Comment et pourquoi évoluent les frontières entre vie personnelle et vie professionnelle ? How and why do the boundaries between personal and professional life evolve?
Dr. EL WAFI Wafa, Pr. BRANGIER Eric, Pr. ZADDEM Ferid.
Living without e-mail?
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Porous, permeable, penetrable borders
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Main ideas
Are the borders permeable? Under what conditions? Are they regulated? In what ways? What variables affect permeability? How do individuals experience these situations? How do the boundaries between personal and professional life evolve?
First research
► 10 entretiens ► Pré-test d’un questionnaire ► 199 travailleurs en France et 105 en Tunisie, interrogés en ligne par questionnaire El Wafi, W., Brangier, E., Zaddem, F. (2016) Usage des technologies numériques et modèles de la perméabilité des frontières entre la vie personnelle et la vie professionnelle. Psychologie du travail et des organisations. Vol 22, Issue 1, March, 74-87, doi:10.1016/j.pto.2015.12.002 El Wafi, W., & Brangier, E. (2013). How ICT change borders between personal life and professional life? Understanding four models of boundaries permeability, In P. Kommers & P. Isaias (Eds) Proceedings of the international conference e-Society 2013, 13 – 16 March, Lisbon, Portugal. 499-504. ISBN: 978-972-8939-82-3 El Wafi, W. & Brangier, E. (2012). Usage des TIC et modèle de la perméabilité des frontières vie personnelle / vie professionnelle. In P. Morelli, N. Pignard-Cheynel & D. Baltazart (Eds) Publics et pratiques médiatiques. EUTIC’2012. 8ème Conférence Internationale, pp 447-457. ISBN 978-2-7466-5447-1. El Wafi, W., Brangier, E., Zaddem, F. (2014). Étude quantitative des effets des technologies de l’information et de la Communication -5 sur la perméabilité des frontières « vie personnelle-vie professionnelle. Congrès AIPTLF’2014. Florence.
First results
Segmentation model
Integration model.
Segmentors keep their professional and personal tasks separated in defined time and spaces..
Integrators often allow personal questions to interrupt their working day, but rarely work to interrupt personal time.
Spillover model. Hybridization model. The hybridators often allow their work to interrupt their personal lives, but rarely their personal lives to interrupt their work
Despite their strong desire to maintain their personal and professional lives separated, they are often forced to deal with personal issues while they are at work (personal spillover) or with professional issues while at home, outside work (professional spillover ).. -6
Vie personne lle
Vie professionnelle
Vie professionnelle
Modèle de l’intégration
Vie personne lle
Modèle du débordement
Modèle de l’hybridation
Modèle de la segmentation
Modèle des bulles
Vie personne lle
Vie professionnelle
Vie personne lle
Vie professionnelle
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Are the models stable? Do individuals change patterns? How do evolutions take place? How do individuals cross their psychological boundaries? In other words, how do people move from one model to another?
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Second research
► 40 persons engaged in active life, whose age varies from 26 to 53 years by ensuring a homogeneous distribution between the sexes. ► The experience consists on presenting the scenarios to the participant on separate paper without an established order. Each scenario has the title of one of the articulation models, namely, segmentation, spillover, integration and hybridization. ► Questions: Why did you choose this scenario? Have you always followed this model in the articulation of your personal and professional life? Why this transition from one scenario to another? What is the role of ICTs in your manner to articulate your personal and professional life?
► Analysis with IRAMUTEQ -9
Why did you choose this scenario? Segmentation
Integration
Hybridization
Spillover
Segmentors keep their professional and personal tasks separated in defined time and spaces. They like to focus on Their work when they are at work (professional time), and on their family when they are in family or with friends (personal time). They tend to limit the use of ICTs at work for personal purposes and The use of ICT at home for business purposes. They ask their family and friends to avoid contacting them during working hours. They do not answer professional calls and emails during their weekends and holidays, they often disconnect when they are at home.
Integrators often allow personal questions to interrupt their working day, but rarely work to interrupt personal time. They use technology to stay connected with their families and their friends. For example, they can use the internet, email to help their children with homework, to schedule a medical appointment, a holiday, a social event with friends, while they are at work, in their office. They have rigid personal boundaries and weak professional boundaries. Their behavior suggests that personal sphere is more important than professional sphere. The hybridators often allow their work to interrupt their personal lives, but rarely their personal lives to interrupt their work. They often pass and receive business calls, messages, or e-mails when they are on vacation or on weekends. They use technologies to stay connected to work. They fully focus on their work while on work time and also allow work to interrupt their personal time. They have clearly established rigid borders protecting their working lives, but not around their personal life. Their behavior suggests that work is more important than personal life. Despite their strong desire to maintain their personal and professional lives separated, they are often forced to deal with personal issues while they are at work (personal spillover) or with professional issues while at home, outside work (professional spillover ). They answer personal phone calls when they are in the office, they send and answer emails or business calls when they are on vacation or during their weekends. The presence of personal and professional constraints prevents them to set limits against interpenetrations from one sphere to another. They cannot log 10 out neither at home or at work.
Modèle de l’hybridation
Modèle de l’intégration
Modèle du débordement
Modèle de la segmentation
Results: Vie personn elle
Vie professionnelle
Vie personn elle
Vie professionnelle
Vie personn elle
Vie professionnelle
Vie personn elle
Vie professionnelle
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Main results
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Synthesis ► The most present model is hybridization. It is cited 17 times as starting model. Hybridization is cited 15 times, which shows a strong involvement of work in life. Hybridization is the dominant model, the most present.
► Then, the integration model (cited 11 times), the segmentation (cited 10 times) and finally the spillover (Cited 5 times). ► The most stable models are hybridization and segmentation. The number of individuals remaining in the segmentation is equal to (6), in the hybridization (6), in the integration (3) and finally the number of individuals remaining in the spillover is equal to (1).
► Hybridization also appears as the pivot model, the most intense change flow goes through this model: Towards this model, or starting from this model (the circle in green on the schema).
► The most unstable pattern is the spillover model. 13
Why did you change your model? ► Dynamique des événements marquants // Dynamics of highlights Classe 1 : les moments de vie
Classe 3 : Environnement de travail Classe 2 : Segmenter est la solution
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Dynamique des événements marquants // Dynamics of highlights Classe 1 : les moments de vie « Une fois qu’on est marié il y a des choses au boulot qu’on ne fait plus il y a des choses qui commencent à changer à partir de ce moment-là » Once you're married, there are things at work that you do not do anymore, there are things that start to change from that moment.
Classe 2 : Segmenter est la solution
Classe 3 : Environnement de travail
« Mais suite à ce fameux entretien dévastateur j’ai passé par des périodes où tout ce que je voulais c’est de rentrer le soir chez moi et de ne plus sortir pour pleurer tranquillement » Following this devastating interview I went through periods, when all I wanted was to go home and not to go out to cry quietly.
« les gens qui ne font pas leur travail et que je suis obligé de faire à leur place parce que je suis le chef, ce manque d’investissement de leur part » People who do not do their job and I have to do it because I am the leader, this lack of investment on their part
Homme, chef de projet.
Homme, informaticien Femme, responsable de formation
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Conclusion: 4, 3, 2, 1... 4 - Models: segmentation, Integration, Hybridization, Spillover. 3 - Dynamics of highlights 2 - Model that is both stable and changing 1 - Is this view related to the industrial revolution (19th and 20th century) changing?
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Une thèse? Eric BRANGIER Professeur des Universités Ergonomie et Psychologie des Organisations PERSEUS : Psychologie Ergonomique et Sociale pour l'Expérience Utilisateurs. EA 7312 Université de Lorraine - Faculté des Sciences Humaines et Sociales - Ile du Saulcy - BP 60228 - 57045 METZ cedex 01 Courriel: (université)
[email protected] Site perso: http://eric.brangier.free.fr/ Site labo: http://perseus.univlorraine.fr
Merci pour votre attention 17
