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Procedia Manufacturing 21 (2018) 890–897 Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2017) 000–000 www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia

15th Global Conference on Sustainable Manufacturing 15th Global Conference on Sustainable Manufacturing

Optimization of manufacturing sustainability in the Ethiopian Optimization of manufacturing sustainability in the Ethiopian industries Manufacturing Engineering Society International Conference 2017, MESIC 2017, 28-30 June industries 2017, a Vigo (Pontevedra), Melesse Workneh Wakjira , Holm Altenbachbb, Spain Perumalla Janaki Ramuluc* a Melesse Workneh Wakjira , Holm Altenbach , Perumalla Janaki Ramuluc*

Research Scholar under sandwich program student at Otto-von-Guericke- Universität Magdeburg, Germany and Adama Science and Costing models for capacityat Otto-von-Guerickeoptimization in Industry 4.0: Trade-off Research Scholar under sandwich program studentTechnology Universität Magdeburg, Germany and Adama Science and University, Ethiopia Technology University, Ethiopia Prof. Ing. habil. Holm Altenbach Otto-von-Guericke- Universität Magdeburg, Germany between used capacity and operational efficiency Prof. Ing. habil. HolmDesign Altenbach Universität Magdeburg, Germany Associate Professor, Program of Mechanical andOtto-von-GuerickeManufacturing Engineering, School of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials a a

b b

Associate Professor, Program of Mechanical Manufacturing Engineering, School of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering,Design Adamaand Science and Technology University, Ethiopia a Adama Science and a,* Technology University, b b Engineering, Ethiopia

A. Santana , P. Afonso , A. Zanin , R. Wernke a

University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal

b Abstract Unochapecó, 89809-000 Chapecó, SC, Brazil Abstract The aim of the present work is to provide better attentiveness to the industry management and to facilitate the implementation of The aim of the sustainability. present work isAto provide betteraspect attentiveness industry management andfor to facilitate thesurvey implementation manufacturing generic model presents to andtheinvestigates the correlation descriptive validation of of Abstract manufacturing generic modeltoaspect presents investigates the correlation for descriptive validation of manufacturing sustainability. sustainability. AWhich intends investigate theand correlation among benefits, drivers, barrierssurvey and triple bottommanufacturing sustainability. Which intends to investigate the correlation among and benefits, barriers andimplementation triple bottomlines. The results can provide executive awareness of the current complex relations to thedrivers, development of an lines. Thereby The provide awareness the current complex relations and production, totothebedevelopment of aninterconnected, implementation Under theresults concept of "Industry production processes willmanagement, be pushed increasingly plan. it iscan possible to executive upgrade4.0", the level of of a supply supply chain environmental efficiency and plan. Thereby it is possible upgrade thestrengthen level agovernment supply supply chain production, environmental efficiency and information on a real time and, of necessarily, much more efficient. this context, capacity optimization ground work. based Furthermore ittocan leadbasis to policy as management, well as to theIn development of new manufacturing. ground work. the Furthermore it can to strengthen government contributing policy as wellalso as tofor theorganization’s development of profitability new manufacturing. goes beyond traditional aimlead of capacity maximization, and value. © 2017 The Authors. Publishedand by Elsevier B.V. improvement approaches suggest capacity optimization instead of Indeed, lean management continuous © 2018 Published Elsevier B.V. © 2017 The The Authors. Authors. Published by by Elsevier B.V. committee of the 15th Global Conference on Sustainable Manufacturing. Peer-review under responsibility ofthe thescientific scientific maximization. The study of of capacity optimization costing models is an important research topic that(GCSM). deserves Peer-review under responsibility committeeand of the 15th Global Conference on Sustainable Manufacturing Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 15th Global Conference on Sustainable Manufacturing.

contributions from both the practical and theoretical perspectives. This paper presents and discusses a mathematical Keywords: Manufacturing Sustainability; Sustainable development; Synthesis; Triple bottom-line; Descriptive survey. model forManufacturing capacity management on different costing models and Descriptive TDABC).survey. A generic model has been Keywords: Sustainability;based Sustainable development; Synthesis; Triple(ABC bottom-line; developed and it was used to analyze idle capacity and to design strategies towards the maximization of organization’s value. The trade-off capacity maximization vs operational efficiency is highlighted and it is shown that capacity 1. Introduction optimization might hide operational inefficiency. 1. Introduction © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Ethiopian manufacturing industries contribute a great role for export, employment and national output. Currently, Peer-review under responsibilityindustries of the scientific committee of the Manufacturing Engineering Society International Conference Ethiopian manufacturing contribute a great role forinexport, employment and output. Currently, Ethiopia has ranked among the five fastest growing economies the world. However, thenational manufacturing industries 2017. Ethiopia has ranked five fastest economies in thetoworld. However,oftheskilled manufacturing industries in Ethiopia are stillamong at itstheinfancy. Thegrowing main reason is due the shortage workforce, lower in Ethiopia are still at its infancy. The main reason is due to the shortage of skilled workforce, lower Keywords: Cost Models; ABC; TDABC; Capacity Management; Idle Capacity; Operational Efficiency 1. Introduction * Corresponding author. Tel.: +251-962101275; fax:+0-000-000-0000 .

* E-mail Corresponding Tel.: +251-962101275; fax:+0-000-000-0000 . address:author. [email protected] E-mail address: [email protected] The cost of idle capacity is a fundamental information for companies and their management of extreme importance

in modern©production systems. In general, it isB.V. defined as unused capacity or production potential and can be measured 2351-9789 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier 2351-9789 2017responsibility The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.hours Peer-review of the scientific committee of the 15th Global Conference on Manufacturing. in several©under ways: tons of production, available of manufacturing, etc.Sustainable The management of the idle capacity Peer-review underTel.: responsibility the761; scientific committee the 15th Global Conference on Sustainable Manufacturing. * Paulo Afonso. +351 253 of 510 fax: +351 253 604of741 E-mail address: [email protected]

2351-9789 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the Manufacturing Engineering Society International Conference 2017. 2351-9789 © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 15th Global Conference on Sustainable Manufacturing (GCSM). 10.1016/j.promfg.2018.02.197

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Melesse Workneh Wakjira et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 21 (2018) 890–897 Author name / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2017) 000–000

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competitiveness, lack of advanced technology, and sustainability awareness. These were motivated to adopt the Manufacturing Sustainability (MS) initiatives in Metal Engineering Corporation (METEC) manufacturing sector. The present work has been derived from the observation of production process in METEC and various sectors of Ethiopian conventional/automated manufacturing industries. For instance, the companies which process chemical treatment (leather, and plastic industries), metal cutting/finishing process (anodizing, electroplating, painting, coating, part cleaning and degreasing etc.), pharmaceutical, fine chemicals and steel industries were considered. The capacity of using MS opportunities was found in initial stage in Ethiopian industries. There is a huge gap in the manufacturing industries to implement and promote activities concerned with MS opportunities. Furthermore, in Ethiopia, it become very difficult to access published information in the area of MS except some other concerns of manufacturing industries activities like, best practices for the manufacturing industry in developing countries, impact of manufacturing sector study, policy and managerial capability were reported [1-3]. To address the existing limitations, to introduce MS philosophy for the manufacturing industries, to fill the gap of the METEC manufacturing sectors and to provide a foundations for the ongoing research work of product sustainability optimization, this work intends to provide its own contribution. Generic models which can be introduced to evaluate firms MS opportunities also developed. It also tries to indicate the potential MS opportunities of the country by focusing on selected firms. At the same time, to initiate any future efforts to design sustainable manufacturing policies in Ethiopian industries. The developed generic model of MS options only the point of reference for future continuous follow up of the progress via upgrading in relation to dynamic technology and it will be incorporated with the Research and Development (R &D) centre of the manufacturing industries. 2. Methodology The aim of the work was to encourage and aid the industry by introducing the concept of MS that supports society’s transformation towards sustainability. Identification of potential problems of METEC industries burdens to implement the MS concepts provide guidance in finding solutions to the potential problems by investigating the benefits, drivers, and barriers to adopt MS. Actually, it was very hard to find from a literatures a generic models that can used commonly to evaluate MS’s of the manufacturing industries. Conversely, developing improved sustainability scoring methods for products and processes, and predictive models and optimization techniques for MS processes, focusing on dry, near dry and cryogenic machining are presented [4]. In this work, the modified MS options as per the METEC manufacturing industries was developed in-line with the triple bottom line of MS to investigate the aspects of environmental, economical, and societal considerations as shown in Table 1.

Environmental

Table-1 A Generic model for METEC manufacturing industries MS options Supply chain capability Product Energyefficiency Consistent Energy auditing Logistic capability: Material lead times, Quality Rain water Supply/Inventory, Durable harvesting Business Planning. Ease of assembly/disEnergy saving green energy Technology capability: Reusable Raw material extraction Remanufacturable options Transportation issues, Recyclable Machined chips easily Structure-capability: Removal of unwanted recyclable packaging/material

Manufacturing process Machinability Waste reduction, product sustainability, nontoxic material usage, dry cutting environment, resource efficiency, material handling efficiency, adopting ISO 14000 families, and usage of Eco indicators, and sustainable metrics calculations. Avoid Eco-toxic chemicals

Melesse Workneh et Manufacturing al. / Procedia Manufacturing 21 (2018) 890–897 Author name /Wakjira Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000

Societal

Economical

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Offer lower priced products: the capability to manufacture products at lower internal costs than competitors (Transportation, Distribution, & Optimization) the capability to offer lower priced products Ergonomically designed product supply and distribute, occupational safety/health facilities at the work stations.

Resource efficiency (usage of recycled, reused, and remanufactured products/component)

Design for customer satisfaction, aesthetic value and social needs, reduce packaging

Usage of renewable energy, reduction of power consumption, selection of energy efficient materials/ products Sustainable energy (safe, healthy, and agronomical)

3

Usage of less cost manufacturing process, select an appropriate manufacturing conditions, design products for sustainability, process improvement/innovation, provide ISO 9001 (product -quality standards, update with new technology and avoid process obsolescence Sustainable process (occupational facilities; safety guards, reduced pollution, wear appropriately, nontoxic materials and product usage)

3. A Preliminary Case Study at METEC Industries Metal Engineering Corporation (METEC) is a base for industrial development (mechanical and electromechanical equipment, agricultural machinery, transport equipment, etc.) in Ethiopia. Industries incorporated under METEC are Bishoftu Automotive Industry (BAI), Hi-Tech Industry (HTI), Ethiopian Power Engineering Industry (EPEI), Adama Garment Industry (AGI), Hibret Manufacturing and Machine Building Industry (HMMBI), Adama Agricultural Machinery Industry (AAMI), Dejen Aviation Industry (DAVI), Ethiopian Plastic Industry (EPI), Homicho Ammunition Engineering Industry (HAEI), Metal and Fabrication Industry (MFI), Akaki Basic Metal Industry (ABMI) and Gafat Armament Industry (GAI). Among these HMMBI and ABMI were selected to conduct the preliminary case study and for further investigation of machinability along with the mechanism /mechanics of machining process and its sustainability. HMMBI and ABMI were selected and the study was carried out by considering the nature of products such as; industrial machinery, spare parts, bolts, and nuts, etc. each of the selected firm’s was evaluated by distributing questionnaires in relation to benefits, drivers, and barriers of MS and the TBLs aspect. The questionnaires were developed by adopting the previous research experience (review of literature). From the review of literature, the most common and effective drivers, barriers, and benefits are; the effective utilization of resources and increasing resource productivity, government legislations, cost saving/market advantages, pressure from community/consumer/shareholders, governmental/public pressure, public policy and image, consumers with heightened environmental awareness, green leadership, technology (green technology), high short-term cost, attractive loans, grants or tax exemption for capital investment; like tax breaks or duty free imports, incentives, no commitment from senior managers, low awareness of workers, no clear statement of responsibility, lack of R&D capability, lack of internal technological resources, lack of internal expertise on environmental issues, etc. were reported [2, 3, 13, 15, 17, and 20]. Data analyses were conducted depending on both the objectives of the study and the nature of the variables. In this study, the described variables were tested using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version IBM SPSS statistics 21 software. Based on descriptive statistics, the collected data for each question and respondents were summarized. Analysis summary of SPSS software were cross checked with the mean and standard deviation analytical equations expressed as: X

 fm --------------------------- (1) f

Where, 𝑋𝑋̅, mean value, f, frequency of respondents, m, liker type scale value (1,2,3,4,5). Where, σ , Standard Deviation

𝜎𝜎 = √

∑ 𝑓𝑓(𝑚𝑚−𝑋𝑋̅)2 ∑ 𝑓𝑓−1

-------------------------- (2)

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A five point Liker-type scale was used where 1= strongly disagree, 2= Disagree, 3= Neutral, 4= Agree, and 5= strongly agree. The selection of sample for this survey were made based on the position of management and the appropriateness of the department, participant should be at least 5 years of work experience in manufacturing activities and involved in the decision making of manufacturing processes. Areas covered for the survey were: general managers, environmental engineer/quality control, purchasing and supplier requirement, material control and procurement, product development, component leader, operation CNC control and tooling, machining specialist, maintenance and support, marketing department, business manager, communication workers, and manufacturing/mechanical engineers. 3.1 Respondents perception on the extent of supply chain management capability The perception of respondents on each of the Supply Chain Management (SCM) competitive capabilities were described in view of product quality, supply chain reliability, supply chain flexibility and the ability to offer lower priced products. The descriptive statistics values of the above described SCM capability were presented in Table 2 to Table-5 respectively. Table-2 Descriptive statistic for Product Quality (PQ) Variables Mean Effectively and efficiently delivering customer orders timely 3.14 Capability of providing reliable products 3.28 Offering durable products to customers better than our competitors 3.47 Offering consistent and high quality products and service to customers 3.53

Standard Deviation 1.07 1.23 1.06 1.08

Table-3 Descriptive statistics for Delivery Reliability to Supply the Product (DRSP) Variables Mean Standard Deviation On-time delivery of customer demand Efficiently handle customer complaints

3.00 3.06

1.43 1.24

Table-4 Descriptive statistics for Supply Chain Flexibility of the Product (SCFP) Variables Mean Standard Deviation Close coordination with other departments 2.81 1.19 Rapidly reallocates people to address demand changes 2.86 1.25 Consult other departments when making work decisions 3.11 1.19 Changes in product volume 3.25 1.30 Change in product mix 3.50 1.11 Table-5 Descriptive statistics for Product Cost (PC) Variables Mean Standard Deviation Capability to offer lower priced products 3.19 1.31 Capability to manufacture products at lower internal costs 3.33 1.17 3.2 Supply chain management capability and supplier relationship problems The respondents were asked to respond if they aware of the supply chain management capability problems associated with supplier relationship, operations process and customer relationship. In relation to the supplier relationship problems, 58.30% of respondents agree for experience problem related to price of the material and too long materials lead time from the supply side which results risk of technological obsolescence, where as 52.80%, 44.40%, and 36.10% were problem related to poor communication between company and supplier, flexibility of supplier and trust between company and supplier respectively. Scored statistical values were shown in Table 6 – 8. Table–6 Descriptive statistics for Supplier Relationship Problems of the Product (SRPP) Variable Price of the materials Use of correct packaging material Trust between company and suppliers

Mean Standard Deviation 3.19 1.09 3.33 1.22 3.42 1.08

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Material lead time – tool long resulting in risk of technological obsolescence Flexibility of suppliers Poor communication between company and suppliers

3.47 3.50 3.53

5

1.21 1.11 1.11

Table–7 Descriptive statistics for Process Problems of the Product (PPP) Variables Mean Standard Deviation Capacity limitations due to outdated machinery 3.11 1.26 Capacity limitations due to availability of skilled labor 3.28 1.19 Cooperation between functions in the company 3.39 1.10 Capacity limitations due to customer order fluctuations 3.50 1.18 Table–8 Descriptive statistics for Customer Relationships Problem of the Product (CRPP) Variables Mean Standard Deviation Trust between company and customer 2.92 1.30 Excessive slow moving inventory due to cancellation of orders 3.00 1.41 Too dependent on business of a particular customer 3.06 1.12 3.3 Evaluation of benefits, drivers, and barriers It is expected that HMMBI and ABMI still face particular difficulties in implementing MS. For that purpose respondents were asked to rank the listed benefits, drivers and barriers as per their company’s activities. Accordingly, the respondents were asked to rate the perceived benefits of implementing MS in their companies. The highest mean values of benefits pointed out that increased customer’s environmental awareness, reduced energy consumption and improved product quality respectively from one up to three pointed. Two of these benefits are most related to environmental awareness. The first highest driver to MS initiatives perceived by the respondent companies pointed out that investment subsidies, awards, R&D support, tax exemptions, duty free imports, the second highest driver said that pollution control norms, landfill, taxes, emission trading, polluted water discharge norms, eco-label, and positive public perception of company, product sustainability image, the third driver and the fourth driver were better process performance, and higher product quality. Furthermore, the highest barriers to MS initiatives perceived by the respondent companies pointed out lack of awareness/information. Lack of understanding and knowledge is regarded as the main potential barriers to implement MS practices at HMMBI and ABMI. The second highest barriers said that weak or no enforcement of laws, and corruption. It might be due to MS seen as a relatively new concept especially in the developing country Ethiopia. Risk of implementing new technology is also considered as the major obstacle in implementing MS. 3.4 Environmental, Economical and Societal aspect to MS initiatives It is obvious rapidly increasing consumption of energy and material resources in industrialized and developing countries affect the environment, society and economy with the associated scarcity of resources. Ethiopia is one of the fastest developing country and highly striving to excel the capacity of manufacturing industries by incorporating firms under METEC. Hence, MS philosophy is a motivating issue for METEC Ethiopia, the study were developed a questionnaires in relation to triple bottom line of MS, the basic concepts of questionnaires constructed from Table -1 (a generic model for METEC manufacturing industries MS options), incorporating with supportive review of literatures; Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), social sustainability in manufacturing, components of sustainability in manufacturing enterprise, consideration of sustainable manufacturing in circular economy, sustainable supply chain, competitive sustainable manufacturing, process sustainability, sustainable product development, remanufacturing, sustainable manufacturing performance were reported [1, 5-7, 11, 13, 15, 16, 18, and 19]. The respondent was asked to indicate the environmental, economical and societal aspects of MS initiatives in their firms. The environmental aspects mean value shows that packing material and transportation relation emissions were above average mean value, which were 3.39 up to 3.03 respectively. Conversely, the mean values response of elimination the unwanted packaging and eco design for sustainable product were from 2.97 up to 2.78 respectively which is slightly lower than the mean average value. From the result of respondents observed as the firms economical aspect is better than the environmental aspects of mean value which means it is above mean average value. The mean value of ergonomically well designed health and safety, welfare of the workforce and ergonomics consideration of raw material; extraction, storage, loading and transportation were somewhat above average mean value, which was 3.03,

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3.19, 3.14, and 3.17 respectively. Conversely, mean value of the respondents of infrastructure indoor air quality, ergonomics in workstation design and design for social needs were from 2.97, to 2.83 respectively it is slightly lower than the mean average values. The full survey data of the respondents were shown in Table 9 – 11. Table–9 The mean value and standard deviation of the environmental criteria Environmental aspect Mean Standard Deviation Company has an excellent Eco design for sustainable product/services 2.78 1.22 The company has sustainable raw material extraction supply chain method 2.78 1.38 Company supply chain strongly working for protecting Eco-toxic chemicals 2.81 1.35 There is Good supplier compliance towards green materials/sustainable materials 2.83 1.00 Company has best practice on product/service Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) 2.83 1.30 analysis Company uses process/service by Eco indicators and sustainable aspect calculations 2.83 1.25 Company has adopted advanced manufacturing technology (example 3D Printing) 2.86 1.29 Company supply chain works for elimination of unwanted packaging 2.97 1.25 Transportation related emissions were environmentally friendly supply chain 3.03 1.16 Company uses process/service acquiring of standards 3.11 1.12 Company works with good inventory/storage reduction supply chain 3.11 1.06 Company built environment by substitution with green energy and energy saving 3.14 1.22 options Company uses process/service substitution with green energy, water and resource 3.14 1.15 efficiency Company has best practice on green/sustainable product/service reporting schemes 3.28 1.28 Company uses process/service by adaptation of technologies free of hazardous waste 3.28 1.26 Company supply chain has an excellent packing material/logistic capability 3.39 1.20 Table–10 The mean and standard deviation of economical aspect Economical aspect Mean Company supply chain works to supply keeping the original structure/shape of raw 3.22 materials Company has good supply chain of transportation/distribution and optimization 2.81 Company manufactured products/remanufactured products are used resource 3.44 efficiently Company has capability of selection of the location and centralized facility location 3.14 Company manufacturing process/Remanufacturing has energy efficient options 3.53 Company manufacturing process has product quality standards 3.14 Table–11 The mean and standard deviation of societal aspect Social aspect Mean Company supply chain has focus on ergonomics raw material; extraction, storage 3.17 and loading Company has an excellent design for social needs and reduces packaging 2.83 Company has a best practice on infrastructure indoor air quality 2.97 Company manufacturing process has a well-designed health and safety, welfare 3.14 Company top management, middle levels and all employees are aware of MS 3.19 initiative All Company workers have identified the goals related to sustainability and have a 3.03 knowhow

Standard Deviation 1.10 1.39 1.18 1.18 1.00 1.07 Standard Deviation 1.18 1.25 1.28 1.22 1.12 1.18

4. Results and Discussion The questionnaires are distributed to the METEC sponsored industries like HMMBI and ABMI manufacturing firms


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7

3.4 3.3 3.2 3.1 3 2.9 2.8

Mean value

Mean values

in Ethiopia located Addis Ababa. A total of 36 responses are received out of 39 distributed questionnaires. The analysis has been on the relationship between supply chain management capabilities and business performance in the regard of MS concept at HMMBI and ABMI. The findings have shown that the most of the respondent firms offer consistent and relatively better quality, durable and reliable products and services to their local customers than their competitors. At mean values of product quality, supply chain reliability, supply chain flexibility and the ability to offer low price products to the customers. Also, supply chain management capability problems, mean value of benefits, drivers, and barriers of MS, and mean value of environmental, economical and societal aspects of MS are shown in Figure 1 to 4 respectively. From the figures, one can easily observe the result of supply chain capability for product quality and product cost. The average mean value and delivery reliability to supply the product and flexibility needs an improvement. The customer relationship problems are below average mean value; since the customers are the prime motives of MS initiative for industries like HMMBI and ABMI (METEC). Overall mean value of environmental aspects indicates 50% of the responses are above average mean value and the rest 50% of HMMBI and ABMI expected to improve environmental aspects of MS initiatives.

SCPQ DRSP SCFP

PC

Supply chain product quality, delivery, flexibility and cost

PPP

CRPP

Fig.2. Supply chain management capability problems

6 Mean values

SRPP

Supply chain capability problems

Mean value

Fig.1. Supply Chain capability

3.6 3.4 3.2 3 2.8 2.6

4 2

3.25 3.2 3.15 3.1 3.05 3 2.95 2.9

0 Barriers

DrivDers

Benefits

Barriers, Drivers and Benefits of MS Fig. 3. Mean value of Barriers, Drivers and Benefits of MS

Environmental, Economical and social aspect to manufacturing sustainability at HMMBI and AMBI

Fig.4. Mean value for MS TBL at HMMBI and AMBI

5. Conclusions The nature of technical skill and knowledge of the workforce in Ethiopian METEC firms are mostly from their experiences. Therefore the researcher recommends that the workforce in HMMB and ABMI needs to have the concept, principle and practices of Sustainable Supply Chain Management (SSCM) capabilities. In addition to SSCM capabilities, the concepts of MS implementation techniques are beyond the basic technical knowledge and educational requirement. The general situation in industries indicates that; there is a system problem for acquiring, diffusing and developing SSCM capability to the workforce and creation of awareness on how to adopt MS philosophy. The leadership at different levels in the sector needs to take the prime responsibility in introducing

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effective SSCM system and awareness on adoptability of MS philosophy. To perform this, they need to have the technical and managerial skill which enables them in identifying, selecting and leading the required SSCM system, which fits their firm’s strategy. Consequently, it is important that efficient and flexible process and high quality innovative products are continually encouraged. For instance, increased efficiency holds the potential of keeping down costs, energy/power consumptions, delivery fast, and increase flexibility. A generic model is the best references for the industry managers, R & D centres, and even for governmental officials, policy makers etc. So, they will find easily to communicate and to generate a foundation for MS and build the leading team. The researcher strongly recommends building the MS leading team for METEC manufacturing industries. The incorporation of METEC and the leading team is the best opportunity to transform MS philosophy smoothly, and benchmarking to other Ethiopian manufacturing industries. Finally, this preliminary case study provides a substantial ground for the pending research works; “for identifying the potential areas of remanufacturing in Ethiopian Airlines maintenance, repair and overhaul and to quantify its value by their market (economic turnover), number of job opportunities, and CO 2 emission reduction size. Furthermore, to explore the benefits of remanufacturing process in the regard of its potential for boosting circular economy, triple win; the Economic, Social and Environmental initiatives. Acknowledgments The authors wish to thanks all those Adama Science and Technology University (ASTU) and Metal Engineering Corporation (METEC) managerial for their facilitation to proceed our survey successfully. The authors would like to acknowledge those METEC industries particularly, Hibret Manufacturing and Machine Building Industry (HMMBI), and Akaki Basic Metal Industry (ABMI) respondents that readily provides access to information and took their valued time to respond the questionnaires. References

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