Nov 18, 2010 - Quantum Orbital Resonance Spectroscopy .... L Photon Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM) : a measure of light rotation around the propagation ...
Quantum Orbital Resonance Spectroscopy Philips Research: Remus Albu, Dan Elgort, Khalid Shahzad, Ramon Erkamp, Jean-Luc Robert, Shiwei Zhou
UC Berkeley: David Attwood, Anne Sakdinawat NYU: David Grier, Tycho Sleator, Lisa Dixon November 18, 2010
Quantum Orbital Resonance Spectroscopy
New modality for neurodiagnostic imaging and spectroscopy
Philips Research N.A., November 18, 2010
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MRI and MRS
MRI
MRS
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) uses long measurement times and/or stronger magnetic fields to distinguish between protons in water and protons in different atomic or molecular species.
Conventional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) measures the spatial distribution of hydrogen protons in water.
Philips Research N.A., November 18, 2010
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MRS for TBI Mild/moderate TBI can look normal on CT and MRI
Diffuse axonal injury is a marker of TBI and visible in MRS N-acetylaspartate (NAA) decreases due to neuronal loss
R Aupperle, et al. Hoglund Brain Imaging Cntr, U of Kansas Med
No disability
Lactate increases due to proliferation of astrocytes and glial cells
NAA/Cre
Choline (Cho) increases due to membrane repair, inflammation, or demyelination
Creatine (Cre) generally remains constant and enables normalization Proton MRS in TBI, Brain (2000) 123:2046-2054 Philips Research N.A., November 18, 2010
Severely disabled
Disability Rating Scale 4
Limits of Conventional MRI and MRS 100
Weak signal, ~5 protons per million
10
% polarization of 1H
Low sensitivity Low spatial resolution Long imaging times
Quantum Orbital Resonance Spectroscopy
1 0.1
Theory (Zeeman Splitting)
0.01
Current SOA
0.001 0.0001 0.1
Superconducting magnets required
1
10
100
Magnetic Field (T)
Not portable Expensive ($1 to $3 million)
Philips Research N.A., November 18, 2010
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Hyperpolarized MR Instead of powerful magnets, use alternate approach to align nuclei Currently, three methods exist:
Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (DNP) Spin-exchange optical pumping (SEOP) Para-hydrogen induced polarization (PHIP)
Up to 5 orders of magnitude increased MR Signal
No method can directly hyperpolarize living tissue alanine
bicarbonate
pre
post
Pulmonary Diagnostic Exams (SEOP)
Prostate Cancer Diagnosis (DNP) Philips Research N.A., November 18, 2010
Imaging Myocardial Infarction (DNP) 6
The Problem and Solution Since conventional MRI requires powerful magnets and hyperpolarized MRI cannot hyperpolarize living tissue… MRI cannot be use to diagnose TBI on the battlefield
Solution: Quantum Orbital Resonance Spectroscopy
Philips Research N.A., November 18, 2010
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Quantum Orbital Resonance Spectroscopy Ultra-sensitive MR Spectroscopy Micron-scale spatial resolution Non-invasive measurements of brain tissue Illumination Cone
Portable device -- MRS without super conducting magnets Diagnose traumatic brain injury (TBI) and other disorders that affect brain chemistry
X-Ray OAM generator and spatial scanner X-ray Beam Scanner
Transmission Phase Hologram
Hyperpolarization Locus Surface
0x,0y Scanner Concave Mirrors
Quarter Wave Polarizer Ultra-Soft X-ray Source `
Focal Point
Beam Colimator and X-ray La filter Spatial Filter Parabolic Mirror Parabolic Mirror
B0 and RF receiving coils
Optical aperture
Electronic Control System
Philips Research N.A., November 18, 2010
Patient Skull
Brain Matter Under Test
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Proposed QORS Device Characteristics Illumination Cone
Functional MRI High magnetic field
QORS
Method of polarization
Conventional MRI High magnetic field
Encoding of Spatial Information
Encoded using magnetic field gradients
Encoded using magnetic field gradients
Hyperpolarized signal is restricted to focal point of beam
X-Ray OAM generator and spatial scanner
Light with OAM
X-ray Beam Scanner
Transmission Phase Hologram
Hyperpolarization Locus Surface
0x,0y Scanner Concave Mirrors
Quarter Wave Polarizer Ultra-Soft X-ray Source `
Focal Point
Beam Colimator and X-ray La filter Spatial Filter
Volumetric
Contrast
Volumetric
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Density of H in Changes in water blood supply due to neural activity
OAM beam is scanned in 2D; 3D in slices Use additional nuclear species 13 (e.g. C ) as new window to molecule
Parabolic Mirror Parabolic Mirror
B0 and RF receiving coils
Optical aperture
Electronic Control System
Density of 1H in blood
Patient Skull
Measurement -time for point
--
1 sec
Measurement 30min time for image
30min
10min / to |f> Final density of states Philips Research N.A., November 18, 2010 total energy for nucleon-nucleon, electron-nucleon and electron-electron interactions
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Transitions matrix coefficients M
I n , f i ,l ,0
II
M n , f i ,l ,0
i n f fl , p rn e
il n
i r n
Fl ,0 r n 2 i n l f i f Rn Fl ,0 r n i w0 Rn
M nIII, f i ,l , p i n k f Fl , p r n s n 1 i M
IV n , f i ,l , p
Fl , p r n i n l f M nII, f i ,l , p Ln ,1 i f s n 1z i z Rn
Philips Research N.A., November 18, 2010
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Transitions matrix coefficients For dipolar molecules with zero spin,
II
M n , f i ,l ,0
no chirality,
random distribution of the F r n l ,0 2 i n l f i rotational direction w0 Rn our model predicts an
increase of the NMR signal proportional to the square of the photon OAM value.
T f i
2
M
II n , f i ,l ,0
Philips Research N.A., November 18, 2010
2
r ~C l
2
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Photons with OAM to Polarize Nuclei Experimental Setup
5 .. 30mW 488nm continuous light
Computer Generated Hologram
0.35T permanent magnet
Customized NMR
1l fluid sample
~1 .. 20m diameter focal spot Philips Research N.A., November 18, 2010
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Photons with OAM to Polarize Nuclei Experimental Setup
5 .. 30mW 488nm continuous light
Computer Generated Hologram
0.35T permanent magnet
Customized NMR
1l fluid sample
~1 .. 20m diameter focal spot Philips Research N.A., November 18, 2010
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Experimental Results: NMR Signal vs. OAM
Experimental measurements precisely match the relationship predicted by our theoretical model Philips Research N.A., November 18, 2010
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Confirmation of Results A duplicate experimental setup has been implemented by our program collaborators at NYU Goal is to duplicate and confirm the initial NMR findings Additional work at NYU will characterize the transfer of OAM from visible light to macroscopic particles
1.5 m Polystyrene spheres 20 mW, OAM = 10
10 m Philips Research N.A., November 18, 2010
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Visible Light and X-rays A device for measuring TBI must hyperpolarize white matter ~5 cm below the surface of the head Visible light will only penetrate ~5mm into the head X-rays at ~20keV are required to reach the target anatomy Electromagnetic radiation at any wavelength can be endowed with OAM Refractive optics cannot be used with X-rays X-rays and visible light interact with matter differently
Philips Research N.A., November 18, 2010
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OAM X-rays Interaction with Molecules and Nuclei 9keV X-rays change the
nuclear polarization (multipolar transition)
Orbital interactions (X-
rays absorption with energies less than the ionization limit) induce polarization dichroism
Philips Research N.A., November 18, 2010
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X-ray OAM generation: Spiral Zone plates Zone plates designed and produced by Dr. Sakdinawat/UCB OAM charges 10,20,40 for 20keV
Outermost zone widths are 100 nm Au height: ~ 2m
Unprecedented form factor ~20:1
Philips Research N.A., November 18, 2010
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QORS X-ray Qualification
QORS analysis and qualification will use Argonne National Labs ALS Synchrotron ID34 20keV X-ray beam line and X-ray analysis instrumentation Diffraction grating & Fresnel plate focal length ~75mm 20keV X-ray OAM beam waist ~100nm Philips Research N.A., November 18, 2010
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DARPA Program Phase I Plan (currently in month 12 of 18)
Validate the QORS concept with visible light Characterize the physics using visible light Perform QORS with X-rays Demonstrate X-ray QORS with clinically relevant penetration depths Estimate X-ray dose and safety implications
Phase II Plan (18 months) In vivo evaluation of technique with increased measurement volume
Phase III Plan (18 months) Build portable prototype
Philips Research N.A., November 18, 2010
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Phase I Progress To Date OAM can be transferred to matter and influence molecular
rotation Increasing levels of OAM will generate an increased NMR signal The increase in NMR signal due to OAM agrees with theory Future NMR experiments will enable quantitative measurements
of the degree of nuclear hyperpolarizaton Future X-ray OAM experiments will enable confirmation of
theoretical predictions regarding NMR with OAM X-ray photons
Philips Research N.A., November 18, 2010
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Future Potential Portable devices for MR imaging and spectroscopy MR measurements of nuclei other than Hydrogen
13C, 17O, 31P, 23N
Inexpensive QORS scanners tailored for specific anatomy
GP Practices, Medical Centers in developing counties, sports medicine
New chemical diagnostic tool for medical specialties including
neurology, oncology, and cardiology (e.g. QORS In Vivo Biopsy) Powerful benchtop NMR spectroscopy systems
Philips Research N.A., November 18, 2010
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Acknowledgements
We would like to thank the DARPA DSO and our program manager:
Dr. Matt Goodman and his SETA support team:
Dr. Lindsey Hillesheim Mr. Michael Armillay Philips Research N.A., November 18, 2010
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Philips Research N.A., November 18, 2010
QORS Versus DNP
DNP
Photonic OAM
Operating Temperature
solid state polarization
fluid phase at room temperature
Polarization Mechanics
Microwaves saturate electrons at ultra-low temp and high magnetic field, transfer to nuclear polarization
Orbital angular momentum (OAM) of photons transferred to molecules, converted to magnetic moment
Concept Validation
proven principle, 50% polarization achieved routinely
early experimental phase, proof of concept in small sample volume
Allowable Target Materials
special chemistry, electron donor, filtering required
no specific chemistry / no catalyst, easier approval
Hyperpolarize living tissue
No
Yes
Portable device
No
Yes Philips Research N.A., November 18, 2010
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X-rays scattering coefficient
The scattering is higher at lower wavelengths.
Philips Research N.A., November 18, 2010
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X-rays photo ionization effects New theoretical model (Jean Luc Robert – Philips) refines the photon OAM
interaction with molecules modeled as dipoles with rotational modes Model gives the probability of interaction of the molecule with photon’s OAM:
ap
dipole size
l
Photon OAM charge scalar
l
Photon wavelength scalar in vacuum
w0
OAM beam waist
DZ
sample thickness
As the wavelength decreases, w0 (beam waist) decreases and the probability
of interaction increases At ionization ap (the dipole size) increases, therefore the probability of interaction increases with ap 4. The ionized state has a very short lifetime Philips Research N.A., November 18, 2010
Photoionization with OAM
Recent paper (thanks to Anne) shows an increase of the amplitude of the interaction
of the OAM with the orbital's, while photons endowed with OAM are energetic enough to produce ionization. This confirms that “X-rays endowed with OAM produce a stronger OAM transfer to the molecule”, i.e. “ a stronger hyerpolarization” than observed by visible light Philips Research N.A., November 18, 2010
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NMR Experiments Experiment flow and data processing: 1.
Measure the time delay corresponding to the null point of “blocked light”
2.
For the same time delay, repeat for light ON, and different OAM values
3.
Measure the average peak integral of the NMR line
4.
Measure the power and the radius of the OAM beam.
Philips Research N.A., November 18, 2010
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Beam Diameter / Power at sample vs. OAM
CW 488nm laser line Philips LCoS panel (20m pixels)
Philips Research N.A., November 18, 2010
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