Personal Power Systems advanced energy technologies to power human autonomy NSF Engineering Research Center Proposal University of California, Irvine
Contact: Derek Dunn-Rankin Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department University of California, Irvine 92697-3975 949-824-8745; 949-824-8585 (fax);
[email protected] submitted on December 2, 2002
SUMMARY - PERSONAL POWER SYSTEMS ERC - The lack of compact, efficient, human compatible, lightweight power sources impedes the realization of machine-enhanced human endeavor. Electronic and communication devices, as well as mobile robotic devices, need new power sources that will allow them to operate autonomously for periods of hours. While the technology to create personal autonomy for communications, information processing and mobility has accelerated, similar breakthroughs for the systems powering these devices have not occurred. The Center for Personal Power Systems (PPS) proposes to remedy this deficiency by delivering power performance gains through intelligent hybrid systems and through new technologies that produce high power densities in packages that are compact, portable, and compatible with human use or, in some cases, with human implantation. The ultimate (10 year) goal of Center is to develop power technologies with at least 10 times the power-to-weight performance and endurance of current systems without an increase in their volume. Model airplane engines, hummingbird metabolism, and fuel cells are three promising examples, respectively, of thermochemical, biochemical, and electrochemical power production strategies that are close to achieving PPS power demands. However, current small-scale engines, while achieving extraordinary power densities, are too inefficient to meet energy density expectations. Metabolic processes of flying insects and hummingbirds are remarkable biological energy converters, but duplicating, accelerating, and harnessing such power for mobility applications is virtually unexplored. Fuel cells show great promise as an energy source when relatively low power density is demanded, but they cannot yet deliver high peak powers nor respond quickly to variable loads. These challenges are significant, but if overcome the payoff is extraordinary. The PPS Center brings together physicists, chemists, biologists, biomedical, chemical, electrical, and mechanical engineers, and material scientists to conceive and develop thermochemical, biochemical, or electrochemical power production strategies, solve systems design and integration issues, overcome manufacturing obstacles, and thereby establish the technology of personal power systems. The Center’s systems approach is focused and defined by grand challenge efforts that engage all aspects of the Center. Initial challenges are an intelligent high peak-power electrochemical cell, a demonstration of 30 W biologically derived power at 25% efficiency, and a 1 kW miniature engine with 20% efficiency. Hybrid power system challenges include a personal engine/generator set that can produce up to 1000 watts of electrical power for four hours in less than 3 liters volume (with fuel) and a 1 kW intermittent peak pressure power system needed, for example, by assistive joints for rehabilitation. The broader impacts of the PPS Center derive from a rich, multi-disciplinary educational and outreach environment targeting students at all levels. There will be a continuum of educational experiences from strong scientific training to state-of-the-art experiments to substantial interaction with partner industries. The Center will nurture students so they can identify critical scientific issues within technological bottlenecks of any major technical undertaking, particularly those involving power and energy. Through its facilities development and coordinated research and education portfolio, the Center provides important avenues for increasing participation of underrepresented minority students in engineering and the sciences. Industry involvement in the Center is critical for defining power challenges of national security and societal import, for assessing the Center's research, enabling technologies, and systems integration efforts, and for transitioning the products of the Center to the public. Advisory Board participation, collaborative projects, two-way exchanges of participants, and student internship opportunities are some mechanisms available for industry contribution to the Center. The sustained and systems-oriented educational, research, and development efforts of industry, academia, and government in a Personal Power Systems Engineering Research Center can achieve breakthrough performance in power for personal autonomy and can train engineers and scientists in the interdisciplinary and systems-oriented approach needed to achieve this goal.
TABLE OF CONTENTS For font size and page formatting specifications, see GPG section II.C.
Section
Total No. of Pages in Section
Page No.* (Optional)*
Cover Sheet for Proposal to the National Science Foundation 1
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Project Summary
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Table of Contents
1
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Project Description (Including Results from Prior NSF Support) (not to exceed 15 pages) (Exceed only if allowed by a specific program announcement/solicitation or if approved in advance by the appropriate NSF Assistant Director or designee)
42
D
References Cited
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Biographical Sketches
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Budget
(not to exceed 1 page)
(Not to exceed 2 pages each)
78 25
(Plus up to 3 pages of budget justification)
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Current and Pending Support
47
H
Facilities, Equipment and Other Resources
7
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Special Information/Supplementary Documentation
75
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Appendix (List below. ) (Include only if allowed by a specific program announcement/ solicitation or if approved in advance by the appropriate NSF Assistant Director or designee) Appendix Items:
*Proposers may select any numbering mechanism for the proposal. The entire proposal however, must be paginated. Complete both columns only if the proposal is numbered consecutively.
PERSONAL POWER SYSTEMS ENGINEERING RESEARCH CENTER UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, IRVINE Affiliated Institutions Core Partners -- NONE Research Outreach Educational Outreach Stanford University Harvey Mudd College University of California, Berkeley California State University, Los Angeles University of California, Los Angeles California State University, Fullerton University of California, Davis Fullerton College University of Southern California El Camino Community College Santa Ana Community College Capistrano High School
Name Derek DunnRankin Director Faryar Jabbari Deputy Director, Education Kenneth Mease Deputy Director, Research
LEADERSHIP TEAM Institution Rank Department University of Professor Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering; California, Irvine Community and Environmental Medicine University of California, Irvine
Professor Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering
University of California, Irvine
Professor Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering
ACADEMIC AND OTHER PARTICIPANTS Name James Hicks, Leader Abraham Lee
Thrust #1 -- BioPower Generation Rank Department Professor Ecology & Evolutionary Biology Professor Biomedical Engineering
James Earthman
Professor Chemical Engineering & Materials Science Michael Cumsky Associate Molecular Biology & Biochemistry Professor Michael Mulligan Professor Developmental & Cell Biology Vince Caiozzo William Tang
Associate Orthopedics, College of Medicine Professor Professor Biomedical Engineering
1
J. Hicks, Leader Institution University of California, Irvine University of California, Irvine University of California, Irvine University of California, Irvine University of California, Irvine University of California, Irvine University of California, Irvine
Thrust #2 – Electrochemical Energy Name Rank Department Marc Madou, Professor Mechanical & Aerospace Leader Engineering John LaRue Professor Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering Kenneth Shea Professor Chemistry and Chair Carsten Mehring Assistant Mechanical & Aerospace Specialist Engineering William Evans Professor Chemistry Reginald Penner
Professor Chemistry Department
Thrust #3 – Thermochemical Engines Name A.C. FernandezPello, Leader
Rank Department Professor Mechanical Engineering
Arunava Majumdar Adrienne Lavine
Professor Mechanical Engineering
David Walther
Professor Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering Professor Sensor & Actuator Center
Paul Ronney
Professor Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering Feng Liu Professor Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering William Sirignano Professor Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering
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M. Madou, Leader Institution University of California, Irvine University of California, Irvine University of California, Irvine University of California, Irvine University of California, Irvine University of California, Irvine
A.C. Fernandez-Pello, Leader Institution University of California, Berkeley University of California, Berkeley University of California, Los Angeles University of California, Berkeley University Southern, CA University of California, Irvine University of California, Irvine
Thrust #4 – Precision Manufacturing Name Rank Department Friedrich Prinz, Professor Mechanical & Aerospace Leader Engineering Greg Carman Professor Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering Andrei Shkel Assistant Mechanical & Aerospace Professor Engineering Enrique Lavernia Professor Chemical Engineering & Materials Science Martha Mecartney Professor Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Melissa Orme Professor Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering Richard Nelson Adjunct Electrical & Professor Computer Engineering
Thrust #5 – Systems Control and Integration Name Rank Department James Bobrow, Professor Mechanical & Aerospace Leader Engineering John Hemminger Professor Chemistry David Reinkensmeyer G. Scott Samuelsen Homayoon Kazerooni Seth Sanders
Assistant Professor Professor
Kayue Smedley
Associate Professor
Professor Professor
F. Prinz, Leader Institution Stanford University University of California, Los Angeles University of California, Irvine University of California, Davis University of California, Irvine University of California, Irvine University of California, Irvine
J. Bobrow, Leader Institution University of California, Irvine University of California, Irvine Mechanical & Aerospace University of California, Engineering Irvine Mechanical & Aerospace University of California, Engineering. Irvine Mechanical Engineering University of California, Berkeley Electrical Engineering and University of California, Computer Science Berkeley Electrical and Computer Engineering University of California, Irvine
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Name Faryar Jabbari, Deputy Director, Leader Peter Taborek Steven George Robin Jeffers Manual Gomez* Juan Lara* Lourdes Almeida George Miller Marjorie DeMartino* Eric McDowell Randle Milton* Karen Johnson
Education and Outreach Institution Title University of California, Professor Irvine University of California, Professor of Irvine Physics and Director University of California, Professor Irvine and Director University of California, Director Irvine University of California, Vice Irvine Chancellor University of California, Director Irvine University of California, Director Irvine University of California, Director Irvine University of California, Director Irvine California State Director University, Los Angeles Fullerton College Director
Science Education Programs COSMOS summer science academy MESA Engineering Program
Community Science Center
Director Interim Dean Director
Statewide MESA Program
California State University, Fullerton Santa Ana College
Anthony Bright* Emmitt Clark
Harvey Mudd College California State University, Fullerton Capistrano Unified Supervisor School District Capistrano High School Teacher
4
Center for Educational Partnerships MESA Engineering Program
VP
Vonna Hammerschmitt Tom Mauch*
Craig Cunningham
Opportunities & Diversity in Engineering Student Affairs
President
Michael Aldaco Barbara Perez
Patrick Levens*
Biomedical Engineering
MESA Calif. Community College Program Community Science Center
Discovery Science Center Discovery Science Center California MESA El Camino College
Janet Yamaguchi
Program Mech. & Aero. Engineering ChaMP Program
MESA Schools Program
Coordinator MESA Calif. Community College Program Professor Design program Director MESA Engineering Program High School IDEA Academy
Name Title Albert Pisano Professor Joel Burdick Professor Kenneth Baldwin* Professor Philip Ross Sol Penner*
Industry Type Power Sources
Senior Scientist Professor
Technical Advisory Panel Department Institution Mechanical Engineering University of California, Berkeley Mechanical Engineering California Institute of Technology Physiology & Biophysics; University of California, Irvine Community & Environmental Medicine Electrochemical Materials Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Mechanical and Aerospace University of California, Engineering San Diego
Industry Participants and Affiliates Company Contact Name Title Aerodyne Energetics, Inc. General Kinetics Motorola Gillette/Duracell Powerzyme, LLC Quallion, LLC Wilson Greatbatch MTI
Fuel Suppliers Personal Power Applications
CTECH Research Chevron/Texaco Chevron/Phillips HamiltonSundstrand Aerovironment Medtronic Charmed Technology NorthrupGrumman Parker Hannifin Corporation Conexant Rockwell Scientific
David Stickler Subra Iyer* Mark Ventura Ken Davis* Michael Buckley
Chief Scientist President, CEO President VP and Director Director Emerging Technology Don Scuilli CEO Werner Hafelfinger COO Wendy Fong Esther Takeuchi* Vice President, R&D Paul Krehl Bill Acker VP, Technology Development Kim Kinoshita Principal Consultant Ignatius Chan* Senior Scientist Mark Pernik Global Business Mgr. Jerry Swadley* Vice President Daih-Yeou Chen Chief Engineer Paul McCready CEO Walt Baxter Senior Scientist Alex Lightman Chairman and CEO
C/I
Type
I C I I I
LB SB SB LB LB
I I
SB SB
C
LB
I
SB
I I I C
SB LB LB LB
I I I
SB LB SB
Dennis Richman*
Manager Avionics
I
LB
Claus Beneker* Bill Schley Dwight Decker Brian Pierce Chung-Lung Chen
VP & Chief Technical Officer Chairman & CEO Executive Director Manager, Physics
C
LB
I I
LB LB
5
Precision Manufacture
Robomedica, Inc. Ossur LARTA The Boeing Company Classic Wire Cut/ Surgical Solutions Delphi Connection Systems Tanner Research Valtronic, USA, Inc.
National Laboratory Lawrence Livermore
Sandia, Albuquerque
Sandia, Livermore Lawrence Berkeley NASA-Glenn & National Center for Microgravity Research
Alan Olsen Charlie Bisbee Rohit Shukla* David Whelan* Tom Weisel*
President & CEO Director Mechatronix President & CEO VP & CTO, Space and Comm. VP Engineering
C I I C
SB LB SB LB
C
SB
Haim Feigenbaum
VP Research & Development
I
SB
Lee Fisher Don Styblo Gary Pinkerton
Division Director VP, Technology Director, Sales & Marketing
I I
LB LB
National Laboratory Collaborators Contact Name ERC Related Activity Harold Graboske* Deputy Director Satish Kulkarni Engineering Manager Ravi Upadhye Micro reformer technology Mark Havstad Micro reformer modeling John Cooper Carbon fuel cells Jeff Morse Micro fuel cells Dan Doughty* Electrochemical materials David Ingersoll Electrochemical materials Douglas Loy Micro biofuel cell Gary Fischer Hopping robots Alfredo McDonald* Manager, Engineering Technology Brent Haroldsen Micro combustion systems Robert Kostecki* Battery technology Donald Lucas* Diagnostics/life cycle analysis Robert Cheng* Combustion Howard Ross* Power for space applications Fletcher Miller Microgravity combustion Dan Dietrich Microgravity combustion
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Lab G
G
G G G
Center Center for Pervasive Communications (CPC) National Fuel Cell Research Center (NFCRC) Integrated Nanofabrication Research Facility (INRF) California Institute for Telecommunications and Information Technology Cal-(IT)2 Rancho Los Amigos National Rehabilitation Center (LAREI) Artificial Muscle Research Institute (AMRI)
Research Centers and Institutes Contact Name ERC Related Activity Ender Ayanoglu* Communications applications of personal power G. Scott Samuelsen* Fuel cell infrastructure, shared facilities, education tutorials G.P. Li* Microfabrication facilities and training Larry Smarr* Headquarters space; facilities; William Parker* information dissemination channels Samuel Landsberger*
Rehabilitation applications for personal power
Mohsen Shahinpoor* Biocompatible actuator technology
Site UCI UCI UCI UCSD UCI Downey, California University of New Mexico
All individuals listed have confirmed their interest and willingness to participate in the Center; an asterisk (*) indicates that a formal letter of support is included in the supplementary documents
7
Vision and Rationale: The functionality and performance of devices that enhance autonomous human mobility, monitoring, and communication are growing rapidly, and power sources to energize these mobile systems are critical to supporting this growth. Figure 1 highlights some of the advanced devices offering to enhance human mobility. Unfortunately, the methods available for powering these devices are not equally advanced. Personal autonomy, through portable networks, computation and communication, hand-held or hand-launched robotic devices, artificial organs, and exoskeletal systems, New power sources are needed to requires new compact, Personal energize autonomous technologies power sources. The Power proposed Engineering Systems augmented reality Research Center mechanical heart (ERC) for Personal Power Systems (PPS) reconnaissance will enable these personal sources using microclimate revolutionary techdrug delivery nologies that produce high power densities in human-compatible packages. In some artificial lung cases the power will Figure 1. be implantable. The Center’s goal is to wearable computing develop systems with 10 to 100 times the power-to-weight powered joints performance of the personal robot current state-of-the-art power sources. Table I lists some examples of personal mobility applications, their current power source performance, and the capabilities that a PPS Center power source would ideally provide. In addition to the obvious applications relevant to national security (e.g., micro reconnaissance vehicles, networked soldier of the future), market studies indicate a massive potential for small power systems, even those with only modest performance improvement over current batteries. The rechargeable battery market is currently estimated at $6 billion annually, and disposables (ending up in landfills primarily) contribute another $31 billion [1]. Though not all of these batteries would be replaced by the Center’s personal power strategies, the portable power supply market is projected to increase 7.2% per year through 2005, to $10.7 billion [2]. These estimates are based on current applications, including laptop computers and wireless information exchange
New power sources are needed to energize the next generation technology for autonomy…
Application Artificial heart Humanoid robot Exoskeleton Personal transport Augmented reality
Power Needs 30 W 1000 W 200 W 1000 W 200 W
Table I -- Sample Needs for Personal Power Typical Current Desired Operating Operating Duration Duration 0.5 hours 10 hours 15 minutes 5 hours 30 minutes 10 hours 1 hour 10 hours 1 hour 10 hours
PPS Power Source Goal 300 Whr in 100 g mass 5000 Whr in 5 kg or less 2000 Whr in 1 kg or less 10000 Whr in 5 kg or less 2000 Whr in 1 kg or less
devices. Artificial organs are not presently a large market, but they represent a challenging and critical demand for autonomous power and mobility. Similarly, exoskeletons for rehabilitation following neurologic injuries [3] would be enabled by adequate power technology. There are more than 700,000 new stroke victims annually, with 80% of them suffering severe ambulatory or manipulative function loss. More than two million people with stroke-induced chronic 8
Source Power Density (W/kg)
Power Needed (W)
movement impairment are alive in the U.S. today, and this number is likely to increase dramatically due to the graying of the population and improving survival rates. In addition to mobile rehabilitation, other nascent product markets are bottlenecked by a lack of effective power sources. Portable augmented reality [4] and personal transporters, such as the Segway [5], are examples. Finally, personal power can energize search and rescue operations that use mobile robots to explore potentially hazardous environments, or to canvass regions of open sea or land. Such life-saving applications can be priceless. Our industrial supporters provide further evidence of the critical need for personal power systems. Figure 2 shows that the personal Power and Energy Performance: mobility applications listed in Table I (along with others) require autos and Current Devices stationary power power levels ranging from 10 to segway personal 1000 transport 1000 W, and that they currently honda humanoid robot household exoskeleton electric wheelchair 36 sec micro aircraft operate only for an hour or less on small personal robot human their available power sources. In UAV 100 function artificial heart order to be compatible with human 100 hr wearable computer 6 min functions, however, devices should 10 perform on the order of 10 hours at 4G cell phone 1 hr 1000 hr cell phone these power levels, with no change 1 in system size. This absolute hummingbird Desired Personal Bock C-Leg active knee Power Performance power range far exceeds that 10 hr 0.1 needed by MEMS devices, pagers, 1000 10000 1.0 10 100 and pacemakers. Thus, many of Stored Energy (Whr) the strategies envisioned for MEMS Power powering tiny systems (e.g., Figure 2. pacemaker > 87,600 hrs (10 years) ambient motion power harvesting pager [6]) are insufficient for personal power systems. Although not microscale-sized systems, personal power devices nevertheless should be small, having length scales from 0.1—10 cm. The entire system volume (including fuel storage) should range from 5 cc to 5 liters, with mass from 5 g to 5 kg. This scaling requires energy density from 500 to 5000 Whr/kg and power density from 10 to 1000 W/kg. Figure 3 shows a Ragone power density versus energy density plot, with the target personal power region shaded. As in Figure 2, the diagonal lines indicate Power and Energy Density operating duration. Existing rechargeable batteries are Hydrogen > 30000 Whr/kg flywheel Hydrocarbon fuel > 10000 Whr/kg 10000 considerably below the pneumatic model airplane 3.6 sec desirable energy density and 1 hr engine high power far below the desired power 1000 lead acid hummingbird density. Typical human metabolism Elastic elements
