Opioid Peptides from Milk Proteins - J-Stage

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amide,. Tyr-Pro-Ser-Phe-NH2, and the a-lactalbumin. (50~ 53) amide, Tyr-Gly-Leu-Phe-NH2, were also active in the guinea pig ileum assay. These were named ...
Agric.

BioL

Chem.,

50 (9),

2419-2421,

2419

1986

Rapid Paper

ceptors.5) Amongthese peptides, Tyr-Pro-PheVal-NH2 and Tyr-Pro-Phe-D-Val-NH2 had

Opioid Peptides from Milk Proteins

high affinities for the receptors. We named them valmuceptin and devalmuceptin, respec-

Masaaki Yoshdcawa, Fumito Tani, Takashi Yoshimura and Hideo Chiba

tively. Brantl reported opioid activity of synthetic

tetra- and penta-peptide

fragments of

human /^-casein and called them human /?-

Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606, Japan Received June 5, 1986

casomorphins.6)

Koch et al. also

reported

opioid activity of human jS-casomorphins.7)

In this paper, opioid activities of synthetic fragment peptides of human jS-casein were

evaluated in various assay systems. Other fragment peptides of milk proteins containing posFragment peptides of milk proteins containing Tyr-XPhe or Tyr-X1-X2-Phe were synthesized and their opioid activities were evaluated by the guinea pig ileum and radioreceptor assays. Among the peptides tested, the

human /?-casein(51 ~ 54) amide, Tyr-Pro-Phe-Val-NH2 (valmuceptin) was the most active, more than the bovine counterpart, morphiceptin. The human /?-casein(41 ~ 44) amide,

Tyr-Pro-Ser-Phe-NH2,

and

the

a-lactalbumin

(50~ 53) amide, Tyr-Gly-Leu-Phe-NH2, were also active in the guinea pig ileum assay. These were named /?-casor-

phin and a-lactorphin, respectively. All of these peptides were not as active in the mouse and rabbit vas deferens assays.

Exogenous opioid peptides have been iso-

lated from casein hydrolysates. Brand et al. isolated opioid peptide from casein peptone.1} The peptide Tyr-Pro-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro-Ile

cor-

responded to the 60~66th residues of bovine /?-casein and Morphiceptin,

was named /?-casomorphin.2) Tyr-Pro-Phe-Pro-NH2, is the

most active opioid

peptide

of the bovine /?-

casomorphin group.3) Another opioid peptide,

a-casein exorphin, Arg-Tyr-Leu-Gly-Tyr-LeuGlu, was isolated from a peptic digest of bovine

asl-casein.4)

Although

structures

of

these exogenous opioid peptides are different from those of endogenousones, which have a Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met/Leu sequence at their amino termini, they had similar biological effects.1~4) We have found the Tyr-Pro-Phe

sequence, which is commonto bovine /?-casomorphin,

in the primary

structure

of a hu-

man jS-casein fragment. Wehave synthesized various humanjS-casein fragments containing

Tyr-Pro-Phe sequences at their amino termini and evaluated their affinities for opioid re-

sible opioid-like sequences, Tyr-X-Phe and Tyr-X1-X2-Phe were also synthesized and their opioid activities were evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS

Peptides were synthesized by a solid-phase method on chloromethyl resin.8) Peptide amides were synthesized on benzhydrylamine resin.9) r-Butyloxycarbonyl amino acids were coupled successively in the presence of 1-hydroxybenzotriazole and dicyclohexyl carbodiimide.10) Peptides

were deprotected by the anisole/hydrogen fluoride method11* and purified

on reverse-phase

liquid

chromatog-

raphy. The radioreceptor assay was done as described previously.5} Opioid activities of peptides were evaluated by the inhibition of electrically evoked contraction of myenteric plexus of guinea pig ileum longitudinal mus-

cle.12) Opioid activities were also tested similarly in mouse and rabbit vas deferens preparations. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

/. Opioid activity of milk protein fragments containing Tyr-X-Phe sequences Opioid activities of human /^-casein

frag-

ments were measuredin various assay systems (Table I). All of these fragments inhibited the contraction of the myenteric plexus of guinea pig ileum longitudinal muscle and the inhibitory effects were specifically reversed by naloxone, an opioid antagonist. Therefore, all of the human /^-casein fragments synthesized are opioid agonists. In the radioreceptor and

guinea pig ileum assays, human/?-casomor-

phins 4 and 5 were less active than the bovine counterparts. On the other hand, valmuceptin, the humanjS-casomorphin 4 amide, was more

2420

M. Yoshikawa et al.

Table I. Opioid Activity

of /^Casein Fragments lC so(jm )

IQ o

MV D

P ep tid es R A* H um an T y r-P ro T y r-P ro T y r-P ro T y r-P ro T y r-P ro T y r-P ro T y r-P ro T y r-P ro

-P -P -P -P -P -P -P -P

he h e-V h e-D h e-V h e-D h e -V h e-V h e -V

al -V a l a l-N H 2 (v a lm u ce p tin ) -V a l-N H 2 (d e v a lm u ce p tin ) al-G lu a l-G lu -P ro a l-G lu -P ro -Ile -P ro

200 170 27 2.0 0.5 8 600 540 1300

T y r-G ly -P h e-L e u -P ro T y r-P ro -S e r-P h e -N H 2 (tf -ca so rp h in ) B o v in e T y r-P T y r-P T yr -P T yr -P

ro ro ro ro

-P -P -P -P

h e -P ro h e -P ro -N H 2 (m o rp h ice p tin ) h e -P ro -G ly h e -P ro -G ly -P ro -Ile

300 35

GPI fc

M V D C

-4 2 19 7 .6 0 .0 66 0 .0 60 14 25 25

nd 750 600 l l. 5 28 nd 350 540

270 30

30 3. 0 8 .4 30

IC50 GPI

3 9.5 7 8.9 5 7.5 16 5 1 4.0 2 1. 6

> 1 0 00 > 1 0 00

7. 5 0. 1 3 0. 69 6.9

nd 1 8.5 4 .2 nd

1 42 6 .1

Radioreceptor assay in the presence of 1 nM[3H]naloxone. Guinea pig ileum assay. Mouse vas deferens assay, nd, not determined.

active than morphiceptin, the bovine /?-caso- //. Opioid activity of milk protein fragments morphin 4 amide. The opioid activities of hu- containing Tyr-X1-X2-Phe sequences Other possible opioid-like sequences, Tyrman jS-casomorphin 4 and valmuceptin were X1-X2-Phe, were searched for in the primary increased by the replacement of Val4 by D-Val. Like morphiceptin, valmuceptin and deval- structures of milk proteins. One such is Tyrmuceptin were not as active in mouse and rabbit vas deferens assays and are specific lig^nds for the //-receptor. Recently, the for-

mation of morphiceptin from bovine jS-casomorphin 5 in the digestive suggested.13) Valmuceptin,

tracts has been however, would

not be formed from human jS-casomorphin 5 because of the absence of the carboxy-terminal Gly, the amidation codon. A [Leu]enkephalin-like sequence, Tyr-Gly-

Phe-Leu, is found in human /?-casein next to the human /?-casomorphin 8 sequence.5'140 The human jS-casein (59-63), Tyr-Gly-PheLeu-Pro was synthesized and its opioid activity was evaluated (Table I). The peptide

had weak opioid activity.

Pro-Ser-Phe,

which

corresponds

to

the

41 ~44th residues of human j8-casein.14) A tetrapeptide amide containing this sequence was synthesized. The peptide had opioid activity (Table I). This peptide was named /?casorphin. The counterpart of this peptide is not found in the primary structure of either bovine

or rat /?-casein.15'16)

Another example of this group, Tyr-GlyLeu-Phe, is found in a-lactalbumins of various animal species, including human and cow.17~20) Another example, Tyr-Leu-LeuPhe, is found in bovine /Mactoglobulin.21)

Tetrapeptide amides corresponding to these sequences were synthesized and their opioid activities were evaluated. As shown in Table II, the activities of these peptides were rather small. In the guinea pig ileum assay, the activity of the a-lactalbumin fragment was

2421

Opioid Peptides from Milk Proteins Table II. Opioid Activity

3)

of

WheyProtein Fragments IC50G"M)

Peptides RAa Tyr-Gly-Leu-Phe-NH2 (a-lactorphm)

m

Tyr-Leu-Leu-Phe-NH2

160

a Radioreceptor [3H]naloxone.

assay

in

the

GPIb

MVDC

5Q >mQ 160

presence

of

1nM

Biol. 6) 7)

fragment.

The

a-lactalbumin

fragment was nameda-lactorphin. Thus many potential opioid sequences were found in milk analgesic

activity,

endo-

Chem.,

cal roles.22) It is an interesting whether these exogenous opioid

problem sequences

9)

G.

W. Konig (1970).

and

(1967).

12) J. 13) /.

Lett., R.

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Tetrahedron

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lactoglobulin

K.-J.

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