Accepted Manuscript Occupational Injuries/diseases trend in Pakistan: The index values analysis of Injured Employed Person (IEP); 2001-02 - 2012-13 Mohsin Abbas PII:
S2093-7911(15)00050-5
DOI:
10.1016/j.shaw.2015.05.004
Reference:
SHAW 99
To appear in:
Safety and Health at Work
Received Date: 10 February 2015 Revised Date:
22 May 2015
Accepted Date: 31 May 2015
Please cite this article as: Abbas M, Occupational Injuries/diseases trend in Pakistan: The index values analysis of Injured Employed Person (IEP); 2001-02 - 2012-13, Safety and Health at Work (2015), doi: 10.1016/j.shaw.2015.05.004. This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
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Occupational Injuries/diseases trend in Pakistan: The index values analysis of Injured Employed Person (IEP); 2001-02 - 2012-13
Mohsin Abbas Department of Environmental Sciences Faculty of Meteorology Environment Arid Land Agriculture,
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King Abdul-Aziz University, Abdullah Suleiman Street, Al Jamiaa Area, Zip Code: 21589, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, E-mail address:
[email protected],
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Cell No. +966560919478
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Corresponding author;
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Occupational Injuries/diseases trend in Pakistan: The index values analysis of Injured Employed Person (IEP); 2001-02 - 2012-13
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Abstract Objective: The present study aimed to analyse the index values trend analysis of Injured Employed Person (IEP) covered in Labour Force Surveys (LFS) from 2001-02 and 2012-13 in Pakistan.
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Methods: Index value method based on reference year and reference group used to analyse the IEP trends in terms of different criteria such as gender, area, employment status, industry types, occupational groups, types of injury, body injured parts and received treatment. The Pearson correlation coefficient analysis also performed to investigate the interrelationship of different occupational variables. Results: Overall IEP% to the EP found increasing at the end of studied year. Industry division such as
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agriculture, forestry, hunting and fishing increased followed by manufacturing and construction industry
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divisions. In terms of major occupations such as skilled agriculture & fishery workers and Elementary (unskilled) occupations found at increasing risk of occupational injuries/diseases with increasing IEP
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trend. The types of occupational injuries such as Sprain or strain, superficial injury and Dislocation increased in studied years. Major injured parts of body such as upper limb and lower limb found with
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increasing trend. Types of received treatment such as hospitalized and none found decreasing. Increased IEP can be justified due to inadequate health care facilities, especially in rural areas by increased IEP in terms of gender, areas, received treatment, occupational groups and employment status as results found after Pearson correlation coefficient analysis. Conclusion: The increasing trend of IEP% to the EP due to agrarian activities shows that there is need to improve health care set up in rural areas of Pakistan.
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Keywords; Occupational injuries; Occupational diseases; Injured employed persons; Rural area workers; Rural health care
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1. Introduction Occupational injuries/diseases always considered as a leading problem for workers, especially in less developed countries. International Labour Organization (ILO) estimated that about 2.3 million people die
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due to occupational accidents and occupational diseases; 317 million suffer serious non-fatal occupational injuries; 160 million get occupational illness and most of these belongs to rural areas in less developed countries [1]. Workforce in less developed countries has been always under great risk of occupational injuries/diseases due to poor working conditions and lack of social protection. The situation is even more worsening in rural areas of less developed countries due to inadequate health care facilities.
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Occupational injuries/disease entail high cost of the national social security system [2], due to poor health
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safety infrastructure in less developed countries. Occupational injuries are major reason in the lowering of economy. [3], as economic costs of occupational injuries/diseases and illness estimated by ILO at the
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average of 4% of the national GDP [4]. Proper social insurance scheme is not consolidated in less developed countries, especially in rural areas and limitations such as low quality information’s is a reality
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there, so typical data analysis can be useful to estimate occupational health safety performance of the country [5]. Work-related injuries and deaths are higher in less developed countries where workers are involved in hazardous job activities mainly in agriculture, construction, fishing and mining sectors [6]. Low social protection to the rural area workers pose high risk with harmful occupational exposure together.
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According to Pakistan Economic Survey (PES) 2013-14, Pakistan is the 10th largest country in the world in terms of labour force and its rural population account for 67.5% of the total population involved in
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agriculture activities [7]. The situation of occupational health and safety (OHS) is miserable in Pakistan because of many factors such as inadequate medical facilities, lack of specific laws for OHS and illiterate workforce, etc. In Pakistan there is no national system of recording occupational injuries and
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work related causalities and majority of accidents are not reported to the Labour Department so there is a lack of enough data available. Occupational health and safety is not a top priority in the country due to lack of resources and unavailability of professional skills. Employees Social Security Institutes (ESSI) at the provincial level, Saeed Ahmed Awan Centre for the Improvement of Working Conditions & Environment (SAACIWCE) and Directorate general Labour, welfare in Punjab province, are responsible
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for providing medical facilities and professional skills for the welfare of workers respectively. Recently
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Punjab occupational safety and health council (POSHC) formulated in the most populated province of the country for the safety of workers. Pakistan’s first labor policy was devised in 1972 and most recent one
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national labour policy was announced in 2010 but after the devolution of powers into the provinces some steps have been taken regarding the safety regulations in the country at provincial level to improve the
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working conditions for workers. Recently Punjab (biggest province of Pakistan in terms of population and EP share) announced its first labour policy [8] and Baluchistan (smallest provinces of Pakistan in terms of population and EP share) reached consensus on labor legislation and labor policy [9]. The ILO is also working with the government of Pakistan to deal with workplace issues, workers’ rights and workplace standards improvements from the independence of the country in 1947 as Pakistan has ratified 36 ILO conventions of which eight are core conventions [10]. As thousands of workers are
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routinely exposed to hazardous chemicals, therefore the incidence of occupational diseases and injuries are very high in Pakistan. The majority of the workforce is not aware about the adaptation of protective
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measures during their jobs. Most of the workforce is not prepared to cope with the hazards posed by manufacturing and industrial processes. Specific safety regulations for different sectors are not available in the country to cope with the health safety issues of workers. The country
lacks
the
basic
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infrastructure and qualified personnel for giving occupational health and safety services to the Labour force. Therefore, a huge number of workers will be at risk if no future attempts are made to improve OHS [11].
Literature over national occupational injury/disease prevalence is deficient. A comprehensive analysis about the OHS profile of Pakistan has been made [12], but there was no inclusive discussion about the
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occupational injuries/diseases at national level in Pakistan in this study. The aim of this study is to
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analyze the index values trend analysis of injured employed person (IEP) suffered occupational injuries/diseases in Pakistan from 2001-02 to 2012-13 in terms of different criteria such as area, gender,
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employment status, major industry division, major occupational groups, types of occupational injuries/diseases, body injured parts and types of received treatment after getting an occupational
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injury/disease, especially for rural area workers. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first national level study of occupational injuries/disease research area in Pakistan. 2. Materials and Methods
In this study, the Labour Force Survey (LFS) data published by Pakistan Bureau of Statistics (PBS) in the form of Pakistan Statistical Year Books have been used. Since 1963, PBS has been carrying out LFS and in 2001-02 LFS the scope of LFS extended to cover occupational injuries/disease data of EP in the
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country. PBS is collecting this data from households by questionnaire methodology. Up to this study total nine LFS data (2001-02, 2003-04, 2005-06, 2006-07, 2007-08, 2008-09, 2009-10, 2010-11 and 2012-13)
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have been published by the administration of PBS. We used index value calculation method based on the year 2001-02 and also based on a reference group of each variable such as manufacturing in industry divisions, craft & related trades workers in major
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occupational groups, fracture (broken bones) in types of occupational injuries, head in injured body parts, consulted a doctor or other medical Professional in types of treatment, self-employed in employment status, male workers in gender and urban area in areas.
Index value calculation method used to investigate occupational accident trends and their profiling in Turkey [13] and Korea [14]. In this study index value calculation method investigates two types of
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implications; first is the percentage distribution of injured employed persons (IEP) by status of
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occupational injuries/diseases trend, based on reference year 2001-02 and the second is the percentage distribution of IEP suffered occupational injuries/diseases trend based on a reference group in each
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variable as mention above.
In this study term such as IEP used to analyze the trend of occupational injuries/diseases among EP in the
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country. Occupational injuries/disease expressed in terms of percentages to the EP separately in each group in the published LFSs reports. So the IEP is the percentage of occupational injuries/diseases to the total EP in each variables separately. We calculate and analyzed the trend of index values by slope value (S) calculation in order to check the downward and upward trend of the IEP. In statistics, the slope of a data set (line) is a number that describes both the direction (positive or negative) and the steepness (downward or upward) of the data set (line). The trend of index values of different variables highlight the
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problematic population in terms of occupational injuries in the country. Pearson correlation coefficients were also calculated to investigate the interrelationship of different occupational groups by gender, area,
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received medical treatment and employment status regarding IEP. Total 438.4 million EP covered in all selected nine LFS with an annual mean of 48.4 million in Pakistan as table 1 shows, the EP distribution in gender, area, employment status and industry divisions from
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2001-02 to 2012-13. Annually distribution of male employed person account for 80.0% and female employed person 19.7% as in the country’s workforce is dominated by male employed person. Being an agrarian country, 69.6% EP belongs to rural areas and the majority of them are working in agriculture sector, which account a high share of 44.0% EP of total EP in the country. The high employment percentage share of agriculture is because agriculture has an important direct and indirect role in
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generating economic growth of Pakistan.
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In the LFS following terms defined by PBS such as; Occupational injury/disease defined as any personal injury or disease resulting from an occupational accident/ disease, i.e. an individual occurrence or event
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arising out of or in the course of work. Occupational accident defined as an unexpected and unplanned occurrence, including acts of non-consensual violence arising out of or in connection with work which
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results in personal injury, disease or death. Occupational disease defined as a disease contracted as a result of an exposure to risk factors arising from work activity. Self-employed defined as a selfemployment job where the remuneration is directly dependent upon the profits, or the potential profits, derived from the goods and services produced. Employee defined as a person who works for a public or private employer and receives remuneration in wages, salary, commission, tips, piece rates or pay in kind. Contributing family worker defined as a person who works without pay in cash or in kind, of an
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enterprise operated by a member of his/her household or other related persons. Employer defined as a person working during
the reference period, on own-account or with one or a few partners at a
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“self-employment job” with one or more employees engaged on a continuous basis. 3. Results
Annual percentage of IEP to the EP found 3% in Pakistan from 2001-02 to 2012-03. The trend of index
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values of IEP% to the EP increased from 2006-07 to 2012-13 as figure 2 shows the trend of index values of EP (million) and IEP% to the EP. The trend of IEP% to the EP decreased in the early years from 200102 to 2006-07 but bounce back in the year 2008-09. The highest annual IEP% found in Punjab province (1.9%) followed by Sindh (1.1%), Khyber PK (0.3%) and Baluchistan (0.03%). Index values of the IEP by areas in Pakistan from 2001-02 to 2012-13 are shown in table 2. Occupational injuries/disease among
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rural areas EP found more than threefold of occupational injuries/disease among urban area EP.
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Occupational injuries/disease among rural area EP increased when we take the year 2001-02as reference year. Occupational injuries/disease among rural areas reached 422.2% when we take urban areas as
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reference group.
Index values of IEP by gender in Pakistan from 2001-02 to 2012-13 are shown in table 3. Occupational
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injuries/disease among male EP found very high as compared to occupational injuries/disease among female EP. Occupational injuries/disease among male EP decreased and among female EP increased when we take the year 2001-02 as reference. When we take male EP as reference group occupational injuries among female EP also again increased Took time off work Hosp. > Hospitalized Self.> Self employed Emp.> Employees CFW.> Contributing family workers Empr.> Employers
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Employed Person (million)
Injured employed person % to Employed person
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140 130 120 110 100
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90 80 70 60 50
2001-02 2003-04 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2012-13
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Figure 1. Index values trend of EP (employed person) and injured employed person (IEP) percentage to the EP in Pakistan from 2001-02 to 2012-13
