Aug 25, 2016 - Constituent Services Assistant:â Justine Broughal. PP&R Stewardship ..... Agricultural Marketing Service. Science ... Newsletter. April 2013.
OVERVIEW OF PRUDENT ALTERNATIVES & SUCCESSFUL STRATEGIES:
GLYPHOSATE (G) 08252016
OFFICE OF COMMISSIONER AMANDA FRITZ
PREPARED FOR:
PRESENTED BY: Alexander Krokus
PP&R Land Stewardship Division Manager: James Allison Senior Policy Advisor & PP&R Liaison: Pooja Bhatt Constituent Services Assistant: Justine Broughal PP&R Stewardship Coordinator: Rachel Felice Special Initiative Policy Advisor: Cristina Nieves August 25, 2016
OVERVIEW OF PROPOSED STRATEGIC PLAN: I SUBJECT:
Logical Rationale for the Elimination of the Spraying of all Glyphosate Based Herbicides, in Parks Managed by Portland Parks & Recreation. RECOMMENDED ACTION : For City Council to amend Portland City Council policy, pertaining to Oregon Statutes (ORS 262.1) Chapter 943, by updating the Integrated Pest Management (IPM) to discontinue the use of all current City of Portland approved herbicidal products containing Glyphosate (Ranger Pro, RoundUp Concentrate, RU ProDry, Rodeo, Aquaneat, Aquamaster). This action is primarily directed at the over 7,000 acres of natural areas managed by Portland Parks & Recreation. If this action is deemed as an acceptable and prudent measure, this provision should apply to the entire 11,500 acres currently under the jurisdiction of Portland Parks & Recreation.
OVERVIEW OF PRUDENT ALTERNATIVES & SUCCESSFUL STRATEGIES:
GLYPHOSATE (G) 08252016
OFFICE OF COMMISSIONER AMANDA FRITZ
August 25, 2016
Office of Commissioner Amanda Fritz 1221 SW 4th Avenue, Suite 220 Portland, OR 97204 PREPARED FOR:
PRESENTED BY: Alexander Krokus
PP&R Land Stewardship Division Manager: James Allison Senior Policy Advisor & PP&R Liaison: Pooja Bhatt Constituent Services Assistant: Justine Broughal PP&R Stewardship Coordinator: Rachel Felice Special Initiative Policy Advisor: Cristina Nieves
RECOMMENDED ACTION :
For City Council to amend Portland City Council policy, pertaining to Oregon Statutes (ORS 262.1) Chapter 943, by updating the Integrated Pest Management (IPM) to discontinue the use of all current City of Portland approved herbicidal products containing Glyphosate (Ranger Pro, RoundUp Concentrate, RU ProDry, Rodeo, Aquaneat, Aquamaster). This action is primarily directed at the over 7,000 acres of natural areas managed by Portland Parks & Recreation. If this action is deemed as an acceptable and prudent measure, this provision should apply to the entire 11,500 acres currently under the jurisdiction of Portland Parks & Recreation. GLYPHOSATE: EXTENSIVE NEGATIVE BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH LIVING ORGANISMS
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Glyphosate’s chemical effect is primarily to block enzymes that plants necessitate to exist, and it also reduces their production of amino acids and vital proteins (Hoagland et al. 2013; Amrhein et al. 2001).
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AMPA, which is a byproduct of the glyphosate breakdown cycle, is equally as toxic (USDA). AMPA is a compound that is a specific adversary for the AMPA receptor, where it “mimics the effects of the neurotransmitter glutamate” (Purves et al.).
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Adjuvants, mixtures, which are considered inert by the manufacturer, which are protected under proprietary laws as “trade secrets”, have been scientifically confirmed to “amplify up to 1000 times the toxicity of their active principles, in 100% of the cases, where they are indicated to be present by the manufacturer” (Defarge et al.). All glyphosate formulations are far more toxic than when tested in isolation, and possess the ability to penetrate all “three human cell lines” more significantly (Bernay et al. 2012; Benachour et al. 2009; Richard et al. 2005).
OVERVIEW OF PRUDENT ALTERNATIVES & SUCCESSFUL STRATEGIES:
GLYPHOSATE (G) 08252016
OFFICE OF COMMISSIONER AMANDA FRITZ
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Glyphosate’s negative interference relating to CYP (cytochrome P450) enzymes, restricts a critical role of human cellular biology. It leads to the disruption of beneficial gut bacteria, and produces the chelation of vital minerals and nutrients such as iron, cobalt, manganese, folate, zinc, vitamin K, vitamin D, among others. The chelation capacity of glyphosate has been proven to occur intracellularly in relationship to plant cells, and in animals, due to the adjuvants, which accelerate and intensify cell penetration (Kruger et al. 2013; Hoppe et. al 2014).
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Glyphosate also disrupts neurotransmitters, depletes serotonin, melatonin, and dopamine. (Samsel et al.) It also inhibits the pituitary release of thyroid stimulating hormones, which leads to hypothyroidism (Beecham et al.).
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Ability to impede the progression of “puberty, body development, the hormonal production of testosterone, estradiol, and corticosterone.” Glyphosate has also been scientifically proven to significantly alter testicular morphology (Bernardi et al.).
IARC & WHO CLASSIFICATION ●
The IARC & WHO “Group 2A” classification lists numerous carcinogens that are extremely hazardous to humans. Some of these substances are even illegal, nationally, and internationally WHO 2016; IARC 2015).
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“Lead compounds (inorganic), petroleum refining, polybrominated biphenyls (PBB’s), human papillomavirus (HPV), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), and androgenic (anabolic) steroids” are all listed in the same carcinogenic category as glyphosate (WHO).
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The 2015 International Agency for Research on Cancer recommendations are based on quote“scientific evidence based on a comprehensive view of the scientific literature” (IARC).
PP&R IPM METHODS: The PP&R IPM “primary choice” for herbicides, lists six different glyphosate formulations. They are considered the “primary choice” for maintaining the “general community, neighborhoods, regional, and urban parks, greenhouse management, nursery management, interagency agreement landscape management, specialty rose and botanic gardens, turf renovation, five PP&R municipal golf courses, and other specialized needs in all park areas.” Glyphosate was also recommended for other geographical spaces, but was not listed as the “primary choice” (Portland Parks & Recreation).
OVERVIEW OF PRUDENT ALTERNATIVES & SUCCESSFUL STRATEGIES:
GLYPHOSATE (G) 08252016
OFFICE OF COMMISSIONER AMANDA FRITZ
CURRENT PP&R FISCAL IMPACT : For the fiscal year 2013/2014, PP&R spent approximately $100 M to “operate, maintain, and expand Portland’s park system” (PP&R Citywide Systems Plan Chapter 9). The cost of managing and controlling invasive species in the 5,172 acres encompassing Forest Park, is estimated at $10 M annually.
Green infrastructure provides the highest monetary asset for the city of Portland.
Trees located in natural areas comprise 81.3% of our City’s inventory.
(Data: Portland Parks & Recreation)
OVERVIEW OF PRUDENT ALTERNATIVES & SUCCESSFUL STRATEGIES:
GLYPHOSATE (G) 08252016
OFFICE OF COMMISSIONER AMANDA FRITZ
OVERALL PROGRESS IMPLEMENTING ERADICATION PRACTICES IN 2013 ● ● ●
23% of Marine Facilities were considered in “poor” condition. 23% of Play Areas were observed as in “poor” or “very poor” condition. 13% (1,025.31 acres) of Natural Areas were labeled as “poor” or “very poor” condition.
According to the Natural Areas Restoration Plan (October 2010 Update 2015), a dismal 1.2% of the total acreage managed by PP&R received a “healthy” ecological score.
OVERVIEW OF PRUDENT ALTERNATIVES & SUCCESSFUL STRATEGIES:
GLYPHOSATE (G) 08252016
OFFICE OF COMMISSIONER AMANDA FRITZ
MAP OF NATURAL AREAS MAINTAINED BY PORTLAND PARKS & RECREATION:
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Biological control methods would be an optimum and prudent strategy for maintaining natural areas in Forest Park. This is due to the adjacent natural water barrier, which would significantly aid implementing an agricultural weed control program. If accompanied with mycoherbicides, the reliance on all herbicides would be drastically reduced, eventually decreasing the overall fiscal impact.
OVERVIEW OF PRUDENT ALTERNATIVES & SUCCESSFUL STRATEGIES:
GLYPHOSATE (G) 08252016
OFFICE OF COMMISSIONER AMANDA FRITZ
ALTERNATIVE METHODS PERTAINING TO NOXIOUS WEED CONTROL: NONCHEMICAL HERBICIDES:
Due to recently emerging environmental and regulatory standards worldwide, and increasing consumer concerns, nonchemical herbicides have become readily available for an economical price. They require more treatment applications than chemical formulations, because they only destroy weeds on contact, and are not systemic in nature like glyphosate, which has an extensive halflife that increases pesticidal activity over time, due to the highly amplified adjuvants (Defarge et al.). These nongenetically engineered and safe alternatives break down quickly in the environment, and still possess a “rapid kill rate (over 90% of treated plants should die within 24 hours)”, and are “non selective” (University of Maryland). Acetic acids of 8% or less are considered a minimal risk pesticide by the EPA, and are exempt from registration (Shrefler et al.). Commercially available products like Natural Weed Control, which is 8% acetic acid, costs approximately $15 per gallon. This price is similar in comparison to one gallon of RoundUp®. A majority of research on this topic has projected a higher fiscal impact for using nonglyphosate products. Even if so, the alternatives to glyphosate products possess higher dilution rates, which will substantially help offset the additional expenditures. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL: GRAZING METHOD & MYCOHERBICIDES
Lani Lamming, the owner of a goat grazing business, has had federal contracts with U.S. Fish & Wildlife, U.S. Forest Service, and the Bureau of Land Management, and has used goats successfully for weed suppression projects up to “20,000 acres in Montana” (Lamming). Due to the recent success of noxious weed control programs involving goat grazing, the City of Calgary in Alberta Canada, performed a pilot program in their cities parks and natural areas. Its primary goal is to provide “an environmentally friendly and cost effective method to manage weeds” (City of Calgary). A goat’s stomach is highly acidic, and eliminates any consumed seeds entirely, which also gives them the ability to eat highly toxic noxious weeds without getting sick. The initial projected budget for the City of Calgary was “$25,000”. I have been recently communicating with the project manager from the policy/bylaw perspective of the program, Steven Snell. Supplemental expenditures also occurred due to additional educational outreach, necessary onsite signage, and unpredicted staff overtime pay. Additional staff was also hired for “crowd control”, due to the immense public support expressed by mass interest in the project. 15 noxious weed species were targeted, which granted the City of Calgary the necessary opportunity to properly assess the effectiveness of goat grazing. According to the Project Manager Steven Snell, the Conservation Policy Supervisor of Calgary Parks, “the project was successful on several accounts...grazing efficacy...grazing management…(and) public support, which was overwhelmingly positive” (Snell).
OVERVIEW OF PRUDENT ALTERNATIVES & SUCCESSFUL STRATEGIES:
GLYPHOSATE (G) 08252016
OFFICE OF COMMISSIONER AMANDA FRITZ
The use of mycoherbicides as biological control has “shown promise in field trials” and has been labeled as an “option for Canada thistle” (Guske et al. 2004). All across North America, “land managers have seen the impacts of biocontrol agents...which has simultaneously reduced their reliance on herbicides and other more expensive control methods” (Anderson et al. 2003). PRESCRIBED BURNING:
The fuel quality and quantity, accompanied by the actual fire behavior, will greatly affect the target weed response (Rice). Annual prescribed burning of tallgrass immensely restricts exotic plant species “richness and abundance while stimulating the native C4 grasses” (Smith et al. 1999; Smith et al. 2001). In a California grassland, a “latespring burn” was extremely effective in “suppressing the exotic grasses and promoting native forb species” during the growing seasons following prescribed burnings (Rice). Fall burnings have been reported to reduce the abundance of exotic grasses, while “increasing biomass of perennial grasses” (Wills). An academic review of 28 studies, along with a comprehensive quantitative statistical analysis of 19 datasets, which was added to increase the overall statistical significance of the report, was created in response to the “burning and grazing of California grasslands”. This credible metaanalytical assessment indicated with much certainty, that the prescribed burning treatments significantly reduced the spread of exotic annual grasses (Bainbridge et al. 2003; D’Antonio et al. 2003). Yellow Starthistle experienced a reduction of seedling density by “99%” after only three years (Rice), and “nearly depleted the soil seedbank” (Hastings et al. 1996; DiTomaso et al. 1999). In the fourth year of the program, the prescribed burnings were canceled. The Yellow Starthistle seedbank “increased 30fold that year” (DiTomaso et al 2000; Rice 2005). HOT WATER APPLICATIONS: (See “Wave Europe B.V.” Supplement) VARIOUS MULCHING METHODS: Mulches improve soil water and structural retention, suppress invasive weeds, and contribute effectively in promoting optimum growth for landscaped plants. Mulches have been scientifically demonstrated to be “effective in reducing many of the most common weeds...common dandelion, annual grasses, redroot pigweed, and horseweed were lower (P