Orientasi tubuh manusia [Compatibility Mode]

Paryono/Anatomi/Poltekkes Ska

03/12/2011

ORIENTASI TUBUH MANUSIA By. Paryono Paryono/anatomi/Poltekkes Ska

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Allah SWT berfirman : QS AtAt-Tiin (95) : 4

“Sesungguhnya kami telah menciptakan manusia dalam bentuk yang sebaik-baiknya”.

“Dialah yang membentuk kamu dalam rahim sebagaimana dikehendaki-Nya tak ada tuhan (yang berhak di sembah) melainkan Dia, yang Maha Perkasa lagi Maha Bijaksana”. Paryono/anatomi/Poltekkes Ska

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Allah menciptakan Manusia dalam 4 model

PROSES KEJADIAN MANUSIA

Proses Penciptaan Nabi Adam AS Proses Penciptaan Bunda Hawa

Proses Penciptaan Nabi Isa AS Proses Penciptaan Kebanyakan Manusia

QS Al-Mu’minuun (23) 12-14


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PENCIPTAAN MANUSIA QS Al-Mu’minuun (23) 12-14 Dan sesungguhnya Kami telah menciptakan manusia dari suatu sari pati (berasal) dari tanah. Kemudian Kami jadikan sari pati itu air mani (yang disimpan) ditempat yang kukuh (rahim). Kemudian air mani itu Kami jadikan segumpal darah, lalu segumpal darah itu kami jadikan segumpal daging, dan segumpal daging itu kami jadikan tulang belulang, lalu tulang belulang itu kami bungkus dengan daging . Kemudian kami jadikan dia makhluk yang (berbentuk) lain. Maka Maha Sucilah Allah, Pencipta yang paling baik. Paryono/anatomi/Poltekkes Ska

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Dari sudut medis, anatomi terdiri dari berbagai pengetahuan tentang bentuk, letak, ukuran, dan hubungan berbagai struktur dari tubuh manusia sehat sehingga sering disebut sebagai anatomi deskriptif atau topografis.


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APAKAH ANATOMI ITU ? • Anatomi (Greek: ana: apart; temmein: to cut) »“Memotong bagian-bagian tubuh” (Latin equivalent: dissecare diseksi) Anatomy

Dissection

(Discpline Discpline/field /field of scientific study)

(One of the methods/ techniques used in studying the body) Paryono/anatomi/Poltekkes Ska

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APAKAH ANATOMI ITU ? ANATOMI • Bagian ilmu biologi yang mempelajari tentang struktur dan fungsi tubuh • Mempelajari struktur kehidupan manusia »Cannot be learned completely by studying the bodies of dead persons

• Dasar dari ilmu-ilmu kesehatan


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Bagaimana mempelajari ANATOMI ? MEMORISING (New language:4500 words)

vs

UNDERSTANDING The links between structure & function Intellectually more satisfying It makes its long term retention easier

• Mempelajari etimologi (derivation of words) » Helps remember anatomy and find the process enjoyable

• Cecum caecus (Lat.): blind • The cecum is a blind pouch lying inferior to the terminal portion of ileum (Lat.: roll up/twist) » The ileum is a highly coiled/rolled up part of the small intestines Paryono/anatomi/Poltekkes Ska

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SEJARAH ANATOMI • Ilmu dasar medis paling tua dipelajari (500 thn S.M • Pertama kali ditulis oleh Papyruses antara 3000-2500 S.M. • Diajarkan oleh Hippocrates Thn 460-377S.M.sekaligus disebut sebagai bapak kedokteran • Aristoteles (384-322 SM) • sebagai orang pertama yang menggunakan istilah anatomi • Andreas Vesalius’s 1514-1564) mempublikasikan anatomi & era baru. Anatomi menjadi disipline ilmu yang obyektif. Dasar pertama seni ilmu kedokteran • Williem Harvey di era Hieroniymus Frabiceus (1537-1619) menemukan katub vena. • 1628 publikasi buku Harvey’s “Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Anamalibus”. • Abad 17 diseksi manusia menjadi pembelajaran anatomi di sekolah-sekolah Eropa Paryono/anatomi/Poltekkes Ska

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GENERAL SUBDIVISIONS OF ANATOMY • MACROANATOMY

A N A T O M Y

Naked eyes

(Macroscopic/Gross Anatomy) Included: SURFACE Observation, ANATOMY palpation, percussion, auscultation

• MICROANATOMY

Microscope

CYTOLOGY HISTOLOGY

cells tissues

• EMBRYOLOGY

Development of the structures Examine the structures of other animals

• COMPARATIVE ANATOMY Paryono/anatomi/Poltekkes Ska

METHODS OF STUDYING ANATOMY

RADIOLOGY X-ray (radiographs, contrast media, tomography, computer-assisted tomography/CAT/CT)

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•DISSECTION (Cadaver) •SURFACE ANATOMY (Living body) (observation, palpation, percussion,auscultation) •ENDOSCOPY (Living body: internal structures)/invasive •ORGAN IMAGE (noninvasive, nondestructive)

ULTRASONOGRAPHY (USG) ultrasound wave

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING(MRI)* electromagnetic wave


RADIOISOTOPE IMAGING uptake of isotope radioactive

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PENDEKATAN BELAJAR ANATOMI • ANATOMI REGIONAL – Topografi tubuh manusia sebagai segmen-segmen (kepala, leher, badan, anggota dll) – Mempelajari tubuh manusia yang memfokuskan pada bagian tertentu – Anatomi regional dapat dilihat dari : • Anatomi permukaan >>>pemeriksaan dng palpasi • Anatomi viceral>>>dengan radiografi


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Lanjutan • ANATOMI SISTEMIK – Mempelajari anatomi berdasarkan sistem (Integumen, skeletal, artikuler, muskuler,nervous, sirkulasi, digestivus, respiratorius, urinarius, reproduksi, endokrin)


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Levels of Structural Organization

Figure 1.1 Paryono/anatomi/Poltekkes Ska

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Levels of Structural Organization Molecules Atoms

Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules

Figure 1.1, step 1 Paryono/anatomi/Poltekkes Ska

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Levels of Structural Organization Smooth muscle cell

Molecules

Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules

Atoms



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Molecules


Atoms


Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells

Smooth muscle tissue


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Molecules


Atoms




Epithelial tissue Smooth Blood muscle vessel tissue (organ) Connective tissue Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues

Figure 1.1, step 4


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Molecules


Atoms




Epithelial tissue Smooth Blood muscle vessel tissue Cardio(organ) Connective vascular tissue system Organ level Organs are made up Organ system level of different types Organ systems consist of different of tissues organs that work together closely Paryono/anatomi/Poltekkes Ska

Figure 1.1, step 5 20

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Molecules


Atoms




Epithelial tissue Smooth Blood muscle vessel tissue Organismal level Cardio(organ) Connective Human organisms vascular tissue are made up of many system Organ level organ systems Organs are made up Organ system level of different types Organ systems consist of different of tissues organs that work together closely Figure 1.1, step 6 Paryono/anatomi/Poltekkes Ska

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H U B U N G A N A N T A R

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S I S T E M


T U B U H

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Istilah-istilah Anatom • Batasan khusus yang digunakan untuk menghindari kesalahan dalam pemahaman anatomi • Istilah-istilah anatomi terkait : – Position – Regions – Direction – Structures


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THE ANATOMICAL POSITION Menjabarkan tubuh berdasarkan asumsi posisi anatyomi * Arah * Hubungan antar bagian tubuh A person in anatomical position is standing errect with the head, eyes and toes directed foreward, heels and the toes together, and the upper limbs hanging by sides with the palms facing anteriorly Paryono/anatomi/Poltekkes Ska

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TERMINOLOGI ANATOMI • Posisi anatomi • Posisi bidang (median, sagital, frontal, transversa)

Contoh: • Superficial, intermediate & deep (lapisan) • Medial, lateral, external & internal (lokasi) • Posterior, anterior, inferior, superior, proksimal, distal (arah) Paryono/anatomi/Poltekkes Ska

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BIDANG TUBUH • A sagittal section divides the body (or organ) into left and right parts • A median, or sagittal, section divides the body (or organ) into equal left and right parts • A frontal section divides the body (or organ) into anterior and posterior parts • A transverse, or cross, section divides the body (or organ) into superior and inferior parts Paryono/anatomi/Poltekkes Ska

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Body Planes and Sections


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RONGGA BADAN • Dorsal body cavity – Cranial cavity houses the brain – Spinal cavity houses the spinal cord

• Ventral body cavity – Thoracic cavity houses heart, lungs and others – Abdominopelvic cavity houses digestive system and most urinary system organs


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Body Cavities


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Abdominopelvic Quadrants

Figure 1.8a Paryono/anatomi/Poltekkes Ska

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Abdominopelvic Regions

Figure 1.8b Paryono/anatomi/Poltekkes Ska

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Abdominopelvic Major Organs

Figure 1.8c Paryono/anatomi/Poltekkes Ska

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Regional Tubuh


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Regional Tubuh


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TERMS OF RELATIONSHIP (Arah) Menjelaskan: • Hubungan antar bagian-bagain tubuh dalam posisi anatomi • Menjelaskan letak struktur tubuh dalam posisi anatomi • Membanding keterkaitan posisi antar dua struktur yang berbeda


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Directional Terms

Table 1.1 (1 of 3) Paryono/anatomi/Poltekkes Ska

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Directional Terms


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Directional Terms


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TERMS OF MOVEMENT Anatomy is concerned with living body, hence there are various terms to describe the different types of movement of the limbs and other parts of the body. Movements take place at certain joints where two or more bones meet one another


FLEXION

EXTENSION

ABDUCTION

ADDUCTION

OPPOSITION REPOSITION

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Bending or making a decreasing angle between the bones or parts of the body (-dorsiflexion: flexion in dorsal direction (in the ankle) -lateroflexion: lateral bending (of the trunk) Straightening of a bent parts of the body (-hyperextension: movement beyond the extension) -plantarflexion (at the ankle joint) Moving away from the median plane in the coronal plane (-abduction of the fingers and toes: spreading away) Moving toward the median plane in a coronal plane (-adduction of the fingers: moving the fingers toward the middle finger -adduction of the toes: moving the toes toward the second toe) The movement during which the thumb pad is brought to a finger pad The movement of the thumb from the position of opposition back to anatomical position Paryono/anatomi/Poltekkes Ska

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PROTRACTION Movement anteriorly (forward) (-drawing the mandible or the shoulder forward) RETRACTION

Movement posteriorly (backward) (-drawing the mandible or the shoulder backward)

ELEVATION

Lifting, raising or moving a part superiorly (-elevating the shoulder when shrugging -raising the upper limb superior to the shoulder)

DEPRESSION

Letting down, lowering or moving a part inferiorly (-depressing or lowering the shoulders as occurs when standing at ease) Paryono/anatomi/Poltekkes Ska

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CIRCUMDUCTION

Circular movement (to draw around or to form a circle). The combination of successive movements of flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction in such a way that the distal end of the part being moved forms a circle. (This sequence of movements results in a cone of movement; occur at the hip, the shoulder, the wrist, and the metacarpophalangeal joints of the fingers: the movement of the thumb and index finger)

ROTATION

Turning or revolving of a part of the body around its long axis (-rotation of the humerus at the shoulder joint and the femur at the hip joint) Medial rotation: rotation toward the median plane of the body. Lateral rotation: rotation away from the median plane Paryono/anatomi/Poltekkes Ska

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EVERSION OF THE FOOT

The movement turns the plantar surface or sole of the foot away from the median plane (the foot faces laterally)

INVERSION OF THE FOOT

The movement turns the plantar surface or sole of the foot toward the median plane of the body (the sole faces medially)

SUPINATION

The movement that rotates the radius of the forearm laterally around its long axis, so that the dorsum of the hand faces posteriorly and the palm faces anteriorly when the body is in the anatomical position.

PRONATION

The movement that rotates the radius of the forearm medially around its long axis so that the palm of the hand faces posteriorly and its dorsum faces anteriorly when the upper limb is by the side in the anatomical position. Paryono/anatomi/Poltekkes Ska

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TUTORIAL Setelah mengikuti pertemuan materi ini, Anda dipersilahkan untuk menyebutkan bagian-bagian yang ditunjuk pada gambar-gambar berikut dengan benar, tanpa melihat uraian materi di atas. Setelah mengisi item-item latihan tersebut, cocokan dengan materi untuk mengetahui kebenaran jawaban Anda!!!


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