OTS CAT II

Technische Universität Berlin CAT II / OTS CAT II OPERATIONS USING EXCISTING CAT I GROUND BASED AUGMENTATION SYSTEM DIPL. ING. FERDINAND BEHREND

Agenda

     

Overview CAT II vs. OTS CAT II Scope Simulation Series Results Additional Scenarios

Overview General  Accuracy of Global Navigation Satellite System GNSS not high enough for Precision Approach  GNSS Approach only with Non Precision Minima  Needs Augmentation to meet requirements for CAT I or higher Ground Based Augmentation GBAS GNSS Landing System GLS

3

Overview Basic Principles of GBAS

Space

True Distance Ionosphere Measured Distance

GNSS Antenna Troposphere

Correction

Difference

>> Ground Station

Tx Transmitter

GNSS Computer

Receiver

4

Overview Basic Principles of GBAS  1 GBAS Installation serving multiple RWYs or even multiple Airports Reducing Costs  Protected area located away from RWY / TWY increase of Traffic Flow during low visibility operations

5

Overview ILS look alike PFD

6

Overview GBAS and ILS Vertical Performance ILS/MLS performance

GBAS performance

 ILS failure angular  GBAS failure linear or increasing (Ramp effect)

FAS

CAT I Decision height

RWY

7

Overview Regulations  GBAS full certified for CAT I operations (ICAO Annex 10)  GBAS CAT I performance not meet integrity and continuity requirements for CAT II Operations (EUROCAE ED144) most existing systems provide accuracy fully compatible with ILS CAT II or even CAT III  CAT I integrity requirements permits larger errors than CAT II requirements, vertical alert limit VAL from 10m – 35m (ICAO Annex 10)  Possibility of undetected large errors by inonospheric anomalies (up to 35m, non flagged)

8

CAT II versus OTS CAT II New EU-OPS Criteria Other Than Standard (OTS) CAT II    

OTS CAT II relaxes the approach lighting requirements which is compensated by a higher required Runway Visual Range (RVR) Allows to perform approaches down to 100ft OTS CAT II requirements are less stringent and could be met by standardized GBAS CAT I So far only for ILS Operations

Operation

CAT II

OTS CAT II

Approach Light System

CAT II/III FALS

Intermediate Approach Light System IALS

RVR

300m

450m

DH

100ft

100ft

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CAT II versus OTS CAT II

FALS precision approach light system

IALS non precision approach light system

10

Scope  Validate if lowest possible errors within the certification boundary of a GBAS CAT I system would be acceptable in a CAT II or OTS CAT II operation (VAL 10m, no ionospheric induced offsets)  Demonstrate compliance with landing performance requirements like Obstacle free Zone (ICAO Annex 14 Volume I) and Touchdownzone (FAA Advisory Circular AC120-28D and EASA CS AWO)  Evaluate if pilots would be able to detect the vertical and lateral error generated by the GBAS CAT I system during the visual segment (100 ft above ground until touchdown)

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Scope

FAA touchdown criteria „landing box“

12

Scope

Obstacle Free Zone OFZ The width of the inner approach surface is 120 m, its length is 900 m, starting 60 m before the threshold and its slope is 2% (~1.15°)

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Scope

Height (ft)

Overview of all slopes 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 -900 -800 -700 -600 -500 -400 -300 -200 -100 0

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

Distance from threshold (m) Landing box

OFZ

Normal approach

14

Simulation Series Simulation Set Up  Four days of simulation at Finnair Flight Training Academy in Helsinki  JAR-STD 1A Level DG Airbus A330-300 Full Flight Simulator  Four different Crews with full certified airline pilots for low visbility operations  14 approaches each day with CAT II (FALS) or OTS CAT II (IALS)  Data and video recording, questionaire

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Simulation Series Type of failures

Horizontal offset

 

Vertical offset

Realized by displacing position of glidepath and/or localizer transmitter via modifying the sourcecode of the simulator PFD devation bar remains fully centered

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Simulation Series DAY 1: EDDT 08L CAT II/III Precision Approach Lights No .

RV R (m)

DH (ft)

1

300

100

2

300

100

-5m

3

300

100

-10m

4

300

100

-15m

5

300

100

-0,7m/s starting at DH

6

300

100

-0,7m/s reaching -9m at DH, increasing to -10m

Loss of G/S when G/S drift reaches -10m

7

300

100

+5m

8

300

100

+10m

9

300

100

+15m

10

300

100

+0,7m/s reaching +9m at DH, increasing to +10m

Loss of G/S when G/S drift reaches +10m

11

300

100

12

300

100

-10m

R/A discrepancy at 80ft

13

300

100

+10m

R/A discrepancy at 80ft

14

550

200

-35m

15

550

200

+35m

Vertical Offset

Vertical Drift

Lateral Offset

Failure

14m

17

Results CAT II operation, 300m RVR 0, +/-5m, +/-10m, +/-15m constant biases and increasing biases 200 180

Wheel height (ft)

160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 -1000

-500

0

500

1000

Distance to threshold (m)

18

Results OTS CAT II operation, 450m RVR 0, +/-5m, +/-10m, +/-15m constant biases and increasing biases 200 180

Wheel height (ft)

160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 -1000

-800

-600

-400

-200

0

200

400

600

800

1000

Distance to threshold (m)

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Results CAT II, FALS, RVR 300m 10m low

Normal

100ft

20

Results CAT II, FALS, RVR 300m 10m low

Normal

50ft

21

Results CAT II, FALS, RVR 300m 10m low

Normal

30ft

22

Results CAT II, FALS, RVR 300m 10m low

Normal

10ft

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Results CAT II, FALS, RVR 300m Normal

10m high

100ft

24

Results CAT II, FALS, RVR 300m Normal

10m high

50ft

25

Results CAT II, FALS, RVR 300m Normal

10m high

30ft

26

Results CAT II, FALS, RVR 300m Normal

10m high

10ft

27

Results Summary  All approaches up to vertical +/- 10m offset met required criteria (OFZ, Landing Box)  Acceptance by pilots up to +/- 10m vertical and 14m lateral  Lateral offsets easy to detect with runwayventerline or approach light system  Vertical offsets not easy to detect due to unavailable visuell reference (PAPI not visible at DH)

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Results

CAT II RVR 300m, Ceiling 100ft, no offset

29

Results

30

Results

CAT II RVR 300m, Ceiling 100ft, -10m vertical

31

Results

32

Results

OTS CAT II RVR 450m, Ceiling 100ft, no offset

33

Results

34

Results

OTS CAT II RVR 450m, Ceiling 100ft, -10m vertical

35

Results

36

Additional Scenarios ICAO Annex 10

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Additional Scenarios

CAT I RVR 550m, Ceiling 200ft, -35m vertical

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Additional Scenarios

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Additional Scenarios CAT I operation, 550m RVR +/-35m constant biases 400 350

Wheel height (ft)

300 250 200 150 100 50 0 -1500

-1000

-500

0

500

1000

Distance to threshold (m)

40

Thank you for your attention Questions?