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Energy Procedia Procedia 00 141(2017) (2017)000–000 81–85 Energy

4th International Conference on Power and Energy Systems Engineering, CPESE 2017, 25-29 www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia 4th International Conference on Power and Energy Systems Engineering, CPESE 2017, 25-29 September 2017, Berlin, Germany 4th International Conference on Power and Energy Systems Engineering, CPESE 2017, 25-29 4th International Conference on Power and Energy Systems Engineering, CPESE 2017, 25-29 September 2017, Berlin, Germany 4th International Conference on Power and Energy Systems Engineering, CPESE 2017, 25-29 September 2017, Berlin, Germany 4th International Conference on Power and Energy Systems Engineering, CPESE 2017, 25-29 4th International Conference September on Power and Energy Systems Engineering, CPESE 2017, 25-29 2017, Berlin, Germany September 2017, Berlin, Germany September 2017, Berlin, Germany Outdoor study of partial shading effects on different PV modules September 2017, Berlin, Germany

Outdoor study of partial shading effects on different PV modules Outdoor study of partial shading effects on different PV modules Outdoor study of partial shading effects on different PV modules technologies Outdoor study of partial shading effects on different PV technologies The 15th Symposium on District and Cooling Outdoor study ofInternational partial shading effects onHeating different PV modules modules technologies technologies a,b, c a technologies Idriss Hadj Mahammeda,b, *, Amar Hadj Arabc, Smail berraha, Yahia Bakellicc, Messaouda technologies b b c, Smail berrahab, Yahia Bakellic, Messaouda b Idriss Hadj Mahammed **,, Hamid Amar Hadj Arab Assessing thea,b, feasibility of using the heataaab,,, Yahia demand-outdoor a,b, c Smail cc, Messaouda Idriss Hadj Mahammed Amar Hadj Arab berrah Bakelli Khennene Oudjana Fezzani Layachi Zaghba a,b, b, Samir b cc,,Amor b Idriss Hadj Mahammed * , Amar Hadj Arab Smail berrah Yahia Bakelli , Messaouda a,b, c Idriss Hadj Mahammed * , Amar Hadj Arab , Smail berrah , Yahia Bakelli , Messaouda b, Samir b c,Amor b Khennene Oudjana Fezzani Layachi Zaghba a,b, *, Hamid abb,,, Yahia c, Messaouda Idriss Hadj Mahammed Amar Hadj Arab Smail berrah Bakelli b b bb Khennene , Samir Hamid Oudjana Amor Fezzani Layachi Zaghba Idriss Hadj Mahammed *, Hamid Amar Hadj Arabbb ,Amor berrah ,,, Yahia Bakelli , Messaouda bb, Electronics bbheat Lab/ Faculty of Electronics, A.Smail Miradistrict University, Bejaia, Algeria temperature function for a long-term demand forecast Khennene Samir Oudjana Amor Fezzani Layachi Zaghba Khennene , Samir Hamid Oudjana Fezzani Layachi Zaghba Khenneneb, Samir Hamid Oudjanab Amor Fezzanib, Layachi Zaghbabb a a

Khennene , Samir Hamid Oudjana Amor Fezzani , Layachi Zaghba I. Andrić *, A. Pina , P. Ferrão , J. Fournier ., B. Lacarrière , O. Le Corre

a aElectronics Lab/ Faculty of Electronics, A. Mira University, Bejaia, Algeria Faculty of Electronics, A. Mira University, Bejaia, Algeria Unité de Recherche AppliquéeaaElectronics en EnergiesLab/ Renouvelables,URAER, Centre de Développement des EnergiesRenouvelables, CDER, 47133, Lab/ of Electronics, A. Mira University, Bejaia, Algeria b a,b,c aElectronics a Faculty a b c c Electronics Faculty of Electronics, A. Mira University, Bejaia, Algeria en EnergiesLab/ Renouvelables,URAER, Centre de Développement des EnergiesRenouvelables, CDER, 47133, Ghardaïa, Algeria Lab/ Faculty of Electronics, A. Mira University, Bejaia, Algeria bUnité de Recherche AppliquéeaElectronics de Recherche Appliquée Electronics en EnergiesLab/ Renouvelables,URAER, Centre de Développement des EnergiesRenouvelables, CDER, 47133, Faculty of Electronics, A. Mira University, Bejaia, Algeria bUnité cc bUnité Ghardaïa, Algeria de Recherche Appliquée en Energies Renouvelables,URAER, Centre de Développement des EnergiesRenouvelables, CDER, 47133, Centre de Développement des Energies Renouvelables,CDER, BP 62 Route de l’Observatoire, Bouzaréah, 16340,Algiers, Algeria Centre de des CDER, 47133, bUnité de Recherche Appliquée en Energies Renouvelables,URAER, Ghardaïa, Algeria de Recherche Appliquéedes en Energies Renouvelables,URAER, Centre de Développement Développement des EnergiesRenouvelables, EnergiesRenouvelables, CDER, 47133, bUnité a cCentre de for Développement Energies Renouvelables,CDER, BP 62 Superior Route de Técnico, l’Observatoire, Bouzaréah, Algeria Ghardaïa, Algeria c Unité de Recherche AppliquéeTechnology en Energies Renouvelables,URAER, Centre de Développement EnergiesRenouvelables, CDER, 47133, IN+ Center Innovation, and Policy Research - Instituto Av.des Rovisco Pais 1,16340,Algiers, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal Ghardaïa, Algeria des Energies Renouvelables,CDER, BP 62 Route de l’Observatoire, Bouzaréah, 16340,Algiers, Algeria Ghardaïa, Algeria cCentre de Développement b des Energies Renouvelables,CDER, BP 62 Route de l’Observatoire, Bouzaréah, 16340,Algiers, Algeria cCentre de Développement Ghardaïa, Algeria Veolia Recherche & Innovation, 291 Avenue Dreyfous Daniel, 78520 Limay, France cCentre de Développement des Energies Renouvelables,CDER, BP 62 Route de l’Observatoire, Bouzaréah, 16340,Algiers, Algeria cCentre cde Développement des Energies Renouvelables,CDER, BP 62 Route de l’Observatoire, Bouzaréah, 16340,Algiers, Algeria Centre de Développement des Energies Renouvelables,CDER, 62 Route de l’Observatoire, Bouzaréah, 16340,Algiers, Algeria Département Systèmes Énergétiques et Environnement BP - IMT Atlantique, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, 44300 Nantes, France b b

Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Total or partial shading conditions have a significant impact rate on the capability of delivering energy, in addition to the on-site Abstract Abstract Total or partial shading conditions have the a significant impact rateproduction. on the capability of delivering energy, in addition to by the on-site Abstract environmental which effects PV module output Generally, the shading effect is caused PV Total or partial condition shading conditions have a significant impact rate on the capability of delivering energy, in addition to the the on-site Total or partial shading conditions have a significant impact rate on the capability of delivering energy, in addition to the on-site environmental condition which effects the PV module output production. Generally, the shading effect is caused by the PV generator inter-row configurations, cloudy perturbations, the buildings and trees. In this paper, an investigation study has been Total or or partial partial condition shading conditions conditions have the significant impact rateproduction. on the the capability capability of delivering delivering energy, in addition addition to by the on-site environmental which effects PV module output Generally, the shading effect is caused the PV Total shading have aa significant impact rate on of energy, in to the on-site environmental condition which effects the PV (mono-crystalline, module output production. Generally, the shading effect is caused caused by the PV Total orout partial shading conditions have a significant impact onpolycrystalline) theas capability ofunder delivering energy, in addition to obtained the on-site generator inter-row configurations, cloudy perturbations, therate buildings and trees. In this paper, anshading investigation study has been District heating networks arePV commonly addressed in output the literature one of the most effective solutions forThe decreasing the carried by testing different module types different rates. Ienvironmental condition which effects the PV module production. Generally, the shading effect is by the PV generator inter-row configurations, cloudy the buildings and trees. In thisthe paper, an investigation studybyhas environmental condition which effects the perturbations, PV module output production. Generally, shading effect is caused thebeen PV generator configurations, cloudy perturbations, the buildings and trees. In this paper, an investigation study environmental condition which effects thetypes PV module output production. Generally, the shading effect ismodule caused byhas the PV carried outinter-row bygas testing different PV module (mono-crystalline, polycrystalline) under different shading rates. The obtained Igreenhouse emissions from the building sector. These systems require high investments which are returned through thebeen heat V characteristics have been treated through the Bishop model where the power losses occurred on the PV output, have generator inter-row configurations, cloudy perturbations, the buildings and trees. In this paper, an investigation study has been carried outinter-row by testingconfigurations, different PV module (mono-crystalline, polycrystalline) different rates. The Igenerator cloudytypes perturbations, the buildings and trees. Inunder this paper, anshading investigation studyobtained has been carried out by testing different PV module types (mono-crystalline, polycrystalline) under different shading rates. The obtained IV characteristics have been treated through the Bishop model where the power losses occurred on the PV module output, have generator inter-row configurations, cloudy perturbations, the buildings and trees. In this paper, an investigation study has been sales. Due to the changed climate conditions and building renovation policies, heat demand in the future could decrease, been evaluated. The measured and estimated I-VBishop characteristic illustrated agreement and thePV used model provides an carried out different PV (mono-crystalline, polycrystalline) under different shading rates. The obtained IV characteristics have been treated throughtypes the model plots where the powera good losses occurred on the module have carried out by by testing testing different PV module module types (mono-crystalline, polycrystalline) under different shading rates. Theoutput, obtained IV characteristics have been treated through the Bishop model where the power losses occurred on the PV module output, have carried out by testing different PV module types (mono-crystalline, polycrystalline) under different shading rates. The obtained Ibeen evaluated. The measured and estimated I-V characteristic plots illustrated a good agreement and the used model provides an prolonging the investment return period. accurate power losses prediction caused by different shading effects, even in desert areas. V characteristics have been through model where the losses occurred module have been evaluated. The measured and estimated I-VBishop characteristic andthe thePV used modeloutput, provides an V characteristics have been treated treated through the the Bishop model plots whereillustrated the power powera good lossesagreement occurred on on the PV module output, have been evaluated. The measured and estimated I-V characteristic plots illustrated a good good agreement andthe thePV used model provides an V characteristics have been treated through the Bishop model where the demand power losses occurred on module output, have accurate power losses prediction caused bythe different shading effects, even in desert areas. The main scope of this paper is to assess feasibility of using the heat – outdoor temperature function for heat demand Keywords: Characterisation, shading effects, PV model, losses, desert. been evaluated. The measured and estimated I-V characteristic plots illustrated a agreement and the used model provides an © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. accurate power losses prediction caused by different shading effects, even in desert areas. been evaluated. The measured and estimated I-V characteristic plots illustrated a good agreement and the used model provides an Keywords: Characterisation, effects, PV model, losses, desert. accurate power losses prediction caused by different shading even in desert been evaluated. Theresponsibility measured and estimated I-V characteristic plots aasgood agreement and the used model provides an forecast. The district ofshading Alvalade, in Lisbon (Portugal), was used aareas. case study.onThe district is consisted of 665 accurate power losses prediction by different shading effects, even in desert areas. Peer-review under of thelocated scientific ofeffects, the 4thillustrated International Conference Power and Energy Keywords: Characterisation, shading caused effects, PV model,committee losses, desert. accurate power losses prediction caused by different shading effects, even in desert areas. Keywords: Characterisation, shading effects, PV model, losses, desert. accurate power losses prediction caused by different shading effects, even in desert areas. buildings that vary in both construction period and typology. Three weather scenarios (low, medium, high) and three district Keywords: Keywords: Characterisation, Characterisation, shading shading effects, effects, PV PV model, model, losses, losses, desert. desert. Keywords: Characterisation, shading effects, (shallow, PV model, losses, desert. deep). To estimate the error, obtained heat demand values were scenarios were developed intermediate, 1.renovation Introduction compared with results from a dynamic heat demand model, previously developed and validated by the authors. 1. Introduction 1. Introduction 1. Introduction The results showed that when only weather change is considered, the margin of error could be acceptable for some applications 1. Introduction Renewable energy especially solar power is becoming a widely adopted technology, regarding the high price and 1. Introduction (the error in annual demand was lower than for all weather scenarios considered). However, after introducing renovation 1. Introduction Renewable energy especially solar power is becoming widely adopted technology, regarding the and decline of fossil energy sources. Algeria is20% well-placed to aabenefit from the successful development of ahigh solarprice energy. Renewable energy especially solar power is(depending becoming widely adopted technology, regarding the high price and scenarios, the error value increased up to 59.5% on the weather and renovation scenarios combination considered). Renewable energy especially solar power is becoming a widely adopted technology, regarding the high price and decline of fossil energy sources. Algeria is well-placed to benefit from the successful development of a solar energy. Renewable energy especially solar power is becoming a widely adopted technology, regarding the high price and power from the sun especially depend substantially on its environmental conditions such as the irradiance andprice ambient decline of fossil energy sources. Algeria is well-placed to benefit from the successful development of a solar energy. Renewable energy solar power is becoming a widely adopted technology, regarding the high and The value of slope coefficient increased on average within the range of 3.8% up to 8% per decade, that corresponds to the Renewable energy especially solar power is becoming a widely adopted technology, regarding the high price and decline of fossil energy sources. Algeria is well-placed to benefit from the successful development of a solar energy. power from the sun depend substantially on its environmental conditions such as the irradiance and ambient decline of fossil energy sources. Algeria is well-placed to benefit from the successful development of a solar energy. temperature where the modules are deployed, as well as their position and orientation of the modules in the field [1] power from the sun depend substantially on its environmental conditions such as the irradiance and ambient decline of fossil energy sources. Algeria is well-placed to benefit from the successful development of a solar energy. decrease infossil the number ofsources. heating hours ofis22-139h during the heatingfrom season (depending on the combination of weather and decline of energy Algeria well-placed to benefit the successful development of a solar energy. power from the sun depend substantially on its environmental conditions such as the irradiance and ambient temperature where the depend modules areproduction deployed,on as well as their theirby position and orientation orientation ofthe the irradiance modules in the field field [1] power from the sun substantially environmental conditions such as and ambient Moreover, the amount of energy is its influenced theincreased different solar irradiance levels,(depending which areonnot temperature where the modules are as well as position and of the modules in the [1] power from the sun depend substantially its environmental conditions such as the and ambient renovation scenarios considered). On deployed, the other on hand, function intercept for 7.8-12.7% perirradiance decade the power from the sun depend substantially on its environmental conditions such as the irradiance and ambient temperature where the modules are deployed, as well as their position and orientation of the modules in the field [1] Moreover, the amount of energy production is influenced by the different solar irradiance levels, which are not temperature where the modules are deployed, as well as their position and orientation of the modules in the field [1] constant at the any time. variations may caused theby sun position displacement in sky during the day, coupled scenarios). TheThese values suggested couldbebe used toby modify the function parameters forthe thethe scenarios considered, and Moreover, amount of energy production is influenced the different solar irradiance levels, which are not temperature where the modules are deployed, as well as their position and orientation of modules in the field [1] temperature where theThese modules areproduction deployed, well asby their position and orientation of the modules in the [1] Moreover, amount of energy is influenced the different solar irradiance levels, which are not constant at the any time. variations may be beas caused theby sun position displacement in the the sky during the day, Moreover, the amount of production is influenced by the different solar irradiance levels, which are not from neighboring buildings, trees or passing [2] Other shadows are locally by during the PVfield system improve the accuracy ofThese heat demand estimations. constant at any time. variations may caused by the sun in sky the day, Moreover, the amount of energy energy production isclouds influenced by theposition differentdisplacement solarcaused irradiance levels, which are not

Moreover, the amount of energy production isclouds influenced by the different solarcaused irradiance levels, which are not constant at any time. These variations may be caused by sun position in the sky from neighboring buildings, treesPV or modules, passing [2]the Other shadows are locally by the PVthe system constant at any time. These variations may be caused by the sun position displacement in the sky during the day, installation itself, asbuildings, the inter row poles, fences and wires, are displacement commonly [3] the during analyses ofday, the from neighboring trees or passing clouds [2] Other shadows are causedfound locally by the PV system constant at any time. These variations may be caused by the sun position displacement in the sky during the day, constant at any time. These variations may be caused by the sun position displacement in the sky during the day, from neighboring buildings, trees or passing clouds [2] Other shadows are caused locally by the PV system installation itself, asbuildings, the by inter row PV modules, poles, fences and excessive wires, are power commonly found [3] by the analyses ofbeen the from neighboring trees or passing [2] Other shadows are caused locally the PV system © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. different effects caused partial shading wereclouds studied to avoid losses. Several studies have installation itself, as the inter row PV modules, poles, fences and wires, are commonly found [3] the analyses of the from neighboring buildings, trees or passing clouds [2] Other shadows are caused locally by the PV system from neighboring buildings, trees or passing clouds [2] Other shadows are caused locally by the PV system installation itself, as the inter row PV modules, poles, fences and wires, are commonly found [3] the analyses of the different effects caused by partial shading were studied to avoid excessive power losses. Several studies have been Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and installation itself, as the inter row PV modules, poles, fences and wires, are commonly found [3] the analyses of the conducted on thecaused effect of partial shading and degradation of photovoltaic system performance [4][3]Further efforts have different effects by shading werepoles, studied to avoid excessive power losses. Several studies haveof been installation itself, as the inter row PV modules, fences and wires, are commonly found the analyses the installation itself, as the inter row PV modules, poles, fences and wires, are commonly found [3] the analyses of the different effects caused by partial shading were studied to avoid excessive power losses. Several studies have been Cooling. conducted on the effect of shading and degradation of photovoltaic system performance [4] Further efforts have different effects caused by partial shading were studied to avoid excessive power losses. Several studies have been been made for the thecaused development of shading a simplified model of operation of the shaded module [5-8] and confirmed against conducted on effect of shading and degradation of photovoltaic system performance [4] Further efforts have different effects by partial were studied to avoid excessive power losses. Several studies have been different effects caused by partial shading were studied to avoid excessive power losses. Several studies have been conducted on the effect of shading and degradation of photovoltaic system performance [4] Further efforts have been made on for the the effect development of aa simplified simplified model of operation of the the shaded module [5-8] [5-8] and confirmed against conducted of shading and degradation photovoltaic system performance [4] Further efforts have been made for the development of model operation of shaded module confirmed against conducted on the effect of and of photovoltaic system performance [4] Further efforts have Keywords: Heat demand; Forecast; Climate conducted on the effect of shading shading and degradation degradation of photovoltaic system performance [4]and Further efforts have been made for the development of aa change simplified model operation of the shaded module [5-8] and confirmed against been made for the development of simplified model of operation of the shaded module [5-8] and confirmed against been made for the development of a simplified model of operation of the shaded module [5-8] and confirmed against been made for the development of a simplified model of operation of the shaded module [5-8] and confirmed against

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +213-550994693; fax:. * Corresponding Tel.: +213-550994693; fax:. E-mail address:author. hmidriss65@yahoo.fr * Corresponding author. Tel.: +213-550994693; fax:. E-mail address: hmidriss65@yahoo.fr * Corresponding Tel.: +213-550994693; fax:. Ltd. 1876-6102 © 2017author. The Authors. Published by Elsevier * Corresponding author. Tel.: E-mail address: hmidriss65@yahoo.fr * Corresponding author. Tel.: +213-550994693; +213-550994693; fax:. fax:. E-mail address: hmidriss65@yahoo.fr Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling. * Corresponding author. Tel.: +213-550994693; 1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Ltd. E-mail address: address: hmidriss65@yahoo.fr 1876-6102 © 2017 hmidriss65@yahoo.fr The Authors. Published by fax:. Elsevier E-mail E-mail address: hmidriss65@yahoo.fr 1876-6102 ©under 2017responsibility The Authors. of Published by Elsevier Ltd. of CPESE Peer-review the organizing committee Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 2017. 4th International Conference on Power and Energy 1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of CPESE 2017. 1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Systems Engineering. 1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of CPESE 2017. 1876-6102 ©under 2017responsibility The Authors. of Published by Elsevier Ltd. of CPESE 2017. 10.1016/j.egypro.2017.11.016 Peer-review the committee 1876-6102 ©under 2017responsibility The Authors. of Published by Elsevier Ltd. of CPESE 2017. Peer-review the organizing organizing committee Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of CPESE 2017. Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of CPESE 2017.

Idriss Hadj Mahammed et al. / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000 Idriss Hadj Mahammed et al. / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000

Idriss Hadj Mahammed et al.in/ Energy 00 (2017) 000–000 82 Idriss Hadjstudies Mahammed et al. / Procedia Energy Procedia (2017)solar 81–85modules, were the subject experimental results [9, 10]. Further advances digital processing of141 shaded Idriss Hadj Mahammed et al. / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000 of adaptation of the analysis to different computing environments such as MATLAB ™ modules, [11], the were use of experimental results [9, 10]. Further advances studies in digital processing of shaded solar theartificial subject experimental results [9, 10]. Further advances studies in digital processing of shaded solarsoftware modules,like were the subject neural networks [12] and solving the equations governing the behavior of cells, for new Mathematica of adaptation results of the [9, analysis to different computing environments such asofMATLAB ™ modules, [11], the were use of artificial experimental 10]. Further advances studies in digital processing shaded solar the subject of adaptation the analysis tosimulations different computing environments such models as MATLAB ™ the [11],forwardthe useand of artificial [13]. Many ofofthese computer are high-accuracy thatnew sum reverseneural networks [12] and solving the equations governing the cell-level behavior ofascells, for software likeuse Mathematica of adaptation of the analysis to different computing environments such MATLAB ™ [11], the of artificial neural networks [12](I-V) and solving the equations governing the behavior cells,which for new software like Mathematica bias characteristics of are shaded and un-shaded solarof cells, provide ability to simulate [13].current-voltage Many of these simulations high-accuracy models thatnew sum the the forwardand reverseneural networks [12] computer and solving the equations governing the cell-level behavior of cells, for software like Mathematica [13]. Many of these computer simulations are high-accuracy cell-level models that sum the forwardand reversean arbitrary shading condition and array configuration. Furthermore, other approaches have been considered to bias current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of are shaded and un-shaded solar models cells, which provide the abilityand to simulate [13]. Many of these computer simulations high-accuracy cell-level that sum the forwardreversebias current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of shaded and un-shaded solar cells,These which provide the ability to simulate reduce simulation times or to specifically investigate large PV installations. include Monte Carlo techniques. an arbitrary shading(I-V) condition and arrayofconfiguration. Furthermore, have considered to bias current-voltage characteristics shaded and un-shaded solar other cells, approaches which provide thebeen ability to simulate an arbitrary shading condition and array configuration. Furthermore, other approaches have been considered to and analytical models [14]. Other worksinvestigate studied the effect of temperature and include insolation variation for varying reduce simulation times or to specifically large PV installations. These Monte Carlo techniques. an arbitrary shading condition and array configuration. Furthermore, other approaches have been considered to reduce simulation times or to specifically investigate large PV installations. These include Monte Carlo techniques. shading patternsmodels (characterized by multiple peaks the effect power–voltage curves),and andinsolation the role of array configuration and analytical [14]. Other worksinvestigate studiedinthe of temperature variation for varying reduce simulation times or to specifically large PV installations. These include Monte Carlo techniques. and analytical models [14]. works the effect and insolation variation for varying on the PV characteristics [10]. Other A modelstudied of PV cells, calledof thetemperature PLPBcurves), (piecewise linear parallel branches model) shading patterns (characterized bynew multiple the effect power–voltage andinsolation the role of array configuration and analytical models [14]. Other works peaks studiedin the of temperature and variation for varying shading patterns (characterized by multiple peaks in the power–voltage curves), and the role of array configuration is proposed to analyze a mismatched PV module [15] algorithm that calculates the optimum tilt and azimuth angles on the PV characteristics [10]. A modelpeaks of PVincells, called the PLPBcurves), (piecewise parallel branches model) shading patterns (characterized bynew multiple the power–voltage and linear the role of array configuration on the modules PV characteristics [10]. A new model of PV cells, called thePV PLPB (piecewise linear parallel branches model) of PV on the basis of estimated data for solar irradiance, module shading times and roof characteristics is proposed to analyze a mismatched module [15] algorithm that calculates the optimum tilt andbranches azimuthmodel) angles on the PV characteristics [10]. A newPV model of PV cells, called the PLPB (piecewise linear parallel is proposed analyze aapproximation mismatched PV module [15] algorithm that calculates thephotovoltaic optimum tilt(PV) and azimuth angles [16] noveltoanalytical ofdata the for effect of irradiance, inter-row shading on large arrays [3]. The of proposed PVamodules on the basis of estimated solar PV calculates module shading times and roofazimuth characteristics is to analyze a mismatched PV module [15] algorithm that the optimum tilt and angles of PV modules on the basis of estimated data for solar irradiance, PV module shading times and roof characteristics current work studies the impact of the shade on the photovoltaic (PV) systems performance, in real environmental [16] novel analytical approximation the for effect of irradiance, inter-row shading on large photovoltaic [3]. The of PVaamodules on the basis of estimatedof solar PV module shading times and(PV) roofarrays characteristics [16] novelthrough analytical approximation ofdata the effect of inter-row on large photovoltaic (PV) [3]. The desert area, different shading Two PV shading module technologies have been putarrays into different current work studies theapproximation impact of the cases. shade on thedifferent photovoltaic (PV) systems performance, in(PV) real environmental [16] a novel analytical of the effect of inter-row shading on large photovoltaic arrays [3]. The current work studies the impact of the shade on the photovoltaic (PV) systems performance, in real environmental shading cases. Following the analysis ofcases. the obtained I-V characteristics oftechnologies the tested modules, it has that the desert area, through different shading Two different PV module have been putshown into different current work studies the impact of the shade on the photovoltaic (PV) systems performance, in real environmental desert area, through different shading cases.a row Twocell different PVbigger module technologies have cell beenwas putshaded. into different loss in output power is triggered by shading was much than when a column shadingarea, cases. Following the analysis the obtained I-V characteristics the tested modules, it has that the desert through different shadingof Two different PV moduleof have been putshown into different shading cases. Following the analysis ofcases. the obtained I-V characteristics oftechnologies the tested modules, it has shown that the loss in output power is triggered by shading aobtained row cell I-V wascharacteristics much bigger than when a column cellitwas shaded. shading cases. Following the analysis of the of the tested modules, has shown that the loss in output power is triggered by shading a row cell was much bigger than when a column cell was shaded. 2. Modeling Methods loss in output power is triggered by shading a row cell was much bigger than when a column cell was shaded. 2. Modeling Methods 2. Modeling Methods Bishop model is generally highlighted as the most used for modeling PV cell both in normal and in the reverse 2. Modeling Methods operation (shading impact) [5], [17, 18],aswhereas is expressed by the Noting and that inI the andreverse V are Bishop model is generally highlighted the mostitused for modeling PV equation cell both 1. in normal Bishop model is generally highlighted as the most used for modeling PV cell both in normal and in the reverse respectively. operation (shading impact) [5], [17, 18], whereas itused is expressed by the equation 1. Noting that inI the and V are Bishop (shading model is generally highlighted the mostit for modeling PV equation cell both 1. in normal operation impact) [5], [17, 18],aswhereas is expressed by the Noting and that I andreverse V are respectively. operation (shading impact) [5], [17, 18], whereas it is expressed by the equation 1. Noting that I and V are respectively. respectively. the current and voltage of a PV cell, n   V  R S .I    n  1  K 1    n    V IR V IR V R . I m V R V  s s S     IRt s   1  V  shIRs 1  K 1  V  brRS .I  n  I  I L  I 0 exp V IR 1  K 1  V VRS .I   I  I L  I 0 exp Vm VIRt s   1  V  sh s 1  K  1  Vbr   I  I L  I 0 exp m Vt   1  R R  sh           m V R Vbr n br          t V  R .I  sh V  IR s S  n  1  K 1  I Sh   V  R .I  n V RshIR IRss 1  K 1  V VbrRSS .I  n   I Sh  V IRs 1  K 1  V VRS .I   I Sh  V    I Sh  R Rsh 1  K 1  Vbr sh br  (I and V) and eight parameters. These parameters are: V This isRansh equation with two unknowns  br   

the currentand voltage a PV cell,  V  IRof current and voltage ofs a PV cell,V  IRs   I 0 exp  1cell,  I the theI Lcurrent and voltage of a PV 

(1) (1) (1) (1) (2) (2) (2) (2)

current proportional theeight irradiance received by parameters the cell. are: IThis L: Light is ancurrent: equation with two unknownsequivalent (I and V) to and parameters. These is an equation with two unknowns (I and V) and eight parameters. These parameters are: : Reverse saturation current of the diode IThis 0 : Light current: current proportional equivalent to the irradiance received by the cell. IThis is ancurrent: equation with two unknownsequivalent (I and V) to and eight parameters. These parameters are: current proportional the irradiance received by the cell. IVLLt:=Light (akbT /q) : Thermal voltage of the diode. It depends on the T cell temperature, while a, k and q are the diode c saturation current of the diode c IL0: Reverse Light current: current proportional equivalent to the irradiance received by the cell. saturation current of the diode constant (1.38 10-23 J/K) and the electron charge (1.602 * 10-19 C) I0: Reverse ideality factor (1-2), the Boltzmann = (akbTc/q) : Thermal voltage of the diode. It depends on the Tc cell temperature, while a, k and q are the diode saturation current of the diode IV (akbTc/q) : Thermal voltage of the diode. It depends on the Tc cell temperature, while a, k and q are the diode V0:tt=Reverse respectively. ideality factor (1-2), the Boltzmann constant (1.38 on 10-23 and the electron charge (1.602 * 10-19 C) (akbTc/q)factor : Thermal of the diode. It depends the TJ/K) temperature, while a, k and q are the diode Vt= ideality c cell (1-2),voltage the Boltzmann constant (1.38 10-23 J/K) and the electron charge (1.602 * 10-19 C) R: cell series resistance. respectively. ideality factor (1-2), the Boltzmann constant (1.38 10-23 J/K) and the electron charge (1.602 * 10-19 C) respectively. : Cell shunt resistance R R:shcell series resistance. respectively. R: series resistance. K: cell Bishop adjustment coefficient (3.4 to 4) : Cell shunt resistance R R: resistance. shcell series : Cell shunt resistance R shBishop n: adjustment coefficient 0.1) K:sh:Bishop adjustment coefficient(~ (3.4 to 4) Cell shunt resistance R K: Bishop adjustment coefficient (3.4 4) V) : Cell Breakdown voltage (-10 V toto-30 V brBishop adjustment coefficient (~ 0.1) n: K: Bishopadjustment adjustmentcoefficient coefficient(~ (3.4 to 4) n: Bishop 0.1) leakage current which is a function of the cell output voltage and controls its reverse characteristic The term I sh : Cell Breakdown voltage (-10(~V0.1) to -30 V) V n: Bishop adjustment coefficient Breakdown voltage (-10 V to -30 V)through the shunts resistor) and the non- linear factor multiplication, Vbr br: Cell equation (2); consists of an ohmic term (current current (-10 which function of the cell output voltage and controls its reverse characteristic The termBreakdown I leakage voltage V is to aa-30 V) Vbr: Cell current which is function of the cell output voltage and controls its reverse characteristic The term Ish sh which decree theleakage avalanche effect equation (2); consists of an ohmic term (current through the shunts resistor) andand the non- linear factor multiplication, output voltage its reverse characteristic The term sh leakage current which is a function of the equation (2); Iconsists of an ohmic term (current through thecell shunts resistor) and thecontrols non- linear factor multiplication, which decree the avalanche effect equation (2); consists of an ohmic term (current through the shunts resistor) and the nonlinear factor multiplication, which decree the avalanche effect 3. Tests which decree the avalanche effect 3. Tests 3. Tests Through the Ghardaïa site (32.36° E, 3.8° N) real environment conditions, two PV module types (Table 1) have 3. Tests been put intothe characterization test under of differentconditions, PV cell number (from a single many shading Through Ghardaïa site (32.36° E, partial 3.8° N)shading real environment two PV module typesto(Table 1) have Through the Ghardaïa site (32.36° E, 3.8°rate N) real environment conditions, two performance. PV module types (Table 1) have cells). The goal is to investigate the shading impact on the PV module output The block diagram been put into characterization test under partial shading of different PV cell number (from a single to many shading Through the Ghardaïa site (32.36° E, partial 3.8° N)shading real environment conditions, two PV module typesto(Table 1) have been putbyinto characterization test under of different PV cell number (from a single many shading shown Fig. 1 consists of: two mono and multi crystalline PV modules, temperature and irradiance sensors, IV cells). The goal is to investigate the shading rateshading impactof ondifferent the PV module output performance. The block diagram been put into characterization test under partial PV cell number (from a single to many shading cells). tracer The goal is to investigate the shading rate impact on the PV module output performance. The block diagram curve (PVA 600 type) and PC for data logger. shown by Fig. consists of: twothe mono and rate multi crystalline temperature and irradiance sensors, IV cells). goal1 to investigate shading on thePV PVmodules, module output performance. The block diagram shown The by Fig. 1isconsists of: two mono and multiimpact crystalline PV modules, temperature and irradiance sensors, IV curve tracer (PVA 600 type) and PC for data logger. shown by Fig. 1 consists of: two mono and multi crystalline PV modules, temperature and irradiance sensors, IV



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Solar and temperature sensor

PV modules

IV curve tracer

Data acquisition

Fig. 1. Block diagram of the measurement Tableau 1 Standard conditions tested modules Characteristics Module

Technology ISC (A) VOC (V) Im (A) Vm (V) P (W) Bypass diodes Number Of cells

ASE95GTFT mc-Si 3.2 42.3 2.8 34.1 95 3 36

Shell S75 pc-Si 4.8 44.2 4.55 35.1 160 2 72

4. Results and discussion The examination of different shading types (simulated and measured) show that, the used of analytical model track the distortion caused by shading accurately. The current at which the notch appears, results from mismatch caused by non-uniform solar irradiance striking the module, due to the shading effect as shown in Fig.2.and Fig.3. These types of patterns in the I-V curve consisting the signs of mismatch between different PV cell strings. The notches in the I-V curve highlight that the bypass diodes form a direct conduction of the current (without passing through the shaded PV cell).

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Fig. 2. IV characteristic under different shading conditions of ASE95GTFT

Fig. 2. IV characteristic under different shading conditions of ASE95GTFT

Fig. 3. IV characteristic under different shading conditions of S75.

5. Conclusion

Fig. 3. IV characteristic under different shading conditions of S75.

Following this study, it has been averred that the adopted I-V characteristic model (Bishop model) which 5. Conclusion includes the shading effect expression, has accurately described the shading and the non-shading PV module output behavior. Accordingly, the mentioned model can be used in simulation program assessing the PV array output Following this study, it has been averred that the adopted I-V characteristic model (Bishop model) which includes the shading effect expression, has accurately described the shading and the non-shading PV module output



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