One stop mycology - Science Direct

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Myc01. Res. 99 (3): 379-384 (1995) Printed in Great Britain

One stop mycology

LILYANN N O V A K FRAZER A N D D A V I D MOORE School of Biological Sciences, 1.800 Sfopford Bttiiding, The University of Manchesfer, Manchesfer M 1 3 9PT, U.K.

This listing covers the period October 1, 1994 through t o October 31, 1994. It is the ninth edition of this regular feature in Mycological Research in which we share the results of our literature scanning of other journals. The citations are arranged in groups which roughly correspond with the British Mycological Society's Special Interest Committees. We hope that this feature will be found useful and would welcome comments and suggestions from readers. All correspondence should be addressed to the Executive Editor. Reprints of this feature will not be available.

BIOTECHNOLOGY Woodward et al. (1994) describe an innovative procedure for recycling waste paper by an enzymatic process. They used cellulase and P-glucosidase and obtained two types of fibres: uninked, high quality fibres which could be recycled without further treatment and lower grade, inked fibres which could either be treated further using conventional methods or used in other processes. The major advantage to their procedure, besides requiring no caustic chemicals or bleach, is that there is little release of ink into the environment. Abraham, W. R. (1994). Microbial hydroxylation of sclareol. Phytochemistry 36, 1421-1424. Archer, D. B., Jeenes, D. J. & Mackenzie, D. A. (1994). Strategies for improving heterologous protein production from filamentous fungi. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek International Journal of General and Molecular Microbiology 65,245-250. Borgia, P. T.. Eagleton, L. E. & Miao, Y. H. (1994). DNA preparations from Aspergillus and other filamentous fungi. Biotechniques 17, 430-432. Ferrey, M. L., Koskinen, W. C., Blanchette, R. A. & Bumes, T. A. (1994). Mineralization of alachlor by lignin-degrading fungi. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 40, 795-798. Fuchser, J., Grabley, S., Noltemeyer, M., Philipps, S., Thiericke, R. & Zeeck, A. (1994). Secondary metabolites by chemical screening. 28. Aspinonene, a new multifunctional fungal metabolite. Liebigs Annalen der Chemie (a), 831-835. Gamble, G. R., Sethuraman, A., Akin, D. E. & Eriksson, K. E. L. (1994). Biodegradation of lignocellulose in Bermuda grass by white rot fungi analyzed by solid-state C-13 nuclear magnetic resonance. Applied and 60, 3138-3144. Environmental M~crobiolog~ Hanson, J. R., Reese. P. B., Takahashi, J. A. & Wilson, M. R. (1994). Biotransformation of some stemodane diterpenoids by Cephalosporium aphidicola. Phytochemistry 36, 1391-1393. Jeenes, D. J., Mackenzie, D. A. & Archer, D. B. (1994). Transcriptional and post-transcriptional events affect the production of secreted hen egg white lysozyme by Aspergillw niger. Transgenic Research 3, 297-303.

Kaneko, R., Iimori, T., Yoshikawa, H., Machida, M., Yoshioka, H. & Murakami, K. (1994). A possible role of manganese peroxidase during biobleaching by the pulp bleaching fungus SKB-1152. Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry 58, 1517-1518. Kimura, Y., Nakadoi, M., Shimada, A,, Nakajima, H. & Hamasaki, T. (1994). Biosyntheses of sescandelin and sescandelin B: New isocoumarin compounds produced by the fungus, Sesquicilium candelabrum. Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry 58, 1525-1526. Klich, M. A., Arthur, K. S., Lax, A. R. & Bland, J. M. (1994). Iturin A: A potential new fungicide for stored grains. Mycopathoiogia 127, 123-127. Lambert, M., Kremer, S., Sterner, 0 . & Anke, H. (1994). Metabolism of pyrene by the basidiomycete Crinipellis stipitaria and identification of pyrenequinones and their hydroxylated precursors in strain JK375. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 60, 3597-3601. Lange, B., Kremer, S., Sterner, 0. & Anke, H. (1994). Pyrene metabolism in Crinipellis stipitaria: Identification of trans-4,s-dihydro-4,s-dihydroxypyrene and I-pyrenylsulfate in strain JK364. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 60, 3602-3607. Morimura, S., Kida. K., Nakagawa, M. & Sonoda, Y. (1994). Production of fungal protein by Aspergillw awamori var. kawachi grown in Shochu distillery wastewater.]ournal of Fermentation and Bioengineering 78,160-163. Nidiry, E. S. J. & Roy. N. K. (1994). Steric aspects in the fungicidal activity of 0,O-bisaryl isopropyl phosphonates. Pesticide Biochernishy and Physiology 49, 164-171. Noble, I., Collins, M., Porter, N. & Varley, J. (1994). An investigation of the physico-chemical basis of foaming in fungal fermentations. Biotechnology and Bioengineering 44, 801-807. Petruccioli, M., Piccioni, P., Fenice, M. & Federici, F. (1994). Glucose oxidase, catalase and gluconic acid production by immobilized mycelium of Penicillum variabile P16. Biotechnology Letters 16, 939-942. Taft, C. S., Enderlin, C. S. & Selitrennikoff, C. P. (1994).A high throughput in vitro assay for fungal (1.3)beta-glucan synthase inhibitors. ]ournal of Antibiotics 47, 1001-1009. Trinci, A. P. J. (1994). Evolution of the QuornCR) myco-protein fungus, Fwarium graminearum A3/5. Microbiology-UK 140, 2181-2188. Urones, J. G., Marcos, I. S., Perez, B. G., Diez, D., Lithgow, A. M., Gomez, P. M., Basabe, P. & Garrido, N. M. (1994). Chemistry of zamoranic acid. 5. Homochiral semisyntheses of active drimanes: Pereniporin B, polygodial and warburganal. Tetrahedron 50, 10995-11012. Velten, R., Klostermeyer, D., Steffan, B., Steglich, W., Kuschel, A. & Anke, T. (1994). The mniopetals, new inhibitors of reverse transcriptases from a Mniopetalum species (basidiomycetes). 2. Structure elucidation. ]ournu1 of Antibiotics 47, 1017-1024. Woodward, J., Stephan, L. M., Koran, L. J., Wong, K. K. Y. & Saddler, J. N. (1994). Enzymatic separation of high-quality uninked pulp fibers from recycled newspaper. Bio-Technology 12, 905-908.

ECOLOGY Diop, T. A., Gueye, M., Dreyfus, B. L., Plenchette, C. & Strullu, D. G. (1994). Indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with Acacia albida Del

One stop mycology in different areas of Senegal. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 60, 3433-3436. Thompson, G. B. & Drake, B. G. (1994). Insects and fungi on a C-3 sedge and a C-4 grass exposed to elevated atmospheric CO, concentrations in opentop chambers in the field. Plant Cell and Environment 17, 1161-1167.

FORAY & C O N S E R V A T I O N Blackwell. M. & Chapman, R. L. (1993). Collection and storage of fungal and algal samples. In Molecular Evolution: Producing the Biochemical Data, Methods in Enzymology, Vol. 224, (ed. E. A. Zimmer, T. J. White, R. L. Cann & A. C. Wilson), pp. 65-77. Academic Press. Inc.: San Diego. Marchisio, V. F., Fusconi, A. & Rigo, S. (1994). Keratinolysis and its morphological expression in hair digestion by airborne fungi. Mycopathologia 127, 103-115.

GENETICS, MOLECULAR BIOLOGY & EVOLUTION Several entries in this issue deal with transcription in fungal systems. In this section, Hawkins ef al. (1994) reveal that two more classes of transcriptional activators, which regulate metabolic pathways (nitrogen metabolism and ethanol utilisation), might have evolved by recruiting modules provided by other enzymes (e.g. shikimate pathway) and they suggest that this may be a general mechanism. Ruan et al. (1994) devise a method for studying transcription in vitro by constructing a PCR-based promoter/G-free template and measuring promoter activity. The method allows rapid addition of a G-free region onto a promoter of choice and has the advantages of allowing a choice for the down-stream terminus and provides for a number of different G-free sequences to be fused to the promoter easily. In the Pathogenic & Mutualistic Interactions section, Straney, Ruan & He (1994) describe the mechanism of pisatin (isoflavanoid phytoalexin of pea) induction of pisatin demethylase in Necfria haemafococca by developing an in vifro transcription system which accurately initiates at the PDAI promoter and reflects the pisatin induction of PDAI mRNA observed in vivo. Aleksenko, A. Y. (1994). Cointegration of transforming DNAs in Aspergillus nidulans: A model using autonomously-replicating plasmids. Cuwent Genetics 26,352-358. Archer, D. B., Jeenes, D. J. & Mackenzie, D. A. (1994). Strategies for improving heterologous protein production from filamentous fungi. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek International Journal of General and Molecular Microbiology 65,245-250. Borgia, P. T., Eagleton, L. E. & Miao, Y. H. (1994). DNA preparations from Aspergillus and other filamentous fungi. Biotechniques 17,430-432. Caddick, M. X., Peters, D. & Platt, A. (1994). Nitrogen regulation in fungi. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek International Journal of General and Molecular Microbiology 65, 169-177. Causier. 8.E., Milling, R. J., Foster, S. G. & Adams, D. J. (1994). Characterization of chitin synthase from Bohytis cinerea. Microbiology-UK 140, 2199-2205. Cerdi-Olmedo, E., Fernindez-Martin, R. & ~ v a l o s J., (1994). Genetics and gibberellin production in Gibberella fujikuroi. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek International Journal of General and Molecular Microbiology 65,217-225. Cogoni, C., Romano, N. & Macino, G. (1994). Suppression of gene expression by homologous transgenes. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek International]ournal of General and Molecular Microbiology 65,205-209. Croxen, R., Goosey, M. W., Keon, J. P. R. & Hargreaves, J. A. (1994). Isolation of an Ustilago maydis gene encoding 3-hydroxy-5-methylglutarylcoenzyme A reductase and expression of a C-terminal-truncated form in Ocherichia coli. Microbiology-UK 140,2363-2370. de Wit, P. J. G. M., Joosten, M. H. A. J., Honee, G., Wubben, J. P., van den Ackerveken, G. F. J. M. & van den Broek, H. W. J. (1994). Molecular

380 communication between host plant and the fungal tomato pathogen Cladosporium fulvum. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek Internat~onal lournal of General and Molecular Microbiology 65,257-262. Gieser, P. T. & May, G. (1994). Comparison of two br alleles from within the A mating-type of the basidiomycete Coprinus cinereus. Gene 146,167-176. Gooday, G.W. & Adams, D. J. (1993). Sex hormones and fungi. In Advances in Microbial Physiology, Vol. 34. (ed. A. H. Rose), pp. 69-145. Academic Press Ltd: London. Gralla, E. B. & Kosman, D. J. (1992). Molecular genetics of superoxide dismutases in yeasts and related fungi. In Advances in Genetics, Vol. 30,(ed. J. G. Scandalios & T. R. F. Wright), pp. 251-319. Academic Press Inc: San Diego. Hawkins, A. R., Lamb, H. K., Radford, A. & Moore, J. D. (1994). Evolution of transcription-regulating proteins by enzyme recruitment: Molecular models for nitrogen metabolite repression and ethanol utilisation in eukaryotes. Gene 146, 145-158. Hegedus, D. D. & Khachatourians, G. G. (1994). Isolation and characterization of conditional lethal mutants of Beauveria bassiana. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 40, 766-776. Heidenreich, E. 1. & Kubicek, C. P. (1994). Sequence of the pyr4 gene encoding orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase from the biocontrol fungus Trichoderma harzianum. Gene 147, 151-152. Hoekstra, R. F. (1994). Population genetics of filamentous fungi. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek International Journal of General and Molecular Microbiology 65, 199-204. Holden, D. W., Tang, C. M. & Smith, J. M. (1994). Molecular genetics of Aspergillus pathogenicity. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek Intematlonal Iournal of General and Molecular Microbiology 65,251-255. Hynes, M. J. (1994). Regulatory circuits of the amdS gene of Aspergillus nidulans. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek International lournal of General and Molecular Microbiology 65, 179-182. Jeenes, D. J., Mackenzie, D. A. & Archer, D. B. (1994). Transcriptional and post-transcriptional events affect the production of secreted hen egg white lysozyme by Aspergillus niger. Transgenic Research 3, 297-303. Jonsson, L., Becker, H. G. & Nyman, P. 0.(1994). A novel type of peroxidase gene from the white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta-Protein Structure and Molecular Enzymology 1207. 255-259. Kajino, T., Sarai, K., Imaeda, T., Idekoba, C., Asami, 0..Yamada, Y., Hirai, M. & Udaka, S. (1994). Molecular cloning of a fungal cDNA encoding protein disulfide isomerase. Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry 58,1424-1429. Kang, S. C., Chumley, F. G. & Valent, B. (1994). Isolation of the mating-type ic Magnaporthe grisea using genomic genes of the p h y t ~ p a t h o ~ e n fungus subtraction. Genetics 138, 289-296. Komel, R., Rozman, D., Vitas, M., Drobic, K. & Kelly, S. L. (1994). Looking for the gene encoding the fungal cytochrome P450 involved in 11 betahydroxylation of steroids: Application of PCR techniques. In Cytochrome P450, (ed. M. C. Lechner), pp. 805-808. John Libbey Eurotext Ltd: Montrouge. Kues. U..Gottgens. B., Stratmam. R., Richardson, W. V. J., Oshea, S. F. & Casselton L. A. (1994). A chimeric homeodomain protein causes self compatibility and constitutive sexual development in the mushroom Coprinus cinereus. EMBO Journal 13, 4054-4059. Kusaba, M. & Tsuge, T. (1994). Nuclear ribosomal DNA variation and pathogenic specialization in Alternaria fungi known to produce hostspecific toxins. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 60,3055-3062. Lennon, P. A,, Cooper, C. R., Salkin, I. F. & Lee, S. B. (1994). Ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer analysis supports synonomy of Scedosporium inflatum and Lomentospora prolijicans. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 32. 2413-2416. Li, D., Alic, M. & Gold. M. H. (1994). Nitrogen regulation of lignin peroxidase gene transcription. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 60. 3447-3449. Li, X. L. & Ljungdahl, L. G. (1994). Cloning, sequencing, and regulation of a xylanase gene from the fungus Aureobasidium pullulans Y-2311-1. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 60,316S3166. Manning-Krieg, U. C., Henriquez, R., Cammas, F., Graff, P., Gaveriaux. S. Mowa, N. R. (1994). Purification of FKBP-70, a novel immunophilin from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and cloning of its structural gene, FPR3. FEBS Letters 352,98-103. Marcinko-Kuehn, M., Yang, X., Debets, F., Jacobson, D. J. & Griffiths. A. J. F. (1994). A kalilo-like linear plasmid in Louisiana held isolates of the

Lilyann Novak Frazer and D. Moore pseudohomothallic fungus Neurospora tetrasperma. Current Genetics 26. 33&343. Martin. J. F., GutiPrrez, S., Fernandez, F. J., Velasco, J, Fierro, F., Marcos, A. T. & Kosalkova, K. (1994). Expression of genes and processing of enzymes for the biosynthesis of penicillins and cephalosporins. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek International Journal of General and Molecular Microbiology 65. 227-243. Marzluf, G. A. (1994). Genetics and molecular genetics of sulfur assimilation in the fungi. In Advances in Genetics, Vol. 31,(ed. J. C. Hall & J. C. Dunlap), pp. 187-206. Academic Press Inc: San Diego. Mathieu, M. & Felenbok, B. (1994). The Aspergillus nidulans CREA protein mediates glucose repression of the ethanol regulon at various levels through competition with the ALCR-specific transactivator. EMBO Journal 13,4022-4027. Mehmann, B., Brunner, I. & Braus, G. H. (1994).Nucleotide sequence variation of chitin synthase genes among e~tom~corrhizal fungi and its potential use in taxonomy. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 60,3105-3111. Morawetz, R., Mischak, H., Goodnight, J.. Lendenfeld, T., Mushinsky, J. F. & Kubicek, C. P. (1994). A protein kinase-encoding gene, pktl, from Trichoderma reesei, homologous to the yeast YPKI and YPKZ (YKRZ) genes. Gene 146,309-310. Motoyama, T., Sudoh, M., Horiuchi, H., Ohta, A. & Takagi, M. (1994). Isolation and characterization of two chitin synthase genes of Rhiwpus oligosporw. Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry 5 8 , 1685-1693. Mukhtar, M., Logan, D. A. & Kaufer, N. F. (1994). A procedure to construct partial genomic libraries for gene cloning from fungi. Biotechniques 17, 64M42. Nikoh, N., Hayase, N., Iwabe, N., Kuma, K. & Miyata, T. (1994).Phylogenetic relationship of the kingdoms Animalia. Plantae, and Fungi inferred from 23 different protein species. Molecular Biology and Evolution 11, 762-768. Parta. M.,Chang, Y., Rulong, S., Pinto-Da Silva, P. & Kwon-Chung, K. J. (1994).HYPI, a hydrophobin gene from Aspergillus fumigatus, complements the rodletless phenotype in Aspergillw nidulans. Infection and Immunity 62. 4389-4395. Perysinakis, A., Kinghorn, J. R. & Drainas, C. (1994). Biochemical and genetical studies of NADP-specific glutamate dehydrogenase in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Current Genetics 26,315-320. Punt, P. J., Veldhuisen, G. & van den Hondel, C. A. M. J. J. (1994). Protein targeting and secretion in filamentous fungi. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek International ]ournu1 of General and Molecular Microbiology 65,211-216. Reimmann, C. & VanEtten, H. D. (1994). Cloning and characterization of the PDA&I gene encoding a fungal cytochrome P-450 which detoxifies the phytoalexin pisatin from garden pea. Gene 146,221-226. Reymond, P., Deleage, G., Rascle, C. & Fkre, M. (1994). Cloning and sequence analysis of a polygalacturonase-encoding gene from the phytopathogenic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiomm. Gene 146,233-237. Rhounim, L., Gregoire, A,, Salama, S. & Faugeron, G. (1994). Clustering of multiple transgene integrations in highly-unstable Ascobolus immersus transformants. Current Genetlcs 26,344-351. Ruan, Y.J. & Straney, D. C. (1994). PCR-based construction of promoter/(;free templates for in vitro transcription analysis allows selection of plasmids with optimal activity in homologous extracts. Gene 146,227-232. Sainsardchanet, A., Begel, 0.& Belcour, L. (1994). DNA double-strand break in vivo at the 3' extremity of exons located upstream of group 11 intronsSenescence and circular DNA introns in Podospora mitochondria. ]ournal of Molecular Biology 242,6 3 0 4 4 3 . Spellig, T. Regenfelder, E., Reichmann, M., Schauwecker, F., Bohlmann, R., Urban, M., Bolker, M., Karnper, J. & Kahmann, R. (1994). Control of mating and development in Ust~lagomaydis. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek International ]ournal of General and Molecular Microbiology 65, 191-197. Straney, D., Ruan, Y. J. & He, J. (1994). In vitro transcription and binding analysis of promoter regulation by a host-specific signal in a phytopathogenic fungus. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek International ]ournal of General and Molecular Microbiology 65, 183-189. Thompson-Coffe, C. & Zickler, D. (1994). How the cytoskeleton recognizes and sorts nuclei of opposite mating type during the sexual cycle in filamentous ascomycetes. Developmental Biology 165, 257-271. Timberlake, W.E. (1994). From what we know to what we need: A new age for fungal molecular genetics. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek Intemational]oumal of General and Molecular Microbiology 65, 167-168. Vaillancourt, L. J. & Hanau, R. M. (1994). Cotransformation and targeted gene

381 inactivation in the maize anthracnose fungus, Glomerella graminicob. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 60,3890-3893. VanEtten, H., Funnell-Baerg, D., Wasmann, C. & McCluskey, K. (1994). Location of pathogenicity genes on dispensable chromosomes in Nectria haernatococca MPVI. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek International Journai of General and Molecular Microbiology 65,263-267. Verdoes, J. C., Punt, P. J., van der Berg, P., Debets, F., Stouthamer, A. H. &van den Hondel, C. A. M. J. J. (1994). Characterization of an efficient gene cloning strategy for Aspergillus niger based on an autonomously replicating plasmid: Cloning of the nicB gene of A. niger. Gene 146,159-165. Wessels, J. G. H. (1993). Fruiting in the higher fungi. In Advances in Microbial Physiology, Vol. 34, (ed. A. H. Rose), pp. 147-202. Academic Press Ltd: London.

P A T H O G E N I C & MUTUALISTIC INTERACTIONS van der Lende, Harmsen & Wessels (1994) characterise virus particles in Agaricus bisporus fruit bodies with La France disease. They develop a method to extract the dsRNAs intact and also detect abundant viral proteins (90K, 120K) which may be capsid proteins and a less abundant protein (115K) which may represent the viral RNA polymerase. Albrecht, C., Laurent, P. & Lapeyrie, F. (1994). Eucalyptus root and shoot chitinases, induced following root colonization by pathogenic versus ectomycorrhizal fungi, compared on one- and two-dimensional activity gels. Plant Science 100, 157-164. Barson, G.,Renn, N. & Bywater, A. F. (1994). Laboratory evaluation of six species of entomopathogenic fungi for the control of the house fly (Musca domestica L.), a pest of intensive animal units.]ournal of Invertebrate Pathology 64, 107-113. de Wit, P. J. G. M., Joosten, M. H. A. J., Honee, G., Wubben, J. P., van den Ackerveken, G. F. J. M. & van den Broek, H. W. J. (1994). Molecular communication between host plant and the fungal tomato pathogen Cladosporium fulvum. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek International lournal of General and Molecular Microbiology 65,257-262. Diop, T. A., Gueye, M., Dreyfus, B. L., Plenchette, C. & Strullu, D. G. (1994). Indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with Acacia albida Del in different areas of Senegal. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 60, 3433-3436. Doehlert, D. C., Knutson, C. A. & Vesonder, R. F. (1994). Phytotoxic effects of fumonisin B, on maize seedling growth. Mycopathologia 127,117-121. Dumas, C., Robert, P., Pais, M., Vey, A. & Quiot, J. M. (1994). Insecticidal and cytotoxic effects of natural and hemisynthetic destruxins. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-Pharmacology, Toxicology & Endocnnology 108,195-203. Farber, P. & Geisen, R. (1994). Antagonistic activity of the food-related filamentous fungus Penicillium nalgiovense by the production of penicillin. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 60,3401-3404. Gamble, G. R., Sethuraman, A,, Akin, D. E. & Eriksson, K. E. L. (1994). Biodegradation of lignocellulose in Bermuda grass by white rot fungi analyzed by solid-state C-13 nuclear magnetic resonance. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 60,3138-3144. Hegedus, D. D. & Khachatourians, G. G. (1994). Isolation and characterization of conditional lethal mutants of Beauveria bassiana. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 40, 766-776. Jonsson, L., Becker, H. G. & Nyman, P. 0.(1994). A novel type of peroxidase gene from the white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor. Biochimica et Biophysics Acta-Profein Structure and Molecular Enzymology 1207. 255-259. Kang, S. C., Chumley, F. G. & Valent, B. (1994). Isolation of the mating-type genes of the phytopathogenic fungus Magnaporthe grisea using genomic subtraction. Genetics 138,289-296. Kusaba, M. & Tsuge, T. (1994). Nuclear ribosomal DNA variation and pathogenic specialization in Alfemaria fungi known to produce hostspecific toxins. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 60,3055-3062. Lindstrom, J. T. & Belanger, F. C. (1994). Purification and characterization of an endophytic fungal proteinase that is abundantly expressed in the infected host grass. Plant Physiology 106, 7-16.

One stop mycology Mehmann, B.. Brunner, I. & Braus, G. H. (1994). Nucleotide sequence variation of chitin synthase genes among ectomycorrhizal fungi and its potential use in taxonomy. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 60,3105-3111. Morgavi, D. P., Sakurada, M., Mizokami, M., Tomita, Y. & Onodera, R. (1994). Effects of mminal protozoa on cellulose degradation and the growth of an anaerobic ruminal fungus, Piromyces sp. strain OTS1, in vitro. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 60,3718-3723. Reimmann, C. & VanEtten, H. D. (1994). Cloning and characterization of the P D A b l gene encoding a fungal cytochrome P-450 which detoxifies the phytoalexin pisatin from garden pea. Gene 146,221-226. Schussler, A,, Mollenhauer, D., Schnepf, E. & Kluge, M. (1994). Geosiphon pyriforme, an endosymbiotic association of fungus and cyanobacteria. The spore structure resembles that of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. Botanica Acta 107,3fS45. Sim, S. J., Chang, H. N., Liu, J. R. & Jung, K. H. (1994). Production and secretion of indole alkaloids in hairy root cultures of Catharanthus roseus: Effects of in situ adsorption, fungal elicitation and permeabilization. Journal of Fermentation and Bioengineering 78, 229-234. Smith. J. E.. McKay, D. & Molina, R. (1994). Survival of mycorrhizal fungal isolates stored in sterile water at two temperatures and retrieved on solid and liquid nutrient media. Canadian ]ournu1 of Microbiology 40, 736-742. Steinkraus, D. C. & Slaymaker, P. H. (1994). Effect of temperature and humidity on formation, germination, and infectivity of conidia of Neozygites fresenii (zygomycetes: Neozygitaceae) from Aphis gossypii (Homoptera: Aphididae). Jo~rnalof Invertebrate Pathology 64, 13e137. Straatsma. G., Olijnsma, T. W., Gerrits, J. P. G., Amsing, J. G. M., Dencamp, H. J. M. 0. & van Griensven, L. J. L. D. (1994). Inoculation of Scytalidium thermophilum in button mushroom compost and its effect on yield. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 60,3049-3054. Straney, D., Ruan, Y. J. & He, J. (1994). In vitro transcription and binding analysis of promoter regulation by a host-specific signal in a phytopathogenic fungus. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek Internattonal Journal of General and Molecular Microbiology 65,183-189. Timmerman, G. M., Frew, T. J., Weeden, N. F., Miller, A. L. & Goulden, D. S. (1994). Linkage analysis of er-I, a recessive Pisum sativum gene for resistance to powdery mildew fungus (Erysiphe pisi DC). Theoretical and Applied Genetics 88, 1050-1055. Tsuda, T., Aoki, S., Inoue, T. & Kojima, M. (1994). Accumulation and excretion of pesticides used as insecticides or fungicides in agricultural products by the willow shiner Gnathopogon caerulescens. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-Pharmacology, Toxicology & Endom'nology 107,469-473. Vaillancourt, L. J. & Hanau, R. M. (1994). Cotransformation and targeted gene inactivation in the maize anthracnose fungus, Glomerelia graminicola. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 60,3890-3893. van der Lende, T. R., Harmsen, M. C. & Wessels, J. G. H. (1994). Doublestranded RNAs and proteins associated with the 34 nm virus particles of the cultivated mushroom Agaricus bispom. lournal of General Virology 75, 2533-2536. VanEtten, H., Funnell-Baerg, D., Wasmann, C. & McCluskey, K. (1994). Location of pathogenicity genes on dispensable chromosomes in Nectria haematococca MPVI. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek International]ournal of General and Molecular Microbiology 65,263-267. Varma, A,, Kolli, B. K., Paul, J., Saxena, S. & Konig, H. (1994). Lignocellulose degradation by microorganisms from termite hills and termite guts: A survey on the present state of art. FEMS Microbiology Reviews 15,9-28. Vera-Estrella, R., Higgins, V. J. & Blumwald, E. (1994).Plant defense response to fungal pathogens. 2. G-protein-mediated changes in host plasma membrane redox reactions. Plant Physiology 106,97-102. Yamada, T., Sriprasertsak P., Kato, H., Hashimoto, T., Shimizu, H. & Shiraishi, T. (1994). Functional analysis of the promoters of phenylalanine ammonialyase genes in pea. Plant and Cell Physiology 35,917-926. Yip, H. Y. & Rath, A. C. (1994). Latin description for Cordyceps oncoperae (Ascomycotina) infecting Oncopera species (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 64, 146.

PHYSIOLOGY There has been a recent surge of interest in applying physiological techniques that are routine in mammalian

382

systems to fungal cells. Hillenga ef al. (1994) develop a method for isolating intact, functional plasma membranes and fusing them with liposomes. They discuss the advantages of these techniques to generating inside-out and other types of vesicles. Their aim is to study the uptake of penicillin precursors and the mechanism of antibiotic excretion so that they can eventually determine which transport steps become limiting during the production of penicillin. More information about the bios~nthesisof penicillin (and cephalosporin) can be found in Martin ef al. (1994) (Genetics, Molecular Biology & Evolution section). Blomberg, A. & Adler, L. (1992). Physiology of osmotolerance in fungi. In Advances in Microbial Physiology, Vol. 33,(ed. A. H. Rose), pp. 145-212. Academic Press Ltd: London. Blomquist, G. & Strom, G. B. (1994). Classification of Penicillhm fungi by cross-partition analysis. In Aqueous Two-Phase Systems, in Methods in Enzymology, Vol. 228, (ed. H. Walter & G. Johansson), pp. 354-362. Academic Press Inc: San Diego. Caddick, M. X..Peters, D. & Platt, A. (1994). Nitrogen regulation in fungi. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek International ]ournal of General and Molecular Microbiology 65, 169-177. Campo-Aasen. I. & Albomoz, M. C. (1994). Alkaline phosphatase at the cell wall of the yeast phase of Paracoccidiodes brasihensis. Mycopathologia 127, 69-71. Causier, B. E., Milling, R. J., Foster, S. G. & Adams, D. J. (1994). Characterization of chitin synthase from Botytis cinerea. Microbio1ogy.UK 140, 2199-2205. Cerdi-Olmedo, E., Femhdez-Martin, R. & ~ v a l o s ,1. (1994). Genetics and gibberellin production in Gibberella fujikurvi. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek International Journal of General and Molecular Microbiology 65,217-225. Feofilova, E. P., Tereshina, V. M. & Vakulova, L. A. (1994).Biological function of trisporic acids in mucoraceous fungi. Microbiology 63,8-11. Frost, D. J.. Brandt, K., Capobianco, J. & Coldman, R. (1994). Characterization of (1.3)-beta-glucan synthase in Candida albicans: Microsomal assay from the yeast or mycelial morphological forms and a permeabilized whole-cell assay. Microbiology-UK 140,2239-2246. Gooday, G. W. & Adams, D. J. (1993). Sex hormones and fungi. In Advances in Microbial Physiology, Vol. 34, (ed. A. H. Rose), pp. 69-145. Academic Press Ltd: London. Hanson, J. R. & Takahashi, J. A. (1994). The isolation of 16-beta,18dihydroxyaphidtcolan-17-oic acid from Cephalosporium aphidicola. Phytochemistry 36,1551-1552. Hillenga, D. J.. Versantvoort, H. J. M., Driessen, A. J. M. & Konings, W. N. (1994).Structural and functional properties of plasma membranes from the Mamentous fungus Penicillium chysogenum. European ]oumal of Biochemistry 224. 581-587. Huff, T., Kuball, H. G. & Anke, T. (1994). 7-Chloro-4.6-dimethoxy-I(3H)isobenzofurane and basidalin: Antibiotic secondary metabolites from Leucoagaricus carneifolia Gillet (basidi~m~cetes). Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung C - A Journal of Biosciences 49,407-410. Joshi, D.K. & Gold, M. H. (1994). Oxidation of dibenzo-p-dioxin by lignin peroxidase from the basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Biochemistry 33, 10969-10976. Kelly, S. L., Lamb, D. C., Baldwin, B. C. &Kelly, D. E. (1994). P450 and azole tolerance in fungi. In Cytochrome P450, (ed. M. C. Lechner), pp. 209-212. John Libbey Eurotext Ltd.: Montrouge. Kobata, K.. Wada, T., Hayashi, Y. & Shibata, H. (1994). Studies on chemical components of mushrooms. 3. Volemolide, a novel norsterol from the fungus Lactarius volemus. Bioscience Biotechnology and BiochemistTy 58. 1542-1544. Konska, G., Guillot, J., Dusser, M., Damez, M. & Botton, B. (1994). Isolation and characterization of an N-acetyllactosamine-binding lectin from the mushroom Laetipow sulfurew. Iournal of Biochemishy 116, 519-523. Leal-Morales, C. A., Bracker, C. E. & Bartnicki-Garcia, S. (1994). Subcellular localization, abundance and stability of chitin synthetases 1 and 2 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microbio1ogy.UK 140,2207-2216. Lee. K.J. & Rho, Y. T. (1994). Quantitative analysis of mycelium

Lilyann Novak Frazer and D. Moore morphological characteristics and rifamycin B production using Nocardia wditerrane~.Journal of Brotechnology 36, 239-245. Li, D., Al~c, M. & Gold, M. H. (1994). Nitrogen regulation of lignin peroxidase gene transcription. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 60. 3447-3449. Lumbsch. H. T.. Feige, G. B. & Elix, J. A. (1994). The joint occurrence of chioroxanthones in southem hemisphere Lecanora species (Ascomycotina, Lecanoraceae). Botanica Acta 107,30-35. McCrae. S. I., Leith, K. M., Gordon, A. H. & Wood, T. M. (1994). Xylandegrading enzyme system produced by the fungus Aspergillus awamori: Isolation and characterization of a femloyl esterase and a p-coumaroyl esterase. Enzyme and Microbial Technology 16,826-834. Monk, B. C. & Perlin, D. S. (1994). Fungal plasma membrane proton pumps as prom~singnew antifungal targets. Critical Reviews in Microbiology 20, 209--223. Morgavi, D. P., Sakurada, M., Mizokami, M., Tomita, Y. & Onodera, R. (1994). Effects of ruminal protozoa on cellulose degradation and the growth of an anaerobic mminal fungus, Piromyces sp. strain OTSI, in vifro. Applied and Environmenfal Microbiology 60, 3718-3723. Newell, S.Y. (1994). Total and free ergosterol in mycelia of saltmarsh ascomycetes with access to whole leaves of aqueous extracts of leaves. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 60,3479-3482. Perysinakis, A,, Kinghorn, J. R. & Drainas, C. (1994). Biochemical and genetical studies of NADP-specific glutamate dehydrogenase in the fission yeast Sckizosaccharomyces pombe. Current Genetics 26, 315-320. Pozdnyakova, N. N., Leontevskii, A. A. & Golovleva, L. A. (1994). Oxidase of the fungus Panus tigrinus 8/18. Biochemistry-Moscow 59, 559-562. Punt, P.J., Veldhuisen, G. & van den Hondel, C. A. M. J. J. (1994). Protein targeting and secretion in filamentous fungi. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek International Journal of General and Molecular Microbiology 65,211-216. Record, E., Lesage, L., Cahagnier, B., Marion, D. & Asther, M. (1994). Filamentous fungi with high cytosolic phospholipid transfer activity in the presence of exogenous phospholipid. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 6 0 , 3390-3395. Rodriguez-Navarro, A,, Quintero, F. J. & Garciadebliis, B. (1994). Na+ATPases and Na+/Ht antiporters in fungi. Biochimica et Biophysics ActaBioenergetics 1187,203-205. Roinestad, K. S., Montville, T. J. & Rosen, J. D. (1994). Mechanism for sodium bicarbonate inhibition of trichothecene biosynthesis in Fusarium hicinctum. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemisty 42,2025-2028. Saha, B. C., Freer, S. N. & Bothast, R. J. (1994). Production, purification, and properties of a thermostable beta-glucosidase from a color variant strain of Aureobasrdium pullulans. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 60, 3774-3780. Schnellmann, J., Zeltins, A., Blaak, H. & Schrempf, H. (1994). The novel lectinlike protein CHBI is encoded by a chitin-inducible Streptomyces olivaceoviridis gene and binds specifically to crystalline alpha-chitin of fungi and other organisms. Molecular Microbiology 13,807-819. Smith, J. E.. McKay, D. & Molina, R. (1994). Survival of mycorrhizal fungal isolates stored in sterile water at two temperatures and retrieved on solid and liquid nutrient media. Canadian ]ournu1 of Microbiology 40, 736742. Solfrizzo, M., Visconti. A., Savard, M. E., Blackwell, B. A. & Nelson, P. E. (1994). Isolation and characterization of new chlamydosporol related metabolites of Fusarium chlamydosporum and Fusarium tricinctum. Mycopathologla 127, 95-101. Takekuma, S., Takekuma, H., Matsubara, Y., Inaba, K. & Yoshida. Z. (1994). A novel mushroom pigment: Isolation and characterization. lournal of the American Chemical Society 116, 8849-8850. van Schijndel, J. W. P. M., Bamett, P., Roelse, J., Vollenbroek, E. G. M. & Wever, R. (1994). The stability and steady-state kinetics of vanadium chl~ro~eroxidase from the fungus Curvularia inaequalis. European Journal of Biochemistry 225, 151-157. Volchatova, I. V., Medvedeva, S. A. & Babkin, V. A. (1994). Extracellular enzymes of the fungi Phanerochaete sanguinea and Coriolus villosw. Biochemistry-Moscow 59, 587-591. Wessels, J. G. H. (1993). Fruiting in the higher fungi. In Advances in Microbial Physiology. Vol. 34, (ed. A. H. Rose), pp. 147-202. Academic Press Ltd: London. Wilson, M. T. & Liu, B. L. (1994). Electron transfer reactions of cellobiose oxidase. Biochemical Society Transactions 22, 725-728.

383 Yun, I. W. & Song, S. K. (1994). Production of extracellular polyols in Aureobasidium pullulans. Biotechnology Letters 16,949-954.

SYSTEMATICS & STRUCTURE There are two papers which describe the role of the cytoskeleton in nuclear migration in fungi. Plamann ef al. (1994) discuss the roles of dynein and an actin-related protein for normal nuclear distribution in Neurospora crassa while Thompson-Coffe & Zickler (1994) describe the role of the cytoskeleton in nuclear sorting in other Filamentous ascomycetes, including Neurospora crassa. Barki, M., Koltin, Y., van Wetter, M. & Rosenberg, M. (1994). A Candida albicans surface antigen mediating adhesion and autoaggregation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Infection and Immunity 62,4107-4111. Blomquist G. & Strom, G. 8. (1994). Classification of Penicillium fungi by cross-partition analysis. In Aqueous Two-Phase Systems, in Methods in Enzymology, Vol. 228, (ed. H. Walter & G. Johansson), pp. 354-362. Academic Press Inc: San Diego. Gimenez-Jurado, G., Cidadao, A. J. & Beijnvanderwaaij, A. (1994). A novel heterothallic ascomycetous yeast species: Stepkanoascus smithiae, teleomorph of Candida edax. Systematic and Applied Microbiology 17, 237-246. Hasek, J. & Streiblova, E. (1994). Flunarizine affects F-actin pattern in Mucor rolcrii germlings. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 40, 730-735. Leal-Morales, C. A., Bracker, C. E. & Bartnicki-Garcia, S. (1994). Subcellular localization, abundance and stability of chitin synthetases 1 and 2 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microbiology-UK 140,2207-2216. Lennon, P. A,, Cooper, C. R., Salkin, I. F. & Lee, S. 8. (1994). Ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer analysis supports synonomy of Scedosporium inflaturn and Lomentospora prolificans. ]ournal of Clinical Microbiology 32, 2413-2416. Lopez-Ribot, J. L. & Chaffin, W. L. (1994). Binding of the extracellular matrix component entactin t o . Candida albicans. Infection and Immunity 62, 4564-4571. Nollstadt, K. H., Powles, M. A,, Fujioka, H., Aikawa, M. & Schmatz, D. M. (1994). Use of beta-1.3-glucan-specific antibody to study the cyst wall of Pneumocystis carinii and effects of pneumocandin B, analog L-733,560. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 38, 2258-2265. Plamann, M., Minke, P. E., Tinsley, J. H. & Bruno, K. S. (1994). Cytoplasmic dynein and actin-related protein Arpl are required for normal nuclear distribution in filamentous fungi. Journal of Cell Biology 127, 139-149. Thompson-Coffe, C. & Zickler, D. (1994). How the cytoskeleton recognizes and sorts nuclei of opposite mating type during the sexual cycle in filamentous ascomycetes. Developmental Biology 165,257-271.

MEDICAL M Y C O L O G Y Babel, D. E. (1994). How to identify fungi. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 31,S108-S111. Brummer, E., Nassar, F. & Stevens. D. A. (1994). Effect of macrophage colonystimulating factor on anticryptococcal activity of bronchoalveolar macrophages: Synergy with fluconazole for killing. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 38, 2158-2161. Campos-Takaki, G. M. & Lobo Jardim, M. (1994). Report of chronic subcutaneous abscesses caused by Exophiala spinifera. Mycopatholgia 127, 73-76. Cappellari, J. O., Thompson, E. N. & Wallenhaupt, S. L. (1994). Utility of intraoperative fine needle aspiration biopsy in the surgical management of patients with pulmonary masses. Acta Cytologica 38, 707-710. Carlson, M. A. & Condon, R. E. (1994). Nephrotoxicity of amphotericin B. Journal of the American College of Surgeons 179.361-381. Collins, L. A., Samore, M. H., Roberts, M. S., Luzzati, R., Jenkins, R. L., Lewis, W. D. & Karchmer, A. W. (1994). Risk factors for invasive fungal infections complicating orthotopic liver transplantation. lournal of Infectious Diseases 170, 644-652. Colombo, A. L., Faical, S. & Kater, C. E. (1994). Systematic evaluation of the adrenocortical function in patients with paracoccidiomycosis. Mycopathologia 127, 89--93.

One stop mycology Davies, S. F. (1994). Fungal pneumonia. Medical Clinics of North America 78, 1049-1065. de Greef, H. J. & de Doncker, P. R. G. (1994). Current therapy of dermatophytosis. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 31,S25S30. Donabedian, H., 0' Donnell, E., Olszewski, C.. MacArthur, R. D. & Budd, N. (1994). Disseminated cutaneous and meningeal sporotrichosis in an AIDS patient. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease 18, 111-115. Elmets, C. A. (1994). Management of common superficial fungal infections in patients with AIDS. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 31, S60-S63. Gonawardena, S. A. S., Ranasinghe, K. P., Arseculeratne, S. N., Seimon, C. R. & Ajello, L. (1994). Survey of mycotic and bacterial keratitis in Sri Lanka. Mycopathologia 127. 77-81. Guiot, H. F. L., Fibbe, W. E. & Vantwout, J. W. (1994). Risk factors for fungal infection in patients with malignant hematologic disorders. Implications for empirical therapy and prophylaxis. Clinical Infectiow Diseases 18,525-532. Gurgan, T., Diker, K. S., Haziroglu, R., Urman, B. & Akan, M. (1994). In vitro dection of human fetal membranes with Candida specles. Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation 37, 164-167. Hagensee, M. E., Bauwens, J. E., Kjos, B. & Bowden, R. A. (1994). Brain abscess following marrow transplantation: Experience at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1984-1992. Clinical Infectiow Diseases 19,402-408. Haight. D. 0..Esperanza, L. E., Greene, J. N., Sandin, R. L., DeGregorio, R. & Spiers, A. S. D. (1994). Cutaneous manifestations of cryptococcosis. American Journal of the Medical Sciences 308, 192-195. Hamouda, T., Jeffries, C. D., Ekladios, E. M., El-Mishad, A. M., El-Koomy, M. & Saleh, N. (1994). Class-specific antibody in human dermatophytosis reactive with Trichophyton rubrum derived antigen. Mycopathologia 127, 83-88. Hay, R. J. (1994). Antifungal drugs on the horizon. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 31, S82-S86. Holden, D. W., Tang, C. M. & Smith, J. M. (1994). Molecular genetics of Aspergillus pathogenicity. Mycopathologia 127,251-255. Jensen, 1.. Warner, T. & Balish, E. (1994). The role of phagocytic cells in resistance to disseminated candidiasis in granulocytopenic mice. Journal of Infect~ousDiseases 170,900-905. Laguna, F., Rodriguez-Tudela, J. L. & Enriquez, L. (1994). Fungemia due to fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans in a patient with AIDS. Clinical Infecfiotls Diseases 19, 542-543. Lee, J.W.. Amantea, M. A,, Francis, P. A,, Navarro, E. E., Bacher. J., Pizzo, P. A. & Walsh, T. J. (1994). Pharmacokinetics and safety of a unilamellar liposomal formulation of amphotericin B (AmBisome) in rabbits. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 38, 713-718. Lopes, J.0.. Alves, S. H., Benevenga, J. P., Brauner, F. B., Castro, M. S. & Melchiors, E. (1994). Curvularia lunata peritonitis complicating peritoneal dialysis. Mycopathologia 127,6 5 4 7 . Lopez-Ribot, J.L. & Chaffin, W. L. (1994). Binding of the extracellular matrix component entactin to Candida albicans. Infec!ion and Immunity 62, 4564-4571. Makimura, K., Murayama, S. Y. & Yamaguchi, H. (1994). Specific detection of Aspergillus and Penrcillium species from respiratory specimens by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). ]apanese Journal of Medical Science & Biology 47, 141-156. Marchisio, V. F., Fusconi, A. & Rigo, S. (1994). Keratinolysis and its morphological expression in hair digestion by airborne fungi. Mycopathologia 127, 103-115. Martino, R., Altes, A,, Sureda, A., Brunet, S. & Domingo-Albes, A. (1994). Prevention of invasive fungal infections during bone marrow transplantation. Annals of Hematology 69, 157. Menezes, A. V., Sigesmund, D. A., Demajo, W. A. & Devenyi, R. G. (1994). Mortality of hospitalized patients with Candida endophthalmitis. Archives of Internal Medicine 154,2093-2097. Midgley, G.,Moore, M. K., Cook, J. C. & Phan Q. G. (1994). Mycology of nail disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 31,S68574. Nassar, F., Bmmmer, E. & Stevens, D. A. (1994). Effect of in vivo macrophage colony-stimulating factor on fungistasis of bronchoalveolar and peritoneal macrophages against Cyptococcus neoformans. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 38, 2162-2164.

384 Ng, P. C. (1994). Systemic fungal infections in neonates. Archives of Disease in Childhood 71,F130-F135. Nollstadt, K. H., Powles, M. A., Fujioka, H., Aikawa. M. & Schmatz, D. M. (1994). Use of beta-1.3-glucan-specific antibody to study the cyst wall of Pneumocystis carinii and effects of pneumocandin B, analog L-733,560. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 38, 2258-2265. Odom, R. B. (1994). Common superficial fungal infections in immunosuppressed patients. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 31, S56-S59. Powderly, W. G. (1994). Resistant candidiasis. AlDS Research and Human Retroviruses 10,925-929. Quindos, G., Cabrera. F., Arilla, M. D., Burgos, A.. Ortiz-Vigon, R., Canon, J. L. & Ponton, J. (1994). Fatal Candida famata peritonitis in a patient undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis who was treated with fluconazole. Clinical Infecfious Diseases IS, 658-660. Roberts, D. T. (1994). Oral therapeutic agents in fungal nail disease. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 31, S78-S81. Rocheleau, H., Saint-Gennain, G., Barwicz, J., Gruda, 1. & Therien, H. M. (1994). Modulation of amphotericin B activity by association with mannose ester. lmmunopharmacology and 1mmunotoxrcology 16, 419-436. Roilides, E., Holmes, A,, Blake, C., Venzon, D.. Pizzo. P. A. & Walsh, T. J. (1994). Antifungal activity of elutriated human monocytes against Aspergillus fumigatw hyphae: Enhancement by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interferon-gamma. ]ournalof InfectiousDiseases 170,894-899. Seltzer, J. M. (1994). Biological contaminants. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 94,318-326. Sone, Y., Shibata, S., Kishida, E. & Misaki, A. (1994). Alteration of beta-Dglucan from edible mushroom after injection into mouse peritoneal cavity. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology 40.335-341. Stevens, D. A. (1994). Management of systemic manifestations of fungal disease in patients with AIDS. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 31,S64-S67. Verhoeff, A. P., van Reenen-Hoekstra, E. S., Samson. R. A., Brunekreef, B. & van Wijnen, J. H. (1994). Fungal propagules in house dust. 1. Comparison of analytic methods and their value as estimators of potential exposure. Allergy 49, 533-539. Verhoeff, A. P., van Wijnen, J. H., van Reenen-Hoekstra, E. S., Samson, R. A., van Strien, R. T. & Brunekreef, B. (1994). Fungal propagules in house dust. 2. Relation with residential characteristics and respiratory symptoms. Allergy 49, 540-547. Walsh, T. J., Renshaw, G., Andrews, J., Kwon-Chung, J., Cunnion, R. C., Pass, H. I., Taubenberger, J., Wilson, W. & Pizzo, P. A. (1994). Invasive zygomycosis due to Conidiobolw incongruw. Clinical infectious Diseases 19, 423-430.

VETERINARY M Y C O L O G Y Barson, Renn & Bywater (1994) studied the ability of several entomopathogenic fungi to destroy larvae of the house fly. They determined that Tolypocladium cylindrosporum and Metarhizium anisopliae were the most effective down to a minimal concentration of lo4-lo5 conidia ml-' and that the most effective carrier was linseed oil. Barson, G., Renn, N. & Bywater, A. F. (1994). Laboratory evaluation of six species of entomopathogenic fungi for the control of the house fly (Musca domestics L.), a pest of intensive animal units. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 64, 107-113. Jensen, J., Warner, T. & Balish, E. (1994). The role of phagocytic cells in resistance to disseminated candidiasis in granulocytopenic mice. Journal of Infectious Diseases 170,900-905. Lee, J. W., Amantea, M. A., Francis, P. A., Navarro, E. E., Bacher. J., Pizzo, P. A. & Walsh, T. J. (1994). Pharmacokinetics and safety of a unilamellar liposomal formulation of amphotericin B (AmBisome) in rabbits. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 38, 713-718. Stazi, A. V., Mantovani, A., Fuglieni, F. & Didelupis, G. L. D. (1994). Observations on fungal infection of the ovary of laboratory-cultured Daphnia magna. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 53. 699-703.