on the nature of prototype effects in visual working memory ... - Brandeis
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on the nature of prototype effects in visual working memory ... - Brandeis
their memory representa ons of s muli held in visual working memory. 2) Subjects showed larger prototype effects immediately following a shift when the.
R E I NN
Background
• SRmulus strength was varied, by using RDCs whose moRon Coherence was low (50%) or high (90%).
Analyses: • Errors were sign-‐corrected (“Prototype Error”): Errors toward the mean of a distribuRon were posiRve, away were negaRve. • Analyzed Prototype Errors made to RDCs whose direcRons fell between the means of the Pre and Post Shic distribuRons. • We defined two subclasses of Prototype Errors: Local errors were signed relaRve to the current distribuRon’s mean direcRon; Previous errors were signed relaRve to the previous distribuRon’s mean.
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The range of each uniform distribuRon was doubled, to 60o wide. DistribuRons were shiced by a larger amount: 20°.
• • This produces less similar direcRons of moRon, both within and between distribuRons. Post Shift
3) Subjects’ reliance on the prototypical sRmulus was modulated by both sRmulus strength (coherence) and similarity: coherence effects were larger when direcRons in Post Shic were more similar to the established prototype. This represents a omission in Wilken and Ma (2004)’s hypothesis about the adapRve nature of prototype effects. 4) These results are not easily explained by models assuming equal weight is given to all prior direcRons in compuRng a prototype (Morgan, Watamaniuk, & McKee, 2000).
for ID= 26.00 120
Mean = - 3 . 2 9 Std. Dev. = 65.7 N = 319
• Our results may thus be consistent with recent dual-‐process models of working memory that include a uniform distribuRon of guesses (Zhang & Luck, 2009).
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• DistribuRons of errors for individual subjects were posiRvely kurtoRc, approximaRng Von Mises distribuRons.
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2) Subjects showed larger prototype effects immediately following a shic when the new direcRons of moRon were more similar to the prototype established before the shic. This suggests inter-‐item similarity is an important variable controlling reliance on prototypes.
• Explore our results’ implicaRons for models of visual working memory Pre Shift
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1) Subjects relied more on the prototypical direcRon when RDC coherence was low. This supports the main contenRons of Wilken and Ma (2004), and Huang and Sekuler (2010a,b): the prototype effect allows subjects to compensate for imperfecRons in their memory representaRons of sRmuli held in visual working memory.
• Examine strength and similarity effects on prototype reliance in domains other than direcRon of moRon. Extend a computaRonal model (under development) to these domains.
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• However, guesses that are biased by the protoype may produce a non-‐uniform distribuRon. This suggests a potenRal modificaRon to the model.
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• Prototype effect established in the Pre Shic condiRon (p
