist Group, Gland, Switzerland / Cambridge, UK. Available online at: http://www.iucnsscrsg.org/ Hill, S. & Hill J. (1987): Richard Henry of Resolution Island. John McIndoe, Dunedin, New Zealand. Miskelly, C.M. & Powesland, R.G. (2013): Conservation translocations of New Zealand birds, 1863–2012. Notornis 60: 3–28. Osborne, P.E., & Seddon, P.J. (2012): Selecting suitable habitats for reintroductions: variation, change and the role of species distribution modelling. Pp.73–104. In J. G. Ewen, D. P. Armstrong, K. A. Parker, and P. J. Seddon, eds., Reintroduction Biology: Integrating Science and Management. Conservation Science and Practice No. 9. Wiley‐Blackwell, Chichester, UK. Seddon, P. J. (2010): From reintroduction to assisted colonization: moving along the conservation translocation spectrum. Restoration Ecology 18:796–802. Seddon, P.J., Armstrong, D.P. & Maloney, R. (2007) Developing the science of reintroduction biology. Conservation Biology 21:303–312. Seddon, P.J., Griffiths, C.J., Soorae, P.S. & Armstrong, D.P. (2014): Reversing defaunation: restoring species in a changing world. Science 345:406–412. Seddon, P.J., Soorae, P.S. & Launay, F. (2005): Taxonomic bias in reintroduction projects. Animal Conservation 8:51–58. Seddon, P.J. & van Heezik, Y. (2013): Reintroductions to “ratchet up” public perceptions of biodiversity: reversing the extinction of experience through animal restorations. Pp.137–151. In M. Bekoff, ed., Ignoring Nature No More: The Case for Compassionate Conservation. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL Serena, M. (ed, 1995): Reintroduction Biology of Australian and New Zealand fauna. Surrey Beatty & Sons, Chipping Norton, NSW. Spalton, J.A. & Lawrence, M.W. (1999): Arabian oryx reintroduction in Oman: successes and setbacks. Oryx 33:168–175. Stanley Price, M. (1989): Animal Re‐introductions: The Arabian oryx in Oman, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. Stanley Price, M. & Soorae, P. (2003): Re‐introductions: whence and wither? International Zoo Yearbook 38:61–75.
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