Northwestern Mediterranean Sea

Atlas of

Post-Larval Fish

of the

Northwestern Mediterranean Sea Editors : Crec’hriou R. & Lenfant P.

Edition 2015

Contributors Liste des contributeurs et authorship and Authorship The contributors of this atlas are : UMR SPEde 6134 Les contributeurs cetCNRS atlas- UCPP sont, :

Plateforme STELLA MARE UMS 3514 CNRS - UCPP Agostini Sylvia, Scientific manager - UCPP Bastien Romain, Engineer - CNRS Bracconi Jérémy, Aquaculture technician - UCPP Durieux Eric D.H., Senior lecturer - UCPP Garsi Laure-Hélène, Phd - UCPP Ternengo Sonia, Senior lecturer - UCPP UMR 5110 CEFREM CNRS - UPVD, Plateforme IEEM - CREM Briot Lisa, Engineer - CNRS Crec’hriou Romain, Engineer - CNRS Lenfant Philippe, Professor - UPVD / Project manager Lozano Laura, Student - UPVD Pastor Jérémy, Post Doctoral student - UPVD Saragoni Gilles, Engineer - CNRS Simon Gaël, Aquaculture technician - UPVD Verdoit-Jarraya Marion, Senior lecturer - UPVD ECOCEAN Lecaillon Gilles, C.E.O ECOCEAN Lèbre Laurie, Aquaculture technician - CEFREM / ECOCEAN Pristchepa Séverine, Project officer - ECOCEAN

Ce document doit être cité comme suit : This document should be cited as follows :

© RD

Crec’hriou Romain, Garsi Laure-Hélène, Lèbre Laurie, Lozano Laura, Pastor Jérémy, Lecaillon Gilles, Durieux Eric, Simon Gaël, Ternengo Sonia, Bracconi Jérémy, Briot Lisa, Verdoit-Jarraya Marion, Saragoni Gilles, Pristchepa Séverine, Bastien Romain, Agostini Sylvia, Lenfant Philippe, 2015. Atlas of Post-Larval Fish of the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Editors: Crec’hriou R. & Lenfant P., Program Life + " SUBLIMO ", 192p

Post-larvae of Pseudogramma gregory

Preface ”If you lose small things everything else fails” Louie Psihoyos, National Geographic Photographer

The offspring of most benthic*

and coastal fish species disperse from their birthplace as microscopic larvae that develop in the ocean and grow to a few millimeters or centimeters, until they are competent to recruit. At this stage, the “post-larva” often still differs so much from the adult that it takes specialized expertise to find the species it belongs to. 1

I have been entrusted with the pleasant task of saying a few words about this colorful identification guide of Mediterranean fish post-larvae. Most of you probably know me as an oceanographer. Very few may know that I started as a larval fish taxonomist in the laboratory of William J. Richards. It is my passion for the mysterious world of the fish larvae and the myriad of shapes, colors, and adaptations they have, that brought me to learn about their physical environment and to model their dispersal. Understanding how larvae make it back home, or at least to a place that is just like home, where they can safely settle at the end of their pelagic* odyssey remains a puzzle that many scientists strive to solve. For those of you who are ardent ichthyologists and have not yet investigated the early life history stages, this book is a wonderful starting point. Unlike taxonomic guides where the larvae are illustrated after the fixation and preservation processes, where they lose their transparency and pigments, this guide shows live larvae displaying their true colors. For those of you who are naturalists, whether you are ecologists, biologists, or fishermen, it will become your best resource on the field or in the lab, and would undoubtedly make a good coffee-table piece! The images herein are of larvae that have survived their pelagic journey, successfully hiding from oceanic predators in their transparency and are coming to settle on nursery grounds. While people still refer to fish larvae as planktonic, they are far from “wanderers”. When you look at them with a detailed eye, you start appreciating the sophistication of 1 Words with an asterisk * refer to a glossary definition , in which you will find the most used abbreviations.

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their pelagic adaptations. They have diverse and fascinating morphologies. For example blenny (Blenniidae) and the flounder (Bothidae) larvae, which are not exceptional swimmers, can camouflage using their pigments like chameleons. Other species, like the swift grouper (Serranidae), deploy elongated serrated spines to help them deter predators. Fish larvae are also equipped with impressive sensory apparatuses. Most have huge eyes, numerous neuromasts, and well-developed otoliths, allowing them to sense environmental cues and swim directionally. Such goal-oriented swimming is probably the result of complex multi-sensory navigation mechanisms still to be discovered. Fish larvae are intriguing sea creatures that look like artwork under the microscope with their clear body through which one can count each vertebra and see internal organs. However, it is not only their diverse morphologies and beauty that fascinates me, but their behavioral abilities. They have travelled in the open ocean for several weeks or months before reaching their final destination where they metamorphose into a young juvenile fish. The juvenile is often very close to the adult form, but the larvae are so different that it is quite impossible to identify the species without key characteristics that are pointed out in this guide. A team of experts lead by Romain Crec’hriou and Gilles Lecaillon reared postlarvae to the juvenile stages and spent endless hours counting myomeres* and the fins’ spines and rays of pelagic* larvae under the microscope to produce this book. Finally, I would like to emphasize the importance of practical guides for the identification of the early-life history of fishes, which are often lacking for many regions. Knowledge of the late-stage larvae is particular important to better understand the spatial and temporal replenishment of local populations and their connectivity. This book is essential to the management and conservation of fish populations and biodiversity in the Mediterranean, as fish larvae represent the future of our changing seas. Claire B. Paris-Limouzy, PhD Associate Professor of Ocean Sciences Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami

PREFACE

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© CG

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Introduction

10 Life Cycle 12 SUBLIMO Program 14 Capture 16 Rearing 22 Released -

Primary Study Sites

24 ..........Le Barcares 26 ..........Bastia -

Secondary Study Sites

28 ..........Agde / Port-Vendres 29 ..........Port-Cros 30 ..........Saint Florent / Bonifacio 32 Economic Vision and Relevant Market 40 Guide Description -

Species Description's Card

42 ..........Main species 160 ..........Other species encountered 178 ..........Invertebrates 182 Bibliography 186 Glossary 188 Index 190 Collaborations

SOMMAIRE SUMMARY

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Sommaire Summary

© RC

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Introduction

In 2010, the "Census Marine Life"

Porquerolles islands, white seabream (Diplodus sargus) and school of damselfish (Chromis chromis)

© RD

, identified the Mediterranean Sea as a major "hot spot" of marine biodiversity, accounting for nearly 10 % of all marine species despite having less than 1% of the world’s total ocean area. This wealth is characterized by a high rate of endemism, with 12% of species found only in the Mediterranean, and by a particularly high concentration of biodiversity in coastal areas and along the continental shelf. Sadly, like so many other coastal areas on our planet, the Mediterranean Sea is subject to increasing anthropogenic pressures, which at today’s rate, are rapidely having a devastating effect on biodiversity (7). The number of people living along the Mediterranean coast increased from 246 million in 1960 to 450 million in 2006. In addition, annual spikes in tourism - in the order of 275 million people (2007), accounting for 30% of total worldwide tourism numbers (European Agency for Environment, 2006), is further compounding the negative impacts that people are having on this fragile marine environment. Coastal fish communities are arguably some of the most threatened populations in the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Researchers have identified three primary threats that are contributing to the current downward trend. The first is habitat degradation, where critical nursery grounds for juvenile fish are either modified or completely (7)

removed. Hardening of shorelines (e.g. seawalls) and heavily populated coastal areas are degrading seagrass beds (Posidonia and Cymodocea) and coralligenous* habitats, two of the most important nursery grounds for juvenile fish in the Mediterranean. The second threat is the overharvesting of fish resources by commercial and recreational fishermen. Increased demand, and better fishing gear and navigation techniques have led to the depletion of some fish stocks, with others headed for complete collapse (e.g. grouper, brown meager). The third threat is climate change, with warming waters having a particularly intense effect in a semi-closed system like the Mediterranean Sea. With limited opportunity to seek refuge in cooler waters because of the natural barrier formed by the Eurasian continent, endemic* fish populations must now compete for resources with invasive species who have either migrated freely in favor of the warmer conditions, or who have come via ballast water from maritime traffic. To combat these threats and to preserve the long-term health of the Mediterranean Sea, the European Commission committed to stop any further loss of biodiversity (8) through the establishment of the Framework Directive for the Marine Environment (MSFD, Directive 2008 /56 / EC ). This Directive seeks to achieve Good Environmental Status (GES) of EU waters by 2020, requiring that biodiversity either be maintained or improved during this time. In support of the Directive, each Member State in the European Union established a comprehensive marine strategy demonstrating actions their jurisdiction would take in support of the 2020 goal. France completed its national Action Plan for the Marine Environment (MMAP) in 2010. The Sublimo Life + Program supports France’s MMAP and is focused on a part of marine biodiversity in the EU largely unexplored and certainly underestimated: the diversity of post-larval of fish in Mediterranean Sea.

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INTRODUCTION

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© RD

Larvae of Siphonophore calycophore

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Immature

at the lifecycle of a typical coastal marine fish (Figure 1). Nearly all coastal marine fish begin their lifecycle in the open ocean in a dispersal phase (28). This phase consists of three distinct stages: fertilized eggs, larvae and post-larvae. The movement for both the fertilized egg and the larval stage is largely dependent on the movement of the water mass they are in (32). This phase enables them to travel long distances, allowing them to colonize new habitats and thus promotes connectivity among populations, genetic mixing and the conservation of the species (5, 9, 42). Depending on the species, larvae might spend from twenty days to more than a hundred days in the open ocean (28). At the end of this oceanic stage, individuals become active (29, 30), corresponding to what is commonly known as the post-larvae stage.

Abundance

To understand what a post-larvae is, we must first look

During the settlement phase, post-larvae suffer very high mortality: an estimated of 95% of post-larvae disappear upon settling in coastal habitats. This high mortality is due to natural predation combined with coastal ecosystem degradation, which reduces a system’s biodiversity holding potential. Each post-larvae that is removed from the system due to Eggs Adult Juvenile Larvae 10 predation or coastal habitat destruction is an 10 individual who will not reach the reproductive 10 adult stage and thus will 10 not contribute to the persistance of the popula10 Breeder tion through time (Fig.2). 1

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Larvae

Figure 2. Schematic view of theorical variation of abundance for a species of fish during growth. (In blue, without and red, with the use of PCC, Post larval Capture and Culture).

SAL PH AS PER IS

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Figure 1 Life cycle of a fish

This loss of biodiversity affects the number of species as well as the functionality of the ecosystem. Predators are often the most heavily impacted by fisheries and at the same time are vital to ensuring basic regulatory functions within an ecosystem. Removing top predators eventually drives a collapse in the food chain, resulting in the destabilization of ecosystem services.

Adults

Post-larvae are competent larvae. They have the ability to move independently, and when they are ready, they leave the open water mass and head for the coast in search of a suitable habitat in which to settle. This stage, known as the settlement phase, is followed by an settlement phase where individuals (known as recruits or juveniles), will undergo physiological changes that enable them to survive and thrive in their new environment. Finally, juveniles mature and become adults, and the lifecycle begins again.

The SUBLIMO program seeks to take action at the post-larval phase of the lifecycle. By collecting post-larvae just prior to the high mortality settlement event, our hope is that post-larvae can be safely reared in the lab until they have reached a size that is less vulnerable to predation, and thus more likely to survive beyond this early settlement phase once released into the natural system. Ultimately, we expect that by focusing on protecting post-larvae, we will help improve juvenile survival rates which will lead to the stabilization or increase of coastal fish populations.

LIFE CYCLE

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Life Cycle

Post-Larvae

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© GS

© GS

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Kick-off meeting in Leucate

The concept for the SUBLIMO Program (SUivi de

la Biodiversité des post-Larves Ichtyques de Méditerranée nord Occidentale) came from a collaboration between researchers studying juvenile fish at the University of Perpignan and the work of french society ECOCEAN with their innovative methods of collecting and rearing of post-larval fish (PCC). ECOCEAN’s PCC technique uses sustainable sampling methods to collect post-larvae. In 2010 and 2011, Mediterranean-focused projects POPMED and BIORESTORE AGDE identified PCC as a potential tool to help fish populations recover to their original numbers. To test the potential efficacy of PCC in the Mediterranean, ECOCEAN partnered with scientists from the University of Perpignan with experience in monitoring juvenile of fish in temperate zones, and the results of their analysis are promising. BIORESTORE Agde confirmed that the PCC is a viable method for harvesting post-larvae in the Mediterranean. In addition, the PCC fishing technique has excited many local fishermen and through their participation, there is potential to expand the scope of this project significantly. POPMED has created the first identification guide of Mediterranean post-larvae (55) in collaboration with Spanish and Italian partners,and University of Corsica, responding to great interest by the scientific community for more comprehensive information on the early lifecycles of fish. From these early encouraging results, new questions have surfaced. What about biodiversity? What about abundances? Are all sites equivalent or is there a lot of variation? Where are the post-larvae coming from? From these questions, ECOCEAN and the CEFREM laboratory have collaborated on a proposal to launch an ecological restoration program in the European Union , including the Stellamare platform for their knowledge on young stages of fish. Accepted as part of the call for proposal Life + 2010 Biodiversity (LIFE10NAT / FR / 000200), the SUBLIMO program was born. It is part of the Water Framework Directive for the Strategy of the Marine Environment (MSFD, Directive 2008/56 / EC) and meets national priorities of France to implement the National Biodiversity Strategy and integrate marine biodiversity sectoral policies. The project is the fruit of collaboration between the platform CREM from CEFREM of University of Perpignan and the platform STELLA MARE from Biguglia. The SUBLIMO program has two main objectives. The first is to assess the biodiversity of coastal post-larval fish populations in the Western Mediterranean Sea. The second is to stop the loss of biodiversity by supporting coastal fish stocks.

School of seabream, on a micro-habitat®

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From December 2011 to December 2015, the SUBLIMO program is addressing the first objective by using the PCC technique to collect post-larvae, identifying the catch specimens and quantifying their abundance on 7 sites - 2 are primary, sampled all year long, and 5 are secondary, sampled 4 to 5 month per year - distributed along the continental coast of France and Corsica. These data are already greatly improving our understanding of how marine ecosystems function, including insights into connectivity between marine populations, spatio-temporal monitoring of the recruitment process and identification of biological and environmental factors. To address the second objective, researchers are currently rearing post-larvae in a laboratory setting, and releasing them back into the wild once they have reached the juvenile stage in their lifecycle. Through this effort, we are hoping to increase survival rates among juvenile fish, protecting them from the known high mortality rates of the post-larval phase, and thereby helping to improve local fish populations. To date, the restocking effort has been performed on two priority sites and researchers are monitoring juveniles by tagging individuals just prior to their release, and by continuing to monitor these individuals using SCUBA until they integrate into the adult population. This project has received incredible volunteer support from artisanal fishermen who see the potentially significant benefits of this work in the ongoing sustainable management of vital fish stocks in the Mediterranean Sea. SUBLIMO has broadcast early results around the French Mediterranean. It is our hope that others will replicate these methods, and that results from this expansion will contribute to a basin-wide vision for how working with PCC and post-larval fish can help to enhance fish stocks at scale. Results from this work and the application of new methods tested here will be shared among European policy makers, scientists and resource users alike. Findings will contribute to new proposals, focused on developing new measures and indicators for stock management. Already, the Ministry of Sustainable Development and Water Agency "Rhône Méditerranée Corse" (AERMC) have recognized the importance of a fish’s post-larval stage in determining its ecological status, and as such now collect data on post-larvae as part of their standard monitoring protocol. Recently a new project was launched, supported by AERMC such as Network Monitoring recruitment (RESPIRE) or CASCiOMAR, which applies our restocking method at the scale of the city of Marseille. Public-private collaborations are continuing and enabled, and with involvement from AERMC, the emergence of marine ecological engineering industry actively supported by the "Pôle Mer Méditerranée".

SUBLIMO PROGRAM > ORIGINS & OBJECTIVES

SUBLIMO Program Origins & objectives

CAPTURE TOOL

The process begins with the capture of live post-larvae. To do this, light traps like CAREs (Collect by Artificial Reef Eco-Friendly) are used. CAREs are specialized fishing gear developed by the French and patented by the ECOCEAN Society, which catch reef or demersal post-larval fish. The CARE is made from a floating light box and a cylindrical PVC net ended by a collector (Fig.3), allowing post-larvae to be caught intact before settlement. This fishing technique uses a postlarvae’s natural affinity to light, or phototropism, to attract it. During the night, postlarvae are attracted to the light source and take refuge in the collector voluntarily moving along the net that acts as an artificial reef (thygmotropism (26)).

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COLLECTION METHOD Experiments are conducted around the new moon, when post-larvae are at their highest concentrations. CAREs are placed using moorings (about 20 m depth) at the different sampling sites at sunset, and retrieved at dawn the following morning .

Figure 4. Retrieving of a catch in the collector.

Post-larvae are then removed from the CARE by fishers or resource managers (Fig.4) and are placed in nmbered jars to ensure their safety during transport to the laboratory where they will be sorted by species and identified.

© MP

The main advantage that CAREs have over traditional light traps is that they do not attract predators or unwanted pelagic* species that pass over the net, without entering it.

Figure 5. Retrieving a CARE on Port-Cros.

The technique we have developed is innovative and is of interest to many stakeholders because it does not require the use of a large boat for towing large heavy nets and also can work as long as possible in the appropriate time window, ie during the night (Fig.5 & 6).

© MMa

© FFH

Figure 3. CARE, light traps deployed in open water.

CAPTURE

Capture

© MP

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Figure 6. CARE, light traps deployed at night on the deck of the fishing boat in Bastia.

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Rearing

Figure 8. Post-larvae growth.

The post-larvae collected by CAREs are reared in a recirculation system. The main objective of the rearing phase is to grow individuals to a size where predation is reduced by a factor of 10 once they are reintroduced into the wild. The rearing phase also allows the recognition of species during their different developmental phases.

SORTING

© MMa

© LHG

Sorting is done on a shallow tray of seawater with an aeration sytem. Post-larvae are separated in small containers according to size and the family to which they belong. They are then measured and transferred into pre-growing tanks (Fig.7 & 8).

Figure 7. Sorting post-larvae.

GROWING Post-larvae are reared in a controlled, low-density environment. Temperature, salinity, pH and the bacteriological quality of water are meticulously regulated in order to maximize conditions for optimal fish growth. Post-larvae spend 3 months in the growth phase, at which point they enter the ‘juvenile’ stage of their life-cycle.

Post-larvae are primarily fed live brine shrimp nauplii. This feeding phase, with variable duration depending on the species, transitions the post-larvae from live food to inert food (Fig.8) Once the post-larvae are happily feeding on inert food, they are transferred to larger tanks and fed pellets. To maximize growth rate, the fish are fed three times a day. Exceptions for species with certain dietary preferences or special requirements can be made. For example, fish can be fed pellets, brine shrimp, blood worms and even frozen food; the size of the food being corresponding to mouth size of the fish (see following table).

REARING

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Table 1. Synthetic view of food compatibility, needs of habitat and handling difficulties for main taxa.

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REARING

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REARING

To ensure the persistence of favorable conditions in the rearing tanks (good density, favorable abiotic parameters, etc.), fish are regularly sorted and moved into new tanks. They are grouped by size class, and their ability to co-exist (see table 2).

© JB

Table 2. Inter-specific and Intra specific compatibility for main taxa.

Figure 9. Transition Habitat.

marked by a dramatic change in food and habitat, takes place in raceways*. Improvement in feeding and exploration behavior is vital and ensures a fish’s ability to recognize and adapt faster to their natural habitat. To support this process, transitional habitats are incorporated into the rearing tanks (Fig.9). The transitional habitats are metal structures that will eventually attach to artificial reefs at sites where juveniles will be released, and help transiton these young fish from an aquaculture setting back into the sea. In the wild, juvenile fish have the ability to eat a variety of foods, as they are not always guaranteed to find their preferred food. To help prepare the post-larvae for this scenario, they are fed a combination of pellets, brine shrimp, shellfish, blood worms and eventually zooplankton captured with the post-larvae. The animals are fed using a protocol that prevents them from acclimating to humans (nondomestication). A variety of foods are distributed through small holes in the lids of the raceways* (Fig.10) three times a day. Feeding the fish frequently helps to minimize excessive competition between individuals.

The growth and maturation of a post-larvae facilitates our ability to identify it at the species level. The more mature a post-larvae becomes, the more they begin to display characteristics of their adult form, making them easier to identify.

NON-DOMESTICATION

© LHG

Prior to their reintroduction into the wild, specific procedures are put in place to prepare the fish for reintroduction into their natural marine environment. This phase, Figure 10. Raceways.

Release

On the day of the release of juveniles back into the sea, nets are placed in the water, fixed to the micro-habitats and left for a 12h period. During this time, juveniles have a chance to calm down and acclimate to their new environment in a ‘safe’, netted, setting. The next step is to open the nets and to release the juveniles (Fig.12) so that they are able to find their natural environment and colonize adjacent habitats. © ED

We begin with the collection of post–larval fish from their natural environment. We then rear the post-larvae in a laboratory setting where they are kept until they reach a size and maturity consistent with the juvenile stage. This process maximizes the chance for survival once released back into the wild. Also, by using wild-caught post-larvae, we have maintained the genetic integrity of the system. The final step, and most critical step in this ecological preservation project, is the release.

© ED

In the Mediterranean, our innovative fisheries enhancement project is catalyzing concrete action toward the restoration of marine biodiversity, while clearing, based on the initial results of process, improvement prospects for the future.

© ED

© ED

Releasing juveniles from their aquaculture setting back into their natural environment can be technically challenging. During the last several days of a juvenile fish’s tenure at the aquaculture facility, researchers introduce the temporary metal micro-habitat into their tank. This step helps the fish familiarize themselves with the structure, prior to the day of release.

Once completed, researchers conduct detailed monitoring to dermine the success of the released juveniles in their new environment as well as the success of the overall effort of the fisheries enhancement project. To track specific fish, some were tagged one to two weeks prior to their release with colored elastomers in the rays of the caudal fin (Fig.13). This marking allows researchers to recognize and track fish in the water (Fig.14). Then, a follow up is perfomed by scientific divers (Fig.15) with a pre-established frequency (Day+1, D+2 D+3, D+6, D+10, D+15 and D+30). Fish are identified and counted on micro-habiFigure 14. Oblade (Oblada melanura) marked with tats and adjacent habitats to assess their survival rates, a yellow rubber at the caudal fin. movement and ultimately, their integration into the adult population. Individuals that have preferentially colonized micro-habitats, in contrast to their natural habitat, are also monitored with particular attention paid to quantify competition and predation potential. The elastomer markings can last more than a year and allow researchers to track released juveniles over a significant period of time.

© LL

The release of post-larvae (now juveniles) back into their natural environment happens concurrently, at two main sites: Leucate and Bastia. The action consists of a series of steps aimed at maximizing the survival chances of individuals. First, temporary underwater micro-habitats (Fig.11) are submerged near natural habitats that will eventually serve as settlement sites for released individuals. Micro-habitats serve as ‘release’ sites and provide an temporary location for juveniles to pause and to acclimate to their new surroundings. Selected sites are close to catch sites and must have a significant amount of suitable ha- Figure 11. Village of 3 micro-habitats that serve as habitats for released juvenile fish. bitat for the juveniles to settle. The micro-habitats are metal structures filled with rock that allow juveniles to shelter from predators and to find food before colonizing larger habitats.

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Figure 12. Opening a trap to release juveniles on a micro-habitat.

Figure 15. Scientific Diver recording observations for the released individuals.

© E.D.

RELEASE

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Figure 13. Juvenile marked with a colored elastomer at the caudal fin.

Italy France

Le Barcarès

Corsica

Spain Sardignia

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Primary Study Sites

Le Barcares

Figure 17. Research Center on Marine Ecosystems (CREM).

Marine Park, established in 2011 and classified as a marine Natura 2000 site (Fig.16). It represents one of the few rocky areas on a sandy coastline. In addition, the configuration of the continental shelf and the position of the Cape relative to the Liguro Provencal Current gives this site unique and diverse biological communities. The site includes healthy seagrass (Cymodocea) habitat, as well as a silty area known for its abundance and richness of fisheries species. This area also boasts the Cap Leucate continuity reefs known for unique coralligenous* formations. In 2004, artificial reefs were installed at Barcares and since this time the area has received intense monitoring to determine what effect these reefs are having on local fisheries. The results show that the area is species rich (93 species of fish) with large fish, in seabream or seabass populations,that can support an important reproduction.

© GS

The cap Leucate sector marks the northen boundary of the Gulf of Lion

In 2013, the town of Barcarès welcomed the Research Center on Marine Ecosystems (CREM), created by the CEFREM Laboratory of the University of Perpignan (UPVD) (Fig.17). The center, with an area of 300 m², is situated between the lagoon and the sea. It provides the SUBLIMO program with aquarium space (Fig.18), necessary for the care, rearing, and photographing of post-larvae. The location of the Center is ideal as it is very close to where post-larvae are captured and thus requires minimal transport time between the catch and the safe delivery of individuals into their aquarium setting. This helps to minimize the risk of mortality and allows for high frequency monitoring of post-larval biodiversity. CREM is therefore a priority site for the successful completion of SUBLIMO program.

Figure 16. Cliffs of Cap Leucate.

© GS

© NR

Figure 18. Aquariological room of the research center.

PRIMARY STUDY SITES > BARCARES

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Italy France

Bastia

Spain Sardignia

Bastia

Bastia is located in the northeast of Corsica, close to a large city (42,912 inhabitants (INSEE 2011)) and a trading port. Several villages are located within the area of the "Great Bastia” , including San Martino, Brando, Santa-Maria-di-Lota, Ville de Pietrabugno, Bastia, Biguglia, Furiani and Borgo. Human activity linked to development is impacting surrounding natural areas and there is strong potential that it is also negatively affecting the sampling site (Activity Report 2012 BRGM). Still, Bastia remains remarkable for the Posidonia seagrass beds off its east coast (Natura 2000, FR 9,402,014) and for its Pond of Biguglia Natural Reserve (RNC120). The coastal lagoon is also an important nursery habitat for many commercially important species of fish (dentex, seabass, mullet, bream, and pandorra). While there is a push pull effect between nature and anthropogenic pressures at Bastia, there is also tremendous potential to conserve, enhance and to allow people to use (e.g. fish) the area’s natural resources (Fig.19). Bastia’s seafloor morphology is characterized by an extended continental shelf along its eastern coast (location of Posidonia seagrass beds), combined with alternating rocky and sandy areas. The Posidonia seagrass bed is exceptionally large (more than 40 000 hectares in one area) and is an ecosystem which delivers significant ecological benefits including oxygen production, habitat for fish

Figure 20. Platform STELLA MARE on Biguglia.

reproduction, and a nursery ground for juvenile fish, making it a critical habitat in need of protection along the east coast of Corsica. Sustaining the Posidonia ecosystem is essential to the long-term health and viability of fish populations and economic success of the region. The area of Bastia is called "open sea" and is under the influence of large divergent ocean currents off the coast. In 2008, fishermen from Bastia-Cap created a network of artificial reefs, making it a wonderful sampling site for the SUBLIMO program. Here, post-larvae can be collected via CAREs, and three months later, released as juveniles in the same area. CARE sampling is conducted by professional fishermen of the area. In 2011, the University of Corsica established STELLA MARE (Sustainable Technologies for Coastal Aquaculture and Marine Research) in Biguglia (Haute-Corse). This program is centered on ecological engineering in the marine and coastal area (Fig.20). Its objective is to make advances in the integrated management of fisheries and coastal resources by developing and sharing technological innovations to marine resource users and managers. STELLA MARE is a 1,200 m² facility located between the lagoon and the sea. It provides the SUBLIMO program with aquarium space necessary for the care, rearing, and photographing of postlarvae. (Fig.21) This site is a priority for the successful completion of SUBLIMO program. © LHG

Figure 19. View of the pond of Biguglia and the city of Bastia.

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Primary Study Sites

© LHG

Figure 21. Rearing tank in STELLA MARE.

PRIMARY STUDY SITES > BASTIA

Corsica

© LHG

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Italy France

Port-Vendres

Agde - Port-Vendres Port-Cros

Corsica

Sardignia

AGDE

Figure 23. View of Port-Vendres from cap Béar.

© RDG

"Le Cap d'Agde" is located in the Gulf of Lion and is comprised of a complex and diverse collection of habitats including reef, coralligenous*, soft substrate, and mudflat. This diversity makes the area an important ecological corridor between the coast of the Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur and the southern Gulf bordering Spain. To the west, the waters of the Cape are influenced by the Hérault river and to the east by the Bassin de Thau, both sources delivering rich nutrient filled waters to many species that inhabit the Cape. Located in the middle of a long sandy coastal strip, "Cap d'Agde" has both rich fauna (including the presence of Pinna nobilis) and algal flora. The region is home to Posidonia Cap Agde, a marine Natura 2000 site recognized in 2002 for its Posidonia seagrass beds (Posidonia oceanica). The site also has many artificial reefs. Scientists regularly monitor the area’s seagrass, fish, the coralligenous, and the artisanal and recreational fishing activity. Finally, the site (Fig.22) has already been the subject of study on post-larvae with POP-MED and Biorestore® projects in 2010/2011. CARE catches are performed by professional and local fishermen. Figure 22. Sky view of Cap d'Agde.

PORT-VENDRES

29


Located on the coast of Alberes, Port-Vendres has a high level of marine diversity along its seabed, which encompases a wide variety of habitats including sidewalk encrusting algae, coralligenous*, rock shelters and Posidonia meadows. This marine site also has a unique subtidal rock formation that is of great importance to the Languedoc coast (Fig.23). Holding both ‘Natural Reserve" and "Natura 2000 Site"

status has attracted scientists to establish detailed monitoring protocols for the site’s biodiversity. Scientists actively monitor the area’s Posidonia seagrass, fish populations, fish recruitment, grouper recovery rates, and distribution of red coral. This is one of the most studied marine sites, with Cap d'Agde, in the Languedoc-Roussillon region. Many studies have highlighted the impact the natural reserve status has had on the area. Monitoring results clearly show greater species richness, density, larger individuals, within the reserve compared to areas just outside. In addition, monitoring has documented an adult export effect as well as export of eggs and larvae to adjacent areas. CARE catches are performed by professional and local fishermen.

PORT-CROS

Port-Cros is an important marine and terrestrial site boasting exceptional habitat diversity (healthy marine plant communities, salt-tolerant (halophile*) vegetation belts and / or psammophile* along the coast) and species diversity with a high richness in fish as well as hosting many rare species. The site is characterized by bays sheltering Posidonia meadows, long stretches of continuous beaches and a rocky coastline with islands extending into shelf with high species richness. Marine mammals and birds frequent the area throughout the year. Covering an area of both land and sea, the National Park of Port Cros, created in 1963, was the first of its kind in Europe (Fig.24). Its scope includes a sea belt 600m wide around its coast where there are numerous marine animal and plant species whose populations have stabilized after almost 40 years of environmental protection. Its condition makes it an ideal site for scientific studies and numerous followups are done there. CARE catches are made by a professional fisherman with the help of the park staff. Figure 24. Sky view of Port-Cros.

SECONDARY STUDY SITES > AGDE - PORT-VENDRES - PORT-CROS

Spain

Port-Cros

© PR

Agde

© ER

28

Italy France Corsica Spain Sardignia

Bonifacio

31


Saint-Florent Bonifacio

SAINT-FLORENT

The community managed fishing area of Saint-Florent is located in the northwest of Corsica and was established in 1983 by a group of fishermen from Bastia-Cap Corse. Since this time, the offshore areas of Agriates (FR9400570) and Cap Corse plateau (FR9402013) have been declared Natura 2000 sites. The low human impact (4 946 inhabitants (INSEE 2011)) and the Posidonia Oceanica seabed make Saint-Florent an interesting study site. The Posidonia seagrass along the west coast of Agriates is preserved and wild, making it a key ecosystem for the Gulf area of Saint-Florent. Through research and preservation of this site, numerous economically important species of fish are managed and sustained (Fig.25). The Gulf of Saint-Florent is a semi-enclosed bay subjected to eddy currents that make it a retention area. The Posidonia seagrass at Agriates is an important spawning ground, nursery habitat and provides protection for local fish species. The community managed fishing area is a no-take fishing zone, and the impact of this management effort makes Saint-Florent a refuge for many marine species. Retention currents, a community managed fishing area, and the presence of two marine Natura 2000 areas (Agriates and Plateau du Cap Corse), made Saint Florent an ideal sampling site for the SUBLIMO project. CARES catches are performed by professional fishermen.

Figure 26. View of the cliffs of Bonifacio.

BONIFACIO

Bonifacio is located in the extreme south of Corsica in a strait formed by the French and Italian coasts. This strait is known for its strong economic and ecological interests, which today are subject to many anthropogenic pressures. Perhaps the greatest threat to this area is the presence of a busy shipping lane with many ships carrying dangerous substances, threatening the many endemic* and protected species that inhabit this area. The area is also an area of high current, providing extreme water movement for resident sprecies. The combination of species richness, endemism and vulnerability in a region susceptible to heavy human impact, led to a coordinated effort between France and Italy to preserve this remarkable place. In December 2012 the "Bouches de Bonifacio" International Marine Park was established, combining two existing nature reserves: Natural Reserve of Bonifacio and the Archipelago National Park of La Maddalena. Several sites within the Bouches de Bonifacio Marine Park including the islands of Moines (FR9402015), the Lavezzi Islands (FR9410021), the tray Pertusato (FR9400591) and Cerbicales Islands (FR9410022), receive an additional level of protection via the Nature 2000 designation (Fig.26).

© LHG

The Bonaficio Strait is an area of high current and water exchange. It is geologically distinct, with the only limestone plateau in Corsica and a vast diversity of marine habitats. This remarkable ecosystem supports many endemic, endangered and protected species such as the "Audouin's gull", the shag, "Cory's shearwater”, arum fly agaric, dusky grouper, the giant limpet, the great pearl, Posidonia meadows. Local managers and the ECOCEAN Society assisted SUBLIMO researchers with site selection in Bonifacio. CARE catches in this area are made by managers and Marine Park rangers. Figure 25. View of the Bay of Saint-Florent.

SECONDARY STUDY SITES > SAINT FLORENT - BONIFACIO

Saint-Florent

© U.M.

30

Economic Vision and Relevant Market T

he PCC is a young technique, developed by researchers at the Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes in Perpignan, France, in the 1980's. It was only in the late 1990's that companies began to promote the "postlarvae" resource. Today, the main technological barriers to the PCC process - from capture, sorting, and finally to rearing - have been resolved for the majority of species of coastal fish in the Northwest Mediterranean. Developing countries were the first to make use of advances in postlarval rearing and did so in two distinct markets: the aquarium trade and in food production. In the past, common methods used to collect fish for the aquarium trade were devastating for coral reefs. In addition, due to the poor transport conditions and distance to market, fish mortality rates were extreme. Post-larvae supplied by the PCC technique now provides a more sustainable option for this commercial industry. PCC has also contributed to food production in developing nations, where post-larvae caught in the wild are now grown to adult stage in the aquarium setting, providing much needed protein to people. Today, with great advances in PCC technology, the scope for using post-larvae is much broader. Post-larvae are now used as an indicator for the state of environmental health and as a tool to help implement marine ecosystem restoration goals throughout the European Union and other developed countries - U.S., Australia, Canada and Japan – as well as in emerging countries like Brazil. Within this context, the LIFE + SUBLIMO program tested the efficacy of using post-larvae collected from the wild to restock depleted fish stocks. This chapter describes the economic and financial aspects of such a process, its associated costs, expected profit and its positioning in terms of industry.

33

1 - PRODUCTION COSTS: FROM COLLECTION TO RELEASE. Any economic analysis of a process involves a study of the production costs of each of its steps. The repopulation process implemented in this project is a series of three phases :

a. Collecting Post-larvae b. Rearing Post-larvae in an Aquaculture Facility c. Releasing Juveniles on Temporary Artificial Reefs

a. Collecting Post-Larvae Local fishermen play a critical role in this first phase, and are involved whenever possible. Why involve local fishermen? Because local fishermen are intimately connected with their local marine environment, have unparalleled empirical knowledge and they are deeply concerned by the disappearance of fish stocks. They have permits allowing them to collect marine resources. Their boats are typically between 8-10 meters in length and are perfectly suited to working within the constraints of the PCC capture technique. Cost of Collecting

=

Cost of Equipment

+

Cost of fishing

Costs of Equipment: > Boats, PCC equipment, etc. > Mooring/Anchorage Fees > Equipment Maintenance (batteries, light bulbs etc.) Costs of Fishing: > Fuel - Return travel from the dock to the site at night to place the CAREs; recovery of CAREs the next day, and transport from dock to aquaculture facility. Worth noting that the cost of night fishing can vary up to threefold depending on the country where the process is used.

ECONOMIC VISION AND RELEVANT MARKET

32

35

Post-larvae are most abundant around the time of the new moon. At other times of the month, their numbers are sporatic and unpredictable As such, fishing efforts must concentrate around the new moon and fishermen must fish between 12 to 15 nights per month around this period. The profitability of the operation will depend on capture gear used by fishing night (CPUE= Catch Per Unit Effort).

b. Rearing Post-Larvae in an Aquaculture Facility The sorting and rearing phases are carried out in an aquaculture facility. The facility must have a closed-loop filtration system, with small volume transparent tanks for the early stages and opaque tanks or bins that will allow for larger individuals and the implementation of non-domestication protocols. Rearing

=

Cost of facility

+ Staff + Food + Maintenance Fees

The cost of rearing a single individual from its size at collection to the time it is released, depends on the useful volume of the aquaculture facility. The cost accounts for labor, depreciation of the breeding structure, food, water and electricity.

12 and 15 mornings a month, around the intense fishing effort surrounding the new moon. Food Supply Costs Upon arrival at the facility, post-larvae weigh between 0.1 and 0.5 grams. Over 3 months, these post-larvae must be fed quality food (brine shrimp and granules) in order to increase to a size of 1.0-5.0 grams. In this process, the food is not a major cost. Fishes spent less time in facilities than in common aquaculture. Maintenance Costs Maintenance costs are fixed and predictable. They include the cost of maintaining pumps, air conditioning and other facility-related machinery, electricity and fresh water. A rearing facility at maximum capacity, consumes 6 kWh, 24h/day, 365 days / year. Fresh water is used to clean, disinfect, and to treat animals while at the aquaculture facility.

c. Releasing Post-Larvae on Temporary Artificial Reefs Costs:

Cost of Aquaculture Facility Size at time of release (5-8 cm) and duration of time spent at the facility, from capture to release, is species dependent. For this calculation, we have used a growth rate of 6 cm per liter of water and a mean time of 3 months. For example, a ‘turnkey’ facility with 5 m3 of production volume can produce 5,000 juveniles. Staff Full-time staff is needed to support 5,000 post-larvae in the aquarium facility setting, requiring 1.5 to 2 FTE (Full Time Equivalent) per month. The fish must be fed daily. Sorting of newly caught individuals is also time consuming, and takes place between

Released = Staff Post-Larvae

> > > >

+

Cost

+

Temporary Artificial Reef Habitats (release and removal post-release)

+

Winter storage

The time required to get the AOT (Legal autorization to use seafloor). Temporary artificial reef habitats on which fish are released. The installation / removal of these temporary habitats. These structures are submerged a few weeks before the release and removed a few weeks after once the fish have moved on to a more permanent habitat. Storage of temporary artificial reef habitats between release cycles.


34

37

d. Follow-ups

Monitoring, which follows the release phase, is essential to determine whether the process has achieved the desired outcomes. Monitoring can be expensive and is not included in this particular cost-analysis. However, monitoring and the costs for this important next step, should be included in any framework to determine whether management and restoration efforts are working – and if not, appropriate modification of efforts must be made to achieve desired goals.

Collection

+

Rearing

+

Releasing

+

Staff

In France, the annual cost of a fisheries enhancement project is approximately 180 k € / year (2014). Fishing, collection and release make up 20%, 60% and 20% of the total (100%) project cost, respectively. This is an order of magnitude and each cost is based on the objective of the project, its duration, its location and whether or not an existing aquaculture facility exists. About 40% of the cost comes from staffing (MO) necessary for the implementation of the process (in France). The calculation of the cost price of a juvenile released is:

Cost of a restocking project per year Price of a juvenile = Number of individuals released

2- ANALYSIS OF "PROFITABILITY" According to the Millennium Assessment (38), there are three areas to consider when valuing an ecosystem: ecological, socio-cultural and economic. The ecological value encompasses the state of ecosystem health, which is measured using indicators such as diversity, abundance. In contrast, measuring socio-cultural value takes into account the human with its cultural identity.

e. Synthesis and Cost of a Single Released Juvenile

Annual Cost = of a Fisherie Enhancement Project

This amount varies from 15 to 30 euros depending on the number of post-larvae collected and released. For example, for the release of 10,000 individuals in France, the cost of a juvenile is 18 €.

To determine the economic value of an ecosystem, a differentiation between direct values provided by the ecosystem (e.g. fish) and indirect values associated with pleasure, leisure and aesthetics (e.g. SCUBA diving) must be made. Much research in recent years has attempted to further our ability to conduct economic valuations of ecosystems, with mixed success (TEEB - The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity in 2007, and CICES in 2013. According to De Groot (9,21), each method for assigning a monetary value to Ecosystem Services (ES) has its advantages and disadvantages, and while progress has been made, there are still many gaps in existing knowledge as well as controversy surrounding the efficacy of current methods. To calculate the profitability of a multispecies replenishment action like the one tested in the SUBLIMO program, should be defined so-called halieutic species (with fishing value and a known price per kilo) and non-halieutic species. These last can be divided into two groups: a) outstanding or heritage species i.e. with an indirect value that can generate income for diving clubs (grouper or corb), b) common species that have no economic value but are an integral part of the ecosystem and / or the food web. The value of post-larvae and ultimately the juveniles reared and released in this


36

39

critical high mortality phase and that this fish also then has the potential to produce tens or even hundreds of offspring throughout his adult life (15 years for seabream), each in turn producing new offspring of his own. Also, the price must be amortized over several years and divided by the number of spawners produced during those years. These calculations are complex and must be done if we are to have a good sense for profitability of this enhancement process – which is essential for fishermen who depend on fish resources for their livelihoods and for the marine environment and its users. This initial analysis will need to be detailled with fisheries scientists. Those variable (CPUE etc) will be refined over time and projects. Dr. Pavan Sukhdev, head of TEEB (UNEP) wrote: "what is not measured cannot be managed." With this, Dr. Sukhdev presented two distinct and complementary ideas: 1) First, we must know what we are talking about and to do this we must continue to research the unanswered questions and 2) If we are successful in giving a value to something, we will be better equipped to manage it, and as such, we should not be afraid to talk about the economic value of an ecosystem.

© RD

School of Red Mullet (Mullus surmuletus) on a shallow area.

© GS

Micro-Habitat on a sandy bottom.

project vary according to species. The value placed on these fish will also vary depending on how the user themselves value the resource (fisherman, diver, swimmer, environmentalists). Since the economic valuation analysis, and ultimately the return on investment, are values we have not yet successfully calculated, scientists and economists have begun working together to solve this unsolved problem. We have calculated that a juvenile fish that has gone through the fisheries enhancement protocol is valued at approximately 10 Euros. However, we must then consider that this fish has a good chance at surviving because it has passed the © R.D.


38

Guide Description

In this part, reader will find information about family, genus, species, description's author, common name, icon of IUCN status and interest

T

his guide provides an abundance of information about the described species, their biology, morphology, distribution (adult and post-larvae at the site sampled), and habitat. Readers will also find descriptions and photographs of the different stages of development, as well as a description of the brief but critical phase that each species passes through as they transition from larvae (often translucent) to juvenile stages (with adult characteristics). Practical information about their maintenance, their period of observed recruitment, size at time of settlement, temperatures of catches are also available in this guide. Definitions of frequently used words, terms and abbreviations can be found in the glossary section of this book.

41

Information concerning reproduction, pelagic* larval duration (PLD), spawning and settlement period

Meristic character give information about number of fin rays

Description of post-larvae and juveniles are provided here

Family Genus & Species

NE

The icons "IUCN status" and "Interest" you'll encounter have the following meanings:: CR VU NT NE Fish

: Critically Endangered : Vulnerable : Near Threatened : Not Evaluated : Economical Interest

EN DD LC Eco Pat

: Endangered : Data Deficient : Least Concern : Ecological Interest : Wealth interest

In the "Rearing of the post-larvae " part, the following abbreviations are used:

Lateral line Upper jaw Lower jaw Pre-operculum

Eye

Pectoral fin

"Rearing" to describe the degree of rearing difficulty: Difficult, Moderate and Easy. "Intra-specific" & "Inter-specific" to describe intra-specific and inter-specific relations: Cannibalism / Predation (eat individual of the same species / eat others), Agressive (attacks other fish), Territorial (appropriating a corner of the tank and attack those who approach), Dominance (a hierarchy is established between individuals), Sharp (cohabiting but can be aggressive) and Coexistence (do not attack Dorsal fin others). Hard Ray Soft Ray "Feeding" to describe the behavior when exposed to different foods: Difficult (Feed on live prey exclusively), Moderate (Combination of live Caudal fin prey and varied frozen food), Easy (can reject Border inert food), Very Easy (quickly accept inert food). Anal Fin "Stress" to describe the level of sensitivity of fish: Spine Operculum Pelvic fin Stressed (Very stressed Fish, difficult to maintain) Swim bladder Handling (Very docile fish but stressed during a Band Melanophore handling), Shy (Shy Fish), Docile (Docile fish). "Croissance" to describe the growth rate of individuals: Quick, Medium, Slow. "Particularity" for all other additional information Digestive tube Anus required for rearing Terminology & morphology

Map of PL avaliability on site propected. Site

Presence

Information concerning rearing of post-larvae, reference used. Rearing aspects which were not determined are identified by ND (Not Determined) Absence

Catch sites outside SUBLIMO Program

Primary On the species photography, a legend indicates their stage after catches, their location, and their size. An highlight is made on a photo to enhance a key part of development.

Secondary Embiez

Grap showing monthly abundance

Cagliari Murcia Castellammare

GUIDE DESCRIPTION

40

Gymnammodytes cicerelus

Mediterranean sand eel (UK), Sonso (ES), Cicerello (IT), Cicerelle de Méditerranée (FR)

Ammodytidae

Interest - NE

43

Eco

Meristic characters

Type of spawning Pelagic* PLD NA Reproduction November-January Settlement season Winter Distribution

Mediterranean Sea and the east coast of the Atlantic.

Post-larvae description From 50 to 60 mm - The PL is translucent, has multiple rows of melanophores* on the body (on dorsal myomeres*, diffuse above and below the notocord* and inter-myomere* on the ventral part). The gut ends in the middle of the body and wear melanophores on its dorsal side. Undershot mouth (prognathe*).

D+0 – Leucate – 52 mm

D+0 – Bastia – 55 mm

Ecology

From eggs to juveniles - After hatching in the Sargasso Sea, the larvae leads a pelagic life, feeding on plankton. It rises to the surface and use the Gulfstream to reach the shore. Adults - Present in all types of benthics* from sea to streams to the coasts of large rivers and lakes. Often buried in the sand, including coarse sand and shelly bottom. Gymnammodytes cicerelus

Number of individuals caught per month

Juvenile description More than 60 mm - Pigmented line above the notocord*, below which a silver pigmentation appears over the whole body. Dorsal pigmental line stop at each myomère*. The ventral side of gut is pigmented. © RC

(all sites and year pooled)

© LHG

53-59 27-32

© RC

Dorsal fin : Anal fin :

20 18 16 14 12 10


Rearing of the post-larvae

6 4 2 0 1

2

3

4

5

Sites of Catches Gymnammodytes cicerelus

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Rearing : Difficult Intra-specific : ND Inter-specific : ND Feeding : ND Stress : Stressed Growth : ND Particularity : Presence of sand and cover necessary; "Plays dead" on the bottom

© RC

8

Size of catches 53,6 ± 2,3 mm (n=26) Temperature of the catch

Min. 12,7ºC Max. 19,9ºC

Medium : 18,6 ± 1,6ºC

© LL

42

AMMODYTIDAE Gymnammodytes cicerelus

(Rafinesque, 1810)


Reference 53, 19, 39 D+0 – Leucate - 60 mm

Anguilla anguilla European eel (UK), Anguila europea (ES), Anguilla europea (IT), Anguille d’Europe (FR)

Anguillidae

Interest - CR

Eco

Fish

45

Pat

Meristic characters

245-275 205-255

Type of spawning PLD Reproduction Settlement season

Pelagic* 163-235 January-May All year

Distribution

Mediterranean Sea and Baltic Sea, present on the east coast of the Atlantic from Scandinavia to Morocco.

Ecology

Post-larvae description From 70 to 90 mm - The PL, also known leptocephalus*, is translucent, has a slight pigmentation of the notocord* (dorsal). The top of the head is pigmented, the mouth is undershot. The evolution of the size of leptocephali with age is not growing: a reduction, follow by an increase in size, is observed during metamorphosis.

© RC



From eggs to juveniles - No data Adults - Present in all types of benthic habitat from streams to the coasts of large rivers and lakes. Occurs naturally in all water arm connected to the sea.

More than 90 mm - After 45 days, the eel becomes yellow and will keep this color until the young male adult stage.


Anguilla anguilla

(all sites and year pooled) 16 14

© LHG

Juvenile description

12 10



6 4 2 0 1

2

3

4

5

Sitesanguilla of Catches Anguilla

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Rearing : Moderate Intra-specific : Cannibalism Inter-specific : Agressive Feeding : Easy Stress : Docile Growth : Slow Particularity : Presence of a cover necessary, should be regularly sorted by size to avoid cannibalism. Size of catches 72,7 ± 7,5 mm (n=21) Temperature of the catch


Medium : 15,5 ± 3,8ºC

© RC

8

© RC

44

ANGUILLIDAE Anguilla anguilla

(Linnaeus, 1758)

Reference 1, 36, 19 D+45 – Leucate – 90 mm


Apogon imberbis

46

Cardinal fish (UK), Salmonete real (ES), Castegneua russa (IT), Apogon (FR)

APOGONIDAE Apogon imberbis

(Linnaeus, 1758)

Apogonidae

Interest - NE

47

Eco

Meristic characters


VII + 9-10 II + 8-9

Type of spawning Mouthbrooder PLD 18-24 Reproduction July-October Settlement season Summer-Autumn Distribution

Mediterranean Sea, present on the east coast of the Atlantic.

Post-larvae description From 10 to 20 mm - The orange-red color is characteristic of the species at this stage. PL has rather coarse melanophores* in front of and especially behind the eye, a slight pigmentation is observed in end part of the caudal peduncle, and along scales. Distinctive sign: the eye is struck with two white stripes.

Ecology

From eggs to juveniles - The eggs are kept in the mouth by adults to hatch (1 week vicinity).

Juvenile description © RC

Adults - Found over rocky areas and sandymuddy habitats and caves.

More than 25 mm - Growing up, the melanophores* grow anywhere on the body and the two white stripes on the eye persist.

Apogon imberbis

Number of individuals caught per month (all sites and year pooled)


16 14 12 10


4 2 0 1

2

3

4

5

Sitesimberbis of Catches Apogon

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Rearing : Moderate Intra-specific : Coexistence Inter-specific : Territorial Feeding : Moderate Stress : Shy Growth : Slow Particularity : A dark tank or PVC pipes are necessary to calm the individuals. Size of catches

13,7 ± 2,3 mm (n=3)

Temperature of the catch


Medium : 23,2 ± 2,7ºC


© LHG

6

© RC

8

Reference 20, 33, 19, 43 D+116 – Bastia – 25 mm

Atherina hepsetus Mediterranean sand smelt (UK), Serclet (ES), Attarina (IT), Sauclet(FR)

Atherinidae

Interest - NE

Eco

Fish

Meristic characters From 10 to 20 mm - The PL is slender, translucent, with melanophores* on the dorsal, lateral, and ventral side. Gut ends at 1/3 of the body. A light yellow-orange border marks the notocord* laterally. © LL

Type of spawning Benthic* PLD 9-14 Reproduction December-May Settlement season Spring

Post-larvae description

© RC

Dorsal fin : D1: VII -X D2: I+10-12 Anal fin : III + 5

Distribution

Mediterranean and Black Sea, present on the east coast of the Atlantic from Morocco to southern Spain.

Ecology

From eggs to juveniles - No data. Adults - Pelagic*, they live in shallow coastal waters and near coastal estuaries.


More than 30 mm - Dorsal melanophores are thicker. The lateral line is marked with a green-silver edging, species specific.

Atherina hepsetus

Number of individuals caught per month (all sites and year pooled) 300



From 20 to 30 mm - After 15 days, the juvenile loses its translucent character for a silver ornament, which segregates two dorsal fins. On the back, scattered melanophores* are present. On ventral side, they have almost disappeared. The flank is marked with a green border, above the lateral line.

250

© RC

200

150


100

50

0 1

2

3

4

Siteshepsetus of Catches Atherina

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12


Rearing : Difficult Intra-specific : Coexistence Inter-specific : Coexistence Feeding : Moderate Stress : Stressed Growth : Slow Particularity : Very sensitive to handling, active swimming in tank. Size of catches

22,3 ± 4,3 mm (n=7)



Medium : 24,5 ± 2,6ºC

© RC

48

ATHERINIDAE Atherina hepsetus

Linnaeus, 1758

Reference 53, 54, 33 D+30 – Leucate

49

Aidablennius sphynx Sphinx blenny (UK), Dormilaga de Roca (ES), Bavosa sfinge (IT), Blennie sphinx (FR)

Blenniidae

Interest - NE

Eco

Meristic characters

XII + 16 II + 18


Benthic* 35-45 May-August Summer

Post-larvae description From 15 to 20 mm - The PL is translucent. It has two pectoral fins, rounded and yellow, punctuated by light melanophores*. The dorsal and ventral fins are translucent. The eye tentacle is barely visible. © MM


Distribution

From eggs to juveniles - No data. Adults - Found in very shallow rocky areas and on coastal area exposed to the sun and waves.

Aidablennius sphynx

D+0 – Murcia – 18 mm

From 20 to 30 mm - The very fine eye tentacle is characteristic of this species. At 28 mm, the dark lateral bands are increasingly distinguished. More than 30 mm - The side bar may have white or blue highlights. The white band "inverted V" below the eye is characteristic of the species.

Number of individuals caught per month (all sites and year pooled) 10 9


8

© LL

Ecology


© LHG

Mediterranean and Black Sea, present on the east coast of the Atlantic.

7 6


4 3 2 1 0 1

2

3

4

5

Sites of sphynx Catches Aidablennius

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Leucate – 29 mm

Rearing : Moderate Intra-specific : Sharp Inter-specific : Sharp Feeding : Easy Stress : Handling Growth : Medium Particularity : Blennies are quite aggressive. They can be maintained with other fish initially but must be quickly separated. Size of catches

16,0 ± 1,2 mm (n=4)



Medium : 21,7 ± 2,3ºC

Reference 54, 33, 19, 25

Leucate – 38 mm

© LL

5

© LL

50

BLENNIIDAE Aidablennius sphynx

(Valenciennes, 1836)

Leucate – 45 mm

51

Lipophrys trigloides Combtooth blennies (UK), Futarra (ES), Bavosa capone (IT), Blennie trigloïde (FR)

Blenniidae

Interest - NE

Eco

Meristic characters

XII + 16-17 II + 18

Type of spawning Benthic* PLD 52 Reproduction February-May Settlement season Spring Distribution

Post-larvae description From 10 to 15 mm - The PL is translucent. Quickly a slightly yellow coloring on the trunk appears with a first draft of the black bands. The pectoral fins are not round but rather a "V-shape", yellow and bristling with small melanophores*. © LHG

Mediterranean and Marmara Sea, present on the east coast of the Atlantic from Brittany to Senegal.


Ecology

From eggs to juveniles - No data. Adults - In the surf zone, up to 1 m deep. Likes the rocky steep slopes with many faults, cracks and holes. Hides during the day.

Lipophrys trigloides Number of individuals caught per month

(all sites and year pooled) 9

More than 15 mm - Eye tentacles are missing. Small tubers appear in front of the eye. Black bands move progressively throughout the body, white spots appear at the notocord*. The color of the pectoral is still very yellow with a black border. After 11 days, little tubers in front of the eye are barely distinguishable, lateral white spots extend to the caudal peduncle.


© LHG


© LHG

8 7 6


5 4 3 2 1 0 1

2

3

4

5

Sites pholis of Catches Lipophrys

6

7

8

9

10

11

12


Rearing : Moderate Intra-specific : Sharp Inter-specific : Agressive Feeding : Very easy Stress : Docile Growth : Quick Particularity : Blennies are quite aggressive. They can be maintained with other fish initially but must be quickly separated. Size of catches

17,5 ± 3,5 mm (n=2)



Medium : 20,8 ± 1,1ºC

© LHG

52

BLENNIIDAE Lipophrys trigloides


Reference 54, 19 D+28 – Bastia – 23 mm


53

Parablennius gattorugine Tompot blenny (UK), Cabruza (ES), Bavosa gattorugine (IT), Blennie gattorugine (FR)

Blenniidae

Interest - LC

Eco

Meristic characters

XIII + 18-19 II + 20


Benthic* 30 March-May Spring

Post-larvae description From 15 to 20 mm - Common blenny in the Mediterranean, the PL is translucent. Early black bands appear on the proximal part of the trunk. Pectoral fins are quite rounded, black. Eye tentacles are already present.

© DK


Distribution

Mediterranean and Marmara Sea, present on the east coast of the Atlantic from Ireland to Morocco.

Ecology

From eggs to juveniles - Larvae are planktonic and found in shallow coastal waters. Adults - Live on the rocks in shallow areas.

D+10 – Embiez

Juvenile description From 20 to 25 mm - Eye tentacles have become quite bushy and thick, and resemble the shape of a "tree". The juvenile now has a brownish color that extends to the dorsal fin. The bottom of the eye has a small white patch that persists throughout several stages of development. More than 25 mm - At this stage, the eye tentacles are well developed and thick. A small tuber extends out in front of the eye. A slightly blue mark is visible at the front of the dorsal fin.


Parablennius gattorugine


© LL

© LHG


70 60 50


30 20 10 0 1

2

3

4

5

Sites of gattorugine Catches Parablennius

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Rearing : Moderate Intra-specific : Sharp Inter-specific : Agressive Feeding : Very easy Stress : Docile Growth : Quick Particularity : Blennies are quite aggressive. They can be maintained with other fish initially but must be quickly separated. Size of catches

24,9 ± 4,6 mm (n=63)



D+45 – Leucate

Medium : 18,7 ± 4,3ºC

D+50 – Leucate

© LL

40

© LL

54

BLENNIIDAE Parablennius gattorugine

(Linnaeus, 1758)

Reference 54, 19 D+50 – Leucate

55

Parablennius incognitus Surprise blenny (UK), Bavosa verda (ES), Bavosa Mediterranea (IT), Blennie diabolo (FR)

Blenniidae

Interest - NE

Eco

Meristic characters

XII + 17 II + 19



Distribution


Ecology

From eggs to juveniles - No data. Adults - Lives on rocks covered with algae in coastal areas. Finds refuge in rock cavities and faults.

Parablennius Numberincognitus of individuals



© LL


From 30 to 35 mm - Difficult to identify in the translucent stage. The appearance of eye tentacles allows the distinction of the species. These have 4 or 5 branches with the first longer than the others. A small tuber appears in front of the eyes. Apart from brown in color, the body does not have any coloration pattern, with the exception of a few white spots in the lateral position on the trunk. After 6 weeks, the white spots on the side of the body side are iridescent. At the base of the dorsal fin, spots gradually go up on the rays, alternately.


More than 35 mm - After two months, a white spot is present between the first two rays of the dorsal fin. Eye tentacles have 5 branches. A small tentacle with two arms is clearly visible in front of the eye.

caught per month

© LL

5

4


2

1

0 1

2

3

4

5

Sites of incognitus Catches Parablennius

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Rearing : Moderate Intra-specific : Sharp Inter-specific : Territorial Feeding : Very easy Stress : Handling Growth : Medium Particularity : Blennies are quite aggressive. They can be maintained with other fish initially but must be quickly separated. Size of catches

NA


Min. Max.

NA NA

Medium : NA


© LL

3

© LL

56

BLENNIIDAE Parablennius incognitus

(Bath, 1968)

Reference 53, 54, 33, 19 D+60 – Leucate – 37 mm

57

Parablennius pilicornis Ringneck blenny (UK), Bavosa de plomall (ES), Bavosa capone minore (IT), Blennie pilicorne (FR)

Blenniidae

Interest - LC

Eco

Meristic characters

Distribution

Western Mediterranean Sea, present on the east coast of the Atlantic from Bay of Biscay to Namibia. Herculean* species.

Ecology

From eggs to juveniles - Eggs are brooded by adults. Adults - Occurs on rocky bottoms, often on steep surfaces exposed to current and undertow.

From 15 to 20 mm - PL is translucent. Pigmentation begins to appear at the base of the ridge, alternately. Digestive part is silvery grey. Two small eye tentacles without ramifications are present. After 7 days, branching starts to appear. A black coloration extends from the head to the back of the body.

© LHG




Juvenile description From 20 to 30 mm - The tentacles are now well branched, pigmentation of the body can vary from brown with a slight lateral stripe, to pink with a lateral black stripe well marked (can be confused with P. rouxi) . A "honeycomb" design appears on the cheeks.


More than 30 mm - The "honeycomb"design is typical of this species and thus allows the distinction from P. rouxi even with the same pattern of color on the body.


Parablennius pilicornis (all sites and year pooled) 500 450

© LHG



© RC

XII + 21 II + 23

© LHG


D+100 – Leucate

400


250 200 150 100 50 0 1

2

3

4

Sites of pilicornis Catches Parablennius

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Rearing : Easy Intra-specific : Agressive Inter-specific : Agressive Feeding : Very easy Stress : Docile Growth : Quick Particularity : Blennies are quite aggressive. They can be maintained with other fish initially but must be quickly separated. Size of catches

D+80 – Leucate

18,2 ± 4,6 mm (n=432)



Medium : 22,8 ± 2,9ºC

Reference 54, 33, 39, 5

© LHG

300

© LL

350

© LHG

58

BLENNIIDAE Parablennius pilicornis

(Cuvier, 1829)



59

Parablennius rouxi Longstriped blenny (UK), Bavosa de banda bruna (ES), Bavosa bianca (IT), Blennie de Roux (FR)

Blenniidae

Interest - LC

Eco

Meristic characters

XII + 21-22 II + 23

Type of spawning Benthic* PLD NA Reproduction May-July Settlement season Spring-Summer Distribution

Post-larvae description From 15 to 20 mm - As in Parablennius pilicornis, PL is translucent, with coloration starting at the base of the dorsal fin. The digestive part is silver gray. A small eye tentacle is present. After 3 days, the dorsal coloration has not moved. Laterally, a black color appears on the body and back of the head.

© RC


D+1 – Leucate –18 mm

North-Western Mediterranean Sea, present on the North coast of the Atlantic.

Ecology

From eggs to juveniles - No data.

Parablennius rouxi


More than 20 mm - Appearance of the typical coloration pattern of the species which is a rose-colored body with a black stripe from the front of the eye to the caudal peduncle. No "honeycomb" pattern on the cheeks. The tentacle eye is very thin, branched. A small tuber under the eye is also present.

© RC


Adults - Present in the surf zones and shallow areas of the coast, small rocks and pebbles with low algal cover.


4

1

0 1

2

3

4

5

Sites of rouxi Catches Parablennius

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Rearing : Moderate Intra-specific : Coexistence Inter-specific : Coexistence Feeding : Very easy Stress : Handling Growth : Medium Particularity : Blennies are quite aggressive. They can be maintained with other fish initially but must be quickly separated. Size of catches


21,0 ± 3.1 mm (n=10)



Medium : 21,0 ± 1,5ºC

© LL

2

© LL


3

© LL

60

BLENNIIDAE Parablennius rouxi

(Cocco, 1833)

Reference 54, 19 D+45 – Leucate –25 mm


61

Parablennius tentacularis Tentacled blenny (UK), Bavosa banyuda (ES), Bavosa cornuta (IT), Blennie cornue (FR)

Blenniidae

Interest - NE

Eco

Meristic characters


Benthic* NA March-May Spring

Distribution

Western Mediterranean Sea, Marmara and Black Seas, present on east coast of the Atlantic from Portugal to Guinea.

Post-larvae description From 20 to 30 mm - Hard to identify at arrival, PL look like other blennies with long eye tentacles. When you look closer, these tentacles are also branched which is characteristic of the species. The rays of the dorsal fin show a visible color with a white spot between the first two rays.


© RC

XII + 20-21 II + 22-23

© RC



Ecology


Parablennius tentacularis 5

© LL

© LL

From eggs to juveniles - Oviparous. Eggs are demersal and adhesive, attached to the substrate by some filaments. The larvae are planktonic and are often found in coastal and shallow water. Adults - Living in the shallow area, along the rocky coastline. Can live in slightly brackish water and can be present on sandy bottoms in lagoons.

Juvenile description From 30 to 40 mm - During growth, individuals become quite stocky. The tentacles are visible and prominent. 8 well-marked dark spots appear on the body. The tentacle is branched and design as a thick tentacle having a series of small extensions. A little tubercle under the eye is also present.

Leucate – 40 mm

4

Leucate – 40 mm


3

2

1

0 1

2

3

4

5

Sites of tentacularis Catches Parablennius

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Rearing : Moderate Intra-specific : Sharp Inter-specific : Sharp Feeding : Very easy Stress : Handling Growth : Medium Particularity : Blennies are quite aggressive. They can be maintained with other fish initially but must be quickly separated. Size of catches

20,0 mm


Min. Max.

NA NA

© LL

© LL

62

BLENNIIDAE Parablennius tentacularis

(Brünnich, 1768)

Leucate – 40 mm

Medium : NA

Reference 54, 33, 19, 45 Leucate – 50 mm

63

Parablennius zvonimiri Zvonimir’s blenny (UK), Bavosa menuda (ES), Bavosa cervina (IT), Blennie de Zvonimiri (FR)

Blenniidae

Interest - NE

Eco

Meristic characters

XII + 18 II + 19-20


Benthic* 24 May-July Summer

Distribution

Post-larvae description No data. © AF



Mediterranean and Black Sea.

Ecology

From eggs to juveniles - Oviparous. Eggs are demersal and adhesive, attached to the substrate by some filaments. The larvae are planktonic and are often found in coastal and shallow waters. Adults - Lives on rocky surface area battered by waves. Stands hidden in holes which no more exceed that his head.


Parablennius zvonimiri

From 20 to 30 mm - Difficult to identify on arrival, juvenile quickly turns a brown beige color. White dots, characteristic of this species, soon appear. The head has a branched tentacle on eye. The white dots (4) at the base of the dorsal fin densify and are marked with either side of the back. More than 30 mm - During growth, the number of spots increases to 6-8 spots on the back. Near the eye tentacles, many small appendages develop. © ES


D+25 - Agde - 30 mm

9 8 7 6


5 4 3 2 1 0 1

2

3

4

5

Sites of zvonimiri Catches Parablennius

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

D+35 - Agde – 40 mm

Rearing : Moderate Intra-specific : ND Inter-specific : Sharp Feeding : Very easy Stress : Handling Growth : Medium Particularity : Blennies are quite aggressive. They can be maintained with other fish initially but must be quickly separated. Size of catches

20,0 mm


Min. Max.

NA NA

Medium :

NA

© LL

64

BLENNIIDAE Parablennius zvonimiri

(Kolombatović, 1892)

Reference 54, 33, 19, 45, 3 D+40 – Leucate – 40 mm

65

Salaria pavo

Blenniidae

Peacock blenny (UK), Gallerbo (ES), Bavosa pavone (IT), Blennie-paon (FR)

Interest - NE

Eco

Meristic characters


X-XII + 20-24 II + 22-26


Benthic* NA May-July Summer


© LHG

From 15 to 20 mm - The PL is translucent. The head has a greenish-brown tint. Eye tentacles are not visible. A black band appears on side.

Distribution

Ecology

From eggs to juveniles - Eggs are demersal and adhesive. Adults - Is resident intertidal or shallow, with a strong territorial behavior. Frequent gravel or rocks covered with filamentous algae and exposed to the sun.


Parablennius sanguinolentus


12

© LHG

Mediterranean and Black Sea, present on the east coast of the Atlantic from France to Morocco.




From 20 to 30 mm - Juveniles take a brown yellow color on the front part of the body. Eye tentacles are barely visible. More than 30 mm - Older individuals have a brown coloring of yellow body, punctuated with 3-4 series of white dots. The head is massive and short compared to other blennies. Also a visible eyespot (round mark) is located behind the head.

10

© LHG

© LHG

8


6


4

2

0 1

2

3

4

5

Sites of sanguinolentus Catches Parablennius

6

7

8

9

10

11

12


Rearing : Moderate Intra-specific : ND Inter-specific : ND Feeding : Very easy Stress : Shy Growth : Medium Particularity : None Size of catches 20,0 ± 0,0 mm (n=2) Temperature of the catch


Medium : 21,3 ± 3,1ºC

© LHG

66

BLENNIIDAE Salaria pavo

(Risso, 1810)


67

Trachinotus ovatus Pompano (UK), Pámpano blanco (ES), Leccia stella (IT), Palomine (FR)

Carangidae

Interest - NE

Eco

Fish

Meristic characters

Dorsal fin : D1: VI D2: I + 23-27 Anal fin : II + II + 22-25 Type of spawning Pelagic* PLD 24 Reproduction June-September Settlement season Summer

Post-larvae description From 30 to 45 mm - The PL is pelagic*, catched at different stages of development, but still pigmented. Individuals are completely silver, have two dorsal fins with thin black border.

Distribution

Ecology

From eggs to juveniles - Juveniles are often found at night near steep rocks. Adults - Commonly found in coastal waters, especially in areas of breaking waves. Live also on sandy and muddy substrates. Form school.


© AF

Mediterranean Sea, present on the east coast of the Atlantic from the British Islands to Angola.

From 45 to 50 mm - On the body, prominent myotome (muscular fiber) are clearly distinguishable. Juveniles of this size are already great swimmer.

D+3 – Murcia - 40 mm

More than 50 mm - The head is rounded with a small mouth. The tip of the caudal fin begins to turn black.


Trachinotus ovatus


© RC

6

5

4

3


1

0 1

2

3

4

5

Sites ofovatus Catches Trachinotus

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Rearing : Moderate Intra-specific : ND Inter-specific : Sharp Feeding : Very easy Stress : Handling Growth : Medium Particularity : Active swimming, a cylindrical tank allows it to move continuously. A lid is necessary. Size of catches


28,3 ± 1,8 mm (n=10)


Min. 22,0ºC Max. 27,2ºC Reference 53, 19

Medium : 23,8 ± 3,0ºC


© RC

2

© LL

68

CARANGIDAE Trachinotus ovatus

(Linnaeus, 1758)


69

Trachurus mediterraneus Mediterranean horse mackerel (UK), Jurel mediterráneo (ES), Sugarello maggiore (IT), Chinchard méditerranéen (FR)

Meristic characters

Dorsal fin : D1: VIII D2: I+29-35 Anal fin : II + I + 26-39 Type of spawning Pelagic* PLD NA Reproduction May-August Settlement season Summer-Autumn

Carangidae

Interest - NE

Eco

Fish © TM

Post-larvae description From 13 to 20 mm - The PL is translucent. It has a diamond shaped body that is characteristic of Carangidae. The PL is quickly pigmented with more or less large melanophores*. The gut becomes silvery, with a sharp green and silver body color. The edges of the dorsal and anal fins have melanophores.

D+0 – Embiez – 15 mm

© LHG

Distribution

Ecology

From eggs to juveniles - Larvae and juveniles are often associated with floating objects and jellyfish. Adults - Found mostly on sandy coastal areas. Pelagic*, they form wide schools during migration period. Trachurus trachurus & Trachurus mediterraneus



© LHG

Mediterranean Sea, present on the east coast of the Atlantic from the bay of Biscay to Mauritania.

From 20 to 40 mm - Individuals have a marked lateral line in "S" design, bordered with small scales different from the body. They are characteristic of the genus Trachurus. Here they are small for the species, or at least smaller than T. trachurus.



More than 40 mm - Older juveniles wear a silvery gray color. The accessory lateral line (above the lateral line, near the base of the dorsal fin) stands out better. It stops between the two dorsal fins for this species.


80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1

2

Sites sp. of Trachurus

3

4

5

Catches

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Rearing : Moderate Intra-specific : Coexistence Inter-specific : Coexistence Feeding : Easy Stress : Handling Growth : Quick Particularity : Pelagic* fish with active swimming, they may occasionally be attacked by other species. A cover is required in aquariums. The differentiation between the two species is difficult. Only a livestock development allows highlighting sizes scutes* and the appearance of the second lateral line. Size of catches 31,11 ± 15,93 mm (n=135) Temperature of the catch

Min. 14,03ºC Max. 27,61ºC Medium : 21,39 ± 3,02ºC Reference 53, 19

© LHG


90


© LL

© LL

70

CARANGIDAE Trachurus mediterraneus

(Steindachner, 1868)



71

Trachurus trachurus Atlantic horse mackerel (UK), Jurel (ES), Sugarello (IT), Chinchard d’Europe (FR)

Carangidae

Interest - NE

Eco

Fish

© RC

Meristic characters

Dorsal fin : D1: VIII D2: I+29-33 Anal fin : II + I + 24-29 Type of spawning Pelagic* PLD 21-30 Reproduction May-September Settlement season Summer Distribution


Ecology

From 10 to 20 mm - The PL is translucent, it exhibit a diamond shaped body characteristic of the PL is quickly pigmented with more or less large melanophores* The swim bladder is visible. At 14 mm, the gut becomes silvery, with a sharp green and silver body color. The edges of the dorsal and anal fins have melanophores.



Adults - Found mostly on sandy coastal areas. Pelagic*, they form wide schools during migration period.

sideline, border with small scales different from the body (scutes*). They are characteristic of the genus Trachurus. Here they are average for the species, or at least larger than that of T. mediterraneus. The accessory lateral line (above the lateral line near the base of the dorsal fin) is more prominent. This one ends almost at the end of the second dorsal fin for this species.

© RC

More than 40 mm - Juveniles have a marked

From eggs to juveniles - Larvae and juveniles are often associated with floating objects and jellyfish.

Trachurus trachurus & Trachurus mediterraneus



100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1

2

Sites sp. of Trachurus

3

4

5

Catches

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

© LHG


Rearing : Moderate Intra-specific : Coexistence Inter-specific : Coexistence Feeding : Easy Stress : Handling Growth : Quick Particularity : Pelagic* fish with active swimming, there may occasionally be attacked by other species. A cover is required in aquariums. The differentiation between the two species is difficult. Only a livestock development allows highlighting sizes scutes* and the appearance of the second lateral line. Size of catches 31,11 ± 15,93 mm (n=135) Temperature of the catch

Min. 14,03ºC Max. 27,61ºC Medium : 21,39 ± 3,02ºC Reference 53, 19


© RC

72

CARANGIDAE Trachurus trachurus

(Linnaeus, 1758)



73

Conger conger European conger (UK), Congrio común (ES), Grongo (IT), Congre d’Europe (FR)

Congridae

Interest - NE

Eco

Fish

Meristic characters

270-300 210-230


Pelagic* NA June-August Summer

Distribution

Mediterranean and Marmara Sea, present on the east coast of the Atlantic from Norway to Angola.

Post-larvae description From 100 to 110 mm - The PL (leptocephalus*) is translucent and anguiliform. It has a retrognathe* mouth. Nasal tubes are quite prominent and translucent. The ventral part of the gut is dotted with a few melanophores*, and stop at about half of the body. The size evolution with age of a leptocephali is not growing: a reduction of size is observed at the metamorphosis.

© LHG




From 100 to 80 mm (size reduction) -

Adults - Neritic* fish. Lives on rocky and sandy gravel, often hidden in crevices and cavities in the rock.

After 60 days, the juvenile takes the same color as the adult. It still actively swims if there are no cavities in which to hide.

© LHG


Ecology

More than 90 mm (after metamorphosis) D+0 – Bastia – 90 mm

With a purplish brown color on the body, dorsal and anal fins are translucent with a slight black border.


Conger conger


14

© LL

16


8 6 4 2 0 1

2

3

4

5

Sites of Catches Conger conger

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Rearing : Easy Intra-specific : Coexistence Inter-specific : Sharp Feeding : Easy Stress : Docile Growth : Medium Particularity : One or more PVC pipe ends gives them a cavity necessary for their growth without creating a territoriality. Several individuals can coexist in the same tube or aquarium. Size of catches 110,8 ± 15,2 mm (n=28) Temperature of the catch




© LL

10

© LHG

12

© LHG

74

CONGRIDAE Conger conger

(Linnaeus, 1758)

Medium : 16,8 ± 3,6ºC D+94 – Bastia – 100 mm


75

Gaidropsarus mediterraneus Gadidae

Shore rockling (UK), Bertorella (ES), Motella mediterranea (IT), Motelle de Méditerranée (FR)

Interest - NE

Eco

Meristic characters

D2: 51-63 43-53

Type of spawning Pelagic* PLD 43 Reproduction November-April Settlement season Winter-Spring Distribution

Mediterranean and Black Sea, present on the east coast of the Atlantic from Norway to the North African coast.

Ecology

From eggs to juveniles - Eggs give pelagic* larvae. Juveniles, who reach the coast, size between 30 and 40 mm on arrival. Adults - Typically lives in shallow water closed to rocky bottom with aquatic vegetation.

Post-larvae description From 30 to 35 mm - Silver at arrival, the PL discolors the following days. It has a greenish color on the back. It is easily distinguished by the 3 barbels (two in front of the eyes, and below the lower mandible) still translucent at this point. © LHG

Dorsal fin : D1: 50-60 Anal fin :




From 35 to 55 mm - After a month, its color becomes rather brown. The first ray of the first dorsal fin is much longer than the others. Barbels are beginning to be pigmented, the pelvic fins are translucent. More than 55 mm - The body color brown as for the adult. Barbels and pelvic fins are pigmented .

Gaidropsarus mediterraneus

Number of individuals caught per month © LHG


25

20

15

10

5

0 1

2

3

4

5

Sites of mediterraneus Catches Gaidropsarus

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Rearing : Difficult Intra-specific : Coexistence Inter-specific : Coexistence Feeding : Moderate Stress : Stressed Growth : Medium Particularity : The presence of one or more PVC pipe ends gives them a cavity necessary for their growth without creating a territoriality. Several individuals can coexist in the same tube or aquarium. Individuals come out at night or for food. Size of catches

36,5 ± 3,3 mm (n=50)



Medium : 15,1 ± 2,4ºC

Reference 53, 33, 19

D+30 – Bastia – 56 mm D+30 – Bastia – 56 mm


© LL


30

© LHG

35

© LL

76

GADIDAE Gaidropsarus mediterraneus

(Linnaeus, 1758)


© LHG

77

Gobius geniporus Slender goby (UK), Gobio galano (ES), Ghiozzo geniporo (IT), Gobie svelte (FR)

Gobiidae

Interest - LC

Eco

Meristic characters


Benthic* NA April-May Spring

Post-larvae description From 10 to 12 mm - At this stage, the PL is translucent, slightly colored in yellow, at the head and trunk. The PL has the characteristic kind of Gobiidae, a prominent swim bladder.

D+0 - Leucate – 10 mm

© LL

D2: I+12-14 I + 12-14 © LL

Dorsal fin : D1: VI-VII Anal fin :

Distribution

Mediterranean Sea (Endemic*). D+0 - Leucate – 10 mm



Adults - Present in coastal and shallow area, is found on the sand and mud, near seagrass beds.

From 12 to 20 mm - After 10 days, the juvenile is pigmented with few melanophores* on the whole body.

© LL

Ecology


More than 20 mm - After 3 months, the juveniles have brown lateral line from the snout, through the eyes and stops at the back of the head (indistinct in the picture).


Gobius (all sp. sites and year pooled)

© LL

5

4

3


2

1

0 1

2

3

4

5

Sites of Catches Gobius geniporus

6

7

8

9

10

11

12


Rearing : Moderate Intra-specific : Coexistence Inter-specific : Agressive Feeding : Very easy Stress : Handling Growth : Medium Particularity : Need a small hidden because it remains stressed by human presence. Size of catches

10,0 mm


Min. Max.

NA NA

Medium : NA

© LL

78

GOBIIDAE Gobius geniporus

(Linnaeus, 1758)

Reference 53, 33, 19 D+90 - Leucate – 68 mm

79

Coris julis

Labridae

Mediterranean rainbow wrasse (UK), Julia (ES), Donzella (IT), Girelle (FR)

Interest - LC

Eco

Fish

Meristic characters


Pelagic* 21-34 May-August Summer

Post-larvae description From 15 to 25 mm - On arrival, the PL is quite colorful, orange yellow, with a black lateral line beginning from the head. Among the dead individuals, the species is distinguished by both melanophores* at the end of gut and on the caudal peduncle.

Distribution

Mediterranean and Marmara Sea, present on the east coast of the Atlantic from Sweden to Gabon.

© LHG

Dorsal fin : VIII-X + 11-12 Anal fin : III + 11-12

Juvenile description Ecology

From eggs to juveniles - No data. Adults - Present on the coastal area, near rocks and seagrass beds.

CorisNumber julis

© LHG

D+0 – Bastia – 19 mm (Dead specimen)

From 25 to 30 mm - Very quickly this line extends along the body. This one is surrounded by two white lines on each side. A dorsal black line appears. More than 30 mm - After 2 months, the individual has distinct bands (black, white) on the body from the head to the caudal peduncle. The ventral part is colored in orange.

of individuals caught per month



5

4

3


1

0 1

CorisSites julis

2

3

4

5

of Catches

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Rearing : Moderate Intra-specific : Coexistence Inter-specific : Coexistence Feeding : Difficult Stress : Handling Growth : Slow Particularity : Feeding live enriched brine shrimp is important for its development. Size of catches


25,0 ± 4,2 mm (n=2)



Medium : 25,0 ± 2,2ºC

© LL

2

© LHG

80

LABRIDAE Coris Julis

(Linnaeus, 1758)


81

Ornate wrasse (UK), Pez verde (ES), Donzella pavonina (IT), Girelle-paon (FR)

Interest - LC

Meristic characters


Labridae

VIII + 12-14 III + 9-11

Type of spawning Pelagic* PLD 30-48 Reproduction July-September Settlement season Summer

Eco


© GA

Thalassoma pavo

From 15 to 20 mm - As for Coris julis , PL is translucent with an orange pigmentation of gut. A melanophore is present at the base of the dorsal fin.

D+0 – Cagliari – 20 mm


Mediterranean Sea, present on the east coast of the Atlantic from Portugal to Gabon.

Ecology

From eggs to juveniles - No data. Adults - Living in coastal waters, it prefers rocky bottoms, drooping shallow crevices or seagrass beds.


Thalassoma pavo


From 20 to 25 mm - Soon, juvenile takes a green color, dotted with white spots along the body. The dorsal fin is wearing green and orange pigments. The side stripes protrude thereon and the central melanophores* is increasing in size. © AF

Distribution

More than 30 mm - After a month, the color varies from brown to orange and white, with some green tips. The central melanophore is now surrounded by white at the fin. These five white bars correspond to the blue bars present in adults.

D+3 – Murcia – 17 mm

4


2

1

0 1

2

3

4

5

Sites ofpavo Catches Thalassoma

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Rearing : Moderate Intra-specific : Coexistence Inter-specific : Coexistence Feeding : Difficult Stress : Handling Growth : Slow Particularity : Feeding live enriched brine shrimp is important for its development. Sand is necessary, they buried in during night. Size of catches

18,0 ± 2,0 mm (n=5)


Min. Max.

NA NA

Medium : NA

D+11 – Murcia – 18 mm © LL

3

© AF

82

LABRIDAE Thalassoma pavo

(Linnaeus, 1758)

Reference 53, 33, 19 Leucate – 28 mm

83

Dicentrarchus labrax

Moronidae

European seabass (UK), Lubina (ES), Spigola (IT), Bar commun, Loup (FR)

Interest - LC

Eco

Fish

Meristic characters D2: I+12-13

III + 10-12

Type of spawning Pelagic* PLD 46 Reproduction January-March Settlement season Spring

Post-larvae description D+0 – Leucate – 17 mm

From 15 to 20 mm - With a fusiform body, PL shows a typical brown-black pigmentation. A black line through the eye. The gut ends at the dorsal fin. After 5 days, it takes an orange color in addition to black-brown.

© LL

Dorsal fin : D1: VIII-IX Anal fin :

Distribution

Ecology

From eggs to juveniles - PL lives in shallow water, on sand and muddy bottom, protected from waves. Harbor and coastal construction are also good nursery area for the species. Adults - Lives on the littoral zone on various bottoms and also in estuaries, coastal lagoons and occasionally river. Dicentrarchus Numberlabrax of individuals


caught per month

Juvenile description From 20 to 45 mm - Juveniles have small melanophores* on the body, whose arrangement follows myomeres*. Coloring takes a silvery or copper aspect depending on the light. More than 45 mm - After 2 months, individuals are a replica of the adult with a typical silver color and an elongated snout. The lateral line is clearly visible.

© LL

Mediterranean and Black Sea, present on the east coast of the Atlantic from Norway to Morocco.

5

© LL

4


3

2

1

0 1

2

3

4

5

Sites of Catches Dicentrarchus labrax

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Rearing : Easy Intra-specific : Cannibalism Inter-specific : Predator Feeding : Very easy Stress : Docile Growth : Medium Particularity : Cannibalism will be regularly observed between individuals of the same size. To limit this, food rations should be frequently distribute. Size of catches



© RC

17,0 ± 2,0 mm (n=10)


Min. Max.

NA NA

Medium : NA

© LL

84

Moronidae Dicentrarchus labrax

(Linnaeus, 1758)


D+60 – Leucate

85

Mugilidae

Muge (FR), Mujoles o lisas (ES), Cefalo o mùggine (IT), Mullet (UK)

Interest - LC

Eco

Fish

Meristic characters


NA NA

Type of spawning Pelagic* PLD NA Reproduction Sept-Dec (LA, LR, MC) & April-May (CL) Settlement season Autumn (LA, LR, MC) & Spring (CL)


© RC

From 15 to 20 mm - PL have a silvery with variable dorsal coloration ranging from brown, black to green. Sometimes the pigmentation lay on the side of individuals. They are still forming school and very active (and so difficult to photograph).

D+0 – Leucate

Distribution

© RC

Mediterranean Sea, present on east coast of the Atlantic from Norway (CL) to Mauritania (MC).


Ecology

From eggs to juveniles - No data. Adults - live generally near the surface forming wide school. They can enter brackish lagoons and estuaries.

More than 20 mm - Shortly after their arrival, they lose their color to take a silver coloration approaching adults (Yellow Gold for Liza aurata for example).

© RC

86

MUGILIDAE Chelon labrosus, Liza aurata, Liza ramada, Mugil cephalus

Chelon labrosus, Liza aurata, Liza ramada, Mugil cephalus

D+0 – Leucate

D+0 – Leucate

© LHG

© LHG

Mugilidae gen sp



250

200

150

100

50

0 1

2

3

4

5

Sites gen. of Catches Mugilidae sp.

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Rearing : Easy Intra-specific : Coexistence Inter-specific : Coexistence Feeding : Very easy Stress : Docile Growth : Quick Particularity : Strong PL. Not aggressive, they easily eat all kind of food. They also participate in cleaning the tank. The differentiation of species is very difficult, even leaving them grow. That is why they are grouped under one taxa. Size of catches

D+2 - Bastia – 20 mm © LHG

19,0 ± 6,9 mm (218)



Medium : 16,6 ± 3,8ºC


Reference 53, 19 D+2 – Bastia – 20 mm

87

Mullus barbatus

88

Red mullet (UK), Salmonete de fango (ES), Triglia di fango (IT), Rouget-barbet de vase (FR)

Meristic characters

Dorsal fin : D1:VII-VIII D2: I+7-8 Anal fin : I+7 Type of spawning PLD Reproduction Settlement season

Pelagic* 20-30 April-August Summer

MULLIDAE Mullus barbatus

Linnaeus, 1758

Mullidae

Interest - NE

Eco

Fish

© LL

Post-larvae description From 45 to 55 mm - Of elongated shapes, PL are very large (larger than 45 mm at arrival). They have a rather greenish color that dissipates quickly. They have two barbels, and the dorsal fin is slightly colored.

Distribution

Mediterranean and Black Sea, present on the east coast of the Atlantic from the British Isles to Senegal.

Ecology

From eggs to juveniles - No data. Adults - Live on gravel bottom, over sand and mud of the continental shelf.



Juvenile description From 55 to 60 mm - The color became the adults one, pink with a lateral red band. The dorsal fin is poorly colorful but still presents melanophores*. More than 60 mm - Growing up, color remains lackluster, the front breaks and dorsal fin stay poorly colorful.



16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1

2

3

4

5

Sites of Catches Scorpaena notata

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Rearing : Difficult Intra-specific : Coexistence Inter-specific : Coexistence Feeding : Difficult Stress : Stressed Growth : Slow Particularity : Feeding must be abundant and divided in multiple doses per day. Regular sorting of fish prevents bigger to eat more than the smaller. The presence of sand, as in natural environment, calm them. The differentiation between the two species (M. surmuletus and M. barbatus) is difficult as the PL rapidly change color. Only breeding can allow verification of the species. Size of catches 50,0 ± 3,8 mm (n=7)

© LL


D+20 – Leucate – 57 mm © LL



Medium : 23,5 ± 2,1ºC

© LL

Mullus barbatus

© LL



89

Striped red mullet (UK), Salmonete de roca (ES), Triglia di scoglio (IT), Rouget-barbet de roche (FR)

Meristic characters

Dorsal fin : D1: VII-VIII D2: I+7-9 Anal fin : I+7 Type of spawning PLD Reproduction Settlement season

Pelagic* 25-35 May-July Summer

Distribution

Mediterranean and Black Sea, present on the east coast of the Atlantic from the British Isles to Senegal.

Mullidae

Interest - NE

Eco

Fish © LHG

Post-larvae description From 45 to 55 mm - Of elongated shape, PL are very large (larger than 45mm at arrival). They have a pretty close color to the adult with a yellow color on the belly and beige on the back with a red sideband. They have two barbels, and the dorsal fin is very marked: a black band surrounded by white. This character is very present throughout the development of individuals.

© TM

Mullus surmuletus

90

MULLIDAE Mullus surmuletus

Linnaeus, 1758




Ecology

From eggs to juveniles - No data. Adults - Frequent chaotic rocky bootom, but can also be found on sand and mud at depths below 100m.

More than 55 mm - Very early, the caudal peduncle has a yellow color that will endure over time. It is important to put sand and feed them regularly to prevent it from being too stressed (morphological change).

Mullus surmuletus


500

400

300

200

100

0 1

2

3

4

Sites of Catches Mullus surmuletus

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Rearing : Difficult Intra-specific : Coexistence Inter-specific : Coexistence Feeding : Difficult Stress : Stressed Growth : Slow Particularity : Feeding must be abundant and divided in multiple doses per day. Regular sorting of fish prevents bigger to eat more than the smaller. The presence of sand, as in natural environment, calm them. The differentiation between the two species (M. surmuletus and M. barbatus ) is difficult as the PL rapidly change color. Only breeding can allow verification of the species. Size of catches 50,0 ± 6,8 mm (n=685)

© LHG

D+0 –Embiez – 50 mm



© LL

600

© TM


700

Medium : 23,6 ± 1,9ºC

Reference 53, 19, 39 D+2 – Bastia – 50 mm


91

Chromis chromis Damselfish (UK), Castañuela (ES), Castagnola (IT), Castagnole (FR)

Pomacentridae

Interest - NE

Eco

Meristic characters

XIV + 9-11 III + 9-11



Benthic* 15-25 June-August Summer

From 10 to 15 mm - Young individuals form school. Fairly uniform brown color on the body, they have on their side a characteristic blue iridescent reflection characteristic. The caudal peduncle is translucent.

© RC

© TM


Distribution

D+0 – Embiez –14 mm

Mediterranean and Black Sea, present on the east coast of the Atlantic from Portugal to the Gulf of Guinea.



From eggs to juveniles - Juveniles live in large school near seagrass beds. Adults - Form wide schools in open water, over rocky relief and seagrass beds.


From 15 to 30 mm - Growing up, the blue cast is less visible, the fins gradually become pigmented brown.

© AF

© AF

Ecology

More than 30 mm - After 2 months, the juveniles have completely colored fins, individuals have a uniform color and some bluish reflections are visible on the head.

Chromis chromis (all sites and year pooled)

D+3 – Murcia –14 mm

900 800 700


600 500 400 300 200 100 0 1

2

3

4

Siteschromis of Catches Chromis

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Rearing : Difficult Intra-specific : Coexistence Inter-specific : Dominance Feeding : Moderate Stress : Stressed Growth : Slow Particularity : The species is very sensitive to movement and have a fragile acclimatization. Be careful to separate them from other species so that they do not become their prey. Size of catches

12,6 ± 2 mm (n=218)

D+11 – Leucate – 20 mm © RC

© LHG

92

POMACENTRIDAE Chromis chromis

(Linnaeus, 1758)




Medium : 23,9 ± 1,9ºC



93

Sciaena umbra

Sciaena umbra Brown meagre (UK), Corvallo (ES), Corvina (IT), Corb (FR)

Scianidae

Interest - NE

Eco

Fish

Pat

Meristic characters


Pelagic* 22-23 April-June Spring

Post-larvae description From 15 to 20 mm - The PL is brown-yellow color, with melanophores* arranged in "honeycomb" on the body. The pelvic and dorsal fins are pigmented, others not.

Distribution

Mediterranean and Black Sea, present on the east coast of the Atlantic from England to Mauritania.

Ecology

From eggs to juveniles - No data. Adults - Lives in shallow coastal waters where it lives mostly in small sedentary groups. Occurs on rocky and sandy bottom, in the posidonia beds and sometimes in estuaries. The caves and crevices are its privileged shelter during the day. Sciaena umbra of Number

individuals caught per month

Juvenile description D+0 – Castellammare – 20 mm

From 20 to 30 mm - During growth, the fins become pigmented increasingly. What is striking at this stage is hyper-development of the first dorsal and pectoral seems disproportionate for the individual. More than 30 mm - This hyper-development is further accentuated in juveniles having such large fins than the width of the body. Coppery brown in color, it has on the body slightly small dark spots.

© GA

XI + 23-25 II + 7-8

© GA


© GA


D+19 – Castellammare – 22 mm

4


3

2

1

0 1

2

3

4

5

Sites of Catches

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Rearing : Moderate Intra-specific : ND Inter-specific : ND Feeding : Easy Stress : Handling Growth : Medium Particularity : During growth, they need lots of space and little number of congeners within the tank. Two bylaw regulate its fisheries in french Mediterranean until December 2018.

D+15 – Castellammare – 22 mm

© LL

Size of catches 20,0 mm ± 0,0 mm (n=5) Temperature of the catch

Min. Max.

NA NA

Medium : NA

© GA

94

SCIANIDAE Sciaena umbra

Linnaeus, 1758


Reference 53, 33, 19, 40 D+45 – Castellammare – 28 mm

95

Scophthalmus maximus

Scophthalmidae

Turbot (UK), Rodaballo (ES), Rombo chiodato (IT), Turbot (FR)

Interest - NE

Meristic characters


60-67 43-47

Type of spawning Pelagic* PLD 60 Reproduction April-August Settlement season Spring-Summer

Eco

Fish

Post-larvae description From 20 to 25 mm - Flatfish "left-handed" (Both eyes are on the left side of the fish), the PL is already pigmented with alternating white spots and other darker. The caudal fin is still translucent. © RC

Distribution

Mediterranean Sea, present on the east coast of the Atlantic from Norway to Morocco.


Ecology

From 25 to 30 mm - His multitude of spots is further accentuated after 10 days. The caudal fin is pigmented. The inner surface is also slightly pigmented.

From eggs to juveniles - The PL and juveniles lives on the beaches between the shore and the level of the lowest tides. Adults - Benthic* fish, diurnal and territorial. Lives on sandy or mixed funds (mud, gravel and rock). In shallow coastal waters from 10 to 140 m. Scophthalmus Numbermaximus of individuals


caught per month

5

© RC


© RC


More than 30 mm - Juvenile adapts its coloring to the bottom, accentuating the light spots on light background and vice versa. The ventral (right) becomes opaque and digestive party takes a silvery tint. The first rays of fins above the eye are mounted together other (S. rhombus has separated these rays others).

© LL

4


3

2

1

0 1

2

3

4

5

Sites of maximus Catches Scophthalmus

6

7

8

9

10

11

12


Rearing : Moderate Intra-specific : ND Inter-specific : Sharp Feeding : Moderate Stress : Docile Growth : Medium Particularity : The presence of sand is not necessary even if it allows individuals to hide as in natural environment. Size of catches


15,0 ± 5 mm (n=2)


Min. Max.

NA NA

Medium : NA

© LL

96

SCOPHTHALMIDAE Scophthalmus maximus

(Linnaeus, 1758)



97

Scorpaena notata

Small red scorpionfish (UK), Escórpora (ES), Scorfanotto (IT), Petite rascasse rouge (FR)

Meristic characters


XII + 9-11 III + 5-6


Benthic* NA July-October Autumn

Distribution

Mediterranean and Black Sea, present on the east coast of the Atlantic from the Bay of Biscay to Senegal.

Ecology

From eggs to juveniles - Eggs are laid in a gelatinous mass. The larvae develop in open water before reaching the bottom at a size of 15 to 20 mm. Adults - Common species on rocky coastal habitats, as well as the coralligenous*.

Scorpaenidae

Interest - NE

Eco

Fish © TM © RC

Post-larvae Post-larvaedescription description From 10 15toto2020mmmm - The La PL PLisarrive colored colorée brown de on brun all thesurbody le corps (characteristic (caractéristique of the de species). l’espèce). The Le pédoncule caudal peduncle remains caudal translucent. reste translucide. It carries Elle various the porte thorns les différentes on his head épines (supra-occipital, sur sa tête (supra-occipitale, frontal, pre-opercular frontale, and opercular), pré-operculaire typical et operculaire), of Scorpaenidae. typique des Scorpaenidae.

Juvenile description D+0 – Embiez – 18 mm

From 20 to 30 mm - The color of the juvenile turns light brown and white interspersed slightly pink on the head. The caudal peduncle is colorful and the tail fin with a brown belt. The head is light brown, and the thorns are less distinguish. Small skin flaps appeared above the eye.

D+15 – Leucate – 22 mm © TM

More than 30 mm - Growing up, the juvenile takes a mottled brown. The skin flap above the eye remains smal or even disappears.


Scorpaena notata


© LL

16 14 12 10


8 6 4 2 0 1

2

3

4

5

Sites of Catches Scorpaena notata

6

7

8

9

10

11

12


Rearing : Moderate Intra-specific : Cannibalism / Territorial Inter-specific : Predator Feeding : Moderate Stress : Handling Growth : Slow Particularity : Can be kept in groups at start but then must be separated with a maximum PL for aquarium (territoriality).

D+45 – Embiez – 35 mm © LL



Medium : 18,6 ± 1,6ºC

© LL

98

SCORPAENIDAE Scorpaena notata

Rafinesque, 1810



99

Scorpaena porcus Black scorpionfish (UK), Rascacio (ES), Scorfano nero (IT), Rascasse brune (FR)

Scorpaenidae

Interest - NE

Eco

Fish

Meristic characters

XII-XIII + 8-11 III + 5-6

Type of spawning Pelagic* PLD 29 Reproduction May-September Settlement season Summer Distribution -

Mediterranean and Black Sea, present on the east coast of the Atlantic from the British Isles to the Azores.

Post-larvae description From 15 to 20 mm - The PL arrive colorful black on the body, characteristic of the species. The caudal peduncle remains translucent. It carries the various thorns on his head (supra-occipital, frontal, pre-opercular and opercular), typical of Scorpaenidae, but less pronounced than for S. notata or S. scrofa. A brown color appear in band on the caudal peduncle.

Ecology -

From eggs to juveniles - Eggs are laid in a gelatinous mass. The larvae develop in open water before reaching the bottom at a size of 15 to 20 mm. Adults - Solitary and sedentary, this species is very common on seagrass meadows, on rocky bottoms with algae and coralligenous*.


Scorpaena Scorpaenaporcus porcus




© LL

© RC


© TM

100

SCORPAENIDAE Scorpaena porcus

Linnaeus, 1758

D+0 – Leucate – 14 mm © RC

From 20 to 30 mm - The color of the juvenile turns dark brown interspersed with white. The caudal peduncle is colorful and the tail fin with a brown belt. The head is dark brown, and the thorns stands less. No small skin flaps above the eye. More than 30 mm - Juvenile do not wear the skin flaps on each eye, but is characterized by the many small scales on the body.

10 10

88


66

44

22

00

11

22

33

44

55

Sites of Catches Scorpaena porcus

66

77

88

99

10 10

11 11

12 12

Rearing : Moderate Intra-specific : Cannibalism / Territorial Inter-specific : Predator Feeding : Moderate Stress : Handling Growth : Slow Particularity : Can be kept in groups at start but then must be separated with a maximum PL for aquarium (territoriality).



© LL © RC



Medium : 22,3 ± 4,8ºC


D+20 – Leucate – 20 mm D+150 – Leucate – 80 mm

101

Scorpaena scrofa Red scorpionfish (UK), Cabracho (ES), Scorfano rosso (IT), Chapon (FR)

Scorpaenidae

Interest - NE

Eco

Fish

Pat

Meristic characters

Pelagic* 25 May-August Summer

Distribution

Mediterranean Sea, present on the east coast of the Atlantic from the British Islands to Senegal.

From 12 to 20 mm - The PL is yellow-orange color on the body, characteristic of the species. The caudal peduncle remains translucent. It carries the various thorns on her head (supra-occipital, frontal, pre-opercular and opercular), typical of Scorpaenidae. The PL then turns beige, giving it a "livid" aspect.


Ecology

From eggs to juveniles - Eggs are laid in a gelatinous mass. The larvae develop in open water before reaching the bottom at a size of 15 to 20 mm. Adults - Solitary and sedentary. Lives on rocky bottoms, sandy and muddy bottom.

Scorpaena scrofa Number of



More than 20 mm - After 15 days, the coloration of the juvenile turns light brown interspersed with beige. The caudal peduncle is colorful and the caudal fin bears a fairly clear brown band. The head is light brown, and the thorns are distinguished less. Small skin flaps appear above the eye and in front of the eye.

D+0 – Leucate –18 mm © LHG

4


1

0 1

2

3

4

5

Sites of Catches Scorpaena scrofa

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Rearing : Moderate Intra-specific : Cannibalism / Territorial Inter-specific : Predator Feeding : Moderate Stress : Handling Growth : Slow Particularity : Can be kept in groups at start but then must be separated with a maximum PL for aquarium (territoriality). Size of catches

D+0 – Bastia –12 mm

12,0 mm (n=1)



Medium : 22,2 ± 0,0ºC

© RC

2



5

3

© LHG



© RC

XII + 9-10 III + 5

© LHG


© RC

102

SCORPAENIDAE Scorpaena scrofa

Linnaeus, 1758



103

Epinephelus marginatus

Serranidae

Dusky grouper (UK), Mero moreno (ES), Cernia bruna (IT), Mérou brun(FR)

Interest - EN

Eco

Fish

Pat

Meristic characters

XI + 14-16 III + 8


Pelagic* 22-30 July-August Summer

Distribution

Mediterranean Sea, present on the east coast of the Atlantic from the Bay of Biscay to the African coast.

Ecology

From eggs to juveniles - Juveniles are often found near the rocky shore and remains cryptic (very few observations in situ). Adults - Solitary and territorial. Lives on the rocky bottoms.

Post-larvae description From 25 to 35 mm - The PL stands on arrival by the first rays of dorsal and pectoral fins that are prominent and jagged. They are slightly colored. The PL has a light brown color that appears along its body. Orange-red chromatophores* are grouped at the base of the caudal fin. The PL carries a big pre-opercular spine, at the corner of breakage and even thorny.



D+0 – Cagliari – 35 mm


From 25 to 35 mm - After 2 days, 5 brown bands appear on the body. The dorsal and pectoral spines have narrowed but remain colored brown, their spiny characters disappeared. This spot on the caudal peduncle migrated dorsally and has darkened. More than 35 mm - After two months the juvenile has all the aspects of an adult with characteristic marbling, white spots punctuating the body and dorsal fin have thick and separated hard rays.

Epinephelus marginatus

© TM

© TM


© MM

104

SERRANIDAE Epinephelus marginatus

(Lowe, 1834)

9 8 7


6 5 4 3

Epinephelusmarginatus 2 1 0 1

2

3

4

5

Sites of Catches

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Rearing : Moderate Intra-specific : Dominance Inter-specific : Predator Feeding : Easy Stress : Handling Growth : Quick Particularity : His breeding requires one or more small cavities so that it hides. Two bylaw regulate its fisheries in french Mediterranean until December 2023. Size of catches

D+2 – Embiez – 26 mm D+2 – Embiez – 26 mm © TM

© TM

26,2 ± 2,6 mm (n=9)



Medium : 27,0 ± 0,4ºC

Reference 22, 33, 19 D+60 – Embiez – 60 mm

105

Serranus cabrilla Comber (UK), Cabrilla (ES), Perchia (IT), Serran-chevrette (FR)

Serranidae

Interest - NE

Eco

Fish © RC

Meristic characters

X + 13-15 III + 7-8


Pelagic* 21-28 April-July Spring

Post-larvae description From 15 to 20 mm - The PL arrives with the body slightly translucent but mostly parallel brown stripes starting to form. A dark band cut the eye horizontally.

© TM


Distribution

Mediterranean and Black Sea (casual) present on the Atlantic coast and the English Channel.

Ecology

From eggs to juveniles - No data. Adults - Present on the continental shelf where it frequents rocky and sandy bottoms and Posidonia meadows. Very common on rocky bottoms and coralligenous*.


Serranus cabrilla



More than 30 mm - An older individual has the characteristics of juveniles with two thin dark lines framing a white. The ventral dark band punctuated with white and colored when the individual grows.


4


2

1

0 1

2

3

4

5

Sitescabrilla of Catches Serranus

6

7

8

9

10

11

12


From 20 to 30 mm - The dark bands thicken and interspersed with some sharp white stripes. A dark band cut the eye from the snout to the back of the head. It almost forms a cross with another band at eye level.

5

3

© RC


Rearing : Moderate Intra-specific : Dominance Inter-specific : Agressive Feeding : Very easy Stress : Handling Growth : Quick Particularity : Shy species in tank but can still be aggressive. Size of catches

21,0 ± 2,0 mm (n=5)



Medium : 23,7 ± 0,4ºC

© LL

106

SERRANIDAE Serranus cabrilla

(Linnaeus, 1758)



© LL

107

Serranus hepatus Brown comber (UK), Merillo (ES), Sacchetto (IT), Serran tambour (FR)

Serranidae

Interest - NE

Eco © RC

Meristic characters

X + 14-16 III + 7-8

Type of spawning Pelagic* PLD 26-32 Reproduction April-August Settlement season Spring-Summer

Post-larvae description From 10 to 20 mm - The PL is translucent. 6 parallel brown stripes begin to form. The dorsal, anal and pectoral fins are pigmented (black). The noze is slightly more elongated than in S. cabrilla . The eye is not cut by a dark stripe.

© RC


Distribution


Mediterranean Sea, present on the east coast of the Atlantic from Portugal to Senegal.


Adults - Frequent soft bottoms, can occur on small sheltered sandy bottoms with small rocks and seagrass beds.


Serranus hepatus


More than 30 mm - After a month, the juvenile has small brown and yellow lines on the head. The 3rd and 4th black bands gradually join to form the next stage the "V" band typical of the species.

© RC



From 20 to 30 mm - Juvenile presents 5 black stripes on the body. In continuation of the 3rd, a dark spot surrounded by white stands out on the dorsal fin.

© RC

Ecology


4

3


2

1

0 1

2

3

4

5

Siteshepatus of Catches Serranus

6

7

8

9

10

11

12


12,0 mm



Medium : 20,6 ± 0,0ºC

© LL

108

SERRANIDAE Serranus hepatus

(Linnaeus, 1758)



109

Serranus scriba

110

Painted comber (UK), Serrano escribano (ES), Sciarrano (IT), Serran écriture (FR)

Meristic characters


SERRANIDAE Serranus scriba

(Linnaeus, 1758)

X + 14-16 III + 7-8

Type of spawning Pelagic* PLD 26-32 Reproduction April-August Settlement season Spring-Summer

Serranidae

Interest - NE

Eco

Fish © LL

Post-larvae description From 10 to 20 mm - The PL is translucent. Two black spots mark the base of the dorsal fin. A light brown color begins to appear at the head. After just one day, the body becomes brown in the same pattern as S. cabrilla with two bands crossed on the eye.

Distribution

Mediterranean and Black Sea, present on the east coast of the Atlantic from British Islands to the Canary.

Ecology

From eggs to juveniles - No data. Adults - Solitary and territorial. Lives mainly on rocky bottoms or seagrass.

Serranus scriba


4

© LL


© LL


© LL


© LL

Juvenile description From 20 to 30 mm - These crossed bands are present on individuals making them difficult to separate from S. cabrilla. More than 30 mm - As for S. cabrilla, 2 black lateral lines surround a white. One of them cut the eye ranging from snout to caudal peduncle. The body becomes a bit more massive than for S. cabrilla , and noze lengthens. A typical coloring of the species (blackheads and white stripes) appears on the back, which is still in older individuals. At this stage, the vertical stripes appear and the honeycomb pattern present on the head.


© RC

3


2

1

0 1

2

3

4

5

Sitesscriba of Catches Serranus

6

7

8

9

10

11

12



15 mm (n=1)



Medium : 20,2 ± 0,0ºC


111

Dentex dentex Common dentex (UK), Dentón común (ES), Dentice (IT), Denti (FR)

Sparidae

Interest - NE

Eco

Fish

Pat © LHG

Meristic characters


X + 11-12 III + 7-9


Pelagic* 35 March-May Spring

Distribution

Post-larvae description From 10 to 15 mm - The PL is yellow. This color is accompanied by more or less large melanophores* along the body. The mouth already carries quite sharp teeth. The dorsal and anal fins are slightly colored yellow. The tip of the caudal peduncle remains colorless.

Mediterranean Sea, present on the east coast of the Atlantic from the British Isles to Senegal.


Ecology

From eggs to juveniles - No data. Adults - Frequent many different habitats: rocky or coralligenous*, but also wrecks or at the seagrass meadows.

From 15 to 20 mm - The caudal peduncle has now become yellow, the melanophores* grow and give a more youthful appearance to dark. The dorsal and anal fins are colored more. After 10 days, the juvenile remains bleak yellow coloring typical of the species.


More than 20 mm - No data.


Dentex dentex (all sites and year pooled) 5

4


2

1

0 1

2

3

4

5

Sites of Catches Dentex dentex

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Rearing : Difficult Intra-specific : Cannibalism Inter-specific : Agressive Feeding : Easy Stress : Docile Growth : Medium Particularity : Quite aggresive against smaller individuals and that, with or without food. Separate by size in large volumes of water. Size of catches


14 mm (n=1)



© LHG © LHG

3

© LHG

112

SPARIDAE Dentex dentex

(Linnaeus, 1758)

Medium : 19,5 ± 0,0ºC


D+8 – Bastia – 18 mm D+10 – Bastia – 20 mm

113

Annular seabream (UK), Raspallón (ES), Sparaglione (IT), Sparaillon (FR)

Sparidae

Interest - NE

Meristic characters


XI + 11-13 III + 11-12


Pelagic* 16-21 April-June Summer

Eco

Fish © LHG

Post-larvae description From 10 to 15 mm - The PL is translucent, with black orange coloration on side. The swim bladder is visible. After 4 days, many melanophores* appear along the body of individuals and the orange color fades on the side.

© LHG

Diplodus annularis

114

SPARIDAE Diplodus annularis

(Linnaeus, 1758)


© LHG


Distribution

Ecology

From eggs to juveniles - No data. Adults - Live mostly on Zostera seagrass but are also found in the Posidonia meadows and on sandy bottoms. Rarely observed on rocky bottoms. Diplodus annularis


Juvenile description From 15 to 20 mm - Juveniles takes a black yellow hue as with D. dentex , but with a gut quite pinkish and especially dorsal and anal fins colored black (not yellow). More than 20 mm - Juvenile begins to take adult characters with a gray color and the dorsal and pectoral fins begin to yellow. In the next stage, they are golden color and a black dot appears on the caudal peduncle, which fades on an adult livery.

D+8 – Bastia – 18 mm © TM

Mediterranean and Black Sea, present on the east coast of the Atlantic from Portugal to the Bay of Biscay.


70 60 50

20 10 0 1

2

3

4

5

Sitesannularis of Catches Diplodus

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Rearing : Moderate Intra-specific : Dominance Inter-specific : Sharp Feeding : Very easy Stress : Handling Growth : Medium Particularity : The PL are aggressive in small volumes. They must be transfer in large tank very quickly and sorted by size. Size of catches


16,1 ± 0,4 mm (n=21)



Medium : 21,7 ± 3,4ºC

© LHG

30

© LHG


40


115

Diplodus puntazzo

116

Sharpsnout Seabream (UK), Picudo (ES), Sarago pizzuto (IT), Sar à museau pointu (FR)

Meristic characters


XI + 12-15 III + 11-13


Pelagic* 19-48 September Autumn

Distribution

Mediterranean and Black Sea (occasional), present on the east coast of the Atlantic.

Ecology

From eggs to juveniles - Juveniles are found on shallow rocky coastal areas. May be encountered in the lagoons. Adults - Gregarious species living in coastal waters on sandy and rocky bottoms.

SPARIDAE Diplodus puntazzo

(Walbaum, 1792)

Sparidae

Interest - NE

Eco

Fish © LHG

© RC

Post-larvae description From 15 to 20 mm - The PL has a black-yellow band from the dorsal to the pelvis. On the sides a black strip is present to caudal peduncle.

Juvenile description From 20 to 30 mm - After 15 days, the black band is thickened and the line on the flanks. Melanophores* appear on dorsal and ventral side of caudal peduncle These melanophores are accompanied by visible white spots on black backgrounds. The sunspot groups thicken, see gathers at the caudal peduncle. They begin to form 3 wide side stripes.


© LHG


© LHG

More than 30 mm - Therefore three bands inDiplodus puntazzo

terspersed smaller (melanophore migration of large strips), to form, after 2 months, a band diagram near the adult.

Number of individuals caught per month (all sites and year pooled) 8 7


6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1

2

3

4

5

Sitespuntazzo of Catches Diplodus

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Rearing : Moderate Intra-specific : Dominance Inter-specific : Sharp Feeding : Very easy Stress : Handling Growth : Medium Particularity : The PL are aggressive in small volumes. They must be transfer in large tank very quickly and sorted by size. Diplodus puntazzo is quieter than the other Diplodus . Its growth is fast enough (greater than D. sargus). Size of catches


© RC


11 ± 1,7 mm (n=9)


Min. 16,0ºC Max. 20,0ºC Medium : 18,7 ± 1,1ºC Reference 53, 33, 19, 31 D+60 – Leucate – 45 mm


© RC

117

Diplodus sargus White seabream (UK), Sargo común (ES), Sarago maggiore (IT), Sar commun (FR)

Sparidae

Interest - NE

Eco

Fish © LHG

Meristic characters

Dorsal fin : XI-XII + 12-15 Anal fin : III + 12-14 Type of spawning PLD Reproduction Settlement season

Pelagic* 19-37 April-May Spring

Distribution

Mediterranean and Black Sea, present on the east coast of the Atlantic from Brittany to Mauritania.

© LHG

Post-larvae description From 10 to 20 mm - The PL is translucent with pigments scattered on the sides and the anal fin. The pigments of the head are quite dark. After 10 days, a black pigmentation arrives at gut, from the dorsal fin to the pelvic fin. A black dot is present on the caudal peduncle, bordered melanophores* dorsal and ventral. D+0 – Bastia – 14 mm



From eggs to juveniles - Juveniles are found on shallow rocky coastal areas and remain on a coastal area of 1.5 m maximum depth. Adults - Often meeting in small groups very near the substrate, the Posidonia meadows or on small rocky bottom. Diplodus sargus


© RC

From 20 to 30 mm - After a month, this black spot is always present and starts to spread on the caudal peduncle. 5/6 sidebands appeared. Juvenile take a silvery aspect. More than 30 mm - The juvenile is silver, covers his body 5 vertical black stripes and a dark spot at the caudal peduncle. In older individuals, the black bands are more marked in front of the dorsal fin and pectoral level. 9 sidebands are present.

4

© LHG

Ecology

3


2

1

0 1

2

3

4

5

Sitessargus of Catches Diplodus

6

7

8

9

10

11

12


Rearing : Moderate Intra-specific : Dominance Inter-specific : Sharp Feeding : Very easy Stress : Handling Growth : Medium Particularity : The PL are aggressive in small volumes. They must be transfer in large tank very quickly and sorted by size. Size of catches 14 mm (n=1)



Min. 20,0ºC Max. 25,8ºC Medium : 22,3 ± 3,1ºC Reference 53, 33, 19

© LL

118

SPARIDAE Diplodus sargus

(Linnaeus, 1758)



119

Diplodus vulgaris Common two-banded seabream (UK), Mojarra (ES), Sarago fasciato (IT), Sar à tête noire (FR)

Sparidae

Interest - NE

Eco

Fish © LHG

Meristic characters

Dorsal fin : XI-XII + 13-16 Anal fin : III + 12-15


Distribution

From 10 to 20 mm - The PL is translucent with pigments scattered at the notocord* and the anal fin (less marked than for D. sargus). The pigments of the head are quite dark and extend slightly back. The gut has starred melanophores*. After 13 days, a black pigmentation arrives at gut, from the dorsal fin to the pelvic fin.

Ecology


Type of spawning Pelagic* PLD 25-61 Reproduction October-November January-February Settlement season Winter Mediterranean and Black Sea, present on the east coast of the Atlantic from the Bay of Biscay in Cape Verde. From eggs to juveniles - Juveniles are found on shallow rocky coastal areas and quickly migrate to deeper habitats. Adults - Lives on rocky or sandy bottom. Occurs at depths less than 50 m. Number of individuals caught per month

Diplodus vulgaris


© LHG



© LHG

From 20 to 30 mm - The pigmentation is less dense than D. puntazzo or D. sargus. A black border is present on the dorsal and anal fins. Black spot extends to caudal peduncle. More than 30 mm - The black spot on the caudal peduncle became thick triangle, and juvenile has a silvery yellow. Older, the individual is more yellow with two black stripes before the dorsal fin and caudal peduncle.

© LL

120

SPARIDAE Diplodus vulgaris

(Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 1817)

4

3


2

1

0 1

2

3

4

5

Sitesvulgaris of Catches Diplodus

6

7

8

9

10

11

12


© LHG


Rearing : Moderate Intra-specific : Dominance Inter-specific : Sharp Feeding : Very easy Stress : Handling Growth : Medium Particularity : The PL are aggressive in small volumes. They must be transfer in large tank very quickly and sorted by size. Size of catches 12,7 ± 1,8 mm (n=9) Temperature of the catch

Min. 13,5ºC Max. 22,1ºC Medium : 19,8 ± 2,5ºC Reference 53, 33, 19, 11 D+57 – Bastia – 42 mm


© LHG

121

Saddled seabream (UK), Oblada (ES), Occhiata (IT), Oblade(FR)

Interest - NE

Meristic characters


XI + 13-14 III + 12-14


Sparidae

Pelagic* 14-18 April-June Summer

Distribution

Mediterranean Sea, present on the east coast of the Atlantic from the Bay of Biscay to Angola.

Eco

Fish © LHG

Post-larvae description From 10 to 20 mm - Arriving translucent, PL is colored in orange, with melanophores* on the side, ventral and dorsal. A black spot is present in the middle of the caudal peduncle. After 6 days, the individuals are almost covered with melanophores on the body, the black dot at the caudal peduncle extends. A white patch in front of it is present.

© LHG

Oblada melanura


Ecology

From eggs to juveniles - Juveniles are found on shallow rocky coastal areas and form large schools .

From 20 to 30 mm - The white spot extends around the black spot, forming a black "eye" on caudal peduncle.

Adults - Gregarious species, they form school above bedrock and seagrass beds.

More than 30 mm - The juvenile has all the characteristics of an adult with a gray body and a black spot ringed with white at the caudal peduncle. This spot is characteristic of the species (even when it is tagged with the elastomer).


Oblada melanura



© TM


© LL

90 80


70 60


50 40

© RC


30 20 10 0 1

2

3

4

Sites of Catches Oblada melanura

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Rearing : Moderate Intra-specific : Coexistence Inter-specific : Coexistence Feeding : Very easy Stress : Handling Growth : Medium Particularity : None Size of catches 10,7 ± 1,3 mm (n=14) Temperature of the catch


Medium : 23,1 ± 3,3ºC

© RC

122

SPARIDAE Oblada melanura

(Linnaeus, 1758)



123

Pagellus acarne Axillary Seabream (UK), Besugo de fondo (ES), Pagello bastardo (IT), Galet (FR)

Sparidae

Interest - NE

Eco

Fish

Meristic characters

Type of spawning Pelagic* PLD NA Reproduction June-September Settlement season Autumn-Winter Distribution

Mediterranean Sea, present on the east coast of the Atlantic from the bay of Biscay to Senegal.

From 20 to 30 mm - Individuals gender Pagellus have a more elongated body that Diplodus . The pigmentation at the base of the dorsal fin and anal fin is typical. P. acarne has a slight iridescence on the side. The pigmentation becomes denser on the side. Melanophores* on the body are aligned.

© LHG




From eggs to juveniles - Juveniles are found on shallow coastal areas. Adults - Frequent different types of bottom, mainly above seagrass beds. It is commonly found between 40 and 100 m depth.

of individuals caught per month


From 30 to 40 mm - The pigmentation turns to silver on the underside. Dorsal melanophores* are always very thin and aligned. More than 40 mm - Juveniles have a silver staining veering to pink on the back. On the side, a darker band is present. Be able to count fin rays, at young stages is very important to differentiate it from P. bogaraveo (together the settlement period).

© LHG

Ecology

Pagellus acarne Number


© LHG

Dorsal fin : XII-XIII + 10-12 Anal fin : III + 9-10


140 120


80 60 40 20 0 1

2

3

4

Sitesacarne of Catches Pagellus

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Rearing : Moderate Intra-specific : Coexistence Inter-specific : Coexistence Feeding : Very easy Stress : Docile Growth : Quick Particularity : Acclimatization can be tricky, and breeding is relatively easy. The bream are susceptible to diseases with high density. Size of catches

27,2 ± 6,5 mm (n=125)



Medium : 15,0 ± 3,0ºC



© LHG

100

© LHG

124

SPARIDAE Pagellus acarne

(Risso, 1827)


© LHG

125

Pagellus bogaraveo Red sea bream (UK), Besugo rojo (ES), Occhino (IT), Dorade rose (FR)

Meristic characters

Dorsal fin : XII-XIII + 11-13 Anal fin : III + 11-12 Type of spawning Pelagic* PLD 32-42 Reproduction January-May Settlement season Spring Distribution

Western Mediterranean Sea, present on the east coast of the Atlantic from Norway to Mauritania.

Interest - NE

Eco

Fish © RC

Post-larvae description From 25 to 35 mm - Individuals of the genus Pagellus have a more elongated body that Diplodus . The pigmentation at the base of the dorsal fin and anal fin is typical. P. bogaraveo also has a slight iridescence on flanks. Pigmentation becomes denser at the notocord*. Melanophores* on the body are fairly well aligned.


From eggs to juveniles - Juveniles are found on shallow coastal areas. Adults - Frequent coastal waters over different type of habitat (rock, sand, mud), up to 400 m deep.

From 35 to 50 mm - Juveniles have a silver staining turning to pink on the back. On the side, no darker bands. Be able to count fin rays, at young stages is very important to differentiate it from P. acarne (together the settlement period).


© LL


Ecology

PagellusNumber bogaraveoof

Sparidae

More than 50 mm - Juveniles can have a darker tint, they are slightly thicker than P. acarne . Their eyes are slightly larger than P. acarne.




300 250 200 150 100 50 0 1

2

3

4

Sitesbogavareo of Catches Pagellus

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Rearing : Moderate Intra-specific : Coexistence Inter-specific : Coexistence Feeding : Very easy Stress : Docile Growth : Quick Particularity : Acclimatization can be tricky, and breeding is relatively easy. The bream are susceptible to diseases with high density. Possible confusion with Pagellus acarne, Sarpa salpa. Size of catches

© LL

126

SPARIDAE Pagellus bogaraveo

(Brünnich, 1768)

D+30 – Leucate – 52 mm D+50 – Leucate – 50 mm © LL

30,2 ± 3,8 mm (n=53)



Medium : 16,8 ± 2,8ºC

Reference 53, 19 D+50 – Leucate – 58 mm

127

Pagellus erythrinus Common Pandora (UK), Breca (ES), Pagello fragolino (IT), Pageot commun (FR)

Sparidae

Interest - NE

Eco

Fish © LHG

Meristic characters


XII + 10-11 III + 8-9


Pelagic* 40-49 April-July Summer

Distribution

Mediterranean Sea, present on the east coast of the Atlantic from Norway to Guinea.

© MM

Post-larvae description From 10 to 20 mm - Individuals of the genus Pagellus have a more elongated body that Diplodus . Pigmentation on the strip body which is typical of crosses same species of early stage as here. Like other Pagellus , it also has a slight iridescence on the sides, between the strips. When pigmentation becomes denser on the body, the bands distinction is more difficult.


Ecology

Adults - Frequent coastal waters over the different type of habitat (rock, gravel, sand and mud) up to 200 m deep.


© LL

From eggs to juveniles - Juveniles are found on shallow rocky coastal areas.

Juvenile description From 20 to 30 mm - Thereafter, the body takes a silver color, highlighting these bands. Iridescence is always visible at the dorsal fin.


D+0 – Murcia © LHG

More than 30 mm - No data.

Pagellus erythrinus (all sites and year pooled) 45

© LL

40 35 30


20 15 10 5 0 1

2

3

4

5

Sitespuntazzo of Catches Diplodus

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Rearing : Difficult Intra-specific : ND Inter-specific : ND Feeding : Easy Stress : Stressed Growth : ND Particularity : Possible confusion with Lithognathus mormyrus (which black stripes on its body are perfectly parallel).





© LL

25

© RC

128

SPARIDAE Pagellus erythrinus

(Linnaeus, 1758)



129

130

Pagrus pagrus

SPARIDAE Pagrus pagrus

(Linnaeus, 1758)

Sparidae

Red porgy (UK), Besugo (ES), Pagro (IT), Pagre commun (FR)

Interest - NE

Eco

Fish © MM

Meristic characters

Dorsal fin : XI-XIII + 9-10 Anal fin : III + 7-8 Type of spawning PLD Reproduction Settlement season

Pelagic* 38 April-June Spring

Distribution

Mediterranean Sea, present on the east coast of the Atlantic from Gibraltar to the British Isles.

Ecology

From eggs to juveniles - Juveniles occur on posidonia beds, and mixed area between seagrass and sand. Adults - Frequent rocky bottoms, gravel and soft bottom.

Post-larvae description From 10 to 20 mm - The PL is translucent with some bands drawing on the body. The general color of individuals is yellow-orange. At the head, a sharp occipital crest emerges (characteristic of the species, but rarely catch at this stage). At 20 mm, the PL is yellowish color on the body and the pelvic and the first harsh rays of dorsal and anal fins. On the body, small melanophores* are distributed in random manner. The bands are less visible.

14

12

D+0 – Castellammare

© LHG

D+0 – Bastia – 20 mm © LL

Juvenile description From 20 to 30 mm - Juvenile is slightly darker and melanophores* are thicked on the body. Between the fin rays, the melanophores dominate. More than 30 mm - This yellow-orange dominate in the juvenile where bands disappeared. A darker area in front of the eye appears.


Pagrus pagrus (all sites and year pooled)

© LHG

D+0 – Bastia – 20 mm © LL

10


8


6

4

2

0 1

2

3

4

5

Sites of Catches Pagrus pagrus

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Rearing : Moderate Intra-specific : Dominance Inter-specific : Agressive Feeding : Easy Stress : Stressed Growth : Medium Particularity : The PL is very aggressive in bassin (to separate other congeners). Size of catches

20,3 ± 7,6 mm (n=6)



D+0 – Leucate – 26 mm D+30 – Leucate – 38 mm

© LL

131

Sarpa salpa

Sparidae

Salema porgy (UK), Salema (ES), Salpa (IT), Saupe (FR)

Interest - NE

Meristic characters

Dorsal fin : XI-XII + 14-17 Anal fin : III + 13-15 Type of spawning Pelagic* PLD 27-38 Reproduction April-May September-November Settlement season Winter-Spring

Eco

Fish

Post-larvae description From 15 to 20 mm - The PL is translucent, rather elongated with blue pigments present at the gut. At 20 mm, these pigments have given a bluish color above the gut. PL features a pigmentation of the same type as Pagellus on the body.

Distribution

Mediterranean Sea, present on the east coast of the Atlantic from the Bay of Biscay to the African coast.

Ecology

From eggs to juveniles - Juveniles live in shallow rocky area cover with macro-algae. Adults - Found above the sandy and rocky bottom with algal cover. Gregarious fish, they form occasionally good sized school. Sarpa salpa



© LHG

© LHG

132

SPARIDAE Sarpa salpa

(Linnaeus, 1758)

From 20 to 30 mm - This correspondence is also shown in the alignment of melanophores* on the body. However, there is no iridescence on flanks. More than 30 mm - White spots appear on the back and persist for some time. These patches allow rapid identification from the required surface without immersion. The mouth of individuals rounded, a few white spots remain on the flanks, for older individuals.


© LHG


© LHG

© LHG

250


200

150


100

50

0 1

2

Sites Sarpa salpaof

3

4

Catches

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Rearing : Moderate Intra-specific : Coexistence Inter-specific : Coexistence Feeding : Very easy Stress : Docile Growth : Medium Particularity : Breeding is easy once past the acclimatization phase to be carried without precipitation. Size of catches


© LHG

19,0 ± 6,4 mm (n=135)


Min. 11,6ºC Max. 25,0ºC Medium : 15,1 ± 2,5ºC Reference 53, 33, 19 D+34 – Bastia – 30 mm


133

Sparus aurata

Sparidae

Gilthead seabream (UK), Dorada (ES), Orata (IT), Dorade royale (FR)

Interest - NE

Eco

Fish © LHG

Meristic characters


XI + 13-14 III + 11-12

Type of spawning Pelagic* PLD 50 Reproduction October-December Settlement season Winter Distribution

Post-larvae description From 15 to 22 mm - The PL is translucent with yellow black dorsal and ventral and black pigments that connect on the middle of the caudal peduncle. Gradually melanophores* develop on the body, and the dorsal and ventral thicken turning to black.

Mediterranean Sea, present on the east coast of the Atlantic from the British Isles to Cape Verde.

Ecology

From eggs to juveniles - Juveniles settle in coastal lagoon. Adults - Is found on seagrass beds and it grazes on the sand and waves of surf zones.

Sparus aurata


© LHG


© LHG



From 22 to 30 mm - The melanophores* are more evenly distributed over the body, on the flanks, dark and light areas appear. More than 30 mm - This densification extends over the flanks of the individual strips more or less thick. The forehead is slightly arched individuals.

© LHG


© LHG


10

8

6


4

2

0 1

2

3

4

5

Sites of Catches Sparus aurata

6

7

8

9

10

11

12


Rearing : Moderate Intra-specific : Dominance Inter-specific : Agressive Feeding : Very easy Stress : Handling Growth : Medium Particularity : Possible confusion with Pagellus acarne, Sarpa salpa. Size of catches

19,8 ± 6,3 mm (n=9)



D+47 – Bastia – 33 mm © LHG

134

SPARIDAE Sparus aurata

(Linnaeus, 1758)

135

Spicara maena

136

SPARIDAE Spicara maena

(Linnaeus, 1758)

Sparidae (ex Centracanthidae)

Blotched picarel (UK), Chucla (ES), Menola (IT), Mendole (FR)

Interest - NE

Eco © RC

Meristic characters

XI + 12 III + 8-10

Type of spawning Benthic* PLD NA Reproduction August-October Settlement season Autumn Distribution

Mediterranean and Black Sea (occasional), present on the est coast of the Atlantic.

Ecology

From eggs to juveniles - Juveniles occurs on Posidonia beds. Adults - Mainly lives on Posidonia meadows and nearby sandy-muddy bottoms.

Spicara maena

Post-larvae description From 10 to 20 mm - The PL presents to a typical form of Sparidae. It has an orange color at the notocord*. It is accompanied by dorsal, ventral and lateral melanophores*. Two dorsal white spots on the caudal peduncle are visible (clearly visible on black background). D+0 – Leucate – 12 mm



© RC


© RC

From 20 to 25 mm - Growing up, the white spots are dissipated. Melanophores* cover most of the body. Individuals still have that orange tint.


More than 25 mm - At 28 mm, spots disappeared and the melanophores are prominent.


50

40

20


10

0 1

2

3

4

Sites of Catches Spicara maena

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

© LL

30


Rearing : Moderate Intra-specific : Coexistence Inter-specific : Coexistence Feeding : Moderate Stress : Handling Growth : Medium Particularity : None Size of catches

© RC

© RC

14,0 ± 4,0 mm (n=50)


Min. Max.

NA NA Reference 53

Medium : NA D+25 – Leucate – 20 mm


137

Spicara smaris

138

SPARIDAE Spicara smaris

(Linnaeus, 1758)

Sparidae (ex Centracanthidae)

Picarel (UK), Caramel (ES), Zerro (IT), Picarel (FR)

Interest - NE

Eco © LHG

Meristic characters

Dorsal fin : XI-XII + 10-12 Anal fin : III + 8-10 Type of spawning Benthic* PLD NA Reproduction February-May Settlement season Spring

Post-larvae description From 10 to 20 mm - The PL has a typical form of Sparidae. It has an orange color at the notocord*. It is accompanied by dorsal, ventral and lateral melanophores*.

Distribution

Ecology

From eggs to juveniles - Juveniles occurs on Posidonia beds. Adults - Mainly lives on Posidonia meadows and nearby sandy-muddy bottoms.

Spicara smaris




Juvenile description From 20 to 30 mm - Three white spots characteristic of the species, are present on the caudal peduncle (clearly visible with a black background). Growing they disappear to make way for a black color with orange tint.

© LHG

Mediterranean and Black Sea, present on the east coast of the Atlantic from Morocco to Portugal including the Canary island.

© LHG


More than 30 mm - From 40 mm, the color is that of adults, silvery, with few chromatophores* color variant on the back. A black rectangle shaped patch on the side is present behind the pelvic fins.

9000 8000 7000 6000 5000


4000 3000


1000 0 1

2

3

4

Sites of Catches Spicara smaris

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Rearing : Moderate Intra-specific : Coexistence Inter-specific : Coexistence Feeding : Moderate Stress : Handling Growth : Medium Particularity : None Size of catches

© TM © LHG

2000

11,5 ± 3,2 mm (n=51)


Min. 17,7ºC Max. 26,1ºC Reference 53

Medium : 20,5 ± 1,7ºC


139

140

Spondyliosoma cantharus

SPARIDAE Spondyliosoma cantharus

(Linnaeus, 1758)

Sparidae

Black seabream (UK), Chopa (ES), Cantaro (IT), Dorade grise (FR)

Interest - NE

Eco

Fish © LHG

Meristic characters


XI + 11-13 III + 9-11


Benthic* 26-32 March-May Spring

© LHG

Post-larvae description From 10 to 15 mm - The PL is yellow, punctuated with melanophores* at the dorsal and anal fins. All these melanophores rapidly thicken underside.

Distribution

Mediterranean and Black Sea, present on the east coast of the Atlantic from Scandinavia to Namibia.

Ecology

From eggs to juveniles - Juveniles lives on Posidonia meadows. Adults - Lives above the sandy and rocky bottoms to 300 m depth. Gregarious fish, they form occasionally good sized school.



© LL


© LHG

From 15 to 20 mm - Full body wears large melanophores* significantly darkening the juveniles. The fins are colorless. More than 20 mm - Growing up, the number of melanophores increases and their size decreases. The muzzle gets longer. The fins begin to pigment at the base. Even in juvenile, the fins are translucent (except hard rays).



Spondyliosoma (all sitescantharus and year pooled)

© LHG

70

60

50


40

© RC

30

20


10

0 1

2

3

4

5

Sites of Catches Spondyliosoma cantharus

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Rearing : Difficult Intra-specific : ND Inter-specific : ND Feeding : Easy Stress : Stressed Growth : Medium Particularity : Stress makes its rearing quite difficult. Size of catches


10,2 ± 3,1 mm (n=12)




141

Hippocampus guttulatus Long-snouted Seahorse (UK), Caballito de mar mediterráneo (ES), Cavalluccio camuso (IT), Hippocampe moucheté (FR),

Syngnathidae

Interest - DD

Eco

Pat © PL


18-21 NA

Type of spawning Poche incubatrice PLD 21 Reproduction April-October Settlement season Spring-Summer-Autumn Distribution

Mediterranean and Black Sea, present on the east coast of the Atlantic of the British Isles to Morocco, the English Channel.

Ecology

From eggs to juveniles - The eggs and larvae are guarded by the males, which expel them from their brood pouch after 3-4 weeks. Adults - Lives in varied habitats : seagrass beds, soft sediments , rocky , coralline . Lives on the bottom or placed or hung on a support ( seaweed, debris, Gorgon ... ) by its prehensile caudal peduncle . Number of individuals caught per month

Hippocampus guttulatus


Post-larvae description The Pl is brown-green. Small expensions emerge on the body. The top of the head is quite rounded compared to H. hippocampus . The snout is fairly long. From 12 to 20 mm -

Juvenile description From 20 to 40 mm - For juveniles of H. guttulatus , the

overhead is quite regularly rounded (not shaped as triangular peak in H. hippocampus), with a prominent axial spine. The snout is long (about half the length of the head). The body is slender, with an abdominal profile relatively straight (no pronounced curvature of the abdomen as in H. hippocampus). More than 40 mm - Growing up, the juveniles can develop skin filaments , especially in marine populations (in lagoon populations , some individuals never present filaments) . On top of the head is gradually formed a small "crown" , preceded by a relatively flat ridge.

Thau Lagoon - 12 mm (Outside Sublimo Program)

© PL

Meristic characters

Thau Lagoon - 12 mm (Outside Sublimo Program) © PL

5

4


2

1

0 1

2

3

4

5

Sites of Catches Hippocampus guttulatus

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Rearing : Difficult Intra-specific : Coexistence Inter-specific : Coexistence Feeding : Difficult Stress : Docile Growth : Slow Particularity :Imperatively decorate the aquarium of a support to hang on. The main difficulty is food as, seahorses showing a clear preference for live prey. Size of catches


22,5 ± 0,0 mm (n=1)



© PL

3

© PL

142

SYNGNATHIDAE Hippocampus guttulatus

Cuvier, 1829

Medium : 22,1 ± 0,0ºC

Reference 53, 19, 47 Thau Lagoon - 30 mm (Outside Sublimo Program)


143

Hippocampus hippocampus Short-snouted seahorse (UK), Caballito de mar común (ES), Cavalluccio marino (IT), Hippocampe à museau court (FR)

Meristic characters

Dorsal fin : 16-19 Anal fin : NA Type of spawning Brood pouch PLD 21 Reproduction April-October Settlement season Summer-Autumn Distribution

Syngnathidae

Interest - DD

Eco

Pat

D+0 – Leucate

D+0 – Leucate

© RC

D+0 – Leucate

© RC

D+15 – Leucate

© LL

Post-larvae description From 15 to 20 mm - Among the two seahorse

Mediterranean species , H. hippocampus is characterized by a relatively short muzzle. The shape of the very angular head with a "peak" characteristic triangular. Eyes are each surmounted by a small "horn".

Mediterranean and Black Sea, present on the east coast of the Atlantic from North Sea to Mauritania. From eggs to juveniles - The eggs and larvae are guarded by the males, which expel them from their brood pouch after 3 to 4 weeks. Adults - In the Mediterranean, this species is rather on soft bottoms encountered at sea , often in sheltered areas where debris is deposited. Their habitats seem to be more diverse in the Atlantic. Its lives on the bottom and clings to seaweed or other debris thanks to its prehensile caudal peduncle. Hippocampus Numberhippocampus of individuals



© RC

Ecology

From 20 to 40 mm - In older individuals, the

horns are present and the body can be sptoted in white and brown. Skin expansions (discrete) may appear , but they are mostly absent.

caught per month

7

6

D+0 – Leucate

5

3

2

1

0 1

2

3

4

5

Sites of Catches Hippocampus hippocampus

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

© RC


4

Rearing : Difficult Intra-specific : Coexistence Inter-specific : Coexistence Feeding : Difficult Stress : Docile Growth : Slow Particularity : Imperatively decorate the aquarium of a support to hang on. The main difficulty is food as, seahorses showing a clear preference for live prey. Size of catches

25,1 ± 8,2 mm (n=10)



Medium : 18,9 ± 3,6ºC

© LL

144

SYNGNATHIDAE Hippocampus hippocampus

(Linnaeus, 1758)

Reference 53, 19, 47 D+15 – Leucate

D+30 - Leucate

© LL

145

Nerophis maculatus Spotted pipefish (UK), Serpetò (ES), Nerofidio maculato (IT), Nérophis tacheté (FR)

Syngnathidae

Interest - DD

Eco

Pat

Meristic characters

© RC


24-29 NA

Type of spawning Brood pouch PLD 30 Reproduction February-May Settlement season Spring

Post-larvae description No data.

Juvenile description D+0 – Leucate - 80 mm

Western Mediterranean Sea, present on the east coast of the Atlantic in Portugal and the Azores.

Ecology

From eggs to juveniles - No data. Adults - Frequent mainly Posidonia beds, between 1 and 20 m deep.

individuals, as Hippocampus, have no caudal fin, caudal peduncle is grippable and allows them to attach themselves. On arrival (80 mm), individuals have a brown body with white spots. These spots form a white line at the muzzle. After 30 days, the white spots on the body are reduced to just small spaced points. More than 90 mm - A 95 mm, body color

turns yellow-orange, white spots on the body have almost disappeared. A white and red line through the eye.

Number of individuals caught per month Nerophis maculatus

D+0 – Leucate - 80 mm

© RC

From 80 to 90 mm - Nerophis gender

Distribution

© RC


© LL


4


3

2

1

0 1

2

3

4

5

Sitesmaculatus of Catches Nerophis

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Rearing : Difficult Intra-specific : Coexistence Inter-specific : Coexistence Feeding : Difficult Stress : Handling Growth : Slow Particularity : Appreciate a support to roll. As for the sea-horses, the main difficulty is food as they are showing a clear preference for live prey. Specimen catched at the entrance of Salse-Leucate lagoon. Size of catches


81,7 ± 18,9 mm (n=3)



Medium : 16,8 ± 2,5ºC

© LL

146

SYNGNATHIDAE Nerophis maculatus

Rafinesque, 1810



© LL

147

Nerophis ophidion Straightnose pipefish (UK), Alfiler (ES), Pesce ago sottile (IT), Nérophis ophidion (FR)

Syngnathidae

Interest - DD

Eco

© RC

Meristic characters

32-44 NA

Type of spawning Brood pouch PLD 21-22 Reproduction May-August Settlement season Spring-Summer-Autumn Distribution

Mediterranean Sea (occasional), present on the east coast of the Atlantic.

Ecology

From eggs to juveniles - No data. Adults - Is present in the estuaries and occasionally in rivers. He likes the shallow rocky shores. Often found under stones, on the edge of the rock crevices, mostly among the gravel at the foot of algae and eelgrass.


Juvenile description D+0 – Leucate - 130 mm

From 120 to 130 mm - Nerophis gender

individuals, as Hippocampus , have no caudal fin, caudal peduncle is prehensile and serves them to roll. On arrival, their size is variable. Individuals have a golden yellow color, sometimes greenish.

© RC


149

Pat


From 130 to 150 mm - The muzzle is rather

short in the extension of body. A series of lighter coloration ripple stands behind the eye. More than 150 mm - Back of the head, parallel

lines are present, a bluish tint. A series of very specific patterns displayed on the muzzle, below the eye and on the lid, typical shape of female.


(all sites ophidion and year pooled) Nerophis 5

4

1

0 1

2

3

4

5

Sitesophidion of Catches Nerophis

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Rearing : Difficult Intra-specific : Coexistence Inter-specific : Coexistence Feeding : Difficult Stress : Handling Growth : Slow Particularity : Appreciate a support to roll. As for the sea-horses, the main difficulty is food as they are showing a clear preference for live prey. Specimen catched at the entrance of Salse-Leucate lagoon Size of catches


137,0 ± 10,8 mm (n=3)



Medium : 14,9 ± 3,2ºC

© RC

2

© LL


3

© LL

148

SYNGNATHIDAE Nerophis ophidion

(Linnaeus, 1758)



Syngnathus abaster Black-striped pipefish (UK), Pez pipa de rayas negras (ES), Pesce ago di rio (IT), Syngnathe de lagune (FR)

Syngnathidae

Interest - LC

Eco

Pat

Meristic characters

24-40 NA


Brood pouch 28 March-July Autumn


© LL


Distribution

Mediterranean and Black Sea, present on the east coast of the Atlantic from the Bay of Biscay to Gibraltar.

Ecology

From eggs to juveniles - No data. Adults - Euryhaline* species, found among the debris or vegetation on sandy bottom. This species is probably double-ended.



From 80 to 90 mm - The pipefish, unlike Hippocampus and Nerophis , have a caudal fin. S. abaster has a short straigt muzzle. The back part is brown mottled white and rather clear belly. The spots do not show any particular pattern.

© LL

More than 90 mm - The mouth is slightly pointing upwards. Number of individuals caught per month

Syngnathus abaster



5

© LL 4


3

2

1

0 1

2

3

4

5

Sites ofabaster Catches Syngnathus

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Rearing : Difficult Intra-specific : Coexistence Inter-specific : Coexistence Feeding : Difficult Stress : Handling Growth : Slow Particularity : Support is not essential. They present peaceful behavior which makes it an ideal congener in a tank. Specimen catched at the entrance of SalseLeucate lagoon. Size of catches 90,0 mm (n=1) Temperature of the catch


Medium : 13,0ºC

© LL

150

SYNGNATHIDAE Syngnathus abaster

(Risso, 1827)



151

Syngnathus cf. tenuirostris Greater pipefish (UK), Aguja de mar (ES), Pesce ago (IT), Syngnathe à museau long (FR)

Syngnathidae

Interest - DD

Eco

Pat © LL

Meristic characters


33-41 NA


Brood pouch NA NA Summer-Autumn



Mediterranean Sea (endemic*).

From 75 to 85 mm - Unlike Hippocampus and

Ecology

Nerophis , has a tail fin. It has a straight long nose and a little bump in the back of the head . Yellow , the body has a series of white corrugations. White dots are also present on the nose and below the eye. The juvenile has a small terminal mouth

From eggs to juveniles - No data. Adults - Frequent small shallow coastal and estuarine bottom. Is commonly found among seaweed and seagrass and sandy habitat.


© LL


Distribution


niles may also have a darker livery. A red and white line cross the eye.

© LL

More than 85 mm - Often light-colored , juveD+0 – Leucate - 80 mm


Syngnathus acus


5 4 3 2 1 0 1

2

3

4

Sites ofacus Catches Syngnathus

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Rearing : Difficult Intra-specific : Coexistence Inter-specific : Coexistence Feeding : Difficult Stress : Handling Growth : Slow Particularity : A support is not essential. They present peaceful behavior which makes it an ideal congener in a tank. Specimen catched at the entrance of SalseLeucate lagoon. Size of catches

© LL


6


© LL

75,0 mm (n=3)



Medium : 18,6 ± 0,0ºC


© LL

152

SYNGNATHIDAE Syngnathus cf. tenuirostris

Rathke, 1837

153

Syngnathus sp.

Syngnathidae

Interest - DD

Syngnathe nageur de lagune (FR)

Eco

Pat © LL

Meristic characters


33-41 NA

Type of spawning Brood pouch PLD NA Reproduction NA Settlement season Spring-Summer Distribution

© LL



Mediterranean Sea (Endemic*).

From 120 to 130 mm - The pipefish, unlike

Ecology

From eggs to juveniles - No data. Adults - This demersal species is found on shallow coastal lagoons, mainly in the trash or vegetation on sandy mud bottoms and macro algae, seagrass beds. It is also present in the estuaries.


of Hippocampus and Nerophis , have a tail fin. Yellow gold, it has a slightly curved nose, long, and without small bump behind the head. In older juveniles, white spots are present on the head and body.


More than 130 mm - The hue of the body may

vary from brown to green. Number of individuals caught per month

© LL

154

SYNGNATHIDAE Syngnathus sp.

Syngnathus taenionotus


5


4

3

2

1

0 1

2

3

4

Sites oftaenionotus Catches Syngnathus

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Rearing : Difficult Intra-specific : Coexistence Inter-specific : Coexistence Feeding : Difficult Stress : Handling Growth : Slow Particularity : Support is not essential. They present peaceful behavior which makes it an ideal congener in a tank. Specimen catched at the entrance of SalseLeucate lagoon. Size of catches




134,4 ± 21,5 mm (n=8)



Medium : 15,3 ± 4,0ºC

Reference 53, 33, 19, 18, 17 © LL

© LL

© LL

155

Trachinus draco Greater weever (UK),Pez escorpión (ES), Tracina drago (IT), Grande vive (FR)

Trachinidae

Interest - NE

Eco

Fish

Meristic characters

D2: 29-32 III + 28-34


Pelagic* 12-14 April-August Summer

© LL

Post-larvae description From 10 to 15 mm - The PL is translucent. His head is very clear with the first dorsal fin (D1) colored black and yellow.

© LL

Dorsal fin : D1: V-VII Anal fin :

Distribution

Western Mediterranean Sea, present on the east coast of the Atlantic from Norway to Morocco.

D+2 – Leucate –13 mm D+2 – Leucate – 13 mm


© LL

From 15 to 20 mm - Soon enough, the body carry numerous side white spots. A white border appears on the first dorsal fin.

Ecology

From eggs to juveniles - No data. Adults - Frequent sandy bottoms, sandy mud and gravel.


Trachinus draco


More than 20 mm - After 41 days, juvenile looks like the adults with many brown spots on a white body. A brown border appears on all fins. Individuals remain on the lookout on the sediment and make little movements. A slight iridescence accompanied the white body.

© LL

156

TRACHINIDAE Trachinus draco

Linnaeus, 1758

5


4

3


2

1

0 1

2

3

4

5

Sites draco of Catches Trachinus

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Rearing : Easy Intra-specific : ND Inter-specific : Sharp Feeding : Easy Stress : Handling Growth : Medium Particularity : During handling, take care of sting (venom). Size of catches

10,0 mm (n=1)



Medium : 24,0 ± 0,0ºC



157

Chelidonichthys lucerna

Triglidae

Tub gurnard (UK), Bejel (ES), Capone (IT), Grondin perlon (FR)

Interest - NE

Eco

Fish © LHG

Meristic characters

Dorsal fin : D1: VIII-X Anal fin :

D2: 16-17 14-16

Type of spawning Pelagic* PLD 18-21 Reproduction December-April Settlement season Winter

Post-larvae description From 20 to 25 mm - The PL is colored dark brown. Occipital and pre-opercular spines are typical of the family. The dorsal fin (D2), anal and caudal fins are not pigmented.

© LHG

Distribution

Mediterranean and Black Sea, present on the east coast of the Atlantic from Norway to the African coast.


Ecology

From eggs to juveniles - Juveniles occasionally noticed near the shore. Adults - Frequent sand, mud or gravel bottom, 20 to 250 m depth. Approaches the coast in summer, sometimes entering estuaries.

Number of individuals caught per month Chelidonichthys lucerna (all sites and year pooled)



From 25 to 35 mm - The back of fins begin to pigment blue. The pelvic fins are used to stabilize and face the prey.

© LHG

More than 35 mm - The color evolves to a more or less clear brown band. The "helmet of thorns" is still very prominent. Top view, one spot stands out in the middle of the pectoral, which persists in a more advanced stage.

5

4

3


1

0 1

2

3

4

5

Sites of Catches Chelidonichthys lucerna

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Rearing : Easy Intra-specific : ND Inter-specific : Coexistence Feeding : Moderate Stress : Docile Growth : Medium Particularity : Need sand on the bottom. Size of catches


© LHG

2

© LHG


21,8 ± 2,5 mm (n=2)



Medium : 16,9 ± 2,2ºC

Reference 53, 33, 19, 16, 34

© LHG

158

TRIGLIDAE Chelidonichthys lucerna

(Linnaeus, 1758)



159

OTHER SPECIES ENCOUNTERED 160

Atherina boyeri Big-scale sand smelt (UK), Pejerrey mediterráneo (ES), Latterino capoccione(IT), Joël (FR)

Risso, 1810

Atherinidae

Interest - LC

Eco

Belone belone

(Linnaeus, 1761)

Belonidae

Garfish (UK), Aguja (ES), Aguglia (IT), Orphie( FR)

Fish

Interest - NE

Eco

Fish © RC

© LHG

Meristic characters

Dorsal fin : D1: VII+8 D2: VIII+16 Anal fin : II + 8-10 Type of spawning PLD Reproduction Settlement season

Benthic* 9-12 April-June Spring

Distribution

Mediterranean and Black Sea, present on east coast of the Atlantic from Portugal to Mauritania.

Meristic characters


16-20 19-23


Pelagic* NA May-June Spring

D+0 – Leucate - 60 mm © RC

Distribution D+0 – Bastia - 25 mm © LHG

Ecology

Mediterranean and Black Sea, present on east coast of the Atlantic.

Ecology

From eggs to juveniles - Eggs are demersal, with long filaments that allow them to attach to the substrate. Larvae are pelagics* and form schools, near shores.

From eggs to juveniles - Eggs, wide enough (3.03.5 mm), can be found attached by extensions to floating objects.

D+0 – Leucate - 60 mm © LL

Adults - Lives near the surface.

Adults - Pelagic. lives in shallow coastal waters and near coastal estuaries. Reference 33, 20

Reference 20 D+0 – Bastia - 25 mm D+0 – Leucate - 50 mm © RC © LL



161


Lipophrys pholis Shanny (UK), Bavosa de cinc (ES), Galeto d’Istria (IT), Mordocet (FR)

(Linnaeus, 1758)

Blenniidae

Interest - NE

Arnoglossus laterna Mediterranean scaldfish (UK), Serrandell (ES), Suacia (IT), Arnoglosse de Méditerranée (FR)

Eco

(Walbaum, 1792)

Bothidae

Interest - NE

Eco

Fish © DK

Meristic characters

Meristic characters


XII + 18-19 II + 19


Benthic* 30-38 April-August Summer

Distribution

© RC

D+0 – Leucate


Pelagic* NA April-August Summer

Distribution © RC

Ecology

Mediterranean and Black Sea, present on east coast of the Atlantic from Norway to Angola.

Ecology

From eggs to juveniles - Eggs are demersal, adhesives and guarded by males.

From eggs to juveniles - No data. Adults - Lives mainly on mixed habitats and sandy-muddy bottoms. D+2 – Leucate

Reference 20

Reference 20, 14 © MM

D+0 – Murcia

81-93 74-82


Mediterranean Sea, present on the east coast of the Atlantic from Norway to Morocco.

Adults - Lives in the intertidal zone, it has a certain territoriality. Common on shallow areas of rocky coasts.


© RC


D+0 – Port-Vendres - 38 mm (individu mort)

© DK

163

OTHER SPECIES ENCOUNTERED

Arnoglossus thori Thor’s scaldfish (UK), Tapaculos (ES), Suacia mora (IT), Arnoglosse de Thor (FR)

Kyle, 1913

Bothidae

Interest - NE

Eco

Caranx crysos Blue runner (UK), Cojinúa negra (ES), Carango mediterraneo (IT), Carangue coubali (FR)

Fish

(Mitchill, 1815)

Carangidae

Interest - LC

Eco

Fish © MM

Meristic characters


Meristic characters

Dorsal fin : IX + 23 Anal fin : III + 19 Type of spawning Pelagic* PLD NA Reproduction January-August Settlement season Spring-Summer

81-91 61-69

Type of spawning Pelagic* PLD 25-39 Reproduction April-July Settlement season Summer-Autumn Distribution

© RC

164

D+0 – Port-Cros (Dead specimen) © RC

Western Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea, present on east coast of the Atlantic from Ireland to Cape Verde.

Western Mediterranean Sea, present on east coast of the Atlantic from Senegal to Angola.

Ecology


© MM

Ecology


From eggs to juveniles - Juveniles are often associated, in open water, at Sargasso adrift.

Adults - Coastal species that lives on sandy bottoms, rarely muddy especially near rocky areas. Reference 33

Distribution

Adults - Schooling behavior near the coast. D+0 – Port-Cros (Dead specimen)

Reference 16 © RC

D+0 – Castellammare © MM

D+0 – Port-Cros (Dead specimen)


165


Seriola dumerili Greater amberjack (UK), Serviola (ES), Seriola (IT), Grande Sériole (FR)

(Risso, 1810)

Carangidae

Interest - NE

Eco

Sardina pilchardus European pilchard (UK), Sardina europea (ES), Sardina (IT), Sardine (FR)

Fish

(Walbaum, 1792)

Clupeidae

Interest - NE

Eco

Fish

© RC

Meristic characters

Dorsal fin : D1: VII Anal fin :

© LL

Meristic characters


D2: I+29-35 II + I + 18-22

Type of spawning Pelagic* PLD 31-36 Reproduction May-September Settlement season Summer Distribution

D+0 – Port-Cros

Mediterranean Sea, present on east coast of the Atlantic from the British Isles to Morocco. Circumglobal.

13-21 12-13

Type of spawning Pelagic* PLD 40 Reproduction September-May Settlement season Winter-Spring © RC

Distribution

© LL

Mediterranean and Black Sea, present on east coast of the Atlantic from Iceland to Senegal.

Ecology

Ecology

From eggs to juveniles Juvenile often associated with free floating objects or among the tentacles of jellyfish.


Adults - Pelagic* Fish moving in school. It can also attend the coastal waters and above shoals. Spawning occurs near the coast.

Adults - Coastal Species, it forms schools varying in depth the day (25/55 m) and at night (10 / 35 m). The species breeds in groups, at sea or near the coast.

Reference 16

Reference 16 D+0 – Port-Cros

© TM


© LL


D+0 – Embiez - 75 mm


167


Ariosoma balearicum

(Delaroche, 1809)

Congridae

Bandtooth conger (UK), Congrio algino (ES), Cirusmiru (IT), Congre des Baléares (FR)

Interest - NE

Eco

Hirundichthys rondeletii

Exocoetidae

Black wing flyingfish (UK), Volador aleta negra (ES), Rondinella di mare (IT), Poisson-volant à ailes noires (FR)

Fish


Interest - LC

Eco

Fish © LHG

Meristic characters


Meristic characters NA NA


12 - 15 12 - 14

Type of spawning Pelagic* PLD 600-660 Reproduction August-November Settlement season All year


Pelagic* NA All year All year

© MM

Distribution

D+0 – Bastia - 60 mm

Distribution

Mediterranean Sea, present on east coast of the Atlantic from Portugal to Angola.

Mediterranean Sea, present in tropical and subtropical areas of the globe. D+0 – Port-Vendres – 14 mm

Ecology


Ecology

D+18 – Cagliari - 110 mm


Adults - This fish can be observed on sandy or muddy bottom of the coast, where it is buried, tail first, during the day or at the approach of a predator or threat.

Adults - Forms surface school far or close to the coast. They are able to jump out of the water and slide over long distances over the surface. Reference 16

Reference 16

© LHG

D+0 – Bastia- 60 mm

© MM


© MM

© LHG

168


D+0 – Bastia

169


Symphodus ocellatus

(Forsskål, 1775)

Labridae

Ocellated wrasse (UK), tordo de roca (ES), Tordo ocellato (IT), Crénilabre ocellé (FR)

Interest - LC


European finless eel (UK), Serpetó cec (ES), Sirpuzza ceca (IT), Anguille-serpent aptère (FR)

Eco

© LL

Meristic characters

Apterichtus caecus

Absent Absent

Type of spawning Benthic* (guardian) PLD 9-11 Reproduction April-August Settlement season Summer


Pelagic* NA May-June Spring

© LL

Mediterranean Sea, present on east coast of the Atlantic from Spain to Mauritania.

Ecology

From eggs to juveniles - Eggs are among the largest met in the Mediterranean (more than 3 mm).


Reference 16

Adults - Coastal species. Lives in a hole, dug in the sand or mud, between 5 and 80 m depth.

Leucate - 32 mm © LL

D+176 – Bastia - 175 mm


D+176 – Bastia - 175 mm

© LHG

Leucate - 32 mm

Eco

Distribution

Leucate - 32 mm

Ecology

Adults - Frequent mainly rocky bottoms covered with algae and shallow Posidonia beds.

Interest - NE

© LHG



Ophichthidae

Meristic characters

XIV + 10 III + 10

Distribution

(Linnaeus, 1758)

D+176 – Bastia - 175 mm

© LHG

171


Scorpaena maderensis

Valenciennes, 1833

Scorpaenidae

Madeira rockfish (UK), Rascacio de Madeira (ES), Scorfanetto squamoso (IT), Rascasse de Madère (FR)

Interest - NE

Eco

Epinephelus aeneus White grouper (UK), Cherna de ley (ES), Cernia bianca (IT), Mérou blanc (FR)

Fish

(Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817)

Serranidae

Interest - NT

Eco

Fish

Pat

© MM

Meristic characters

© MM

Meristic characters


XII + 9 III + 5


Benthic* NA March-May Spring

D+0 – Cagliari

© MM


XI + 14-16 III + 8-9


Pelagic* NA July-August Summer

Distribution

Distribution

Mediterranean Sea (south rather, a few appearances in the north to Monaco and Corsica), present on east coast of the Atlantic from Morocco to Angola.

Mediterranean Sea, present on east coast of the Atlantic from the Azores to Senegal. Herculean* species. D+0 – Cagliari

D+0 – Cagliari – 28 mm © MM

© MM

Ecology

From eggs to juveniles - Eggs are grouped into a gelatinous mass. The larvae are planktonic.

Ecology

Adults - Frequent shallow coastal waters, rocky substrate covered with brown algae, as well as depressions, rocky ledges and small rocks.

Adults - Frequent bedrock and sandy mud.

From eggs to juveniles - Juveniles have been observed in coastal lagoons and estuaries. Reference 16

Reference 16


D+2 – Cagliari © MM

D+18 – Cagliari

© MM


173


Pegusa impar

(Bennett, 1831)

Soleidae

Adriatic sole (UK), Sortija adriática (ES), Sogliola adriatica (IT), Sole adriatique (FR)

Interest - NE

Lithognathus mormyrus

Sparidae

Eco

Sand Steenbras (UK), Pez herrera (ES), Mormora (IT), Marbré (FR)

Fish

© DK

Meristic characters


XI-XII + 12-13 III + 10-11


Pelagic* 15 March-July Spring-Summer


Pelagic* NA May-August Summer

Mediterranean Sea, present on east coast of the Atlantic from Gibraltar to Senegal.

Distribution © DK

Mediterranean and Black Sea, present on east coast of the Atlantic from the Bay of Biscay to Morocco.

Ecology

Ecology



Adults - Frequent coastal sandy-muddy bottoms.

Adults - Frequent the continental shelf, on sandymuddy bottoms on seagrass beds and estuaries. Gregarious, forms large schools.

Reference 16

Reference 16

Fish

D+15 – Leucate - 40 mm © TM

D+35 – Embiez © TM

D+30 – Embiez – 29 mm © MM


Eco

© JP

65-83 53-63


Interest - NE

Meristic characters


Distribution

(Linnaeus, 1758)

D+70 – Embiez

175


Sphyraena sphyraena

(Linnaeus, 1758)

Sphyraenidae

European barracuda (UK), Espetón (ES), Luccio di mare (IT), Bécune européenne (FR)

Interest - NE

Eco

Uranoscopus scaber Atlantic stargazer (UK), Miracielo (ES), Pesce prete (IT), Uranoscope (FR)

Fish

Linnaeus, 1758

Uranoscopidae

Interest - NE

Eco

© TM

Meristic characters

© RC

Meristic characters

Dorsal fin : D1: V D2: I + 9 Anal fin : II + 8 Type of spawning PLD Reproduction Settlement season

Fish

Pelagic* NA April-July Summer

Dorsal fin : D1: III-IV D2: 13-15 Anal fin : III + 8-9 D+0 – Embiez – 55 mm

© TM

Distribution

Western Mediterranean and Black Sea, present on the east coast of the Atlantic from the Bay of Biscay to Angola.

Pelagic* NA April-August Spring-Summer

Distribution

Mediterranean Sea, present on east coast of the Atlantic.


D+0 – Port-Vendres – 14 mm (Dead specimen)

Ecology

© LHG

From eggs to juveniles - Juveniles lives on the shallow coastal bedrock (between 0 and 1.5 m depth), in small school.

Ecology

From eggs to juveniles - Oviparous. Eggs, larvae and juveniles are pelagics*. Adults - Lives mainly on sandy mud bottom. Burrowed in sand and reveals only its eyes.

Adults - Frequent both coastal waters and the open sea. Reference 53, 20


Reference 53, 20


© MM

176

D+0 – Castellammare © MM

© RC

D+0 – Cagliari (museau abimé)

D+0 – Port-Vendres - 14 mm (Dead specimen)

177

178

Homarus gammarus European lobster (UK), Bogavante (ES), Astice europeo (IT), Homard européen (FR)

(Linnaeus, 1758)

Nephropidae

Interest - LC

Eco

Fish

Loligo vulgaris European squid (UK), Calamar europeo (ES), Calamaro europeo (IT), Calmar commun (FR)

Pat

© RC

Distribution -

Mediterranean and Black Sea, present on east coast of the Atlantic from Norway to Morocco.

Loliginidae

Interest - NE

Eco

Fish

Distribution - Mediterranean and Black Sea, present on east coast of the Atlantic , also the Channel and the North Sea.

© LL

Ecology -

Lives in meso and infrapelagic* space (50 to 400 meters). Difficultly observable except in lay periode where they return to coastal waters.

Ecology - Frequents

rocky area. By day, he lives hidden in his shelter (faults, holes, wrecks). At night, he wanders over rocks in search of food. D+0 – Leucate – 19 mm

Common octopus (UK), Pulpo común (ES), Polpo comune (IT), Poulpe commun (FR)

Lamarck, 1798

Reference 37

Reference 46

Octopus vulgaris

INVERTEBRATES


Cuvier, 1797

Octopodidae

Interest - NE

Eco

Scyllarides arctus Small european locust lobster (UK), Santiaguiño (ES), Cicala di mare (IT), Petite cigale de mer (FR)

Fish

Reference 2

(Linnaeus, 1758)

Scyllaridae

Interest - LC

© MM

Distribution -

Black Sea, found in temperate and tropical waters worldwide.

Mediterranean and Black sea, present on east coast of the Atlantic from Norway to Marocco.

Ecology - Common on bedrock,

Ecology - Frequent caves,

shorelines to the upper limit of the continental shelf. The coralligenous*, rock piles, sandy or muddy bottoms and seagrass beds are also frequented depending of the region.

faults and bottom isolated rock slabs in the Posidonia beds. Is often hung under the overhangs and cavities where it merges with the color of the substrate. Fate more willingly at night. D+0 – Leucate – 20 mm

Fish

Reference 41 © LL

Distribution - Mediterranean and

Eco


179

180

Sepia officinalis Common cuttlefish (UK), Sepia común (ES), Seppia comune (IT), Seiche commune (FR)

Linnaeus,1758

Sepiidae

Interest - LC

Eco

Sepiola rondeletii Dwarf bobtail squid (UK), Seppiola (ES), Globito (IT), Sépiole de Rondelet (FR)

Fish

INVERTEBRATES Leach, 1817

Sepiolidae

Interest - DD

Eco

Fish

Reference 44

Reference 10 © LL

Distribution -

© LL

Distribution -

Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic Ocean, Baltic Sea and the North Sea to South Africa.


Ecology - The cuttlefish is occasionally observed

Ecology -

on the rock, more often found on soft bottom, sand or gravel, seagrass meadows or among the large algae. Frequently buried in the sediment.

Epibenthic species, which is found from the surface water. It occurs mainly at night. Common in Posidonia beds, it can be observed and in the sand or hidden in the rubble. D+0 – Leucate – 14 mm

© MM

Upogebia pusilla Mediterranean mud shrimp(UK), Grillo real marino (ES), Corbola (IT), Crevette fouisseuse (FR)


D+0 – Murcia

(Petagna, 1792)

Upogebiidae

Interest - NE

Argonauta argo Argonauts (UK), Argonauta (ES), Argonauta (IT), Argonaute(FR)

Eco

Reference 13

Linnaeus, 1758

Argonautidae

Interest - LC Reference NA

© RC

Distribution -

Distribution -

Mediterranean and Black Sea, east coast of the Atlantic from Brittany to Mauritania.

Mediterranean Sea and circumglobal.

Ecology - Present in

Ecology -

the intertidal and subtidal zones, it buried in the sand and silt, galleries in "Y" with 2 or more inputs.

Epipelagic* oceanic species, living in surface waters. During the night, the females and juveniles are closed to the surface.



© MM

Eco

Pat

181

183

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184

187

Glossary

Benthic - Adjective denoting a species living in relation to the seabed or near the bottom (motile organisms) or directly on the substrate (epibenthic), or in that one (endobenthic). Cord - Primary spinal column of fish (also call notocord). Chromatophore - Pigmented cell that reflect light on the skin. Coralligenous - A typical Mediterranean underwater seascape comprising coralline algal frameworks that grow in dim light conditions and relatively calm waters. Endemic - A species that is restricted to a geographic region or area. Euryhaline - An euryhaline species can support important variation of salinity of the aquatic system she lives in. Halophile - A species that grows in or requires a salty environment in which to live.

Herculean - Species arrived in Mediterranean Sea by the Strait of Gibraltar. Leptocephalus - Larval stage transparent , colorless and elongated, mainly in anguiliforms ( eel , conger, …).

Raceway - Continuous flow system used in aquaculture. Retrognathe - Describes an animal whose jaws recede toward the rear.

Melanophore - A pigmented cell containing melanin, black or brown. Myomere - The muscles on the trunk of a fish are segmented, the myomere is on segment. The space between two segments is called inter-myomere. Neritic - Shallow waters of the ocean from the littoral zone to the edge of the continental shelf. Pelagic - Adjective denoting a species living in open water, close to the surface (mesopelagic) or in the middle of (infrapelagic) PL - Abbreviation of Post-larvae. PLD - Abbreviation for "Pelagic Larval Duration". Represents the time spent in open water by a larva from hatching of the egg until settlement. Prognathe - Describes an animal whose jaws protrude forward. Psammophile - Designates species that perform all or part of their life cycle on a sandy substrate.

© AC

In the book, words with an asterisk * are define as follow:

Scutes - Small specialized scales, located on either side of the lateral line (especially in Carangidae) of a fish.

GLOSSAIRE

186

189

Index A Ammodytidae Gymnammodytes cicerelus Anguillidae Anguilla anguilla Apogonidae Apogon imberbis Argonautidae Argonauta argo

42, 43

18, 20, 44, 45

167

Octopodidae Octopus vulgaris

Congridae Ariosoma balearicum 168 Conger conger 74, 75

18, 20, 46, 47

181

Exocoetidae Hirundichthys rondeletii

B 161

Blenniidae Aidablennius sphynx 50, 51 Lipophrys pholis 162 Lipophrys trigloides 52, 53 Parablennius gattorugine 54, 55 Parablennius incognitus 56, 57 Parablennius pilicornis 58, 59, 60 Parablennius rouxi 58, 60, 61 Parablennius tentacularis 62, 63 Parablennius zvonimiri 64, 65 Salaria pavo 66, 67 Bothidae Arnoglossus laterna 163 Arnoglossus thori 164

C Carangidae Caranx crysos 165 Seriola dumerili 166 Trachinotus ovatus 68, 69 Trachurus mediterraneus 70, 71, 72 Trachurus trachurus 70, 72, 73

171

P Pomacentridae Chromis chromis

169

G Gadidae Gaidropsarus mediterraneus Gobiidae Gobius geniporus

178

Ophichthidae Apterichtus caecus

E

Atherinidae Atherina boyeri 160 Atherina hepsetus 48, 49

Belonidae Belone belone

O

Clupeidae Sardina pilchardus

8, 92, 93

S 76, 77

78, 79

L

Scianidae Sciaena umbra

94, 95

Scophthalmidae Scophthalmus maximus

96, 97

Labridae Coris julis 80, 81 Symphodus ocellatus 170 Thalassoma pavo 82, 83

Scorpaenidae Scorpaena maderensis 172 Scorpaena notata 98, 99 Scorpaena porcus 100, 101 Scorpaena scrofa 102, 103

Loliginidae Loligo vulgaris

Scyllaridae Scyllarides arctus

179

Sepiidae Sepia officinalis

M Moronidae Dicentrarchus labrax

20, 84, 85

Mugilidae Chelon labrosus 86, 87 Liza aurata 86, 87 Liza ramada 86, 87 Mugil cephalus 86, 87 Mullidae Mullus barbatus Mullus surmuletus

88, 89 39, 90, 91

N Nephropidae Homarus gammarus

178

179

180

Sepiolidae Sepiola rondeleti

181

Serranidae Epinephelus aeneus 173 Epinephelus marginatus 104, 105 Serranus cabrilla 106, 107, 108, 110 Serranus hepatus 108, 109 Serranus scriba 110, 111 Soleidae Pegusa impar

174

Sparidae Dentex dentex 112, 113, 114 Diplodus annularis 114, 115

Diplodus puntazzo 8, 116, 117, 120 Diplodus sargus 116, 118, 119, 120 Diplodus vulgaris 120, 121 Lithognathus mormyrus 128, 175 Oblada melanura 18, 20, 23, 122, 123 Pagellus acarne 124, 125, 126, 134 Pagellus bogaraveo 124, 126, 127 Pagellus erythrinus 128, 129 Pagrus pagrus 130, 131 Sarpa salpa 18, 20, 126, 132, 133, 134 Sparus aurata 18, 20, 134, 135 Spicara maena 136, 137 Spicara smaris 138, 139 Spondyliosoma cantharus 140, 141

Sphyraenidae Sphyraena sphyraena

176

Syngnathidae Hippocampus guttulatus 142, 143 Hippocampus hippocampus 144, 145 Nerophis maculatus 146, 147 Nerophis ophidion 148, 149 Syngnathus abaster 150, 151 Syngnathus cf. tenuirostris 152, 153 Syngnathus sp. 154, 155

T Trachinidae Trachinus draco

156, 157

Triglidae Chelidonichthys lucerna

158, 159

U Upogebiidae Upogebia pusilla

180

Uranoscopidae Uranoscopus scaber

177

INDEX

188

191

Collaborations Financial Partners : Financial support for this guide was provided by the European fund LIFE+ and funds from the water agency "Rhône Méditerranée Corse".

Institutional Partners : CNRS University of Corsica Pasquale Paoli University of Perpignan Via Domitia Marine Natural Park of the Gulf of Lion, The Marine Reserve of Cerbère-Banyuls The National park of Port-Cros Marine Park of Bouches de Bonifacio Cities of Agde, Bastia, Barcarès, Port-Leucate, Port-Vendres, Saint-Florent

Institute for Coastal Marine Environment, IAMC, IT

Collection, sorting and identification of individuals, Proofreading : (CEFREM) Florine EVEN Victoria GRENHALGH Carole THOMAS Alexandre MERCIERE Manon MERCADER Reda NEVEU Adrien CHEMINEE Anaïs GUDEFIN Simon HACQUART

Copyrights :

Scientific Partners from Medplanet : University of Cagliari, IT

Technical partners :

Matteo MURENU Manuel MUNTONI Giovanni D’ANNA Carlo PIPITONE

Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies, ES Ignacio CATALAN José Antonio GARCIA CHARTON

University of Murcia, ES Antonio CALO Delphine ROCKLIN

Oceanography Laboratory of Villefranche, FR

Jean Olivier IRISSON Robin FAILLETTAZ

Paul Ricard Oceanographic Institute, FR

Thomas MIARD Damien KIRCHHOFER

IFREMER, FR Marc BOUCHOUCHA

(ECOCEAN) Alicia COUVRAT Cédric BARGOIN Rémy DUBAS Isabelle SIMONNET

Fishermen :

(STELLA MARE / SPE) Andrea PERRIN-SANTONI Antonia REVEL Serena CECCARELLI Amélie ROSSI Thomas MARCUCILLI Sophie DUCHAUD Géry BOULANGER Sébastien QUAGLIETTI Nicolas TOMASI Jean-José FILIPPI Olivia GERIGNY

Erwan BERTON (Leucate) Sylvain POIRIER (Port-Cros) Patrice CISCARDI (Port-Vendres) Jean-Marie COMBAS (Agde) Sébastien & Yves RIALLAND (Bastia) Don Jacques & Jean POMPA (Bastia) Damien MULLER & Jacques MARIE (Saint-Florent)

AC : Adrien CHEMINÉE / IEEM-CREM AF : Alizée FREZEL / ECOCEAN CF : Cyril FEDERICO & ECOCEAN CG : Cédric GUIGUAND / RSMAS DK : Damien KIRCHHOFER / IOPR ED : Eric D.H. DURIEUX / STELLA MARE ER : Emmanuelle RIVAS / AAMP EV : Eva SAUTRON / ECOCEAN FFH : Fabiana C. FELIX-HACKRADT / UNIV. MURCIA GA : Giovanni D'ANNA / IAMC GS : Gilles SARAGONI / IEEM-CREM Cover JP : Jérémy PASTOR / IEEM-CREM Rémy DUBAS (top) JB : Jérémy Bracconi / STELLA MARE Romain CREC’HRIOU (thumbnail) LL : Laurie LEBRE / ECOCEAN LHG : Laure-Hélène GARSI / STELLA MARE Cover 4 Romain CREC’HRIOU (left) MM : Manuel MUNTONI / Univ. CAGLIARI Laure-Hélène GARSI (center & right) MMa : Michel Marengo / STELLA MARE MP : Marion PEIRACHE / Parc Nat. Port-Cros NR : Nicolas ROBIN / CEFREM PR : Philippe ROBERT / Parc Nat. Port-Cros A special thank to Anthony CARO, PL : Patrick LOUISY / Association Peau-Bleue Aurore CHASSANITE, RC : Romain CREC’HRIOU / IEEM-CREM and Patrick LOUISY RD : Rémy DUBAS / ECOCEAN for their wise comments, RDG : Renaud DUPUY DE LA GRANDRIVE / Ville d'Agde Jeanine ALMANY SB : Sylvain BLOUET / Ville d'Agde and Vanessa MESSMER TM : Thomas MIARD / IOPR for reviewing the document in English. UM : U-Marinu.com

COLLABORATION

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