Jan 20, 2017 - Hao Ying â Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, China Academy .... Ying Zhang, University ...... Zhiliang Yang, Zisheng Zhang*.
Handbook and Proceedings of The 6th International Conference on Biorefinery (ICB 2017)
January 18-21, 2017 Christchurch New Zealand
The 6th International Conference on Biorefinery (ICB 2017)
January 18-21, 2017 Christchurch New Zealand
Sponsored by International Biorefinery Society (IBS)
Co-hosted by The University of Canterbury, New Zealand Beijing University of Chemical Technology (BUCT), China University of Ottawa (UOO), Canada
Contents Welcome Address ........................................................... 1 ICB2017 Committee ........................................................ 2 Routes and Maps ............................................................ 5 Conference Venue ........................................................... 6 Conference Agenda ........................................................ 9 Conference Programme ............................................... 10 List of Posters ............................................................... 19 Abstracts of Plenary Lectures ..................................... 23 Abstracts of Oral Presentations .................................. 31
Welcome Address Dear colleagues, On behalf of the organising committee, we warmly welcome you to the 6th International Conference on Biorefinery (ICB2017), 18-21, January, 2017, in Christchurch, New Zealand. This follows success of previous five conferences which were held, respectively, in China, Europe and North America. Biorefinery is conversion of biomass and green wastes to valuable products including heat, power, liquid and gaseous fuels, and chemicals. This conference provides a platform for international researchers, investors, and decision makers to meet and exchange the latest research and development in this field. There is also an industry workshop for the attendees to share successful stories in commercialisation of new biorefinery technologies. The technical details of the conference can be found in the call for papers. Christchurch is well-known as a garden city in the garden country of New Zealand. There are numerous scenery sites around this city you will certainly enjoy visiting either before or after the conference. The venue, the hotel Chateau on the Park, is carefully selected which is located near the beautiful Hagley Park and the botanic garden. It takes 15 minutes to walk to the shopping mall and 30 minutes to the University of Canterbury. January is the local summer season and the best time to visit. We are looking forward to welcoming you at ICB2017!
Professor Shusheng Pang, University of Canterbury, New Zealand Professor Tianwei Tan, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, China Professor Zisheng Zhang, University of Ottawa, Canada
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ICB2017 Committee Conference Chairmen Shusheng Pang – University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand Tianwei Tan – Beijing University of Chemical Technologies, Beijing, China Jason Zhang – University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
Advisory Committee Bandaru V. Ramarao – State University of New York ESF, Syracuse, USA Dongke Zhang – University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia Emiel J.M. Hensen – Eindhoven University of Technology, Netherlands Foster Agblevor – Utah State University, USA George Hooper – Maidstone Engineering Consultant, New Zealand Jack Saddler – University of British Columbia, Canada Jens Nielsen – Technical University of Denmark, Denmark Marc Dube – University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada Martin A. Hubbe – North Carolina State University, USA Martin Mittelbach – Graiz University, Austria Murray Moo-Young – University of Waterloo, Canada Peter Gostomski – University of Canterbury, New Zealand Pingkai Ouyang – Nanjing University of Technology, China Rafael Luque – Universidad de Cordoba, Spain Richard Parnas – University of Connecticut, USA Rolf D. Schmid – University of Stuttgart, Germany Takashi Watanabe – Kyoto University, Japan Thomas E. Amidon – State University of New York ESF, USA Xianghong Cao – China Petrochemical Corporation, China Xiaotao Bi – University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Scientific Committee Ajay Dalai – University of Saskatchewan, Canada Alex Yip – University of Canterbury, New Zealand An-Ping Zeng - Hamburg University of Technology，Germany Arturo Macchi – University of Ottawa, Canada Bin Liang – Sichuan University, China Brendon Miller – Jembec Consultant, Christchurch, New Zealand Brian Cox – Bioenergy Association New Zealand (BANZ), New Zealand Charles Xu – University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada Chihwa Wang – National University of Singapore, Singapore Franco Berruti – Western University, Canada Gang Li – Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China Guangwen Xu – Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China Hanping Chen – Huazhong University of Science & Technology, China Hao Ying – Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, China Academy of Forestry, Nanjing, China Jamal Chaouki – Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal, Canada Jan Baeyens – University of Warwick, UK Jan Christer Janson – Uppsala University, Sweden Jianchun Jiang – Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, China Academy of Forestry, Nanjing, China Jianlong Li – Qingdao University of Science and Technology, China John R. Grace – University of British Columbia Junyong Zhu – Forest Products Lab, USA Kecheng Li – University of New Brunswick, Canada Kirk Torr – Scion Research, Rotorua, New Zealand Kurt Wagemann – DECHEMA e. V., Germany Lixin Huang – Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, China Academy of Forestry, Nanjing, China Longlong Ma – Chinese Academy of Sciences, China 3
Lu Lin – Xiamen University, China Margaret L Britz – Queensland University of Technology, Australia Michael K. Danquah – Curtin University Sarawak, Malaysia Mo Xian – Qingdao Institute of Biomass Energy and Biomaterials, China Academy of Science, Qingdao, China Mohammed Farid – University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand Murray McCurdy – CRL Energy Ltd., Lower Hutt, Wellington, New Zealand Nirmal Joshee – Fort Valley State University, USA Noritatsu Tsubaki – Toyama University, Japan Robert Legros – Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal, Canada Rui Xiao – Southeast University, China Ruihong Zhang – University of California, Davis, USA Ruiqin Zhang – Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China Runchang Sun – Beijing Forestry University, China Sai Gu – Cranfield University, UK Shangtian Yang – Ohio State University, USA Shijie Liu – State University of New York ESF, USA Shri Ramaswamy – University of Minnesota, USA Shulin Chen – Washington State University, USA Tana Levi – CRL Energy Ltd., Lower Hutt, Wellington, New Zealand Wim Soetaert – Ghent University, Belgium Xingang Li – Tianjin University, China Xuebing Xu – Technical University of Denmark, Denmark Yanhe Ma – Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China Yifan Han – Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China Yinbo Qu – Shandong University, China Yoon Mo Koo – Inha University, Korea Yusuf Chisti – Massey University, New Zealand Zhifa Sun – University of Otago, New Zealand Zhuan Cao – Tsinghua University, China
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Organizing Committee Chairman: Shusheng Pang – University of Canterbury, New Zealand
Members: Aaron Marshall – University of Canterbury, New Zealand Gabriel Visnovsky – University of Canterbury, New Zealand Guangqing Liu – Beijing University of Chemical Technologies, China Jason Zhang – University of Ottawa, Canada Matt Watson – University of Canterbury, New Zealand Poupak Mehrani – University of Ottawa, Canada Shijie Liu – State University of New York ESF, USA Xu Zhang – Beijing University of Chemical Technologies, China Yip Alex – University of Canterbury, New Zealand
Secretariats: Bin Chao – Beijing University of Chemical Technology, China Cheng Li – University of Canterbury, New Zealand Fazly Abdul Patah – University of Canterbury, New Zealand Gaetano Dedual – University of Canterbury, New Zealand Liang Ma – Beijing University of Chemical Technology, China Simon Zhang – University of Canterbury, New Zealand Xin Xing – University of Canterbury, New Zealand Xinqiang Feng – Beijing University of Chemical Technology, China Yanjie Wang – University of Canterbury, New Zealand
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Routes and Map to the Conference Venue Venue: The Chateau on The Park Hotel (address: 189 Deans Avenue, Riccarton, Christchurch). Transports by bus: There are two buses you can take from Christchurch International Airport to the conference hotel. Buses start every 30 minutes. a) Bus 29 (from airport to city centre), getting off the bus at the corner of Fendalton Road and Deans Avenue then walking about 5 minutes to the hotel (see the map below).
b) Bus Purple Line (from airport to Sumner), getting off the bus at the comer of Riccarton Road and Deans Avenue, then walking about 5 minutes to the conference hotel (see map below).
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Transport by Shuttle: There are shuttle service (Super Shuttles) at the airport outside the air airport exit. Transport by Taxi: There are taxi outside the airport exit.
Fares for Transport Buses: $NZ8.5 for a one-way bus ticket or $NZ15 for a return bus ticket (please get coins ready for the bus tickets). Super Shuttle: $NZ25 for one person. Taxi: approximately $NZ50.
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Conference Rooms and Hall The Chateau on The Park Hotel
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Conference Agenda Wednesday, 18th of January, 2017 5:00 pm – 8:00 pm (Corridor): Conference Registration 5:00 pm – 8:00 pm (Camelot Room): Conference Welcoming Reception
Thursday, 19th of January, 2017 8:00 am – 12:00 pm (Corridor): Conference Registration 8:30 am – 11:00 am (Great Hall): Conference opening ceremony, Plenary presentations. 11:00 am – 12:00 pm (Great Hall): Poster Session 1:20 pm – 5:00 pm (Camelot Room, Tower Room): Conference presentations 7:00 pm – 11:00 pm (Great Hall): Conference Dinner
Friday, 20th of January, 2017 8:30 am – 12:10 pm (Camelot Room, Tower Room): Conference presentations 1:30 pm - 4:30 pm (Great Hall): Plenary presentations, conference closing ceremony
Saturday, 21th of January, 2017 Visit the University of Canterbury
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ICB2017 Programme Thursday, 19 January Opening Ceremony and Plenary Speeches (Great Hall) Opening Ceremony (Chairman: Shusheng Pang)
Dr Rod Carr, Vice Chancellor, University of Canterbury, New Zealand
8:309:00
Professor Jason Zhang, University of Ottawa, Canada Chairman: Shusheng Pang
Plenary Speech, PL1
9:009:40
Biofuels and Other Products from Microalgae
Yusuf Chisti, Massey University, New Zealand
Plenary Speech, PL2
9:4010:20
The Energy-Environment Enigma
Murray Moo-Young, University of Waterloo, Canada
10:2011:00
Bioeconomy, Biorefinery and New Bioproduction Systems For Chemicals And Biofuels
An-Ping Zeng, Universitat Hamburg, Germany
Plenary Speech, PL3
Poster Session and Tea Break 11:00-12:00 Lunch 12:00 – 1:20 pm
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Parallel Session A: Conversion Technologies (Camelot Room) Co-chairs: Shijie Liu; Haruo Kawamoto
Keynote, KA1
1:201:40
Development And Scale-Up Of A Microchannel Fischer-Tropsch Reactor For Biofuels Production From Biomass Synthesis Gas
Keynote, KA2
1:402:00
Study On The Synergetic Effects In Corn Straw And Oil Sands CoPyrolysis
Xingang Li, Tianjin University , China
2:002:15
Oxidative Entrained Flow Gasification Of Biomass Pyrolysis Oil At Low Temperatures: Gasifier Development And Performance Investigation
Muhamad Fazly Abdul Patah, University of Canterbury, New Zealand
OA2
2:152:30
Investigation Of Coke Deposition On Ni Based Zeolite Catalysts In Bio-Oil Hydrodeoxygenation Processing
Ruiqin Zhang, University of Zhengzhou, China
OA3
2:302:45
Experimental Evaluation Of Tar Formation In Steam Gasification Of Various Biomass Species In A 100kw Dual Fluidised Bed Gasifier
Ziyin Zhang, University of Canterbury, New Zealand
OA4
2:453:00
Two-Step Hydrolysis Of Corn Cob As Treated By Semi-Flow HotCompressed Water
Masatsugu Takada, Kyoto University, Japan
3:003:15
Investigation Of Ammonia Removal By Titanomagnetites From Simulated Gas Of Biomass Gasification
Yanjie Wang, University of Canterbury, New Zealand
Oral Presentation OA1
OA5
Chris Williamson, University of Canterbury, New Zealand
Tea Break 3:15 – 3:35 Co-chairs: Chris Williamson; Murray McCurdy Keynotes, KA3
3:353:55
Molecular Mechanisms In Lignin Pyrolytic Conversion To Aromatic Tar Components
Haruo Kawamoto, Kyoto University, Japan
Keynotes, KA4
3:554:15
Production Of (2R, 3R)-2, 3Butanediol With Engineered Pichia Pastoris, Strain
Zisheng Zhang, University of Ottawa, Canada
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Development, Characterization, and Fermentation OA6
4:154:30
Jet Biofuel Production From Algal Biodiesel And Algal Residue After Transesterification
Jun Cheng, Zhejiang University, China
OA7
4:304:45
Ethylene Production From Dehydration Of Bioethanol Over MFI Zeolite Nanosheets
Sirawit Shetsiri, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science, Thailand
OA8
4:455:00
Experimental Evaluation Of Performance Of Bed Materials For Steam Gasification Of Biomass In A Dual Fluidised Bed Gasifier
Cheng Li, University of Canterbury, New Zealand
OA9
5:005:15
Using Sulfonated Graphene Oxide To Convert Lipids From Wet Microalgae Into Biodiesel
Yi Qiu, Zhejiang University, China
OA10
5:155:30
The Effects Of Pretreatment On The Products Of Fast Pyrolysis Of Pine Wood
Xing Xin, University of Canterbury, New Zealand
5:305:45
Assessment Of Sulfide Concentration Effects On The Growth And Removal By Bacillus Cerues (ATCC 14579) In Orbital Shaker
Abd.Aziz Mohd Azoddein, University Malaysia Pahang, Malaysia
5:456:00
The Effect Of Monoglyceride Polymorphism On LowTemperature Properties Of Biodiesel Fuel
Eiji Minami, Kyoto University, Japan
OA11
OA12
Parallel Session B: Bio-based Materials and Chemicals (Tower Room) Co-chairs: Chris Williamson; George Hooper
Keynotes, KB1
Keynotes, KB2
1:201:40
5-HMF Production From Industrial-Grade Sugars Derived From Corn And Wood Using A Biphasic Continuous-Flow Tubular Reactor
Charles Xu, Western University, Canada
1:402:00
Urban Wastewater Treatment With Algae For Energy And Nutrient Recovery
Nirmal Khandan, New Mexico State University, United States
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2:002:15
Production Of Acetonitrile Via Thermo-Catalytic Conversion And Ammonization Of Microalgae Over Zeolites
Ying Zhang, University of Science and Technology of China, China
OB2
2:152:30
Effect Of Nutritional And Environmental Parameters On The Vegetative Growth Of Alpine Strain Of Haematococcus Pluvialis
Nilanjana Mazumdar, University of Canterbury, New Zealand
OB3
2:302:45
High Performance Hybrid Membranes For Separation Of CO2 From Biogas
Liang Ma, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, China
OB4
2:45-3:00
Prediction Of The Solidification Temperature Of Biodiesel Model Fuel Studied With The Solid-Liquid Equilibrium
Shinichiro Yoshidomi, Kyoto University, Japan
OB5
3:003:15
Separation Of Binary Solution At Different Concentration Of Feed And Ratio Using Desal-5DK Nanofiltration Membrane
Hafizuddin Wan Yussof, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Malaysia
Oral Presentation, OB1
Tea Break 3:15 – 3:35
Co-chairs: Charles Xu; Nirmal Khandan
Keynotes, KB3
3:353:55
Production Of Aviation Biofuel From Lignocellulosic Feedstock By Aqueous-Phase Catalysis
Longlong Ma, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
Keynotes, KB4
3:55 4:15
Technologies For Liquid Biofuels And Biopolymers
Paul Bennett and Florian Graichen, Scion Research, New Zealand
OB6
4:154:30
Mechanism Of Adsorption And Desorption Of Cellulase' Carbohydrate-Binding Modules And Its Application
Xu Fang, Shandong University, China
4:304:45
Experimental Research On WetPress Molding Features And Microstructure Change Of Wheat Straw
Lianjun Hu, Henan Agricultural University, China
OB7
13
4:455:00
Optimization Of Mechanical Properties Of Silver Nanoparticles (Agnps)-Loaded Chitosan/Polylactic Acid (PLA) Biofilms By Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM)
Mazrul Nizam Abu Seman, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Malaysia
OB9
5:005:15
Highly Selective Production Of Renewable P-Xylene From Biomass Derived 2,5-Dimethylfuran Over Sulfonyl Modified Aerosil
Xinqiang Feng, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, China
OB10
5:155:30
Screening Of Biorefinery Options For Forest And Wood Processing Residues Using P-Graph
Martin Atkins, University of Waikato, New Zealand
OB11
5:305:45
Thermal Treatment Of Biomass Using Cao/Cuo Composites For H2 Production
Lunbo Duan, Southeast University, China
OB12
5:456:00
Logistic And Supply Of Rice Straw: A Glance At Rice Straw Collection Model (BIOCOL)
Shuhaida Harun, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia
OB8
14
Friday, 20 January Parallel Session C-1: Conversion Technologies (Camelot Room) Co-chairs: Chris Franco; N. Joshee
8:308:50
Reducing Enzyme Cost By Medium And Process Optimization For Commercialization Of Integrated Lignocellulosic Biorefinery
Yinbo Qu, Shandong University, China
Keynotes, KC2
8:509:10
Advanced Bioethanol Production With Acetic Acid Fermentation From Lignocelluloses
Shiro Saka, Kyoto University, Japan
Oral Presentation , OC1
9:109:25
Novel Reactor Design And Associated Process For Biomass Fast Pyrolysis
Jianlong Li, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, China
9:259:40
The Solar Fuels Research Program Within The Australian Solar Thermal Research Initiative (ASTRI) – Solar Hybridised Dual Fluidised Bed Gasification
Woei Lean Saw, The University of Adelaide, Australia
9:409:55
Enhancing Methane Production From Air-Dried Corn Stover Using Mesophilic-HydrothermalThermophilic Digestion
Dong Li, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
Keynotes, KC1
OC2
OC3
Tea Break 9:55 – 10:15
Parallel Session C-2: Pretreatment Technologies (Camelot Room) Co-chairs: Yinbo Qu; Shiro Saka Keynotes, KC3
10:1510:35
Macroalgae Biorefinery: South Australian Brown Seaweed As A Case Study 15
Chris Franco, Flinders University, Australia
Keynotes, KC4
Oral Presentation, OC4
OC5
OC6
OC7
OC8
10:3510:55
Bioenergy Crop Must Develop Biobased Economy: Paulownia For South Eastern USA
N. Joshee, Agricultural Research Station, Fort Valley State University, USA
10:5511:10
Conversion Of Bamboo For Production Of High Value Chemicals Base On Components Separation
Jie Chang, South China University of Technology, China
11:1011:25
Pretreatment And Conversion Of Hybrid Pennisetum Over Solid Alkalis
Xuesong Tan, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
11:2511:40
O2-Ethanol Organosolv Pretreatment Of Sugar Cane Bagasse And Enzymatic Hydrolysis
Xingkang Li, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
11:4011:55
Optimization Of Enzymatic Hydrolysis Of Ammonium Hydroxide Pretreated Empty Fruit Bunch Using Central Composite Design
Shuhaida Harun, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia
11:5512:10
A Novel Thermal-Chemical Treatment Process For The Full Utilization Of Wheat Straw
Bin Li, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
Lunch 12:10 – 1:30
Parallel Session D-1: Integrated Systems (Tower Room) Co-chairs: Yan Feng; An-Ping Zeng
Keynotes, KD1
Keynotes, KD2
8:308:50
8:509:10
Biomass As Back-Up Fuel In Hybrid Solar Power Plants Renewable Aviation Fuel In New Zealand: Plant Design And Economic Evaluation Of 3 Feedstocks 16
Jan Baeyens, University of Warwick, Belgium Matthew Watson, University of Canterbury, New Zealand
Oral Presentation, OD1
OD2
OD3
9:109:25
Simultaneous Material, Energy, And Exergy Integration For Biorefinery Concepts
Benjamin H Y Ong, University of Waikato, New Zealand
9:259:40
Exergy Analysis As A Key Tool For The Evaluation Of Bio- And Thermo-Chemical Energy Conversion Processes For Biomass
Professor Jan Baeyens, University of Warwick, Belgium
9:409:55
Process Design Of The Hydroesterification Of Meat Processing Dissolved Air Flotation Sludge For Biodiesel Production: Simulation Study And Preliminary Economic Assessment
Oseweuba Okoro, Otago University, New Zealand
Tea Break 9:55-10:15
Parallel Session D-2: Synthetic Biology and Platform Technology (Tower Room) Co-chairs: Jan Baeyens; Matthew Watson 10:1510:35
Enzyme Discovery And Engineering In Synthetic Biology
Yan Feng, Shanghai Jiao Tong University， China
10:3510:55
The Impact Of Environmental Parameters On Toluene Biodegradation Products In A Differential Biofilter
Peter Gostomski, University of Canterbury, New Zealand
Oral Presentation, OD4
10:5511:10
Research Progress On Cellulosic Ethanol BioRefinery Process In GIEC
Xinshu Zhuang, Guangzhou institute of energy conversion, CAS, China
OD5
11:1011:25
Sustainability Analysis Of A Novel Industrial Bioenergy System
Rizwan Rasheed, GC University Lahore, Pakistan
OD6
11:2511:40
Tailoring The Oxidative Resistance Of Clostridium
Ling Jiang, Nanjing Tech University, China
Keynotes, KD3
Keynotes, KD4
17
Tyrobutyricum CCTCC W428 By Metabolic Engineering
OD7
OD8
11:4011:55
Supported Liquid Membrane Process For Removal Of Acetic Acid From Biomass Hydrolysate
Syed Saufi, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Malaysia
11:5512:10
Reprogramming Cellulase And Xylananse Transcription By Synthetic Transcription Factors In Trichoderma Reesei
Fangzhong Wang, Shandong University, China
Lunch 12:10 – 1:30
Plenary Speeches and Closing Ceremony (Great Hall) Chairman: Zisheng Zhang Plenary Speech, PL4
1:302:00
Green Biosynthesis Of Chemicals And Biofuels
Tianwei Tan, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, China
2:002:50
Recent Development Of Thermochemical Conversion Technologies For Biomass To Energy And Fuels
Shusheng Pang, University of Canterbury, New Zealand
Plenary Speech, PL6
2:503:40
Co-Production Of Ethanol And Xylose From Hot-Water Pretreatment Liquor Of Woody Biomass
Shijie Liu, State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, USA
Closing Ceremony
3:404:30
Plenary Speech, PL5
Professor Tianwei Tan, President, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, China
18
List of Posters Session A: Conversion Technologies PA1
High Efficiency And Stable RNA Interference Vector Construction For Penicillium Species
Xin Song, Shandong university, China
PA2
Producing Aromatic Biorefinery Feeds From Hydrolysis Residue Over Ru/C Catalytic Hydrogenolysis: Effect Of Biphasic Solvent
Chenguang Wang, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, China
PA3
Hydrogenolysis Process For Lignin Depolymerization Over Pd/C Cooperated With Crcl3: Effects Of Lignin Structures, Solvents And Reaction Conditions
Qi Zhang, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
PA4
A Novel Method Improving The Stability Of Anaerobic Digestion System Using Energy Grass As Material
Yongming Sun, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
PA5
Integrated Fractionation And Fermentation Of Grass Silage In The Concept Of A Green Biorefinery
Dominik Schwarz, Chair of Biogenic Resources, Technical University of Munich, Germany
PA6
Immobilization Of Bacillus Subtilis Xylanase Onto Eudragit L-100 And Its Application For Xylooligosaccharides Preparation
Siyuan Chang, Nanjing Tech University, China
PA7
Enhancement Of Synthesis Of Z-Aspartame By Rational Guided Engineering Metallprotease
Fucheng Zhu, Nanjing Tech University, China
PA8
Ethylene Production From Dehydration Of Bioethanol Over MFI Zeolite Nanosheets
Sirawit Shetsiri, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science, Thailand
PA9
Increasing Synthetic Performance Of Penicillin G Acylase From Providencia Rettgeri By SiteSaturating Mutagenesis
Xin Pan, Nanjing Tech University, China
PA10
The Feasibility Of Using Methane In A Microbial Fuel Cell Using Mediators As Charge Carrying Intermediates
Josh Gallaher, University of Canterbury, New Zealand
PA11
Efficient One-Pot Synthesis Of Bio-Based NButyl Levulinate With Fe2(SO4)3 As A Cheap
Chun Chang, School of Chemical Engineering and
19
Catalyst
Energy, Zhengzhou University, China
PA12
Enhanced Bioconversion Of Japanese Cedar Hydrolyzate To Acetic Acid In Fed-Batch Fermentation With Co-Immobilized Clostridium Thermocellum And Moorella Thermoacetica
Harifara Rabemanolontsoa , Kyoto University, Japan
PA13
Design And Operation Of A Pilot Scale Biomass Fast Pyrolysis Reaction System
Qixiang Xu, Univerisity of Zhengzhou, China
Session B: Bio-based Materials and Chemicals PB1
In Situ Generated Hcl/Zro(OH)2 Catalyst System To One-Pot Convert Fructose To 2,5Bisethoxymethyl Furan
Lu Lin, Xiamen University, China
PB2
Hydro-Upgrading Of Microalgae Lipids From Chlorella Sp. To Hydrocarbon Fuels Over Ni/HUSY Catalyst
Xianhai Zeng, Xiamen University, China
PB3
Robust Production Of Γ-Aminobutyrate In Lactococcus Lactis By Over-Expressing Glutamate Decarboxylase And Glu-GABA Antiporter
Lehe Mei, Zhejiang University, China
PB4
Butanol Production By Fermentation With New Symbiotic System TSH06
Jianan Zhang, Tsinghua University, China
PB5
Experimental Research On Syngas Generation By Chemical-Looping Gasification Of Wheat Straw Using Fe2O3 As Oxygen Carriers
Jianjun Hu, Henan Agricultural University, China
PB6
Klebsiella Pneumoniae Metabolic Regulation And Its Application In Bio-Based 1,3Propanediol Production With Economical Sources
Fenghuan Wang, Beijing Technology and Business University, China
PB7
Current Status And Prospects Of Industrial Xylitol Production In China
Li Rong Yang, Zhejiang University, China
PB8
Improvement Of High Value Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Using The Cleaner Supercritical Fluid Technology
Yan-Ping Chen, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, China (Taiwan T.W)
PB9
Function Of Lipid A Core-O-Antigen Ligase Gene In Cellulose Degradation And Cell Movement Of Cytophaga Hutchinsonii
Xuemei Lu, State key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, China
PB10
Synthesis Of The Biosafety Isosorbide Dicaprylate Ester Plasticizer By Lipase In Solvent-Free System And Its Sub-Chronic
Biqiang Chen, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, China
20
Toxicity In Mice
PB11
Effect Of Microcrystalline Cellulose On Properties Of HMDI-Type Polyurethane Ela Stomer
Yijing Duan, Beijing University of Chemical ＆ Technology, China
PB12
Insight Into The Synthesis Of Isosorbide Diester Plasticizer Using Immobilized Lipases
Yueju Zhen, Jilin Chemical Co., Ltd. Shandong Green, China
PB13
Enzymatic Production Of L-Ribose From LArabinose
Zheng Xu, Nanjing Tech University, China
PB14
Chemoselective Hydrogenation Of Biomass Derived 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural To Diols: Key Intermediates For Sustainable Chemicals, Materials And Fuels
Xing Tang, Xiamen University, China
PB15
The Effect Of Knocking Out The SporulationRelated Genes On Surfactin Production In Bacillus Subtilis THY-7/Pg3-Srfa
Miaomiao Wang, Tsinghua University, China
PB16
Combining A New Air Lift Reactor Containing Built-In Pore Plates With Traditional Stirred Tank Reactor For Enhancing Production Of Poly-Γ-Glutamic Acid
Peng Lei, Nanjing Tech University, China
PB17
The Preparation And Properties Of Nanocomposite Membranes From Bio-Based Polyurethane
Yongsheng Zhang, Zhengzhou University, China
Session C: Others PC1
The Correlation Between Cellulose Allomorphs (I And II) And Conversion After Removal Of Hemicellulose And Lignin Of Lignocellulose
Xu Zhang, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, China
PC2
Effect Of Liquor-Hot-Water Pretreatment On Enzymatic Hydrolysis Of Corn Stover And Adsorption Of Cellulase Onto Lignin
Jian Zhao, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, China
PC3
Biomass Recalcitrance to Enzymatic and Hydrothermal Hydrolysis
Qiang Yu, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences
PC4
Engineering On Wild Type Diploid Saccharomyces Cerevisiae For SecondGeneration Bioethanol Production
Xiaoming Bao, The College of Life Science Shandong University, China
PC5
Study Of Camptothecin Biotransformation In Hairy Roots Of Camptotheca Acuminata And Enrichment Of Camptothecin In Medium
Zhanmei Liu, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Technology, China
21
PC6
Development Of A Flow-Through EnzymeImmobilized Microreactor Based On Layer-ByLayer Method For Biosynthetic Process
Yicheng Bi, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanjing Tech University, China
PC7
Research On The Cost Of Straw’s CollectionStore-Transportation
Wencai Li, Henan Agricultural University, China
PC8
Integrating Biodiesel Production With Carbon Storage As A Negative Emissions Technology
Murray Mccurdy, CRL Energy, New Zealand
PC9
Rational Modification Of Sucrose Isomerase For Improving Its Products Specificity
Lingtian Wu, Nanjing Tech University, China
PC10
Formulation And Combustion Of Pellet Fuels Derived From Pyrolysis Byproducts
Murray Mccurdy, CRL Energy, New Zealand
Laccase: Fermentation Process Intensification and Efficient Purification
Chunzhao Liu, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
PC11
22
Part 1: Plenary Lectures
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PL1 Biofuels And Other Products From Microalgae Yusuf Chisti School of Engineering, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
Microalgae and cyanobacteria are sunlight-driven cell factories that provide many useful products. This presentation will focus on production of nutraceutical, pharmacological and other products microalgae. The diverse applications of microalgae will be reviewed. Methods of growing algae for commercial purposes in large-scale photobioreactors and open systems will be discussed. Production of pharmacological and other high-technology products generally requires a contamination-free, controlled and highly consistent production environment. This form of contained culture of lightdependent microorganisms must inevitably use photobioreactors. Although some algae can be grown in bioreactors without light (i.e. heterotrophic growth), this method of production is not applicable to all the species that are of interest. Furthermore, heterotrophic cultures do not always produce the desired metabolites, or produce them in lower concentrations than do equivalent photosynthetic cultures. Photosynthetic culture has been traditionally carried out in open ponds, lagoons and ‘raceways’; however, open systems are generally less productive than closed photobioreactors. Furthermore, open culture is possible only for the few species that can be grown in the necessarily selective extremophilic environment of ponds and lagoons. Also, production of highly biologically active compounds and algal toxins dictates the use of a contained culture system. This presentation will discuss advances in engineered design of photobioreactors for large-scale production of phototrophic microorganisms and their products. Most large-scale photobioreactors rely on outdoor irradiance (sunlight) to drive photosynthesis. Thus, a photobioreactor culture is unavoidably subject to daily and seasonal variations in irradiance. In addition, only continuous culture with feeding confined to daylight hours, appears to provide the productivity necessary in a commercial operation. Attaining a consistently high biomass productivity through the 24
cultivation period and prolonging the duration of uninterrupted culture, require careful attention to design and operation of photobioreactors. As this presentation will illustrate, the design and operation of an outdoor photobioreactor needs to consider seasonal and diurnal changes in irradiance; the biomass growth kinetics, photoinhibition and flashing-light effect; mass transfer of carbon dioxide and the photosynthetically generated oxygen; fluid mechanics; the peculiarities of the species being cultured (e.g., shear stress tolerance of cells); and thermal engineering for temperature control. Production of bioproducts from microalgal biomass can be expensive and the expense is greatly accentuated by inadequacies in photobioreactor engineering. Keywords: Microalgae; Photobioreactors; Raceways; Algal products.
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PL2 The Energy-Environment Enigma Murray Moo-Young University of Waterloo, Canada
While biofuels, biomass, renewable energy, climate change, and other related topics are popular these days, hardly any realistic strategies have been proposed. The favorable economics of petroleum continues to drive the global industrial manufacturing and vehicle transportation operations, which mainly cause world pollution problems. Clearly, various major culture-changes are required; hence, the ongoing enigma and dilemmas. Communities are involved in a pervasive “throw-away” society; with government research organizations holding political agendas, and scientific researchers who are concerned less with practical applications. Here, with our own “two-cent” worth of contributions to the complex scenario, we are developing biotechnology innovations for the production of biofuels and bioproducts using wasteresidues as feedstock. Example inputs are our creation of genetically-modified microbes and bioprocessing strategies to overcome the current low-yield limitations and the poor utilization of cheap feedstocks, in a collaborative and multidisciplinary approach. In this talk, we will examine the options and controversies.
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PL3 Bioeconomy, Biorefinery and New Bioproduction Systems for Chemicals and Biofuels An-Ping Zeng Institute of Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering, Hamburg University of Technology, Germany.
Bioeconomy aims at producing fuels, chemicals and other materials by using biobased materials or conversion technologies at large scale. Driven by the increasing shortage of resource and energy and global climate change bioeconomy has become a strategic and key technology development area worldwide. To achieve the goals of bioeconomy new bioproduction systems are desperately needed. This calls for fundamental innovations and new concepts in bioprocess engineering for the use of renewable resources at efficiency significantly improved in comparison to today’s production systems. In this presentation I will first briefly summarize the advantages and inherent limitations of present bioproduction systems for chemicals and fuels. I will then illustrate on concrete examples the promises, development trends and challenges of new bioproduction systems and concepts for overcoming the major limitations of the present bioproduction systems. These new bioproduction systems and concepts include biorefinery, synthetic biological systems and electro-biotechnology. In particular, an integrated biorefinery strategy toward a sustainable and feasible bioeconomy will be highlighted which takes advantages of the latest developments in biorefinery, renewable energy and electro-biotechnology.
Keywords: Biorefinery, bioeconomy, new bioproduction systems, synthetic biology, electro-biotechnology
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PL4 Green Biosynthesis of Chemicals and Biofuels Tianwei Tan Beijing University of Chemical Technology, China
Metabolic engineering strategies have been devoted to bioethanol production: i) Cellulolytic enzymes: Self-surface assembly of cellulosic on the surface of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for direct utilization of ligoncellulosic biomass to avoid the usage of cellulose. ii) Co-fermentation of C5 and C6 sugars as well as CO2 by engineering yeasts to simultaneously and efficiently convert maltose, xylose and glucose as well as in-situ produced CO2 into ethanol by coupling the CO2-fixation pathway into the fundamental xylose pathway. The introduction of CO2 as electron acceptor for NADH oxidation not only increases ethanol yield form xylose, but also enhances ethanol productivity. Expression of From-I Rubisco further enhanced xylose metabolic flux and improved xylose consumption rate. The results present an sugars to desirable products and demonstrate a possible breakthrough in increased fermentation of competitive pathways of cofactors, cofactor regeneration system and modification of cofactor preference of key enzymes have been applied successfully for enhancing the production of 5-adenosylmethionine (SAM), 1-butanol and 1,3- propanediol (1,3PDO). As a result, SAM titer produced by the Escherichia coli SSP-1 was increased to 5.3 mg/L, 13 times of that with control, the NADH/NAD+ RATIO in the engineered 1butanol strain was increased by 78-135% and the 1,3-PDO titer produced by Klebsiella pneumonia was improved to 86 g/L.
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PL5 Recent Development of Thermochemical Conversion Technologies for Biomass to Energy and Fuels Shusheng Pang Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Canterbury, New Zealand
Biomass has been recognised to be a promising resource for future energy and fuels. The biomass, originated from plants, is renewable and application of its derived energy and fuels is carbon-neutral considering that the growing plants absorb CO2 for photosynthesis. However, the complex structure and chemical composition of the biomass significantly hinder its conversion to gaseous and liquid fuels. This presentation will firstly address the difficulties and challenges in application of biomass for energy and fuels in three areas: processing costs, conversion efficiencies and impacts on environment. Then recent development and progresses on thermochemical conversion technologies will be discussed which include biomass gasification, biomass pyrolysis and biomass thermal liquefaction. Biomass pretreatment for pyrolysis and gas cleaning in gasification will also be described. Finally, future perspectives will be presented for future implementation of the advanced processing technologies
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PL6 Co-Production of Ethanol and Xylose from Hot-Water Pretreatment Liquor of Woody Biomass Shijie Liu1, Yang Wang1,2, Zheng Liu1, Jipeng Yan1,3, Yipeng Xie1, Nirmal Joshee4 1.
Department of Paper and Bioprocess Engineering, SUNY ESF, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA 2. Life Technologies, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., 3175 Staley Road, Grand Island, NY 14072 3. Lawrence Berkley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA 4. Agricultural Research Station, Fort Valley State University, Fort Valley, GA 31030, USA Woody biomass has becoming an attractive source of renewable energy and chemicals. Hot-water extraction of woodchips is a beneficial technique to pretreat woody biomass prior to its conversion to valuable products in a biorefinery. It has a synergetic effect with pyrolysis, gasification, or sugar-based biorefinery. In addition, the often neglected hot-water wood extracts are valuable themselves. Hot water wood extract contains a mixture of sugars: xylose, glucose, galactose, mannose, arabinose and rhamnose, and their polymers. Five carbon sugars, for example, fetch a premium value over glucose. However, the sugar mixture as it is presents a challenge in fermentation to ethanol and other chemicals / biofuel. The fermentation efficiency is especially low for xylose. When genetically modified E. coli fbr5 was employed to ferment the sugar mixture to ethanol, glucose was the first sugar consumed, and then galactose, arabinose, mannose and rhamnose, xylose was the last to be consumed. While E. coli fbr 5 was genetically engineered to ferment Xylose, this outcome is disappointing. Most microorganisms prefer glucose, E coli is no exception. Xylose being the dominant sugar species in hardwood hot-water extract hydrolysate and the least preferred sugar for ethanol production present a challenge to the biomass energy industry development. On the other hand, xylose can be employed to produce xylitol, furfural, and a lot more products efficiently. The value of xylose is higher than glucose in the market, and yet it is limiting the efficiency in biomass conversion. Hot water wood extract hydrolysate was subject to fermentation with S. cerevisiae and xylose was left unconsumed. Xylose can be recovered from the fermentation broth, while ethanol was produced from glucose. Keywords: Biomass, Conversion, Ethanol, Fermentation, Pretreatment, Xylose
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Part 2: Oral Presentations
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Parallel Session A-1: Conversion Technologies KA1 Development and Scale-Up of a Microchannel Fischer-Tropsch Reactor for Biofuels Production from Biomass Synthesis Gas Chris Williamson1 , Ben Graham1 and Chris Penniall1 University of Canterbury, New Zealand Fischer-Tropsch fuels plants are traditionally very large to take advantage of economies of scale. However, the low geographical density of biomass feedstock requires a different approach. Recent research (Penniall, 2013) has demonstrated that a polygeneration plant based on producing electricity, heat and Fischer-Tropsch fuels integrated with a sawmill and using a novel micro-channel reactor can potentially produce biofuels and wax economically. Crucial to the economics is a reactor/catalyst combination that results in a product mix with a high concentration of hydrocarbons with chain lengths in the diesel (C10-C20) and wax range (C21 and higher, that can either be sold as wax or cracked to hydrocarbons in the diesel range). In previous work (Penniall, 2013) a laboratory size microchannel reactor using 0.3 mm wide channels cut in 0.2 mm thick stainless steel shim plates, washcoated with cobalt catalyst was built and tested. Further development of the reactor was required to find a more suitable version for scale-up. The original reactor was modified to test different width channels and a more easily manufactured design based on catalyst deposited on wire mesh also built and tested. Several catalyst deposition techniques, washcoating, solution combustion synthesis and electrochemical deposition were trialled on the two microchannel reactors. These reactor design/catalyst depositon combinations were subsequently tested for Fischer-Tropsch activity using a 2:1 ratio mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. The wire cut shim reactor with 0.9 mm channels coupled with the combustion synthesis catalyst deposition technique proved to be the most active and stable Fischer-Tropsch reactor (Graham, 2016). In the future, this work will provide the experimental basis to design, build and test a larger version of the microchannel reactor on actual synthesis gas produced from the 100 kW dual fluidised bed biomass gasifier at the University of Canterbury. Keywords: Fischer-Tropsch, microchannel reactor, biomass to liquid 32
KA2 Study on the Synergetic Effects in Corn Straw and Oil Sands Co-Pyrolysi Zisheng Zhang,†,‡ Hongfei Bei,† Hong Li,†,§ Xin Gao†,§, Xingang Li†,§,& †School of Chemical Engineering and technology, Tianjin University, , China ‡Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, Canada §National Engineering Research Center of Distillation Technology, , China &Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, China
Biomass and oil sands are both important alternative sources of energy and their utilizations have been studied extensively. In order to investigate the potential synergetic effect between oil sands and biomass during co-pyrolysis, a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) and a laboratory scale fixed bed reactor were used to conduct co-pyrolysis experiments of Indonesian oil sands and corn straw. The liquid products were characterized by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and the gaseous products were characterized by gas chromatograph (GC). For TGA, improved pyrolysis characteristics and higher conversion were observed, indicating the existence of synergetic effect which was caused by the alkali and alkaline earth metals (AAEMs) and radicals in corn straw. For the fixed bed reactor, the co-pyrolysis liquid product yield was significantly increased compared with the calculated value. Phenols and alcohols were increased and aldehydes were decreased in co-pyrolysis oil, suggesting the chemical interactions during co-pyrolysis. CO and CO2 volume percentages in gaseous product were increased whereas H2 and CH4 were decreased. Therefore, the existence of remarkable synergetic effect in the fixed bed reactor copyrolysis was also found from the product yield distribution and compositional analysis results, which indicated the yield and quality improvement of pyrolysis oil as fuel and chemicals feedstock.
Keywords: co-pyrolysis, biomass, oil sands, synergetic effect
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OA1 Oxidative Entrained Flow Gasification of Biomass Pyrolysis Oil at Low Temperature: Gasifier Development and Performance Investigation Muhamad Fazly Abdul Patah* 1, 2, Shusheng Pang 1, Aaron Marshall 1 1
Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand 2 Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
A pilot scale entrained flow gasification system was designed and built to gasify biomass pyrolysis oil with oxygen at atmospheric pressure and operation temperatures of 700-1000oC. The system is equipped with an external mix air assisted atomizer capable of generating fine pyrolysis oil droplets after impact with the oxygen gas. The pyrolysis oil used in this study was derived from New Zealand radiata pine wood chips through a fast pyrolysis process. Different oxygen-oil equivalent ratio values (ER: 0.10.9) were tested to determine their influence on gasification performance and syngas composition. The results showed advantages of using an external mix twin fluid atomizer during gasification since this type of atomizer allows allows superior control of atomization performance by independent adjustments of pyrolysis oil and oxygen flow rates. At a given equivalence ratio, oxygen gas flow rate has significant effect on gasification temperature. However, the pyrolysis oil flow rate has more significant influence on the product gas yield than the oxygen gas flow rate. The trend of ER influence on dry producer gas yield (ggas/goil) reveals that with increase in ER, the gas yield increased dramatically to a maximum value at ER: 0.3 during gasification at 900L/h oxygen flow rates. With further increase in ER, the gas yield decreased as the ratio proceeded towards combustion stoichiometry. A unique relationship between equivalence ratio and producer gas composition was also found in this work where the H2, CO and CO2 concentrations followed non-linear trends with increase in ER which are different from those reported in literature. The results have also been compared to predictions from an equilibrium model, and close agreement has been found at ER values above the concentration peaks. The results can be used for improvements in the design and operation of an entrained flow gasifier to achieve high syngas yield and desired gas composition. 34
OA2 Investigation of Coke Deposition on Ni Based Zeolite Catalysts in Bio-oil Hydrodeoxygenation Processing Ruiqin Zhang*,1,2,Yu Li,1,2 Zhongjun Li,1 Qixiang Xu,1,2 Changsen Zhang,1,2 Yonggang Liu,1,2 1
Dept. of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, University of Zhengzhou, Henan, China 2 Insitute of Environmental Science Research, University of Zhengzhou, Henan, China
Hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) is considered most effective method for upgrading bio-oil. The transition metals can activate hydrogen. Zeolite and ZRP, which is a kind of ZSM-5 modified by rear earth, can play a very good cracking effect due to its acid sites and porous structure in the process of bio-oil HDO. In this paper, Ni/HZSM-5, NiCu/HZSM-5, and Ni-Cu/ZRP were synthesized and uses as catalysts for investigating properties of upgraded bio-oil, coke formation and catalyst deactivation behaviors. Significant quality improvements of bio-oil have been observed when raw bio-oil is treated by different Ni-based Zeolite catalysts. After raw bio-oil hydrogenation at 280 C, the yield of upgraded rice husk bio-oil were 43%, 46%, and 49% using Ni/HZSM5, Ni-Cu/HZSM-5, and Ni-Cu/ZRP as catalysts, respectively. Additionally, bio-oil treated at 280 C by Ni-Cu/ZRP had lower oxygen content (20%) and moisture content (2.1%) compared with treated by Ni/HZSM-5 and Ni-Cu/HZSM-5 catalysts. Obviously, bio-oil samples upgraded by Ni-Cu/ZRP catalyst have lower oxygen contents than the original samples. In order to explore the mechanism of the coke formation, the morphology, quantity and species, components, structures and evolutionary process of carbon deposition on catalysts were characterized by TG, Raman and XPS techniques. The TG analyses showed that Ni-Cu/ZRP had lower coke content and lower combustion activation energy of the coke compared with Ni/HZSM-5 and Ni-Cu/HZSM-5 catalysts. It indicated that Ni-Cu/ZRP catalyst had a higher ability of resistance of coke. Raman analysis revealed the average coke particle size of Ni-Cu/ZRP was smaller than that of Ni/HZSM-5 and Ni-Cu/HZSM-5. XPS analyses indicated that the coke adsorbed on the catalyst contains a large number of C-C and C-O structures. At higher temperature of 330 oC, that the content of graphitic carbon on Ni-Cu/ZRP was smaller than that of Ni/HZSM-5 and Ni-Cu/HZSM-5 indicated that ZRP carrier had a higher ability of resistance of coke deposition at high temperature so that Ni-Cu/ZRP catalyst had a higher catalytic ability in bio-oil HDO processing. Keywords: Hydrodeoxygenation; Coking; Ni/HZSM-5, Ni-Cu/HZSM-5 catalysts
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OA3 Experimental Evaluation of Tar Formation in Steam Gasification of Various Biomass Species in a 100kW Dual Fluidised Bed Gasifier Ziyin Zhang, Cheng Li, Shusheng Pang* Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
Tar is undesirable in producer gas from biomass gasification. The aims of this study were to assess the influence of initial stage of gasification (fast pyrolysis) on tar formation and to investigate producer gas yields and tar concentrations in the producer gas from steam gasification of different biomass feedstocks. In this study, three different types of feedstock were chosen for this investigation: radiata pine, corn stover and pine-lignite (50-50 wt%) blends. Both the fast pyrolysis and the steam gasification processes were experimentally investigated in a 100kW dual fluidised bed gasifier. In the experiments, the operating temperature was 700°C. Silica sand was used as the bed material with an inventory of 30kg. In the fast pyrolysis experiments, N2 was used as the fluidisation agent. From the experimental results, the producer gas yield from steam gasification for radiata pine, corn stover and pine-lignite blends were 0.51, 0.46 and 0.72 Nm3/kgdry fuel, respectively, while total tar yields in the producer gas were 9.2, 6.9 and 5.1 g/ kgdry fuel, respectively. The evolutions and distributions of 15 tar components from initial fast pyrolysis and final steam gasification for the three feedstocks were determined and the correlations between the initial fast pyrolysis and the final gasification processes were proposed.
Keywords: biomass gasification, fast pyrolysis, gas composition, tar concentration, gas yield, tar formation and destruction
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OA4 Two-step hydrolysis of corn cob as treated by semi-flow hotcompressed water Rui Niu, Masatsugu Takada, Eiji Minami, Shiro Saka Graduate School of Energy Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
Corn (Zea mays), known as maize, is a large grain plant grown mostly in the U.S. and China as an important food crop. In contrast with the edible part corn kernels, the utilization of the inedible part corn cob is still being explored. One way to utilize corn cob is to hydrolyze it into saccharides for fermentation and for further ethanol production. Our laboratory has developed an original two-step method to hydrolyze lignocellulosics with semi-flow hot-compressed water (1st stage: 230°C/10 MPa/15 min; 2nd stage: 270°C/10 MPa/30 min). In this research, the hot-compressed water treatment was applied on the corn cob, and the decomposition behaviors were studied to clarily the potential of corn cob for bioethanol production. During the 1st stage treatment, xylose, arabinose and their oligomers were detected. They are considered as the decomposition products from hemicellulose. On the other hand, during the 2nd stage treatment, a large amount of glucose was detected which should be from the decomposition of cellulose. In terms of the lignin derivatives, sinapyl alcohol from syringyl propane (S), coniferyl alcohol from guaiacyl propane (G), and p-coumaryl alcohol from p-hydroxyphenyl propane (H) units were detected mainly during the 1st stage. In addition, p-coumaric acid and ferulic acid were also detected, which specifically exist in monocotyledonous plants and are considered to form covalent bonds to connect hemicellulose and lignin. The knowledge obtained in this study shows that corn cob can be efficiently hydrolyzed by the two-step hot-compressed water treatment as well as other lignocellulosics, and thus it would be a good potential feedstock for bioethanol production.
Keywords: cellulose; corn cob; hemicellulose; hydrolysis; lignin
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OA5 Investigation of Ammonia Removal by Titanomagnetites from Simulated Gas of Biomass Gasification Yanjie Wang, Shusheng Pang* Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand Catalytic removal of NH3 by both unprocessed and H2-reduced titanomagnetites (Fe2.9Ti0.1O4) from various gases has been experimentally investigated in a lab-scale fluidised bed quartz reactor. The test gases include Ar gas, simulated producer gas from biomass steam gasification (H2, CO, CO2 and CH4), Ar gas and H2, Ar gas and CO and simulated gas and H2S. In all of the gases, the NH3 concentration was 2400 ppmv. The operation temperatures were from 500 to 850C. The experimental results showed that the H2-reduced titanomagnetite had higher activity than the unprocessed titanomagnetite to remove NH3 in Ar gas at all of the temperatures tested. Meanwhile, high temperature showed high efficiency to remove NH3. The H2-reduced titanomagnetite was then employed to remove NH3 in the simulated gas, where the NH3 conversion was ~81 vol% at 500°C and ~99 vol% at 750°C. Therefore, higher temperature is preferred for NH3 removal. It is believed that the reverse water gas shift reaction occurred as substantial water was found in the outlet gas products at both temperatures. Massive carbon deposition from the Boudouard reaction was detected on the used catalyst at operation temperature of 500°C, which was the main reason to suppress the NH3 removal. The effects of CO and H2 on NH3 removal were also investigated in the experiments when CO and H2 were, respectively, added to the Ar gas. The results showed that NH3 can be completely decomposed at 750C in CO and Ar mixture, where just a small amount of CO was converted to CO 2 by the Boudouard reaction simultaneously. It was also found that NH3 conversion in H2 and Ar mixture was ~99 vol% at 750C, which was similar to the result in the simulated gas at the same temperature. 240 ppmv of H2S in the simulated gas reduced the activity of the H2-reduced titanomagnetite at 750°C significantly, and the NH3 conversion was decreased to 67 vol% in 4 hours. A separate experiment showed that the activity of the poisoned catalyst by H2S can be steady after the H2S supply was stopped, but it was unlikely to be recovered. Keywords: NH3 decomposition, Fe-based catalyst, Simulated gas, H2S poisoning
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Parallel Session A-2: Conversion Technologies - II KA3 Molecular mechanisms in lignin pyrolytic conversion to aromatic tar components Haruo Kawamoto, Kazuo Narita, Shiro Saka Graduate School of Energy Science, Kyoto University, Japan Lignin is an aromatic polymer and represents 20-35% of the components of lignocellulosic biomass. Thus, lignin produces various types of aromatic substances during fast pyrolysis and gasification of biomass to produce liquid and gaseous products. Lignin primary pyrolysis to form volatiles and solid char occurs in the temperature range of 200-400°C, and the primary products are converted further into phenols, benzenes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) along with coke (solid carbonized products) in the secondary reaction stage. The primary volatile products from lignin are the guaiacol (2-methoxyphenol) derivatives with alkyl side chains in case of the pyrolysis of softwood lignins consisting of guaiacyl (4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) units as the aromatic nuclei. This paper focuses on the molecular mechanisms during the conversion of these primary products in the secondary reaction stage. Key pyrolytic reactions in the secondary reaction stage are the homolysis of the O‒CH3 bond to form catechol (1,2-dihydroxybenzene) and methyl radicals and rearrangement of methoxyl group into aromatic C‒CH3 structures. Both types of reactions occur around 450°C and lead to the aromatic tar and coke formation. In this study, 13C and deuterium (D) labeled guaiacols were used to study the conversion mechanisms in the temperature range of 300-600°C. Incorporation of these isotopes to the products provided insights into the conversion pathways and the mechanisms. As a results, addition of radicals to oquinone methide intermediate during the methoxyl group rearrangement was found to play important roles for producing o-cresol (2-methylphenol) and other alkylphenols. On the other hand, catechol formed via the O‒CH3 bond homolysis decomposed to reactive imtermediates, which were re-aromatized to benzenes and PAHs. The mixed pathways of these two series of reactions are also suggested to be involved in the formation of PAHs, where reactive intermediates from the catechol decomposition bind to aromatic methyl group from the methoxyl group rearrangement. Accordingly, some PAHs included 13C at the carbons adjacent to aromatic rings in pyrolysis of 13C-labeled guaiacol. These lines of information would provide insights into the upgrating of fast pyrolysis process and mitigating the tar problems in biomass gasification. Keywords: Lignin; Pyrolysis; Gasification; Aromtic tar; Molecular mechanism.
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KA4 Production of (2R,3R)-2,3-butanediol Using Engineered Pichia Pastoris: Strain development, Characterization and Fermentation Zhiliang Yang, Zisheng Zhang* Dept. of Chemical and Biological Engineering. University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada 2,3-butanediol (2,3-BD) is a bulk platform chemical with various potential applications includingas aviation fuel. 2,3-BD has three optical isomers: (2R,3R)-, (2S.3S)- and meso-2,3-BD. Optically pure 2,3-BD is a crucial precursor for the chiral synthesis and it can also be used as anti-freeze agent. 2,3-BD has been produced in both native and non-native hosts. Several pathogenic bacteria was reported to produce 2,3BD in mixture of its optical isomers including Klebsiella pneumoniae and Klebsiella oxytoca. Engineered hosts based on episomal plasmid expression such as Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Bacillus subtilis are not ideal for industrial fermentation due to plasmid instability. Pichia pastoris is generally regarded as safe and is a well established host for high level heterologous protein production. To produce enantiomerically pure (2R,3R)-2,3-BD, we developed a P. pastoris strain by introducing a synthetic pathway. The AlsS and AlsD gene from B. subtilis were codonoptimized and synthesized. The Bdh1 gene from S. cerevisiae was cloned. These three pathway genes were integrated into the genome of P. pastoris and expressed under the control of GAP promoter. Production of (2R,3R)-2,3-BD was achieved using glucose as feedstock. The optical purity of (2R,3R)-2,3-BD was more than 99%. The titer of (2R,3R)-2,3-BD reached 1 g/L with 20 g/L glucose as carbon source in shake flask fermentation. Optimization of (2R,3R)-2,3-BD production using engineered P. pastoris strains in feb-batch fermentation is currently under way. Cultivation conditions in terms of glucose concentration, dissolved oxygen level and temperature are being investigated. The role of endogenous 2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase and co-factor engineering was also elucidated. The potential of engineering P. pastoris into a microbial cell factory for biofuel production was evaluated in this work using (2R,3R)2,3-BD as an example. Keywords: (2R,3R)-2,3-BD; Pichia pastoris; Fermentation
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OA6 Jet biofuel production from algal biodiesel and algal residue after transesterification Jun Cheng, Tao Li, Yi Qiu, Junhu Zhou, Kefa Cen State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, China Jet biofuel production from algal biodiesel and algal residue after transesterification were studied and the corresponding reaction pathways were proposed. Four catalysts including Ni/Meso-HZSM-5, Ni/Meso-Y, Ni/Meso-Hbeta and Ni/SAPO-34 were applied to convert algal biodiesel into Jet biofuel, of which Ni/MesoY showed the best catalyst performance to improve the quality of jet biofuel. In the condition of reaction temperature of 400 ℃, hydrogen pressure of 3 MPa and reaction time of 8h, the highest alkane selectivity was 46.29% and the corresponding yield was 29.5%, the lowest aromatic hydrocarbons selectivity was 10.29% and the corresponding yield was 6.5%. A high yield of jet fuel (48.5%) was obtained. In the reaction of converting algal residue after transesterification into jet biofuel catalyzed by Ni-Co/MCM-41, jet biofuel selectivity was 19.99%, alkane (C17-C30) selectivity was 27.46% while the intermediate products, most of which were hexadecanoic acid ethyl esters, exhibited the highest selectivity of 34.58%. Graphic abstract
Keywords: Jet biofuel; algal biodiese; algal residue. 41
OA7 Ethylene production from dehydration of bioethanol over MFI zeolite nanosheets Sirawit Shetsiri1, Wannruedee Wannapakdee1, Saros Salakhum1, and Chularat Wattanakit1* 1
Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, School of Energy Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Rayong, Thailand.
The bioethanol dehydration via solid acid catalysts such as zeolites and heteropoly acid catalysts is one of the most important ways to produe the ethylene as the important intermediate for petrochemical industry. Although a conventional MFI zeolite has been widely used
in the process, it often suffers from the mass transfer limitation,
exhibiting low activity and high coke formation rate. To overcome these problems, the hierarchical MFI zeolite nanosheet can be applied. In this work, hierarchical MFI zeolite nanosheets having various Si/Al ratios have been successfully prepared by a hydrothermal synthesis using tetra(n-butyl) phosphonium hydroxide (TBPOH) as a dual
template.
The
designed
hierarchical
zeolites
exhibit
the
preferable
physicochemical properties with an increase of mesoporosity (~30 %) compared with a corresponding commercial zeolite. To demonstrate the application of hierarchical zeolite in the bioethanol conversion, the catalytic tests were carried out using a fixedbed reactor at 350-450 oC under an atmospheric pressure. The hierarchical MFI exhibits the superior catalytic activity with yielding light olefins over 80% due to their hierarchical structure that can greatly improve the mass transfer limitation and the thermal stability of catalysts. Furthermore, the effect of Si/Al ratios of hierarchical zeolites on catalytic mechanisms will be systematically discussed.
Keywords: Ethylene; Bioethanol; MFI nanosheets.
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OA8 Experimental evaluation of performance of bed materials for steam gasification of biomass in a dual fluidised bed gasifier Cheng Li, Ziyin Zhang, Shusheng Pang* Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
The aim of this study was to investigate the performance of four types of bed materials for steam gasification of woody biomass in a dual fluidised bed gasifier. The selected bed material were silica sand, calcined olivine, woodhill sand and limestonesilica sand blends (50-50 wt%). Silica sand, which acted as inert heat carrier, was tested as a control bed material and other bed materials were expected to show catalytic effects to different extents. Experiments were conducted in a 100kW dual fluidised bed gasifier at operating temperature of 700°C. Radiata pine wood pellets were used as the biomass feedstock, and the steam to biomass ratio maintained constant at 0.89. The bed material inventory was 30kg. The results from this study show that compared with the silica sand, olivine, woodhill sand and limestone as bed materials all enhanced producer gas yield. The gas yield from gasification with olivine bed material was the highest with a value of 0.86 Nm3/kgdryfuel. Meanwhile, the hydrogen content in the producer gas was also increased in the gasification with these three catalytic bed materials, which was 43% for olivine, 57% for woodhill, and 55% for limestone as bed materials. This can be attributed to favoured water-shift reaction towards the hydrogen production when catalytic bed materials were used. Furthermore, the catalytic effects on tar productions were also found with heavy tars being cracked by these three catalytic bed materials. Keywords: steam biomass gasification, catalytic effect, calcium , tar concentration, CO2 shift.
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OA9 Using Sulfonated graphene oxide to convert lipids from wet microalgae into biodiesel Yi Qiu, Jun Cheng, Rui Huang, Junhu Zhou, Kefa Cen State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, China
Four heterogeneous catalysts including graphene oxide (GO), sulfonated graphene oxide (sGO), sulfonated graphene (sG), sulfonated active carbon (sAC) had been prepared, characterized and tested for the production of biodiesel from lipids in wet microalgae. SGO was proven to show the best catalyst performance, giving the highest conversion efficiency of lipids in wet microalage to FAMEs (84.58% of that catalyzed by sulfuric acid), while, in contrast, sAC could not convert any lipids at all. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and elemental analysis revealed that although the SO3H groups in sG (1.688mmol/g) is much more than those in GO (0.378mmol/g) or sGO (0.441mmol/g), the conversion efficiency of lipids to FAMEs catalyzed by sG (48.63%) is much lower than that of GO (73.08%), even lower than that of reused sGO because of the loss of hydrophilic hydroxyl on the surface. The morphology, surface characteristics, and other physiochemical properties of catalysts and converted biodiesel were evaluated by scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and thermogravimetric analysis (TG).
Keywords: Sulfonated graphene oxide; biodiesel; wet microalgae;solid catalyst.
44
OA10 The Effects of Pretreatment on the Products of Fast Pyrolysis of Pine Wood Xing Xin1, Kirk Torr2, Ferran de Miguel Mercader2, Shusheng Pang1* 1Dept.
of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand 2
Scion, Rotorua, New Zealand
The aim of this study was to understand the effects of acid leaching and torrefaction pretreatments on fast pyrolysis products (bio-oil, gas and char) from pine wood. Wood was pretreated by acid leaching (1 wt.% acetic acid solution), mild torrefaction (260 °C) and acid leaching followed by torrefaction, respectively. These three feedstocks along with raw wood were pyrolysed in a 1 kg/h fast pyrolysis reactor at a temperature of 450 °C. To understand the impact of the pretreatments, the wood samples were characterised by 13C NMR and FTIR spectroscopy and analysed for elemental composition, carbohydrates, lignin and inorganics. These analyses showed that acid leaching removed most of the inorganic materials, especially potassium and calcium, but did not affect the lignin or carbohydrate content. Mild torrefaction caused hemicellulose decomposition, resulting in pretreated woods with increased carbon content and lignin content. Upon fast pyrolysis, the highest bio-oil yield was obtained from acid-leached wood, and the lowest from torrefied wood. Raw wood and acid-leached/torrefied wood gave a similar yield of pyrolysis oil. Hence, acid leaching can be used to offset the reduction bio-oil yield observed with torrefaction. Analysis of the pyrolysis gases showed that the carbon dioxide content decreased for all three pretreated woods. The bio-oil products were analysed by 1H NMR spectroscopy, GPC, solvent fractionation, elemental content and water content. All pretreatments resulted in reduced water production during fast pyrolysis. The solvent fractionation and 1H NMR results revealed that acid leaching significantly increased the “sugars” content in the bio-oil, while the torrefaction pretreatment reduced oxygen content and increased the “lignins” content in the bio-oil. The pyrolysis char products were characterised by 13C NMR and FTIR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The 13C NMR and FTIR spectra of the four types of char showed no obvious differences with the spectra indicating mainly fused carbon rings. SEM analysis indicated the char from acid-leached wood was different in morphology to the other chars. Other results revealed that char from torrefied wood contained less volatile material and had a higher carbon content. Acid leaching of pine wood was effective in increasing bio-oil yield and both acid leaching and torrefaction could alter bio-oil’s composition to some extent. These pretreatments are of interest for fast pyrolysis with zeolite catalyst which is the next phase of research. The effects of pretreatments on catalytic fast pyrolysis will be investigated. 45
OA11 Assessment of Sulfide Concentration Effects on the Growth and Removal by Bacillus cerues (ATCC 14579) in Orbital Shaker Abd.Aziz Mohd Azoddien1, Mani Malam Ahmad1*, Mior Ahmad Khusairi bin Mohd Zahari1, Mazrul Nizam bin Abu Seman1 and Mohammad Saedi Jami2 1
Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang (UMP), Lebuhraya Tun Razak, 26300 Gambang, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia 2 Faculty of Engineering, Department of Biotechnology Engineering, International Islamic University, Malaysia (IIUM), Gombak, 50728, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Continuous generation and release of Hydrogen sulfide from multiple domestic and industrial discharged effluents has become a major source of worry among environmentalist due to its toxicity and contaminative nature. In this study, the identity of a wild-type Bacillus cereus (ATCC 14579), was established using 16Sr RNA sequence as well its sulfide biodegradation potential in an incubator shake flask using a single milieu composition under a defined operational parameters. Growth and sulfide reduction efficiency was measured spectrophotometrically under optimum physical conditions of pH, temperature, acclimatization time and agitation. Sulfide reduction was overwhelmingly recorded at three different sulfide loading rates of 200mM S2- L-1 d-1, 300mM S2- L-1 d-1 and 500mM S2- L-1 d-1 with corresponding appreciable cell growth measured at OD600nm. The obtained results indicated that it was possible to realised sulfide removal efficiency of 95% to 99% using B. cereus strain in an orbital shake flask within 24hrs, as well 65% to 78% within the first 6hrs of inoculation. Overall, sulfide was reduced by 95% in 200 mM, and 300 mM, 99% was recorded in 500 mM respectively. On the other hand, the corresponding growth was 3.00 OD600nm, 2.953 OD600nm and 2.687 OD600nm in 200pmm, 500ppm and 300ppm concentration respectively. Based on this finding, it was clear that this inoculum can be employed to treat sulfide contaminated wastewater even at higher range under simple environmental and operational conditions.
Keywords: Bioremediation, sulfide synthetic wastewater, bacteria, co-culture shaker 46
OA12 The effect of monoglyceride polymorphism on low-temperature properties of biodiesel fuel Yuitsu Sugami1, Shinichiro Yoshidomi1, Eiji Minami1, Noriko Shisa2, Hitoshi Hayashi2, Shiro Saka1 1 2
Graduate School of Energy Science, Kyoto University, Japan
Material Engineering Division, Toyota Motor Corporation, Japan
The cloud point of biodiesel refers to the temperature at which precipitates begin to form and the fuel becomes cloudy during the specified cooling procedure. Although cloud point is widely believed as an important low-temperature property of biodiesel, precipitates are often observed even at a higher temperature than the cloud point during its storage. Such precipitated products are known to consist largely of monoglyceride, which is an intermediate compound caused by incomplete reaction on its production process. In addition, monoglyceride can take several crystalline forms such as α, β’ and β types due to its polymorphism and each has relatively high melting point (α < β’ < β). This fact might make the low-temperature properties of biodiesel complicated. In this study, therefore, the precipitation behabior of monoglyceride was elucidated focusing on the effect of monoglyceride polymorphism. A series of model fuels was prepared by adding small amount of 1-monopalmitin to methyl oleate in various concentrations, since they are major monoglyceride and methyl ester in biodiesel, respectively. First, as a result of cloud point measurement for each sample, it was found that the cloud point was close to the temperature at which α-type monopalmitin begins to form. On the other hand, each sample was placed in an incubator kept at constant temperature higher than cloud point but lower than the melting point of β’-type monopalmitin. After storage for few weeks, precipitations could be observed in almost cases. The obtained precipitate was directly analyzed with liquid phase by X-ray diffraction. As a result, the diffraction pattern was not clear at the first stage of the precipitation. However the diffraction pattern became more clear when the strage time was prolonged and seemed to be similar to that of β’-type monopalmitin. These lines of evidence indicate that cloud point relates with α-type monoglyceride. On the other hand, the precipitates formed at higher temperature than cloud point relates with β’-type monoglyceridem, even though its crystal seems to glow slowly in biodiesel. It implies that cloud point is no longer suitable as an index of low-temperature property of biodiesel. Keywords: Biodiesel; Cloud point; Monoglyceride; Polymorphism.
47
Parallel Session B-1: Bio-based Materials and Chemicals KB1 Agricultural biorefinery – development of high value bio-based materials from agricultural bio-resources Chunbao (Charles) Xu Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Institute for Chemicals and Fuels from Alternative Resources (ICFAR) Western University
An integrated biorefining process has been developed to utilize two major agroresources, i.e., starch from crops (e.g., corn/ wheat/potato) and cellulose/lignin from crop residues (e.g., wheat straw/cornstalk) or other agricultural biomass such as switchgrass and mithcanthus, for high-value bioproducts.
In this process, crop
residues or other lignocellulosic biomasses are first cost-effectively fractionated into lignin and cellulose. The crop-residue derived lignin was then used as raw materials for the synthesis of bio-based polyurethane (BPU) resins and bio-based phenol formaldehyde (BPF) resins for various industrial applications such as adhesives, and insulation materials, etc. Furthermore, other bio-based materials including starch/cellulose acetates and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) were produced from starch and cellulose derived from crop residues, for applications in polymer composites and as dispersants/surfactants.
48
KB2 Urban Wastewater Treatment with Algae for Energy and Nutrient Recovery Nirmal Khandan1 , Shanka Henkanatte-Gedera2, Mohsen Karbakhsh3 1
Civil Engineering Dept, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, USA
2
Civil Engineering Dept, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, USA
3
Civil Engineering Dept, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, USA
Global trends of population growth, rapid urbanization, scarcity of resources, energy insecurity, and depletion of freshwater resources are driving scientists and engineers to seek viable and energy-efficient alternatives to sustain the urban infrastructure. Traditional urban wastewater (UWW) treatment infrastructure continues to depend on obsolete, multistage technologies that are energy-intensive and unsustainable. Currently, urban wastewater is being viewed as a potential source for reclaiming energy, water and nutrients for beneficial use rather than mineralizing valuable carbon and nutrients to gaseous by products and dissipating them into the environment. This paper reports on a single-step, algal-based wastewater treatment system where the selected strain, Galdieria sulphuraria, is shown to be capable of photoautotrophic and heterotrophic metabolism for simultaneous removal of dissolved organic carbon and nutrients from UWWs. Laboratory scale studies followed by pilot scale demonstrations of this concept have proven Galdieria sulphuraria’s capability of removing BOD and nutrients to the required discharge standards in a single-step. Downstream processing of the resulting biomass by hydrothermal liquefaction is demonstrated as a feasible process for recovering the nutrients in the UWW for use as fertilizers. Data from the outdoor pilot scale system will be presented to show that this algal-based approach yields more than double the net electrical energy than the traditional heterotrophic bacterial based system through anaerobic digestion. Keywords: Wastewater treatment; algal system, BOD removal, nutrient removal, energy recovery.
49
OB1 Production of Acetonitrile via Thermo-catalytic Conversion and Ammonization of Microalgae over Zeolites Ying Zhang1*, Qian Yao1, Lujiang Xu1
1
Dept. of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
In this study, for first time we demonstrated that acetonitrile can be directly and selectively produced by thermo-catalytic conversion of microalgae with ammonia over zeolite catalysts. The lipid-lean green microalgae (e.g. Chlorella vulgaris) was served as raw material. The parameters influencing the catalyst performance (metal doping, metal loading, different zeolites) were studied thoroughly. In addition, the reaction parameters (e.g. reaction temperature, residence time, ammonia content etc.) were also investigated. Under the optimized conditions, the highest total carbon yield of pyrolytic bio-oil and acetonitrile was 30.3% and 23.4%, respectively. The selectivity of acetonitrile in the pyrolytic bio-oil was up to 77.2%. The catalysts were characterized by N2 adsorption/desorption, XRD, XRF and NH3-TPD. The reaction pathway from microalgae to acetonitrile was further studied. The thermo-catalytic conversion and ammonization makes microalgae biorefineries one step closer to economic and environmental feasibility.
Keywords: Microalgae; Acetonitrile; Thermo-catalytic conversion; Ammonization; Zeolites
50
OB2 Effect of Nutritional and Environmental parameters on the Vegetative Growth of Alpine Strain of Haematococcus pluvialis Nilanjana Mazumdar and Peter A. Gostomski Dept. of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand. The green alga Haematococcus pluvialis is a natural source of astaxanthin, a supreme antioxidant, used widely in aquaculture, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. The growth of H. pluvialis in the vegetative phase prior to astaxanthin production is one of the most crucial parts in the whole cultivation process. In this study the effects of culture medium, pH, vitamins, temperature, various nitrogen sources and aeration rates were investigated for maximum production of biomass in the vegetative phase. A strain of H. pluvialis isolated from an alpine environment was evaluated in this study. A maximum cell density of 6 x 105 cells/mL and a doubling time of 3 - 4 days was obtained using a modified MLA medium, using 2X NaNO3 (4 mM) in an airlift reactor. A pH window of 6 – 7 and temperatures between 10 – 18 ºC were best suited for growth. Higher pH values and temperatures induced secondary stress by reducing growth rate by 35% and producing morphological changes in the motile vegetative cells through loss of flagella and increase in cell diameter. The vitamin mix consisting of thiamine, biotin, and cyanocobalamin improved cell density by 25% over the vitamin-free medium. The best nitrogen source for growth was NH4Cl (2 mM) however it required active pH control due to acidification. An almost comparable cell density of 4 x 104 cells/mL in shake flasks were obtained using NaNO3 (4 mM), without pH control because the pH rise associated with nitrate uptake was partially off-set by CO2 uptake. The shear sensitive vegetative cells preferred low aeration rate of 200 mL/min when cultivated in airlift photobioreactor.
A gradual
increase of aeration rate by 10% every three days in a 1.5 L airlift photobioreactor produced the best growth. A higher aeration rate of 600 mL/min reduced cell growth significantly and caused cell death due to shear stress. Keywords: Haematococcus pluvialis; growth; culture medium; vitamin; nitrogen; aeration. 51
OB3 High performance hybrid membranes for separation of CO2 from biogas Liang Ma, Yongqin Lv*, Frantisek svec*, Tianwei Tan* International Research Center for Soft Matter, Beijing University of chemical technology, Beijing, China.
Membrane-based technologies enabling removal of CO2 from biogas promise high separation efficiency while being less capital and energy intensive compared to other common methods. However, polymer membranes suffer from an inherent trade-off between permeability and selectivity, which limits their performances. Great efforts have been made by adding porous nanomaterials such as metal organic frameworks (MOFs) into polymer membranes. These hybrid membranes feature enhanced separation performances thanks to their dual transport pathways as the crystalline porous structure of MOFs is more amenable to molecular diffusion in comparison to polymers. In our work, we successfully synthesized a new type of hybrid membrane composing
cross-linked poly(ethylene glycol) and metal-organic framework
nanoparticles. Their surface morphologies, crytallinity, and thermal stabilities were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). The gas transport properties of tailored hybrid membranes were investigated by a constant volume and variable pressure method using mixed gas. After optimization of the synthetic conditions, we discovered that the hybrid membrane containing 30 wt% UiO-66 could significantly increase the permeability by 200%, from 120 barrer to 360 barrer. This will provide a new approach to designing advanced membranes that are well suited for separation of CO2 from biogas in real applications.
Keywords: CO2; Biogas; Membrane separation; Poly(ethylene glycol); Metal-organic framework.
52
OB4 Prediction of the solidification temperature of biodiesel model fuel studied with the solid-liquid equilibrium Shinichiro Yoshidomi1, Yuitsu Sugami1, Eiji Minami1, Noriko Shisa2, Hitoshi Hayashi2, Shiro Saka1 * 1 2
Graduate School of Energy Science, Kyoto University, Japan
Material Engineering Division, Toyota Motor Corporation, Japan
Fatty acid methyl ester is being used as biodiesel, which is produced from plant oils by transesterification with methanol. However, biodiesel often contains a small amount of monoglycerides as intermediate compounds, which have higher melting points than their methyl esters. Such monoglycerides usually solidify at low temperatures, which lead to plugging the fuel filter. In this study, therefore, a thermodynamic prediction of the temperature for its solidification was discussed based on the solid-liquid equilibria for various mixtures of fatty acid methyl esters and monoglycerides. The binary or multicomponent mixtures were prepared by using methyl ester and 1-monoglyceride such as oleate and methyl laurate as major methyl esters, 1-monopalmitin and 1-monolaurin as major monoglycerides, from rapeseed and coconut oils, respectively, in various combinations and concentrations. The solidification temperature and molar enthalpy of melting were measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) for each mixture. On the other hand, the theoretical values of the solidification temperatures were also calculated based on the solid-liquid equilibrium by using the modified UNIFAC (Dortmund) model. As a result, the theoretical and experimental results were consistently found in a good agreement each other. In addition, activity coefficients calculated by the modified UNIFAC model indicate that a combination of methyl esters behaves as an ideal solution, whereas a combination of methyl esters and monoglycerides do as a non-ideal one. Consequently, the solidification temperature was accurately predicted, based on the solid-liquid equilibrium with the modified UNIFAC model. Keywords: Solid-liquid equilibrium; Fatty acid methyl ester; Monoglyceride; Modified UNIFAC
53
OB5 Separation of Binary Solution at Different Concentration of Feed and Ratio Using Desal-5DK Nanofiltration Membrane Hafizuddin W. Yussof1*, Fatihah M. Roli1, Syed M. Saufi1, Mazrul N. Abu Seman1, Abdul W. Mohammad2 1
Faculty of Chemical & Natural Resources Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Malaysia 2
Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia
Most of the sugar separation from raw juice in sugar industry is performed by chromatography to purify the products due to fairly similiar physicochemical properties between monosaccharides. This present work discuss the possibility of using nanofiltration in separation of pentose sugar (xylose) from hexose sugar (glucose) as an alternative to chromatography. The aim of this present work is to investigate the separation effect of binary solution (xylose-glucose mixture) at different feed concentration, and ratio concentration using pilot scale spiral wound membrane system. The experimental work was carried out at 5 g/L and 10 g/L feed concentration. The ratio concentration of xylose to glucose was prepared at 70:30, 30:70 and 50:50. The pilot scale spiral wound membrane system was equipped with Desal-5 DK commercial nanofiltration membrane. Filtration was done in total reflux mode (both permeate and retentate were recycled back to the feed tank) at 37°C and the applied pressure was 10 bar. The results indicate that the highest rejection of glucose and xylose was obtained in high feed concentration of 10 g/L at 84.06% and 68.43% respectively, with 30:70 ratio concentration between xylose to glucose. In addition, the highest xylose separation factor was obtained at 2.01. The feed concentration and ratio concentration of xylose to glucose had an influence on xylose retention and xylose separation factor. At high feed concentration, the xylose separation factor has increased as the proportion of glucose was higher than xylose. This due to large amount of glucose molecules pushes the xylose molecules to pass though the nanofiltration membrane. Overall, it shows the potential of using nanofiltration membrane in separation of xylose from glucose, as an alternative to chromatographic processes. Keywords: Nanofiltration; Xylose; Glucose; Desal-5 DK; Separation factor. 54
Parallel Session B-2: Bio-based Materials and Chemicals - II KB3 Production of aviation biofuel from lignocellulosic feedstock by aqueous-phase catalysis Longlong Ma, Lungang Chen Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China As a result of limited fossil fuel reserves and strict environmental regulations, there is an urgent demand for renewable fuel production from non-edible lignocellulosic biomass. Since the pioneering work on the production of liquid alkanes by aqueous-phase processing of biomass-derived carbohydrates proposed by Dumesic group, recent studies on this lignocellulosic biomass reaction have attracted intensive interest. In current study, we proposed the production process of aviation biofuel from lignocellulosic feedstocks, such as cornstalk and sorghum stalk.This conversion process includes some consecutive steps: acid-catalyzed steam stripping-hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass to platform compounds such as furans and levulinic acid, base-catalyzed aldol condensation of platform compounds to form the oxygenated hydrocarbons with the increased carbon-chain length (C10+), and the subsequent hydrogenation/hydrodeoxygenation(HDO) of condensation products to liquid alkanes (C8-C15) over the supported metal multifunctional catalysts. As shown in Fig.1, the integrated aviation biofuel synthesis system in the pilot-scale facilities is made up of four main units: platform compound production, aldol condensation, hydrotreating and waste treatment.
Fig.1 Flowsheet for the integrated aviation biofuel synthesis system from lignocellulosic feedstock Keywords: lignocellulose, aviation biofuel 55
KB4 Technologies For Liquid Biofuels And Biopolymers Paul Bennett and Florian Graichen, Scion Research, New Zealand
Paul Bennett and Florian Graichen Manufacturing and Bioproducts, Scion, Rotorua, New Zealand
The world is witnessing a major shift towards products, materials, chemicals and fuels made from renewable resources.
Scion, a New Zealand Crown Research
Institute, offers New Zealand’s leading research capability in techenologies relevant to the emerging bio- and circular economies - creating new biobased materials, energy products and green chemicals.
The rise of industrial biotechnology globally reflects
an increasing shift away from modern industrial practices that rely heavily on the use of fossil fuels, man-made chemicals and non renewable materials. Scion undertakes research into a range of bioenergy and biofuels applications, and the development of key activities across the whole production chain, from resource establishment through to product development.
This is complemented by extensive
research and development of biochemicals, biopolymers and bioproducts.
It is
becoming increasingly apparent that products and energy need to work together to create true impact and delivery business proposition, with biochemicals and polymers driving the value and bioenergy delivering the volume and feedstock. This presentation will overview Scion’s activities in the biorefining and bioeconomy sector.
Keywords: Biorefining, Biofuels, Bioenergy, Biochemicals and Bioplastics.
56
OB6 Mechanism of adsorption and desorption of cellulase' carbohydrate-binding modules and its application Xu Fang1*, Baojie Jiang1, Dan Feng1, Suhao Niu1
1
State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
Cellulases consist of catalytic domain (CD) and carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs) as well as linker which linked the two parts together. CBMs recognize and adsorb on cellulose. However, CBMs also bind lignin non-productively during enzymatic hydrolysis. Thus, it is vital to reduce the adsorption of CBMs onto lignin for improving the cellulases hydrolysis efficiency. We fused CBM, green-florescent protein (GFP) with linker of CBHI from Trichoderma reesei. The fused protein was named GLC (GFP linked CBM). The negative charge of GLC was increased by saturation mutagenesis. We proved that the adsorption of GLC onto AICSL (Acid Insoluble Corn Stover Lignin) was decreased as the negative charge of GLC increased. Moreover, the hydrolysis efficiency of CBHI’s variant was higher than that of CBHI when microcellulose was mixed with AICSL. We tried to decrease the adsorption of GLC onto AICSL by adding chemicals. We chose five additives in this study. We proved that the hydrolysis efficiencies of CBHI’s variants also were enhanced after addition of chemicals with positive charge.
Keywords: lignocelluloses, lignin, filamentous fungi, cellulase, CBMs, CBHI
57
OB7 Experimental Research on Syngas Generation by Chemical-looping Gasification of Wheat Straw Using Fe2O3 as Oxygen Carriers Jianjun Hu1,2*,Chong Li1,2, Dun Li1,2, Qianhui Guo1,2,Shuheng Zhao1,2
1
Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomass Energy,Henan Agricultural University,Henan Province Zhengzhou, China
2
Key Laboratory of New Materials and Facilities for Rural Renewable Energy, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou, China
In the homemade Chemical looping gasification of biomass reaction device with N2 as carrier gas, complex oxygen carrier Fe2O3 / Al2O3’s effects on Chemical-looping Gasification of wheat straw were studied. The effects of reaction temperature and the presence of oxygen carrier on the syngas composition，H2 / CO, gas yield, and carbon conversion were examined. The experimental results show that with the increasing of temperature during biomass gasification, the concentration of H2 and CO all shows the tendency of rising,
while that of CO2 and CH4 declines slightly. The gas yield is
gradually increasing in the process of gasification, but the carbon conversion presents the first increase after the decrease trend. And with the increasing of reaction temperature, the H2 / CO ratio reduces after rising first, and it meets its maximum 0.98 in 850 ℃ , the relative concentrations of H2 and CO in the syngas gradually increases.The presence of oxygen carriers can significantly increase the gas yield, and it is conducive to the improvement of the H2 and CO concentrations in the syngas composition.
Keywords: Wheat straw; Chemical-looping Gasification; Temperature; Syngas; Oxygen Carriers.
58
OB8 Optimization of Mechanical Properties of Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs)-Loaded Chitosan/Polylactic acid (PLA) Biofilms by Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) Mazrul Nizam Abu Seman1, Aznizan Shaari1, Che Ku Mohd Faizal2 1
Faculty of Chemical Engineering & Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Pahang (UMP), Lebuhraya Tun Razak, Pahang, Malaysia 2 Faculty of Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang (UMP), Lebuhraya Tun Razak, Pahang, Malaysia
Fabrication of silver nanoparticles-loaded chitosan-polylactic acid based biofilms was successfully employed for investigating the optimal of mechanical properties (i.e. tensile strength and elongation at break) of biofilms using central composite design (CCD) response surface methodology (RSM). In this study, only two factors that influences the biofilm mechanical properties were selected namely concentration of polyethelene glycol 400 (PEG) and percentage volume of polylactic acid (PLA)/chitosan. Analysis of results was performed by using response surface methodology (RSM) to avoid the traditional one-factor-at-a-time experiments. Common statistical tools such as analysis of variance (ANOVA) and response surface plot were used to determine the optimal tensile strength and elongation at break responses. Central composite design (CCD) builds a response surface for mechanical properties of biofilms optimization. From the results of statistical analysis, it could be concluded that the optimal conditions for mechanical properties of biofilms were 7.93% w/w concentration of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and 28.79%/71.21% percentage volume of polylactic acid (PLA)/chitosan. At this optimum stage, 8.32 MPa of tensile strength and 32.15 % elongation at break were obtained. Then, results of verification process have shown that the percentage errors are 2.08% for tensile strength and 3.89% elongation at break, respectively.
Keywords: Biofilms; Mechanical Properties; Optimization; Response Surface Methodology. 59
OB9 Highly Selective Production of Renewable p-Xylene from Biomass Derived 2,5-Dimethylfuran over Sulfonyl Modified Aerosil Xinqiang Feng1, Chun Shen1, Chenchen Tian1, Tianwei Tan1*
1
Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery,
College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
Aimed at highly selective production of renewable p-xylene (PX) from biomassderived 2,5-dimethylfuran, we especially designed and prepared sulfonic acid group modified aerosil acting as a novel and efficient catalyst. As one kind of the most widely used Brønsted acid, sulfonic propyl groups showed comparable acid strength with HBeta zeolite, and they were immobilized on the surface of mesoporous aerosol providing catalytic active sites. Density of sulfonic acid group in the whole composite was highly adjustable ranging from 4.7 to 313.4 µmol/g. The reaction was greatly enhanced by weakening the influence of internal diffusion. The proper acid and structure of the as-prepared catalyst contributed to the high activity and good stability for producing renewable PX: the selectivity of 90% and the carbon balance of 95% were obtained at 523 K, and the PX selectivity just decreased from 88% to 83% after three cycles. Overall, this new reusable catalyst provided an alternative for highly efficient production of renewable PX.
Keywords: Renewable p-xylene; Aerosil supported with sulfonic acid groups; Catalytic performance.
60
OB10 Screening of Biorefinery Options for Forest and Wood Processing Residues using P-Graph Martin J. Atkins, Benjamin H. Y. Ong, Timothy G. Walmsley, Michael R. W. Walmsley, James R. Neale Energy Research Centre, School of Engineering, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand Forest and wood processing residues and waste are likely to become a significant feedstock to large scale biorefineries to produce both renewable fuels and chemicals. Maximising the economic value of these residues whilst simultaneously minimising the environmental impact of the manufactured product is an important task in process and product selection and design. Multiple processing and product pathways exist and it is often unclear what the best options are without detailed assessment or preliminary design. P-graph (or process graph) is graph-theoretic approach to process synthesis based on rigorous and robust axioms and algorithms. The graphical representation of the numerous process networks or pathways is unambiguous and the problem formulation and LP solver algorithm of P-graph of allows for complex problems to be optimised very efficiently. The P-graph framework was used to examine the economically feasibility of utilising five types of wood processing residues: wood chip, pulp logs, saw dust, and landing and cutover residues. Twenty different products were considered, based on three main production platforms or routes, sugars, pyrolysis, and gasification. Kraft pulp production and energy products were also considered as viable options for residues. Only six of the products considered were found to be profitable with the most economically viable uses being kraft pulp production and boiler fuel. Products included in the feasible solutions and the source of residues are all finely balanced, and slight changes in feedstock cost, product price, and operational and capital costs can cause major changes to the feasible structures. When heat integration for using Total Site was incorporated into the P-graph there was no economic benefit for the routes and scale of production considered here. Keywords: Biorefinery, Process Integration
61
OB11 Thermal Treatment of Biomass using CaO/CuO composites for H2 production Lunbo Duan, Jian Chen, Cai Liang, Changsui Zhao
Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control Ministry of Education School of Energy and Environment Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China;
Using CaO/CuO composites as a catalyst in the thermal conversion process of biomass for H2 production can achieve inherent CO2 capture and O2 transportation simultaneously, which represents a novel technology combining biomass energy conversion simultaneously with carbon capture and sequestration (CCS). In this study, CaO/CuO composites were manufactured by a commercial mechanical granulator. Subsequently, fast pyrolysis experiments of rice straw with the composite material were conducted in a pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) to investigate the influence of the catalyst type and amount used on the pyrolysis products. Results show the CaO/CuO composites demonstrate both CO2 fixation and O2 transportation abilities. The CaO in the composites can completely capture the CO2 and promote the decomposition of the tar during the pyrolysis process. CuO in the composites can successfully transfer O2 to the gas products as confirmed by increased production of compounds with oxygen-containing functional groups. The study clearly demonstrates the CO2 capture and O2 transportation abilities of such bi-functional CaO/CuO composites.
Keywords: CaO/CuO composites; Rice Straw; H2 production; CO2 fixation; O2 transportation
62
OB12 Logistic and Supply of Rice Straw: A Glance at Rice Straw Collection Model (BIOCOL) Shuhaida Harun1, Jamaliah Md Jahim1, Mohd Sobri Takriff1, Osman Hassan2, Bruce E Dale3 1
Dept. of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia 2School
of Chemical Sciences and Food Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia 3Department
of Chemical Engineering and Material Sciences, Michigan State University, USA
This paper describes a BIOCOL model developed to simulate the actual rice straw collection activity in one of the areas in Selangor, Malaysia. It is important to understand the actual rice straw collection and model that activity since it allows for analyzing and optimizing the straw collection for further straw utilization in the rice straw processing facility (RSPF). The simulation model is based on the concept/framework from the published references, and validated using the actual collection practice in the rice field. Using actual collection capacities, the average land area covered by the private company based on area cut and cleaning in June 2010 reached about 5.0% of the total land area available. BIOCOL also had similar predicted average value of 4.4% of the total area available. Based on the baling capacities in June 2010, BIOCOL also predicted an average rice straw bale production of 248 bales/day could be collected with the current collection capacity. This was slightly higher by 5.5% than the actual average bale production, which was about 235 bales/day. BIOCOL also predicted that an average of 91.8 MTPD of rice straw was completely bale as compared to actual average of 94.0 MTPD of rice straw that were completely baled.
Keywords: Rice straw; Collection; Model; Land area; Baling
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Parallel Session C-1: Conversion Technologies KC1 Reducing enzyme cost by medium and process optimization for commercialization of integrated lignocellulosic biorefinery Yinbo Qu1,2, Xiaolong Han1, Xuezhi Li1, Jian Zhao1, 1State
Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, and 2National glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, China
The integrated corncob biorefinery had been proposed by our laboratory, and a facility was estabolished by LongLive Company to produce xylooligosaccharides (or xylitol), cellulosic ethanol and lignin together from corncobs. However, the supply of corncobs and small market for xylose products limits ethanol production by such aprocess. Meanehile, another local company, Shandong Tranlin Group, has developed a set of technologies to produce large amount of pulp and paper through the ammonium sulfite process, which consumes million tons of wheat straw or corn stover and coproduces fulvic acids from the spent sulfite liquor as fertilizer and biostimulant for plant growth. To improve pulp quality, about one third of feedstock (straw clippings or chaffs) is separated and purged out as waste. Therefore, a new process was proposed to produce ethanol from the waste. In order to reduce the cost for cellulose saccharification, cellulase was proposed to produce on-site by an overproducing mutant of Penicillium oxalicum. The expression regulation network of cellulolytic enzymes in this fungus has been rational redesigned (Δbgl2-ΔcreA-gpdA(p)::clrB) to increase its cellulase production for more than 30 folds. The waste straw and wheat bran were used as main medium components to make up a cheap medium for cellulase production. The spent ammonium sulfite liquor containing various oligosaccharides, nitrogenous compounds and other nutrients. It was fed into the fermentation system as nutrients to stimulate cell growth, and as inducers to increase cellulase productivity, which substantially saved cellulase production cost. Furthermore, xylose in the hydrolysate was also fermented to ethanol by a metabolically engineered yeast strain to increase ethanol titer and yield through the simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation (SSCF) process. The integrated pulp-ethanol-fertilizer biorefinery from crop residues shows broad commercilization prospects. Keywords: cellulase cost; cheap medium; process optimizition; integrated biorefinery.
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KC2 Advanced Bioethanol Production with Acetic Acid Fermentation from Lignocellulosics Shiro Saka, Eiji Minami, Harifara Rabemanolontsoa, Haruo Kawamoto Graduate School of Energy Science, Kyoto University, Japan
A process for the innovative bioethanol production which involves hotcompressed water treatment of lignocellulosics coupled with acetic acid fermentation and subsequent catalytic hydrogenolysis was developed in a bench-scale level. First, the semi-flow hot-compressed water treatment was designed in order to hydrolyze lignocellulosics into various products such as oligo- and mono-saccharides, their decomposed compounds and lignin-derived products. These various compounds are to be anaerobically fermented by free and immobilized co-cultures of Clostridium thermoaceticum and Clostridium thermocellum using a batch-type fermenter with controlled pH. It was consequently found that the immobilized co-culture can ferment compounds more effectively than free co-culture to have more than 35g/l of acetic acid at pH of 6.8. Finally, the obtained acetic acid aqueous solution was successfully converted to bioethanol directly via catalytic hydrogenolysis reaction with Lewis acidsupported catalyst (Ru-Sn/TiO2). This process consists of a promising technique for efficient bioethanol production from lignocellulosics without CO2 emission. To evaluate a potential of this process, it was compared with the conventional alcoholic fermentation process, and found out that, although the conventional process can produce only 40ML bioethanol from 0.14Mt of dried Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica), this newly-developed process can produce 100ML bioethanol.
Keywords: Bioethanol production; Lignicellulosics; Acetic acid fermentation; hydrogenolysis
65
OC1 A novel reactor design and associated process for biomass fast pyrolysis Jianlong Li1 , Pan Zhang2, Guanghui Chen1, Weiwen Wang1 Zisheng Zhang
1
College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, 53 Zhengzhou Road, Qingdao 266042, China 2
College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, 99 Songling Road, Qingdao 266069, China
Fast biomass pyrolysis for the production of liquid fuels is of great interest sustainable development and has been developed considerably over the last forty years. A number of new reactor designs and processes have been developed and investigated to cost- and energy- efficiently and environmentally friendly produce renewable liquid fuels, chemicals and derived products, although a widely acceptable equipment and process is still being sought. In this presentation, we introduce to colleagues our new design of downdraft reactor and the associated process for fast biomass pyrolysis, taking straw as an example. The novel pyrolysis reactor, called downdraft pyrolysis reactor, should meet the demands of very high heating rates and short vapor residence time of the pyrolysis vapors. In the new process, a heatintegration technology was used to minimize the energy requirements. Experimental results proofed that the new system simultaneously realized high heating rates, high heat transfer rates, elaborate reaction temperature control, short residence time of the pyrolysis vapors, rapid product removal, as well as fast product cooling. These indicate the great potential to develop the new reactor design into a commercially viable technology.
Key words: biomass; fast pyrolysis; pyrolysis process; pyrolysis reactor
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OC2 The Solar Fuels Research Program within the Australian Solar Thermal Research Initiative (ASTRI) – Solar Hybridised Dual Fluidised Bed Gasification Woei L. Saw1, Peijun Guo1, Philip J. van Eyk1, Peter J. Ashman1, Graham J. Nathan2
Centre for Energy Technology, Schools of Chemical1 and Mechanical2 Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
The advanced concentrated solar thermal (CST) technologies being developed in the Australian Solar Thermal Research Initiative (ASTRI) can be applied for electricity generation and production of chemical fuels. ASTRI is an eight-year research program supported by the Australian Government, through the Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA). The ASTRI program is a consortium of leading Australian universities and CSIRO, and in close partnership with several international collaborators. In particular, this solar fuels research program within ASTRI aims at demonstrating production of liquid fuels to increase the share of CST in Australia’s energy supply and lower greenhouse gases emissions. With a vast array of possible processes and parameters involved in the conversion of solar heat to liquid fuels, a key part of this project has been to identify and prioritise potential pathways. A number chemical pathways, using various feedstock, are being developed and analysed.
These include low cost fossil fuels, biomass, CO2 and H2O.
One of the technologies being developed to support these processes is a solar hybridised dual fluidised bed gasifier for processing of dry solid feedstocks, such as lignite, biomass or their mixture. The overall aim of this paper is to estimate the cost of the production of a drop-in solar fuel (interchangeable with convention fuels) that can be chosen as realistic target with a goal to produce liquid fuels at a cost well below AUD1.50/L (excise-free at the gate of the plant) in Australia.
Keywords: Concentrated solar thermal; gasification; fluidised bed; liquid fuels. 67
OC3 Enhancing methane production from air-dried corn stover using mesophilic-hydrothermal-thermophilic digestion Dong Li1,2,3, Qingjing Wang1, Xiaofeng Liu1*
1
Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental
Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu China 2
Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomass Energy and Material, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, China
3
Guangdong Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research, Development and Application, Guangzhou, China
Mesophilic–hydrothermal (80–160°C, 30 min)–thermophilic (M–H–T) digestion and control tests of mesophilic (M), thermophilic (T), hydrothermal–mesophilic (H– M), and mesophilic–thermophilic digestion (M–T) of air-dried corn stover were conducted in bottle (500 mL) tests over a 20-day fermentation period. The results showed that M–H–T is an efficient method for improving methane production when the hydrothermal temperature was more than 100°C, and a maximum methane yield was obtained using the M (4 days)–H (140°C)–T (16 days) process. During the bench-scale (20 L) amplification experiment over a 25-day fermentation period, a methane yield of 308 mL/g volatile solid was obtained for M–140–T, which was 24%, 15%, and 27% higher than the yields of M, T, and 140-M. The enhanced methane production was attributed to 1) improved hemicellulose degradation and lignin disorganization; 2) prevention of the degradation of soluble sugar, easily hydrolysed hemicellulose, and cellulose into furfural and methylfurfural; and 3) lack of formation of Maillard reaction products during initial hydrothermal treatment.
Keywords: Anaerobic digestion; Chemical composition; Corn stover; Hydrothermal treatment; Methane yield. 68
Parallel Session C-2: Pretreatment Technologies KC3 Macroalgal biorefinery: Adding value to an emerging marine resource Christopher M.M. Franco a,b, Andrew J. Lorbeera,b, Wei Zhanga,b, Suvimol Charoensiddhi a,b, Peng Sua,b, a
Centre for Marine Bioproducts Development, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia b Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia Beach-cast Seaweed is ubiquitous and abundant along Australia’s southern coastline, with the area known for its high species diversity and endemism. Yet seaweed remains a dormant natural resource, but one with great potential to be developed as a food or as a feedstock for industry utilization. The aim of our project was to develop advanced processing technologies to produce higher value products with zero waste and to evaluate their integration into a biorefinery that is both environmentally and commercially sustainable. A recent survey revealed that the harvestable beach-cast seaweed in the south-east of South Australia was taxonomically diverse and highly variable across multiple time scales. A brown seaweed, Ecklonia radiata, was selected as the model feedstock due to its abundance, potential for aquaculture, and possession of compounds of commercial interest. Seaweed biomass can be processed to produce the polysaccharides alginate and fucoidan, as well as a converted into at fertilizer. Existing processes were tested for their extraction efficiency: for example, when the kinetics of a classical extraction process of fucoidan were studied, only 22% of the total available fucoidan was extracted from E. radiata, accompanied by a gradual reduction in purity, cleavage of sulfate groups, and rapid depolymerization A sequential extraction process was devised, based around the acidic extraction of fucoidans and the sodium carbonate extraction of alginates. Further, the application of response surface methodology and desirability functions were used to predict the optimum conditions in the overall process for improved yields of both polymers. Three other brown algae: Durvillaea potatorum, Seirococcus axillaris, and Macrocystis pyrifera, were subjected to the optimized process and the products were assessed for key indicators of value. For E. radiata, fucoidans demonstrated the ability to stimulate the proliferation of human skin fibroblasts; the alginate from S. axillaris had strong gel-forming capacity; and the alginate extract of M. pyrifera was lightly colored and highly viscous. A techno-economic analysis was performed to assess the potential industrial 69
production of fertilizers, fucoidans and alginates, the sequence of extraction, and seaweed source, in a macroalgal biorefinery. The integrated production of fucoidans and fertilizers from M. pyrifera was predicted to be the most profitable option. In a scenario of limited biomass availability, the project could break even if a minimum of 140 dry tonnes of feedstock could be accessed annually. The outcomes from this study are expected to guide the decision making, and facilitate the development of an environmentally compatible, yet profitable marinebased industry in South Australia and contribute to the emerging “blue economy”.
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KC4 Bioenergy crop must develop biobased economy: Paulownia for South Eastern USA. N. Joshee Department of Plant Science/Graduate Program in Biotechnology Agricultural Research Station, Fort Valley State University, Fort Valley, GA 31030. Paulownia (Paulowniaceae) is a genus of deciduous hardwood trees of about nine species from China. During past seven years we have studied various attributes of Paulownia tree thorough research for deeper understanding of plant biology related to biomass production and positive environmental and economic impact. Paulownia species can be grown as short rotation, fast growing bioenergy and timber crop. State of Georgia is a large agricultural state and focus of our research is to understand plant biology and then develop revenue generating streams for rural communities. Emphasis is also given to establish entire operation as a sustainable system to develop, harvest, and process biomass resources and develop marketable additional products, such as honey, animal feed pellets, wood pellets, and bioplastics / biocomposites, medicinal bioactive compounds, and various types of teas. To meet the demand for elite clones, systematic studies have been conducted to develop reliable and efficient in vitro protocols. This process has been studied to address various phases during in vitro mass production- shoot induction, shoot elongation, rooting, and acclimatization of Paulownia elongata. We are also studying reproductive biology aspects like stigma receptivity, pollination, pollen tube growth and fertilization leading to seed production. For developing a tree with desired traits, we are evaluating transformation protocol for P. elongata by screening various explants for their susceptibility to Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain EHA105. Agrobacterium culture and transformation parameters have also been optimized. There is an urgent need to develop a dedicated sustainable biomass crop that is multipurpose in nature, providing various revenue generation options. Through our research, we hope to establish Paulownia as an ideal bioenergy crop that can be added to the growing areas with suitable climate. Keywords: Biobased economy, bioplastics, in vitro production, genetic transformation
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OC4 Conversion of Bamboo for Production of High Value Chemicals Base On Components Separation Jie Chang, Moli Sun, Yan Fu School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, China
Bamboo resource is considered as a candidate feedstock of biomass energy for its high growth efficiency. In this study, bamboo was used as raw materials, the integrated process of hydrothermal method and ionic liquid-ethanol-water system was designed. Hydrothermal pretreatment was used to selectively stripping hemicellulose fraction in bamboo, of which the process conditions was investigated. Subsequently, the dissolution law of hydrolysis residue in ionic liquid-ethanol-water system and the physicochemical properties of products were fully analyzed. Bamboo hemicellulose was selective stripped by hydrothermal pretreatment. The optimum conditions were concluded as follows: temperature 170 ℃, reaction time 60 min, solid-liquid ratio 1:12 g/mL. The removal rate of hemicellulose was 82.88% and the retention rate of cellulose was 97.39%. The main structure of bamboo water-soluble hemicellulose is xylan, which is linked with arabinose and glucuronic acid as side chain. Hemicellulose products have high purity with substantially free of lignin. Bamboo hydrolysis residue dissolved in ionic liquid-ethanol-water system and lignin was extracted. The optimal dissolution conditions were as follows: temperature 170 ℃ , reaction time 4 h, [AMIM]OAc:C2H6O:H2O5:5:0.5(vol). Under this condition, the dissolution rate was 43.14%, the purity of crude cellulose and crude lignin products were 91.38% and 87.70% respectively, and recovery rate of cellulose and lignin were 92.07% and 87.43 %. In the same conditions for enzymatic hydrolysis, the substrate pretreated by the integrated process achieved the highest saccharification rate of 82.87%, which was 2.66, 1.97, 1.44 times of the untreated bamboo and the only one step pretreated substrate (the hydrothermal method or ionic liquid-ethanol-water system), respectively. This shows that the integrated process could remove more hemicellulose and lignin, obtain a substrate which is more susceptible to enzymatic hydrolysis, thereby increasing the yield of fermentable sugars. The mild hydrogenation depolymerization of lignin product was carried out, phenolic compounds in the form of C2～C6 can be obtained. Further optimized the conditions, there is expection to selectively produce high valueadded chemicals phenols. Keywords: Bamboo; Components Separation; Conversion, lignin, high value chemicals.
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OC5 Pretreatment and catalytic conversion of hybrid pennisetum over CeO2 Xuesong Tan, Yue Zhao, Xinshu Zhuang, Zhongming Wang, Zhenhong Yuan*
Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development Guangzhou, China;
The performance of varies solid alkalis on pretreatment hybrid pennisetum was investigated. Considering effects of lignin removal, enzymatic digestion and catalysts recycle, the results show CeO2 has an outstanding performance. Under the optimal conditions (27% cat. cont., 109 C, 21 L/S ratio, 105 min), the lignin removal rate and enzymatic digestibility rate was 43.2% and 92.0%. Then the CeO2 catalyst sustained good activity after reuse 5 times. By investigating the catalysts properties and enzymolysis effects, it was found that the stronger of alkaline catalysts, the more obvious of pretreatment effects. To enhance the yields of high value products, the catalytic conversion of hybrid pennisetum over CeO2 was also studied. Products was including phenolic compounds, furan derivatives, saccharides, etc. Under 27% cat. cont., 270 C, 20 L/S ratio, 60 min, the single phenolic compounds yields up to 35.8% (base on lignin contents) and total yields of oil phase products was 25.4%. Finally, reaction mechanism for the catalytic conversion of hybrid pennisetum was proposed.
Keywords: Hybrid pennisetum; Solid alkali; Enzymatic hydrolysis; Degradation products.
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OC6 O2-ethanol organosolv pretreatment of sugar cane bagasse and enzymatic hydrolysis Xingkang Li1, Zhen Fang2*, 1
Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
2
Biomass Group, College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, , China
Organosolv pretreatment simultaneously removes hemicellulose and lignin from lignocellulosic biomass and thus greatly improves its enzymatic accessibility. A key problem associated with organosolv pretreatment is catalyst. Addition of catalyst significantly accelerates the organosolv process but also causes new problems, such as equipment corrosion and environment pollution. Moreover, acid- or base-catalyzed organosolv process may cause severe cellulose degradation. In this study, a novel pretreatment method, O2-assisted ethanol organosolv pretreatment of sugar cane bagasse was carried out. Influence of temperature, time, ethanol concentration and O2 pressure on the composition and structure of sugar cane bagasse was investigated. All pretreated residues were submitted to enzymatic hydrolysis. At temperature of 160 ℃, time of 60 min, O2 pressure of 1.5 Mpa and ethanol:water of 40:60 (v/v), glucan content in pretreated residue was greatly enhanced from 42.2 wt% (untreated bagasse) to 84.8 wt% while 82.9% of xylan and 83.3% of lignin was removed. Meanwhile, 95.1% of original cellulose was recovered in the residue. Removal of hemicellulose and lignin improved the enzymatic accessibility of sugar cane bagasse. At very low enzymes loading ( cellulase loading 10 FPU/g cellulose and β-glucosidase loading 20 CBU/g cellulose), 81.3 % of glucose yield was obtained after 96-h hydrolysis, compared with 6.9 % for untreated hydrolysis. When cellulase loading was promoted to 15 FPU/g cellulose, almost 100% glucose yield was obtained. In conclusion, O2-ethanol pretreatment was an environmentally friendly and effective method for sugar cane bagasse pretreatment. It was able to remove hemicellulose and lignin from sugar cane bagasse at very low combined severity without exogenous catalyst and significantly improve the enzymatic digestion of sugar cane bagasse. Keywords: O2; ethanol organosolv pretreatment; sugar cane bagasse; enzymatic hydrolysis
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OC7 Optimization of Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Ammonium Hydroxide Pretreated Empty Fruit Bunch using Central Composite Design Nur Farahin Abdul Rahman1, Shuhaida Harun1, Mohd Shaiful Sajab1, Saiful Irwan Zubairi2, Osman Hassan2 1
Dept. of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia 2
School of Chemical Sciences and Food Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
Ammonium hydroxide pretreated oil palm empty fruit bunch was employed as lignocellulosic biomass substrate for the investigation on monomeric fermentable sugar production using enzymatic hydrolysis process.. Cellulose saccharification in enzymatic hydrolysis into a high yield fermentable sugar is an important step in bioconversion technology. Response surface methodology (RSM) was deployed in the study of variables affecting enzymatic hydrolysis on the released of sugar glucose and xylose. Five levels (-α,-1, 0, +1,+α) of independent variable factors, which were cellulase enzyme - Cellic CTec2 (15- 50 FPU/g glucan), hydrolysis temperature (45– 60 °C), and agitation speed in hydrolysis process (100 – 180 rpm), were randomly setup by using the Central Composite Design (CCD) in Response Surface Methodlogy (RSM). The response of glucose and xylose concentration of different hydrolysis condition were analyzed after 96 h. Test for lack-of-fit on the full quadratic regression models showed the p-values were larger than the α value of 0.05 implying the regression models of the monomeric glucose and xylose concentration adequately fitted the experimental data. In addition, the model adequately described the experimental data with the coefficient of determination, R2 of 95%. The final optimal condition of the factors for the highest glucose and xylose concentration were 36.36 FPU/g of glucan (cellulase enzyme), 50°C (temperature) and 140 rpm (agitation speed). Under this condition a maximum glucose release of 8.69 g/ L (78.28% conversion) was achieved, with a corresponding xylose release of 6.03 g/L (81.25% conversion). Keywords: Lignocellulosic; Empty fruit bunch; Ammonium hydroxide; Pretreatment; Sugar; Conversion 75
OC8 A Novel Thermal-Chemical Treatment Process for the Full Utilization of Wheat Straw Chao Liu, Yuedong Zhang, Guang Yu, Bin Li* CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China (No.189 Songling Road, 266101) Pretreatment or fractionation is one of the key steps for the conversion of lignocelluloses to sustainable biofuels, biomaterials or biochemicals, because pretreatment/fractionation can break the natural recalcitrance of lignocelluloses, thus improving the conversion efficiency of downstream processes. In the present work, a novel thermal-chemical treatment process for the full utilization of wheat straw was developed. Firstly, hot water treatment was conducted to extract hemicellulose for further production of xylo-oligosaccharide (XOS). The removel of hemicellulose could be over 80%, and the yield of XOS could reach 65% after xylanase hydrolysis of the extracted hemicellulose. Secondly, the hot water-treated stock was further treated with ammonium sulfite to remove part of lignin. After the second stage of treatment, the black liquor containing N element could be modified to generate lignin-based organic fertilizer, and then the treated cellulosic substrate could be efficiently converted to glucose by enzymatic saccharification. The glucose yield could be higher than 90%, and the obtained glucose could be further converted to biofuels (e.g. ethanol, or butanol) or chemicals (e.g. succinic acid, or isoprene) by fermentation. Therefore, through this thermal-chemical treatment process, wheat straw was efficiently fractionated and utilized without negative impact of environment. By producing high value added products, the economic feasibility of the whole process could be improved. In addition, to further reduce the process cost, this thermal-chemical treatment process could be integrated with power plant by utilizing the surplus steam and electricity, while the solid residue derived from the process could be subjected to power plant to generate power and steam. Keywords: Biomass pretreatment/fractionation; Wheat straw; Xylo-oligosaccharide; Saccharification. 76
Parallel Session D-1: Integrated Systems KD1 Biomass as back-up fuel in Hybrid Solar Power Plants Huili Zhang1, Jan Baeyens1,2 and Tianwei Tan1 1
Beijing University of Chemical Technology,
College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing China 2
Warwick University, School of Engineering, Coventry, U.K
To operate a solar power plant on a continuous basis requires the use of a thermal energy storage (TES) and/or a back-up fuel (BS) to overcome "dead" solar periods. Zhang et al. presented a design methodology for a Concentrated Solar Power plant (CSP), enhanced with TES and BS, to guarantee a constant power generation at its nominal capacity Biomass is widely available, with an energy content of 15 to 23 MJ/kg. The combustion of woody biomass limits pollution problems of NOx, SOx and others, as normally encountered when burning fossil fuel. Biomass can therefore be readily applied in a hybrid CSP, as in the Termosolar Borges plant. The Termosolar Borges (Spain) plant provides a 24/7 operation, even without sunlight. The peak capacity is 22.5 MWel (sunlight) and 12 MWel (only biomass). The solar field consists of trough-shaped mirror reflectors to concentrate solar radiation onto receiver tubes containing thermal transfer fluid which is heated to produce steam. The Thermal block comprises one 22 MWth biomass boiler, one 14 MWth dual biomass and natural gas boiler, one 10 MWth natural gas conventional auxiliary boiler for assistance and a steam generator. The estimated annual total production is 101.5 GWh gross, 98 GWh net (44.1 GWh from solar energy, 47.3 GWh from biomass and 10.2 GWh from supplemental natural gas). During the hours of solar radiation shortage, energy production is complemented by the biomass burners, supplied mainly with forest trimmings and short rotation energy crops. Natural gas is used only as residual resource of support. Hybridization can reduce CSP cost by (i) making greater use of the turbine and generator component, a large portion of a CSP plant cost, and (ii) by the use of biomass. The capacity of the plant is sufficient to provide eco-friendly power for about 27 000 Spanish households, avoiding 24,500 ton of CO2 emission. This kind of hybrid plants allows to deploy concentrated solar power in areas with lower solar radiation but with biomass resources available nearby. Keywords: Biomass; Concentrated Solar power plant.
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KD2 Renewable Aviation Fuel in New Zealand: Plant Design and Economic Evaluation of 3 Feedstocks Matthew Watson1, Chris Williamson1 1
Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand New Zealand has an unusual makeup of electricity supply wherein 80% is
generated from renewable resources.
However, as a nation New Zealand still imports
75% of its fossil fuel based liquid petroleum products (MBIE, “Energy in New Zealand 2015”).
To lower fossil fuel sourced carbon dioxide emissions, it makes sense to
transfer more of New Zealand’s transportation to electrically powered modes of transport. For airline travel, electrically powered modes of long haul flight appear to be infeasible, and will continue to depend on high energy density liquid fuels.
In this
paper we explore the possibility of generating aviation fuel from several different renewably based feedstocks in New Zealand. Specifically, three feedstocks will be explored in detail: tallow from beef and lamb; woody biomass from commercial forestry; and purpose grown canola oil. For tallow feedstock, a process based upon Honeywell UOP’s patented process (US Patent 8,058,492) was used in which the tallow is hydrogenated, deoxygenated and isomerized to create a mix of fuels which were further refined and separated into their various fractions.
For the woody biomass
feedstock, a gasifier was used to create synthesis gas which was then passed through a Fischer-Tropsch reactor to produce a mix of hydrocarbons.
For the third feedstock,
purpose-grown canola oil was reacted with methanol in a fatty acid transesterification reaction, and the methyl-esters were upgraded to aviation fuel in a downstream process. A detailed description of the three processes will be given comparing and contrasting the technical benefits and drawbacks of each.
Furthermore, the process economics
will be explored including projections of both capital and operating costs and the influence of governmental policy and consumer based purchasing decisions. Keywords: Tallow; Canola, Biomass; Gasification; Fischer-Tropsh; Hydrogenation; Isomerization; Transesterification; Aviation.
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OD1 Simultaneous Material, Energy, and Exergy Integration for Biorefinery Concepts Benjamin H. Y. Ong, Martin J. Atkins, Timothy G. Walmsley, Michael R. W. Walmsley, James R. Neale Energy Research Centre, School of Engineering, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
The aim of this paper is to synthesise an integrated biorefinery with an existing pulp mill using exergy transfer effectiveness and process integration (Total Site Analysis) methodologies. This study applies both heat and exergy cascade methods to develop an optimised biorefinery that maximises profit. The methodology is used assess the multiple technologies, such as, gasification, FT fuel production, hydrothermal liquefaction of black liquor and bioethanol production – that convert wood biomass and pulp mill waste to a wide range of value added products. The challenge is to improve economics through improved material, energy, and exergy integration to maximise value. Material integration maximises value of initial feedstocks as well as process waste streams through a symbiotic cascade of material. Energy integration minimises heating and cooling utility inputs to the processes through heat recovery. Exergy integration as quantified for process heat networks using Exergy Transfer Effectiveness (ETE) identifies areas of greatest exergy destruction (i.e. low effectiveness), which may be improved through the introduction of new process within the correct temperature range. Results show the application of a simultaneous material, energy, and exergy integration method has excellent potential in helping select processes for an integrated biorefinery that maximises extracted value. Cascading high temperature heat through the various processes, e.g. gasification to hydrothermal liquefaction to Kraft pulp and to bioethanol production, ensures improved levels of material, energy, and exergy efficiency.
Keywords: Biorefinery, Process integration, Exergy Analysis 79
OD2 Exergy analysis as a key tool for the evaluation of bio- and thermo-chemical energy conversion processes for biomass Jan Baeyens1,2, Huili Zhang1, Weibin Kong1 and Tianwei Tan1 1 College
of Life Science and Technology,
Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China 2 School
of Engineering, Warwick University, Coventry, U.K.
Exergy analysis is a thermodynamic analysis technique which is based on the first and second law of thermodynamics and provides an alternative means of energetically assessing and comparing processes by providing a measure of how close the actual process approaches the (thermodynamically) ideal situation. The destruction of exergy is due to the generation of entropy and hence a highly irreversible process. Processes associated with low energy efficiencies, will result in a sharp decrease in total exergy. Therefore, this type of analysis is clearly better suited to identify the causes and locations of thermodynamical losses than a traditional energy balance. The application of exergy analysis has only in recent years been recognised by industry and academics, and the number of research papers dedicated to the exergy analysis of specific processes has been increasing steadily. This paper will specifically focus on the exergy analysis of energy conversion methods for biomass, i.e. both the direct combustion or thermochemical methods for transforming biomass into liquid or gaseous fuels (e.g. combustion in waste-to-energy plants, pyrolysis to bio-oil and biochar, and anaerobic digestion to biogas). The first (introductory) section will provide a discussion of the sustainability of renewable energy generation and the various methodologies that are being applied for sustainability assessment. The fundamentals and mathematical background of exergy analysis will further be discussed and the different types of exergetic efficiencies will be defined. One can distinguish between simple efficiency (based on irreversibilities when developing energy balances), rational efficiency (ratio exergy of desired output to the exergy invested in the process) and efficiency with transiting exergy (modification of simple efficiency through extracting the untransformed exergy components from incoming and outgoing streams). Also, the difference between a 80
typical energy analysis and exergy analysis will be elaborated. The second section will provide a review of the numerous papers that have been dedicated to exergy analysis (1990 – current). The obtained results will be discussed and the major trends will be identified. Based on this overview, a preliminary comparison between various renewable energy systems can already be made and will conclude this section. The third section will illustrate the application of exergy analysis in various renewable energy systems, through various case studies. The first case study will be the direct combustion of biomass/waste. This case offers the most simple and direct approach, since no intermediate products are being formed. Secondly, the transformation of biomass to biofuels will be considered. This transformation can be achieved though microbial (fermentation to ethanol, digestion to biogas), chemical (transesterification for biodiesel production) and thermo-chemical (pyrolysis to bio-oil) methods. For these methods, not only the conversion itself, but also the subsequent energy utilization of the produced fuel needs to be considered.
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OD3 Process design of the hydroesterification of meat processing dissolved air flotation sludge for biodiesel production: simulation study and preliminary economic assessment Oseweuba Valentine Okoro1, Zhifa Sun 1, John Birch 2 1
Department of Physics, Otago University, Dunedin, New Zealand
2
Department of Food Science, Otago University, Dunedin, New Zealand
For the first time steady state computational simulation for the production of biodiesel from meat processing derived dissolved air flotation (DAF) sludge via hydroesterification was investigated. In this simulation study, reactive distillation (RD) for combined esterification and product separation was integrated with a novel resin catalysed insitu hydrolysis process with the system analysed for maximum biodiesel yield. The chemical constituent fragment methodology was utilised in the estimation of the required thermophysical properties of a ‘pseudo triglyceride’, as the traditional representative triglyceride (triolein) approach was shown to be insufficient. Necessary kinetic parameters were however obtained from the literature, with the screening of the available data achieved via the analysis of the vapour pressures and molecular formula of the ‘pseudo hydrolysis (fatty acid)’ product. Validation of the RD column simulation was achieved via comparative assessment of previous simulation work with the insitu hydrolysis validated based on the expected yield from experimental data. Having concluded the process design the RD column was optimised for biodiesel yield, with the pinch analysis undertaken to maximise heat integration. A preliminary economic assessment of the insitu-hydroesterification system was then undertaken using the total annualized unit cost approach with equipment and operational costs estimated using standard chemical engineering correlations. This investigation was able to establish the technical feasibility of an integrated insitu hydrolysis and reactive distillation system for the production of biodiesel with high purity from DAF sludge. An assessment of the economic performance however suggested the need for further investigations into process improvement approaches. This investigation therefore facilitated an improved understanding of the energetics and economics of the combined insitu hydrolysis and RD process, providing a basis for future practical and realistic industrial designs. Keywords: Dissolved air flotation sludge; Reactive distillation; Insitu hydrolysis; Economic assessment
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Parallel Session D-2: Synthetic biology and platform technology KD3 Enzyme discovery and engineering in synthetic biology Yan Feng*, Li Cui, Yu Zhuang, Guangyu Yang, Qian Liu State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, and School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China Recent advances in Synthetic Biology have accelerated our ability to design, construct and optimize cell factories for pharmaceutical products biosynthesis. However, constructing efficient metabolic pathways by integrating individual enzymes into a complex system remains a great challenge. The ability to biosynthetically produce chemicals beyond what is commonly found in nature requires the discovery of novel enzyme. Moreover, it is necessary to ensure individual enzymes being fine-tuned in a metabolic pathway to increase the catalyst efficiency in a whole cell level. In an adapted system, the biochemical properties of each enzyme such as stability, specific activity, substrate specificity and selectivity have to be adjusted. To identify suitable enzyme candidates, we firstly used an integrative platform RxnIP which can aid to search enzymes recognizing desired substrates according to structural similarity of enzymes. Furthermore, the directed evolution with ultrahigh-throughput screening, such as FACS and microfluidic droplet sorting, and semi-rational design coupled with smart mutant libraries requiring minimal screening are both powerful approaches for tailoring enzymes with enhanced properties in metabolic pathway. In our lab, we have successfully heterologous biosynthesized carbohydrate related pharmaceutical molecules, including β-valienamine that is an inhibitor of β-type glycosidase, and ginsenoside Rh2 (not published) that is a potential anticancer drug. In combination of synthetic biologists and modular biological ‘‘parts’’, creating higher-order devices, as well as discovering and engineering of desired enzymes would bring a great promising future in the metabolic and synthetic biology. Keywords: Enzyme discovery; Protein engineering; Synthetic biology.
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KD4 The impact of environmental parameters on toluene biodegradation products in a differential biofilter Achinta Bordoloi and Peter A. Gostomski* Chemical & Process Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, NZ A differential soil biofilter with rigorous control of environmental parameters was operated with toluene as the air-borne pollutant. A differential biofilter is a unique research tool that allows very rigorous control over all environmental parameters including the water content of the unsaturated biofilter packing material. A multiparameter experimental design was implemented to determine the impact of environmental parameters on the fraction of toluene converted to CO2. The parameters studied included temperature (20 oC, 30 oC, 40 oC), water potential (-10 cmH2O, -20 cmH2O, -100 cmH2O) and inlet toluene concentration (75 ppm, 120 ppm, 193 ppm). Preliminary experiments verified that all the toluene biodegradation products containing carbon were measured, explicitly closing the carbon mass balance. A 2-way ANOVA at different temperatures and toluene concentrations indicated the fraction of toluene converted to CO2 varied from 54-90%. Varying the temperature and matric potential demonstrated toluene mineralisation ranging from 35-71%. The overall trends were that higher temperatures, lower inlet concentrations and higher matric potentials (wetter conditions) contributed to the higher fractions of toluene converted to CO2. The same parameters caused the elimination capacity to increase from 12 g×m-3×h-1 to 54 g×m-3×h-1. Staining and total organic carbon analysis indicated that the other dominant product from toluene degradation was polysaccharides. These results are relevant to industrial biofiltration, as the diversion of pollutants to polysaccharides potentially decreases the active life of a biofilter bed due to increased pressure drop.
Keywords: biofiltration, carbon balance, carbon dioxide, differential bioreactor, mineralisation, polysaccharides, soil, toluene.
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OD4 Biological pretreatment of lignocellulosic substrates under mild alkaline conditions Xinshu Zhuang1, Guixiong Zhou1, Xuesong Tan1, Wen Wang1, Qiang Yu1, Qiong Wang1, Wei Qi1, Zhenhong Yuan1,2* 1. Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Chinese Academy of Sciences;Guangdong Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development (Guangzhou 510640，China) 2. Collaborative innovation center of biomass energy ( Zhengzhou 450002, China) Although biological pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass has the advantages of being environmentally friendly and have low-energy consumption, it usually requires a relatively long incubation time. In this study, a novel stepwise pretreatment of combination of mild alkali treatment with fungal pretreatment was conducted to enhance enzymatic hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse. Sugarcane bagasse was first soaked in the mild alkaline solution, which was then directly pretreated with alkalitolerant fungal Trametes versicolor T-4. The combined pretreatments led to significant increases of the lignin degradation than those of one step pretreatments. Combining with soak in a NaOH solution (pH10.0), biopretreatment for 21 days significantly enhanced the availability of cellulose and achieved a max cellulose enzymatic saccharification rate of 69.4% with a dry mass loss of 15.7%. It could remarkably shorten the incubation time and reduce the losses of carbohydrates. Ligninase analyses and SEM observations indicated that the enhancing of the efficiency could possibly attribute to the structure disruption of the sugarcane bagasse during the first pretreatment step.
Keywords：Biological pretreatment; Mild alkaline condition; Sugarcane bagasse. Corresponding author: +86-20-87057735 This paper is finacially supported by the NSFC project (No.21406228, 51476179 and 51561145015).
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OD5 Sustainability Analysis of a Novel Industrial Bioenergy System Rizwan Rasheed*1, Abdullah Yasar1, A.B. Tabinda1 and Yuehong Su² 1
Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University Lahore, Pakistan
2
Department of Architecture and Built Environment, University of Nottingham, UK.
A novel small-medium industrial bioenergy project is investigated in-terms of its socio-economic and environmental sustainability. This research project exclusively features multi AD system induced with motorized stirring, methane purification, compression and storage systems. The productivity and success of the plant has been proven on a variety of substrates in the form of cow-buffalo manure and potatovegetable wastes etc. This article sums-up the sustainability analytics of this modernized plant as; daily average energy productivity of 384kWh and rate of return is 15.42% per year. 45.3% of the socio-industrial community shown the willingness to invest is such project; as such the industrial and employment growth can be up-to 55%. The life-cycle environmental analysis deliberated that the corresponding climate change potential in-terms of equivalent amount of CO2 is 113.5kg on average for cowmanure and mix of it with potato slurries.
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OD6
Tailoring the Oxidative Resistance of Clostridium tyrobutyricum CCTCC W428 by Metabolic Engineering Qian Wu1, Liying Zhu2, He Huang3, Ling Jiang4* 1 College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, China 2 College of Chemical and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, China 3 College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, China 4 College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Chin The fermentation of anaerobic microorganisms is an area of interest among biotechnologists and bulk chemists. However, the rigid conditions of anaerobic microorganisms have limited their large-scale industrial process. Clostridium tyrobutyricum CCTCC W428 is an ideal acid-producing bacterium adopted for the production of butyric acid. The primary purpose of the present work is to improve the oxidative tolerance of C. tyrobutyricum CCTCC W428. Firstly, the methyl-directed mismatch repair system (MMR) was inactivated by utilizing a mobile group II intron, resulting to the hypermutable cells, and then combined with the method of stressinduced-mutagenesis based adaptive evolution (SIM), and finally obtained mutant strains with high mutation rate and stable hereditary. Secondly, trehalose biosynthesis capability was introduced into the mutant strains by cloning and over-expressing the trehalose synthase gene, generating the strong robustness strains which are suitble for industrial-scale production. Compared with the wild type, the mutant strains showed a wider substrate spectrum and a significantly increased survival rate upon aeration and acid challenge. What’s more, RNA-Seq, phenomics and metabolomics revealed that all genes related to the three central metabolic pathways, including the glycolytic pathway, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, the pentose phosphate pathway and the amino acid pathway were up-regulated. These results demonstrate that the inactivation of MMR combined with the trehalose biosynthesis can increase the host’s oxidative resistance, and this is of great theoretic significance for metabolic engineering of other anaerobic microorganisms for industrial production in the near future.
Keywords: Clostridium tyrobutyricum; Oxidative stress; Trehalose biosynthesis; Methyl-directed mismatch repair. 87
OD7 Supported Liquid Membrane Process for Removal of Acetic Acid From Biomass Hydrolysate Norlisa Harruddin1, Syed M. Saufi1, Che Ku M. Faizal 2,
1
Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, 26300 Gambang, Pahang, Malaysia.
2
Faculty of Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, 26300 Gambang, Pahang, Malaysia.
Acetic acid is an inhibitor compound commonly found in biomass hydrolysate after acid treatment of biomass during sugar recovery step. This weak acid can inhibits the cell metabolism and microbial activities during bioconversion of sugar. It is essential to remove this inhibitor to a minimum level in order to increase the yield of bioethanol.
In this work, removal of acetic acid from a dilute nitric acid pretreated
biomass hydrolysate by supported liquid membrane (SLM) process was studied. Polyethersulfone flat sheet membrane was used as the support in the SLM system. The effects of main parameters of SLM such as concentration of carrier, type of stripping agent, concentration stripping agent and concentration of feed phase were studied. Result showed that almost 86% of acetic was succesfully removed from 10 g/l aqueous solution of acetic acid using 0.5 M of 2-ethyl-1-hexanol as a carrier and 0.5 M sodium hydroxide as a stripping agent, 10 g/l of acetic acid in feed solution. SLM system shows a great potential for acetic acid removal since it combines extraction and stripping process in one single step unit operation.
Keywords: inhibitor; acetic acid; supported liquid membrane; biomass; acid hydrolysis
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OD8 Reprogramming cellulase and xylananse transcription by synthetic transcription factors in Trichoderma reesei Fangzhong Wang1,2, Xu Fang1* 1
State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
2
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
It is not a desired strategy of improving enzyme production by deleting of repressor genes since it usually lead to drastically morphologlical change in filamentous fungi. In this study, a novel strategy, which was based on synthetic transcription factors, was proposed in Trichoderma reesei. The construction of sTF, which was named ca2a1pt, cx1a1pt, ca3a1pt and cc2a1pt, was as follows: the activator proteins (Ace2, Xyr1, Ace3, Clr2) without the zinc finger regions were flanked by the DNA binding domains of Cre1 and Ace1, respectively. T. reesei KA2, KX1, KA3 and KC2 strains were obtained by homologous integration of respective sTFs. Comparing with T. reesei Δcre1, the growth of all transformants was much less damaged. And the expression of main cellulase activator xyr1, which was repressed by Cre1 and Ace1, was significantly elevated by sTFs. The transcriptional levels of cellulase and xylanase genes were significantly upregulated in KA2 and KX1 strains, but not in KA3 and KC2 strains. And the significant elevation of cellulase and xylanase expression was also confirmed at the protein level in KA2 and KX1 strains. Finally, the cellulase and xylanase titers were significantly improved in KA2 and KX1 strains, espcially KA2 strains ,which was overexceeded T. reesei Δcre1. This provides new cues of genetic engineering for enzyme production in filamentous fungi. Keywords: Trichoderma reesei; synthetic transcription factor; cellulase; xylanase; synthetic biology
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