Expo Village project, Social Network Analysis, UCINET software. 1 Introduction. In recent years, large projects are gradually increasing in number and ...
2012 International Conference on Management Science & Engineering (19th) September 20-22, 2012 Dallas, USA
Organizational Communication of Shanghai Expo Village Project Based on Social Network Analysis HE Qing-hua，LUO Lan，LI Yong-kui，ZHANG Shi-qi，LU Yun-bo
School of Economics and Management, Tongji University, P.R.China, 200092 Research Institute of Complex Engineering Management, Tongji University, P.R.China, 200092 The social network formd through transforming of instructions, contracts, information, and knowledge among different participants of large projects, their mutual coordination highlights the overall function[6]. However, there're not enough research on network-based organizational communication and structural relationships between all kinds of organizations[7]. Therefore, this paper took the Expo Village project as an example to analyze organizational communication network density, centrality and clique of large projects in the perspective of Social Network Analysis. This can help us understand the nature of organizational communication of large projects, and provide a reference to organizational design and communicational management.
Abstract: Taking the Shanghai Expo Village project as an example, based on UCINET software, analyzed communication network density, centrality and clique among organizations of large projects in the perspective of social network analysis. Conclusions were made as following: The overall communication network density is relative high, but the times of communication varies dramatically between different participants; The communication performance of project coordination meetings is better than project regular meetings; The centrality of project management team is quite high, which means it has the biggest power in the communication network, but that will affect the overall communication efficiency. And some related teams may form some cliques in the communication network and these cliques will affect the communication, the actor who appears in almost every clique plays an important role in the communication network. The research can provide reference for organization design and communication management for large projects. Keywords: organizational communication, Shanghai Expo Village project, Social Network Analysis, UCINET software
2 Theory of SNA Because of enormous scale and many participants of large projects, communication relationships among these different participants are particularly complex[8]. Fortunately social networks among these organizations play a central role[9-10]. The social nature of project organization requires organizational flexibility in the dynamic social environment, as a result, more and more scholars started to pay attention to inter-organizational network and social characteristics of project organization[11]. The Social Network Analysis (SNA), as a sociological research method, is committed to break down the traditional "black box” and analyze the mutual relationships among organizations from the macro- and micro-analysis[12]. Through quantitative analysis of the status and the role of actors in the network, effective control of the project objectives was achieved[13]. According to previous research[14-16], the structural factors that affect the communication network of large projects are summarized as communication network density, centrality and clique. (1) Communication network density Network density refers to the degree of contact members interacting with each other in the network, high density means that links between any member of network are more, and it's the same in reverse[17]. In the actual project, the communication network density is higher, the communication among the various
1 Introduction In recent years, large projects are gradually increasing in number and expanding in scale, and the complexity is more and more obvious[1-3] . However, compared to small-scale projects, large and complex projects are difficult to predict the results, and the expected value is changed in a large range, while the project manager is obviously incapable of successfully managing the whole project implementation process, all of which result in the phenomenon of investment cost overruns and schedule delays[4]. Actually, large projects have long duration and many participants, the communication relationship between these various participants is extremely complex, so the communication efficiency affects the overall performance of project directly[5]. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(70972071,70902045,71002019) and the Humanities and Social Science Found of Ministry of Education(09YJAZH067) 978-1-4673-3014-5/12/$31.00 ©2012 IEEE
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stakeholders suffers from the constraints of the network structure more obviously, and the autonomous behavior of single stakeholder is weaker. Therefore, strengthening the social network density of stakeholder is an effective strategy which can stabilize the regulation of relations among stakeholders[18-19]. The computational formula of density is in (1). (1) Density = L /[ N ( N − 1)] L means the number of arrows (contact) in the network. Density is the value between 0 and 1, the higher density means the link between the individual is more closely, and the organizational cohesion is high. (2) Communication network centrality "Centrality" is one of the key points in the social network analysis, indicating the power and position of individual or organization in social network. Communication network centrality includes Degree Centrality, Betweenness Centrality and Closeness Centrality. (3) Communication network clique The isolated and closely related groups constitute a sub-group, or clique. Generally, group have certain cohesion, which is reflected on members in group who have a sense of identity and belonging. A high degree of cohesion can enhance the achievement of group goals, promote members to follow the norms of group and have members' self-confidence, and thus affect the group's work efficiency.
have not enough information. Finally get 217 effective meeting records after screening, as shown in Tab.1. From Tab.1 we can see that, there're all 217 meeting records as code D1-D74, and 74 participants include all departments of owner, design units, construction units, consultant units, and various ancillary and sub-units. Then the UCINET6 software is used to analyze these data.
4 Results analysis
3 Methodology In the reality, the exchange of information and knowledge among organizations is achieved through lots of project meetings, such as project regular meetings, project coordination meetings, planning and design meetings and special meetings[20]. And these meetings in fact provide enough information to ensure the whole project operate effectively. Therefore, taking the Shanghai Expo Village project as an example, this paper analyzes communication network density, centrality and clique by analyzing these meetings data to research organizational communication of large projects in the perspective of Social Network Analysis. Shanghai World Expo Village covers about 294,000 square meters, includes 10 plots as plot A-K (except G). And its participants include five design units, six construction units, five construction supervision units and three investment supervision units. 1549 meeting records of World Expo Village were collected which described the participating units, persons, time and discussion matters in detail. In order to discuss the inter-organizational communication, we assumed that in one meeting, as long as one person of the organization participated in, this organization is marked as 1, if unattended, marked as 0. Because of the limited time and capacity, this paper selects 363 meeting statistical data of plot A to analyze. These records were abandoned which
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4.1 Communication network density analysis In order to get the meeting communication network diagram, use UCINET6 to generate Bipartite Two-Mode Graph based on the original 217 x 74 bipartite matrix. The communication network diagram of plot A of Shanghai Expo Village project is shown in Fig.1. And generate all communication relationship among organizations, as shown in Fig. 2. After calculation, the network communication density of the whole project is 4.3328, and the standard deviation is 14.9429. It means that the average times of communication among organizations is 4.3, which reflects full communication, but the standard deviation 14.9 illustrates diverse differences of communication in different organizations. And then calculate communication network density of project regular meetings, project coordination meetings, planning and design meetings and special meetings, and these diagrams of communication network are shown in Fig. 3-6. Through calculation can get the average density of communication network of the four different types of meetings, as shown in Tab.2. Tab.1 Data declaration Types of Meetings
No.
Number
project regular meetings
2411001-2411126
126
project coordination meetings
2412001-2412031
31
planning and design meetings
2435001-2435038
38
special meetings
2442001-2442022
22
Total
217 Tab.2 Communication network average density of different types of meetings
Types of Meetings
Network Average Density
Standard Deviation
project regular meetings project coordination meetings planning and design meetings
9.5614
17.2227
10.9529
10.0874
0.4845
1.1944
special meetings
1.1155
2.3765
Fig.1 Communication network diagram of plot A of Shanghai Expo Village project
Fig.2 Communication network diagram between construction units concerned
Fig.4 Communication network of project coordination meetings
Fig.3 Communication network of project regular meetings - 12 -
From Tab. 2 we can see communication densities of project regular meetings and project coordination meetings are high. Project regular meetings are held regularly, so its high density is reasonable. But we also see the density of project coordination meetings is higher than project regular meetings, and the standard deviation is also smaller, so we can judge the communication efficiency of project coordination meetings is better than project regular meetings. So in the future, large projects should reduce the times of project regular meetings, but increase the times of project coordination meetings. And the communication density of planning and design meetings is very low, which is related to independence of the works, because most of the planning and design meetings are not associated with other units. But the density of special meetings is higher than planning and design meetings, the reason is special agenda usually need more departments' participation.
communication network. After analyzing, we found that these units are construction unit, project management team hired by owner, supervision unit and the planning & design department of owner. The result is consistent of our understanding on importance of participants, and these units are still play a decisive role in construction at present. But at the same time, it also means that these units take too much important responsibility in organizational communication that they will cut down the information flow rate. And the whole communication network dependent on such several units entirely, which may not be very favorable for large project. And the data shows that Betweenness centrality of D26 is in the top five. Actually, the unit is owner's project construction, and the high Betweenness centrality means the important role in communication. From Tab.4 we can see that, about the project regular meetings, the units of highest centrality in turn are D1, D6, D14, D3 and D2, which is different from centrality of the whole communication network. The centralities of D3 and D4 are in top five, we find they are design unit and construction unit, which is consistent with the attributes of the project regular meetings. From Tab.5 we can see that, about the project coordination meetings, the units of highest centrality are D1, D3, D6, D12 and D14, they are project management team, design unit, supervision unit, project contractor and construction unit, which is consistent with the attributes of project coordination meetings, because the majority of engineering problems exist in the process of these units participated in. From Tab.6 we can see that, about the planning and design meetings, the units of highest centrality in turn are D16, D1, D3, D12 and D6, and they are the planning & design department, project management team, owner's design unit, construction unit and supervision unit, which is not much different from other meetings. It is worth that the planning & design department of owner takes first position, which is closely related with that all the design changes need approval of owner's planning & design department. During the actual construction process, the planning and design department is also the publisher of this kind of information, so its highest position is also accords with practice. From Tab.7 we can see that, about the special meetings, the centrality of two units as D34 and D29 increase quickly, actually they are the owner' finance department and design adviser. It coincides with the reality because the special meetings are usually about the change of technology or design.
4.2 Communication network centrality analysis Use UCINET 6 to analyze communication network centrality based on all the meeting records, as shown in Tab.3-7. From Tab.3 we can see that, about the whole project meetings, the centrality of D1, D2, D6, D12 and D16 are maximum in all the communication documents, which shows that these units have an important position in
4.3 Communication network clique analysis Project communication network after conversion is a multi-valued matrix, we need to turn this matrix into binary matrix to analyze easily. Because the whole project lasted nearly three years, and had many participants, and the total times of communication meetings is too large to take C value as 20 to analyze clique, as shown in Tab.8.
Fig.5 Communication network of planning and design meetings
Fig.6 Communication network of special meetings
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Tab.3 Communication network centrality of whole project Unit code
Degree
Closeness
Betweenness
Unit code
Degree
Closeness
Betweenness
D1
90.411
91.25
12.372
D28
17.808
54.887
0
D6
84.932
86.905
13.23
D7
17.808
54.478
0.018
D16
75.342
80.22
6.832
D8
17.808
54.478
0.018
D2
73.973
79.348
5.904
D51
16.438
54.478
0.417
D12
71.233
77.66
4.721
D9
16.438
54.074
0
D29
65.753
74.49
4.198
D17
15.068
53.676
0
D3
65.753
74.49
4.073
D39
15.068
53.676
0
D15
60.274
71.569
2.884
D65
15.068
53.676
0
D26
60.274
71.569
6.059
D66
15.068
53.676
0
D34
58.904
70.874
2.894
D67
15.068
53.676
0
D21
56.164
69.524
2.315
D68
15.068
53.676
0
D14
54.795
68.868
1.152
D69
15.068
53.676
0
D18
52.055
67.593
0.863
D40
13.699
53.285
0
D13
50.685
66.972
1.016
D70
13.699
51.773
0
D19
49.315
66.364
0.555
D71
13.699
51.773
0
D33
49.315
66.364
1.293
D72
13.699
51.773
0
D5
47.945
65.766
0.783
D20
12.329
52.899
0
D10
46.575
65.179
1.021
D23
12.329
52.518
0
D11
43.836
64.035
0.759
D47
12.329
53.285
0.072
D22
42.466
63.478
0.444
D52
10.959
52.899
0.004
D27
42.466
63.478
0.543
D42
9.589
50.345
0
D30
42.466
63.478
0.223
D57
9.589
52.518
0
D45
41.096
62.931
0.51
D61
9.589
51.049
0
D38
39.726
62.393
0.191
D43
8.219
51.773
0
D31
35.616
60.833
0.043
D48
8.219
51.773
0
D36
32.877
59.836
0
D44
6.849
50
0
D49
30.137
58.871
0.16
D46
6.849
47.712
0
D41
27.397
57.937
0
D60
6.849
50.694
0
D37
23.288
56.589
0
D63
6.849
51.408
0
D4
23.288
56.154
0.096
D64
6.849
50
0
D53
23.288
56.589
0.262
D73
6.849
51.408
0
D24
21.918
56.154
0
D54
5.479
48.667
0
D25
21.918
56.154
0
D55
5.479
48.667
0
D50
21.918
56.154
0
D56
5.479
48.667
0
D32
19.178
55.303
0
D58
5.479
49.66
0
D35
19.178
55.303
0.065
D59
4.11
44.242
0
D62
19.178
55.303
0
D74
4.11
50.345
0
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Tab.4 Communication network centrality of project regular meetings Unit code
Degree
Closeness
Betweenness
Unit code
Degree
Closeness
Betweenness
D1
100
100
4.598
D31
65.789
74.51
0.152
D6
100
100
4.598
D33
63.158
73.077
0.02
D14
94.737
95
3.256
D38
65.789
74.51
0.381
D3
92.105
92.683
2.844
D34
60.526
71.698
0
D2
92.105
92.683
3.111
D36
60.526
71.698
0
D13
89.474
90.476
2.791
D37
42.105
63.333
0
D15
86.842
88.372
1.915
D24
42.105
63.333
0
D18
86.842
88.372
2.014
D25
42.105
63.333
0
D21
81.579
84.444
1.262
D4
44.737
64.407
0.349
D5
84.211
86.364
2.29
D32
36.842
61.29
0
D10
84.211
86.364
2.41
D28
34.211
60.317
0
D19
78.947
82.609
1.01
D39
28.947
58.462
0
D16
78.947
82.609
1.165
D7
34.211
60.317
0.063
D12
78.947
82.609
1.095
D8
34.211
60.317
0.063
D22
73.684
79.167
0.488
D17
28.947
58.462
0
D26
73.684
79.167
0.488
D9
31.579
59.375
0
D11
78.947
82.609
1.825
D40
26.316
57.576
0
D29
71.053
77.551
0.386
D20
23.684
56.716
0
D30
71.053
77.551
0.445
D23
23.684
56.716
0
D27
65.789
74.51
0.1
Tab.5 Communication network centrality of project coordination meetings Unit code
Degree
Closeness
Betweenness
Unit code
Degree
Closeness
Betweenness
D1
100
100
0.779
D5
95.652
95.833
0.543
D3
100
100
0.779
D18
95.652
95.833
0.543
D6
100
100
0.779
D2
91.304
92
0.181
D12
100
100
0.779
D27
91.304
92
0.181
D14
100
100
0.779
D33
91.304
92
0.264
D15
100
100
0.779
D30
86.957
88.462
0.021
D21
100
100
0.779
D34
86.957
88.462
0.021
D29
100
100
0.779
D49
86.957
88.462
0.132
D45
100
100
0.779
D41
82.609
85.185
0
D19
95.652
95.833
0.46
D50
65.217
74.194
0
D38
95.652
95.833
0.46
D10
56.522
69.697
0
D16
95.652
95.833
0.464
D31
56.522
69.697
0
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Tab.6 Communication network centrality of planning and design meetings Unit code
Degree
Closeness
Betweenness
Unit code
Degree
Closeness
Betweenness
D16
78.947
45.783
17.645
D49
18.421
35.849
0.211
D1
71.053
44.186
11.705
D43
15.789
34.862
0
D3
65.789
43.182
11.118
D19
15.789
35.514
0
D12
60.526
42.222
6.501
D2
18.421
33.929
0
D6
60.526
42.222
11.722
D35
18.421
33.929
0
D26
52.632
40.86
11.49
D42
18.421
33.929
0
D29
42.105
39.175
1.98
D14
13.158
33.929
0
D15
39.474
38.776
2.102
D22
18.421
34.234
0.142
D51
31.579
37.624
1.466
D11
13.158
33.628
0
D21
31.579
37.624
1.588
D10
13.158
33.628
0
D53
28.947
37.255
0.196
D44
13.158
33.628
0
D33
31.579
37.624
1.404
D60
13.158
32.479
0
D52
21.053
36.19
0.014
D58
10.526
33.929
0
D27
23.684
36.538
0.543
D45
13.158
33.333
0
D47
23.684
36.538
0.543
D46
13.158
33.333
0
D18
18.421
35.514
0
D59
7.895
31.148
0
D57
18.421
35.849
0
D54
10.526
31.933
0
D34
23.684
36.538
0.426
D55
10.526
31.933
0
D48
15.789
35.185
0
D56
10.526
31.933
0
Tab.7 Communication network centrality of special meetings Unit code
Degree
Closeness
Betweenness
Unit code
Degree
Closeness
Betweenness
D1
100
100
13.164
D66
34.375
60.377
0
D34
96.875
96.97
10.644
D67
34.375
60.377
0
D16
90.625
91.429
7.795
D68
34.375
60.377
0
D2
90.625
91.429
9.035
D69
34.375
60.377
0
D6
75
80
4.54
D70
31.25
59.259
0
D29
75
80
4.348
D71
31.25
59.259
0
D12
71.875
78.049
3.703
D72
31.25
59.259
0
D33
68.75
76.19
3.29
D14
28.125
58.182
0
D26
53.125
68.085
1.388
D3
28.125
58.182
0
D21
43.75
64
0.222
D30
28.125
58.182
0
D13
43.75
64
0.305
D11
21.875
56.14
0
D19
43.75
64
0.305
D61
21.875
56.14
0
D62
40.625
62.745
0.259
D64
15.625
54.237
0
D35
34.375
60.377
0
D63
15.625
54.237
0
D15
37.5
61.538
0.605
D73
15.625
54.237
0
D53
34.375
60.377
0.076
D74
9.375
52.459
0
D65
34.375
60.377
0
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From Tab.8 we can see that, D1, the project management team hired by owner belongs to all cliques, which means that the project management team has a close communication with all groups and plays its role effectively. In addition, it is noteworthy that the smallest groups are D1, D6, D11, of which D1 and D6 are the project management team and supervision unite and D11 is the owner's venues unit. We can see constituent units of clique -2, clique -3, clique -4, clique -5, clique -6 are mostly derived from clique -1, indicating that if these actors transfer from the previous clique to another, they will be close links with the previous clique, so as to strengthen the relationship between the two cliques. Through common relationship matrix, we can see that there are six units in six or more cliques, are D1, D6, D14, D15, D18, and D21. Except D1, the other five units are the project supervision unit, construction unit, installation unit, curtain wall unit and electrical automation unit. In accordance with our understanding of construction projects in the past, it's easy to understand that the supervision unit and construction unit belong to multiple cliques. Here installation unit, curtain wall unit and electrical automation unit are also in multiple small groups, this means that these units have an important position in the whole project, and the good performance of the third-party subcontractors can improve the overall performance of project. Because the times of project regular meetings are most in all communication meetings, its clique result is very close to clique of the whole project, so we have no explanation here. And then analyze cliques of other three types of meetings.
Tab.10 Communication network clique of planning and design meetings
6
Unit code D1 D2 D3 D5 D6 D12 D14 D15 D16 D18 D19 D21 D26 D27 D29 D45 D1 D5 D6 D10 D12 D14 D15 D18 D21 D38 D1 D5 D6 D12 D14 D15 D18 D21 D30 D1 D2 D3 D6 D12 D14 D15 D16 D18 D19 D21 D26 D29 D33 D1 D2 D3 D5 D6 D13 D14 D15 D16 D18 D19 D21 D26 D1 D6 D14 D15 D18 D21 D31
7 8
D1 D4 D6 D13 D1 D6 D11
9
D1 D2 D16 D26 D33 D34
1 2 3 4 5
D1 D3 D6 D12 D14 D15 D16 D19 D21 D29
2
D1 D3 D6 D12 D14 D15 D16 D18 D21 D29
3
D1 D3 D6 D12 D14 D15 D16 D21 D29 D45
4
D1 D3 D5 D6 D12 D14 D15 D21 D29
5
D1 D3 D12 D21 D27 D29
D1 D6 D12 D16
2
D1 D3 D6 D16
3
D6 D16 D29
Unit code
1
D2 D12 D16 D33 D34
2
D1 D2 D26 D33 D34
3
D1 D2 D29 D34
4
D1 D2 D6 D34
5
D1 D15 D34
As to project coordination meetings, we analyze the clique by taking C value as 20, as shown in Tab.9, we can see that the constituent units of the former four cliques are similar, that means these units have an important position in the coordination-communication, there is only D27 of clique -5 not in the previous four cliques, and actually D27 is an asset management company. From common relationship matrix we can see that there are D1, D3, D6, D12, D14, D15, D21 and D29 which appear in more than four cliques. It is noteworthy that D21 and D29 are electrical automation unit and design consultant unit. As shown in the above, the communication density of the planning & design department is low, so when we analyze the clique of planning and design meetings, we take C values as 5. And the clique result is shown in Tab.10. The units of different cliques are similar to previous other meetings, D29 as a design consultant is the member of clique-3. Although the number of special meetings is only 22, but it have five cliques taking C value as 5 to clique analysis, which have three more than planning and design meetings, as shown in Tab.11. It means that the communication of special meetings is more complex. And Tab.11 shows D33 and D34 have not appeared in the other three cliques, they are the owners' ministries of finance and materials and equipment. It is associated with the property and purpose of the special meetings.
5 Conclusions
Unit code
1
1
Clique
Tab.9 Communication network clique of project coordination meetings Clique
Unit code
Tab.11 Communication network clique of special meetings
Tab.8 Communication network clique of the whole project Clique
Clique
Taking the Shanghai Expo Village project as an example, used the Social Network Analysis method and UCINET software to analyze project communication network density, centrality and clique, and conclusions are made as following: (1)The overall communication network density is relative high, but the times of organizational communication varies dramatically between different - 17 -
units, which is related with characteristics of large projects; the major units such as design, construction, supervision, and owner participate in project highly, but the communication links of some subcontracts and professional teams is less because their tasks are professional and single. (2)The communication performance of project coordination meetings is better than project regular meetings, it's more relevant with pertinence of project coordination meetings, so which should be taken into consideration when design the project communication system in the future. (3)Except planning and design meetings, the centrality of project management team is highest in the whole project and other three types of communication meetings. It shows that project management team has a very important position in the communication network. But from another perspective, the centrality of project management is so high that it will affect the communication efficiency of the whole communication network. (4)Some related teams may form some cliques in the communication network, and these cliques will affect the communication efficiency. The actors who appear in almost every clique play an important role in the communication network, so they should be given special attention to good communication. (5)Some professional team such as electrical automation team, curtain wall team are becoming more and more important in organizational communication, these teams' performance will affect the project performance directly. So it's very important to keep a good communication and cooperation with these teams.
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