Dec 10, 2013 - Cheap resources ... Relationships to the domain: adding names to classes/concepts ? Tools ... Knowledge representation (domain knowledge).
11/11/2013
Ontology Engineering for the Development of Industrial Symbiosis Networks Ontology
F. Ceceljaa, N. Trokanasa, T. Raafata, A. Kokossisb aUniversity bNational
of Surrey, UK Technical University of Athens, Greece
Outline Ontology
Industrial symbiosis scene Ontology Engineering Domain Ontology Matching Implementation Demonstration
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Industrial Symbiosis Ontology
Industrial networks set to trade material, energy and water produced from waste and to gain economic, environmental & social benefits Ad-hoc networks:
Confined geographical environment (focus on local communities) Short life-time, unpredictable quantities, non-standardised composition Difficult to predict benefits Strong environmental expectation Large number of options which have to satisfy technological requirements
IS Potential Ontology
Case 1: Local communities (& industry) Social benefits Environmental benefits
Case 2: Industry Cheap resources Economic benefits
Still a problem:
Case 3: Planning Targeted production Social benefits Environmental benefits
Awareness of possibility and potential Creating technologically logical options (networks) – proven (in practice) and innovative – with non-standard and unpredictable materials/energy/water Selecting the best out of a large number of options (assessment of benefits)
Ontology engineering Current Operation: Manual by trained practitioners (limited scope, expensive, not innovative) Promotion: word of mouth, workshops, one-to-one contact Assessment of benefits: mostly from past experience & rule-of-thumb
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Complexity of IS Ontology
www.fewsters.com Fewsters www.platicwaste.co.uk
Nylon www.sisplastics.co.uk
Polycarbonate acrylic
Poly C Reclimers Visors protective screens
SIS Plastic Recyclers
International Recycling ltd.
nylon6, 66 filled/unfiled
www.inluk.com PET & HOPE only
www.sisplastics.co.uk
www.thewastegroup.co.uk
Botles
SIS Plastic Recyclers
Greenstar Wes
PVC
Vac form
Waste range including PP, PE, PS and rigid
HOPE
www.fevsters.com www.styrene.blz
Styrene packaging and insulation
Fewsters
Also parts, trays, redundant stock
Clean EPS
www.oskenvironmental.co.uk
EPS
Drums, ets
Osk environmental
www.theaesgroup.co.uk
HOPE only Greenstar Wes www.preston plastics.co.uk
Wide range of plastics processed including FP, EE, FS and rigid plastics
Preston plastics
All forms: B grade compound, spurge etc www.mirusplasticsplastics.co.uk
www.cromwelpoluthene
Mirus plastics
Cromwel baled
HPS
www.fewsters.co.uk Express recycling and plastics
Fewsters
Sheering pallet covers stretch wrap
LDPE
Rigid plastic packaging, computer housing, telephones, toys, garden furniture www.denroyd.co.uk
Denroyd
Plastics
Ridge plastics, sandwich packaging, coffee cups, manufacturing waste www.expresrecycling.co.uk Ridge plastics, sandwich packaging, coffee cups, manufacturing waste
www.sysplastics.co.uk www.landpolymers.co.uk Low grade films
Land Polymers R&D difficult wastes
www.landpolymers.co.uk
Express recycling and plastics
Land polymers R&D for difficult wastes
Rigid plastic PE, PP, ABS www.dekura.co.uk
www.expressrecycling.co.uk Rigid plastic packaging, computer housing, telephones www.mirusplasticsplastics.co.uk
Mirus plastics Dekura
Doors and windows frames
Rigid plastic packaging, computer housing, telephones, toys, garden furniture www.monoworldrecyling.co.uk
Monoworld www.fewsters.co.uk Windows profiles and frames deglazed
PVCu
Fewsters
Moulding solutions
Difficult plastic packaging, production, scrap, netting www.moulding-solutions.co.uk All thermoplastics
www.ecoplas.co.uk
www.axtonrecycling.co.uk Axton polimers
Ecoplas Doors and windows frames www.spencersynthetics.com Woven & non woven trimmings, thread, yarn
Spencer Synthetics
www.iriuk.com PRT & HOPE only
WEEE, ELV’s, industrial plastics
Synthetic Textiles International Recycling ltd
PET
Ontology Engineering Ontology
Ontology: … an explicit specification of a shared conceptualisation!
?
Tools
Good for conceptual use. From practical (engineering) point of view, however:
Relationships to the domain: adding names to classes/concepts
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Ontology Engineering Ontology
Designing, re-using, sharing and processing ontologies:
, , , , ,
Ontology Engineering Pros:
Ontology
Describing (classifications and data acquisition) Knowledge representation (domain knowledge) Knowledge processing – generating new knowledge Supporting operations in the way humans do (semantic matching) Flexible and informal design, still can be shared, re-used (semantic aligning) Easy to publish (web compatible and friendly – semantic web)
Cons: Precision (not good in analytics) Speed (slow processing)
Industrial Symbiosis: Tacit knowledge: knowledge in the domain IS (latest advances & expertise) Explicit knowledge: acquiring multilingual data on participants (links to datasets) Matching (formation of IS networks) including partial matching Justifying solutions for economic and environmental benefits (selection support) Supporting IS operation (planning, reporting gains) and preparing for the future Accessibility: wide in web and semantic web
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IS Domain Ontology (tacit) Ontology
a
ha sR eso
hasSolut ion
Role
has
s ha
ur ce
is-
a is-
* Trokanas, N., T. Raafat, F. Cecelja, A. Kokosis, and A. Yang, Semantic Formalism for Waste and Processing Technology Classifications Using Ontology Models. Computer-Aided Chem. Eng., 2012. 30: p. 167 - 171.
Waste Classification (tacit) Reference for input/output matching
Ontology Concepts Resource ResourceByType Materials Polymers Metals Ceramics Chemicals Minerals Composites OrganicMatter Rocks Energy Electricity Heat Water ResourceBySource(EWC) ResourceByProducts EnergyProducts Biomass Biofuels Coal NaturalGas Oil OilShale Peat MaterialProducts ResourceByCharacteristic BiodegradableResource
Description Resource in IS contains materials, wastes, water, energy etc. Resources that can be naturally classified by their type The substance or substances out of which a thing is or can be made Ranges from synthetic plastics and elastomers to natural biopolymers. Solid materials including ferrous and non-ferrous metals and alloys. Inorganic, non-metallic materials … Any material with a definite chemical composition. A mineral is a naturally occurring inorganic solid… Naturally occurring or engineered … Matter that comes from a once living organism … The solid mineral materials … Usable heat or power. The supply of electric current … The transfer of energy from one body to another … A clear, colorless, odorless, H2O …. Based on EWC – waste classification The totality of goods that can be made available by industries. Goods that can be used for the generation of energy. Organic matter used as a fuel. Fuels derived directly from living matter. A combustible black or dark brown rock … Flammable gas, consisting largely of methane … A viscous liquid derived from petroleum. Fine-grained sedimentary rock from which oil can be extracted A brown, soil-like material, consisting of … All other goods, not included in class EnergyProducts. Resources classified based on important physical or chemical properties Resources that are capable of decaying …
* Raafat, T., F. Cecelja, A. Yang, and N. Trokanas, Semantic Support for the Industrial Symbiosis Process. Computer-Aided Chem. Eng., 2012. 30: p. 452 - 456.
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Technology Classification (tacit) Ontology By Type Thermochemical Combustion Stoker boilers Fluidised bed boiler Incineration Rotary Kiln Direct flame Gasification Moving bed Fluidised bed Pyrolysis Fast Pyrolysis Slow Pyrolysis Mechanical Separation Adsorption Distillation Crushing Grinder Machines Mills Biological Anaerobic Digestion Wet AD Mesophilic AD Composting Aerobic Composting Anaerobic Composting Vermicomposting
By Input Metal Processing Ferrous Processing Iron Processing Steel Processing Non Ferrous Processing Aluminium Processing Copper Processing Ceramic Processing Glass Processing Cement processing Chemical processing Nitrogen Processing Sulfur Processing Mineral Processing Asbestos Processing Cobalt Processing Plastic processing Thermoplastics Processing PVC Processing PET Processing Thermosets Processing Polyurethane Processing Rock Processing Sedimentary Rock Processing Bauxite Processing Limestone Processing Igneous Rock Processing
Reference for input/output matching
By Product Energy Products Production Biofuels Production Biogases Production Fuel Gas Production Liquid Biofuels Production Biodiesel Production Bio Oil Production Material Products Production Metal Production Aluminium Products Production Primary Aluminium Production Aluminium Foil Production Rubber & Plastic Production Plastics Production PET Production PVC Production Rubber Production Latex Rubber Production Paper Production Copypaper Production Ceramics Production Glass Production Glassworks Glass Wool Production Cement Production Portland Cement Production Calcium Aluminate Cement Production Supersulfated Cement Production
Granite Processing
* Raafat, T., F. Cecelja, N. Trokanas, and B. Xrisha, An Ontological Approach Towards Enabling Processing Technologies Participation in Industrial Symbiosis. Computers & Chemical Engineering, 2013. 59: p. 33-46
Characterisation (explicit) Ontology
Waste : Property hasQuantity hasProcessingPrice hasAnnualCost isValidFrom isValidUntil hasName isBiodegradable isHazardous embededCarbon
IS operation: Feature Operational, Environmental Environmental, Economic Environmental, Economic Operational Operational Operational Operational, Environmental Environmental, Operational Environmental
Property geo:Lat geo:Long belongsToIndustry hasStorageCapacity hasStorageMethod hasDeliveryMethod isHazardous
Feature Operational, Environmental Environmental, Economic Environmental, Economic Operational Operational Operational, Environmental Operational, Economic
Technology: Property hasQuantity hasProcessingPrice hasCO2 emission isValidFrom isValidUntil hasByProduct isHazardous hasPatternOfSupply hasName needsEnergy needsWater hasConversionRate
Feature Operational, Environmental Environmental, Economic Environmental, Economic Operational Operational Operational, Environmental Operational, Economic Operational Operational Operational, Environmental Operational, Environmental Operational, Environmental
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Restrictions (OE processing) Ontology
Defines the composition of waste: ∀ EWC030301 hasComposite Wood ∀ EWC030308 hasComposite Paper
or
Establishes input/output relationship between waste and technology: ∀ PETProduction canProcess Bauxite ∀ PETProduction canProcess Bauxite Establishes processing requirements: ∀ PETProduction needsEnergy Electricity ∀ PETProduction needsEnergy FuelGas Improves flexibility in operation: ∀ EWC03 wasteProducedByIndustry NACE_C_16
Properties & Restrictions Ontology
Used to enable acquisition of (explicit) data, ontology inference, matching and ontology re-use and sharing
Property confidentialityFlag hasQuantity hasProcessingPrice
Domain class Role Resource
hasAnnualCost
ResourceBySour ce Materials
isValidFrom isValidUntil hasName isBiodegradable
Resource Resource Resource Resource
isHazardous
Resource
deliveryCapability hasStorageCapacity
Resource Resource
Feature Operational Operational, Environmental Environmental, Economic Environmental, Economic Operational Operational Operational Operational, Environmental Environmental, Operational Operational Operational
Domain Class Role Role Role ResourceProducer SolutionProvider Resource Resource Resource Resource Resource BiodegradableResource Products, ResourceBySource Materials
Domain Property confidentialityFlag geo:location belongsToIndustry hasResource hasSolution hasQuantity hasPatternOfSupply validFrom validTo isBiodegradable isBiodegradable hasComposite
Value Range =1 =1 NACE Resource(>1) Technology (>1) =1 =1 =1 =1 1) Resource (>1) Energy or Energy Products Water (90
-
10 – 12
100
2000 – 2500
-
-
LDPE Production
80 – 85
-
2 – 2.5
-
25000 – 30000
-
-
PVC Production
70 – 80
-
-
-
10000 - 45000
-
-
70
-
0.02
-
45000 – 50000
-
-
Fast Pyrolysis
60 – 75
12 – 50 (cents/KWh)
0.07
-
-
580 – 980
10 – 20
Slow Pyrolysis
15 – 25
12 – 50 (cents/KWh)
-
Moving bed Gasification
75 – 85
-
-
Rubber & Plastic Production
Latex Rubber Production
Technologies classified by type
Thermochemical
Biological
-
280 – 680
1–5
-
-
>2000
8 – 27
-
-
-
Thermophilic AD
80 – 85
40 – 50
0.3 – 0.4
-
-
50 – 65
20 – 37
Mesophilic AD
70 – 75
40 – 50
0.3 – 0.4
-
-
20 – 45
20 – 37
Expansion Ontology
Direct instance matching is possible. Instead service description matching is used:
Industry A
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Implementation Ontology
The system is implemented as a multilingual (currently English & Greek) and multi-syntactic (jargon) web service:
Demonstration 1 Ontology
Waste producer: a Pulp manufacturer and has 300 tonnes/year of waste registered as wood resource.
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Demonstration 1 Ontology
Already registered users (after elimination): User ID
User Type
Resource/Solution
Quantity
ValidFrom
ValidTo
Lat
Lon
PoS
1
RP
Wood
300
07/06/2013
06/04/2017
38.330
23.674
B
2
RP
EWC030301
440
21/02/2014
10/10/2017
38.320
23.622
B
3
RC
EWC030104
230
21/10/2014
13/09/2016
38.310
23.558
C
4
RC
Wood
700
18/02/2016
25/10/2018
38.339
23.609
C
5
RP
EWC030305
190
03/03/2015
10/07/2017
38.360
23.612
C
6
RP
Wooden Packaging
250
05/10/2015
05/06/2018
38.342
23.601
C
7
RC
EWC030307
560
16/10/2015
24/07/2018
38.326
23.506
C
8
SP
Anaerobic Digestion
1200
23/10/2015
11/12/2017
38.327
23.590
B
9
RP
EWC030101
100
10/12/2013
12/05/2017
38.346
23.607
C
10
SP
Wood Incineration
1000
26/07/2013
08/06/2016
38.322
23.613
B
Demonstration 1 Ontology
Matching: User ID
User
Resource/Solution
Quantity
ValidFrom
ValidTo
Lat
Lon
PoS
3
RC
EWC030104
230
21/10/2014
13/09/2016
38.310
23.558
C
4
RC
Wood
700
18/02/2016
25/10/2018
38.339
23.609
C
7
RC
EWC030307
560
16/10/2015
24/07/2018
38.326
23.506
C
8
SP
Anaerobic Digestion
1200
23/10/2015
11/12/2017
38.327
23.590
B
10
SP
Wood Incineration
1000
26/07/2013
08/06/2016
38.322
23.613
B
Type
Similarity results:
User ID
Resource/Solution
Similarity
10
Wood Incineration
8
Anaerobic Digestion
0.88 0.81 0.78 0.78 0.71
4
Wood
7
EWC030307
3
EWC030104
CO2 saving: User
Suggested
Requested
Quantity
ID
Resource
Resource
Exchanged
EC of suggested resource
EC of Requested Resource
Total EC (requested)
Total EC (suggested)
CO2 Saving (tonCO2)
4
Wood waste
Wood
440
0.2
0.46
202.4
88
114.4
7
Wood waste
EWC030307
440
0.2
1.00
440
88
352
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Demonstration 1 Ontology
Final results: 352
Landfill Diversion -
Virgin Materials Saved -
114.4 0 0 0
440 -
440 -
User ID
Resource/Solution
Similarity
CO2 Saving
7
EWC030307
4
Wood
10
Wood Incineration
8
Anaerobic Digestion
3
EWC030104
0.78 0.78 0.88 0.81 0.71
Demonstration 2 Ontology
Petrel S.A:, an oil producer needing thermal energy of 0.45 MJ per kilogram of oil, monthly production of 10 tonnes hence 4500 MJ/month in 09/08/2012 and 08/12/2015. Company GIC Ltd 3C Ltd Timberium GrePack Hartex The Fishery Municipality Furnumil Sider Polyrom HES Ferral RecHel Ypsilon
Category Solution Provider Solution Provider Resource Provider Resource Provider Resource Provider Resource Provider Resource Provider Resource Provider Resource Provider Resource Provider Resource Provider Resource Provider Resource Provider Resource Provider
Input Aluminium Lignocelluloses
Output Thermal Energy Thermal Energy
Required Period From To
Quantit y (k/m)
Pattern of Supply
150
Continuous
09/08/2012
300
Continuous
09/08/2012
08/12/2015
Geogr. Location Lat. Long. 23.6127 38.339 8
08/12/2015
38.322
-
Wood
230
Continuous
14/11/2014
14/12/2015
38.325
23.5299 23.600
-
Cardboard
450
Continuous
07/08/2013
17/12/2014
38.329
23.612 23.631
-
Paper Waste
80
Batch
07/08/2012
14/12/2015
38.325
-
Coffee Waste
70
Continuous
09/08/2012
09/09/2016
38.342
23.581
-
Bark Waste
90
Batch
06/11/2012
05/07/2016
38.345
23.611
-
Lignocelluloses
200
Batch
04/07/2012
17/10/2015
38.378
23.631
-
Copper Turnings (EWC100103)
3500
Continuous
09/08/2012
08/06/2016
23.609
32.339
-
Aluminium
60
Continuous
07/08/2012
08/12/2015
23.557
32.360
-
Lead
3000
Continuous
14/11/2014
14/04/2016
23.600
33.325
-
Aluminium Non Ferrous Metal Alluminium Alloy
30
Batch
01/02/2013
17/10/2015
23.611
38.326
1200
Continuous
26/09/2015
07/10/2016
23.506
33.378
20
Batch
04/07/2012
23/09/2016
23/607
38.319
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Demonstration 2 Ontology
stage backward chaining:
Direct matching
Direct matching
1st
Company name GIC Ltd 3C Ltd
Process
Input
Output
Incineration Combustion
Aluminium Lignocelluloses
Thermal energy Thermal energy
Conversion Rate 30 15
Matching similarity 40% 58%
Demonstration 2 Ontology
2nd stage backward chaining: Company
Input Type
GIC Ltd 3C Ltd
Aluminium Lignocelluloses
Quantity (k/m) 150 300
Pattern of Supply continuous continuous
Required Period From To 09/08/2012 08/12/2015 09/08/2012 08/12/2015
Location Lat. Long. 38.339 23.61278 38.322 23.5299
… which matched against all participants: Req-estor
GIC ltd.
3C ltd
Company
Resource Type
Semantic distance similarity
Average property similarity
Aggregated results
Furnimil Timberium Municipality GrePack
Lingocelluloses Wood Bark Waste (EWC030301) CardBoard
1 0.89 0.87 0.78
0.487325 0.221338 0.909041 0.239821
0.794 (79%) 0.622 (62%) 0.885 (89%) 0.563 (56%)
Hartex Sider
Paper Waste (EWC030308) Copper Turnings (EWC120103)
0.76 0.85
0.818824 0.88
0.783 (78%) 0.862 (86%)
Polyrom HES
Aluminium Lead
1 0.74
0.175 0.891
0.668 (67%) 0.800 (80%)
Ferral RecHel
Aluminium NonFerrous Metal
1 0.71
0.844 0.83
0.936 (94%) 0.758 (76%)
Ypsilon
AluminiumAlloy (EWC1201013)
0.85
0.069
0.245 (25%)
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Demonstration 2 Ontology Technologies Sider
HES
Output Output
EWC1201013 Aluminium Lead Aluminium
%8 0
Input Aluminium
%9 4
Incineration (GIC ltd)
Ypsilon
Furnimil
Timberium
Output
Output
Output
Output
%2
Non Ferrous Metal EWC1201013
Lingocelllulostic
Wood EWC030301
%7 9
Input Lignocellulostic
%62 9 %8
Combustion (3C ltd.)
GrePack
Hartex
Output
Output
CardBoard
% 78
%5
Municipality
Output
6
RecHel
5
%
76
Ferral
Output Output
Enablers
7 86 6 % %
Polyrom
Resource
EWC030308
Conclusion Ontology
An ontology based support to the process of Industrial Symbiosis was designed The eSymbiosis platform has been tested with past UK industrial symbiosis cases The real life implementation and testing takes place The system is available on http://www.esymbiosis.gr/islive/.
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Acknowledgement Ontology
To the eSymbiosis partners (along with
:
NTUA: AVCOSystems PI Consulting: CLMS
… and the sponsor
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