Working Papers on Information Systems
ISSN 1535-6078
Overview of the Technology Acceptance Model: Origins, Developments and Future Directions Mohammad Chuttur Indiana University, USA
Abstract User acceptance of technology has been an important field of study for over two decades now. Although many models have been proposed to explain and predict the use of a system, the Technology Acceptance Model has been the only one which has captured the most attention of the Information Systems community. Thus, it is essential for anyone willing to study user acceptance of technology to have an understanding of the Technology Acceptance Model. This paper provides a historical overview of the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) by summarizing the evolution of TAM, its key applications, extensions, limitations, and criticisms from a selective list of published articles on the model. Current observations indicate that although TAM is a highly cited model, researchers share mixed opinions regarding its theoretical assumptions, and practical effectiveness. It is concluded that research in TAM lacks sufficient rigor and relevance that would make it a well established theory for the IS community. Keywords: Technology Acceptance, Information System Deployment, TAM, Information System Theory. Permanent URL: http://sprouts.aisnet.org/9-37 Copyright: Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works License Reference: Chuttur M.Y. (2009). "Overview of the Technology Acceptance Model: Origins, Developments and Future Directions ," Indiana University, USA . Sprouts: Working Papers on Information Systems, 9(37). http://sprouts.aisnet.org/9-37
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OverviewoftheTechnologyAcceptanceModel: Origins,DevelopmentsandFutureDirections ǡ ǡ
Abstract
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Ǥ Introduction
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ȋ ͳȌǤ ActualSystem SystemFeatures User’sMotivationto Use andCapabilities UseSystem Stimulusorganismresponse ͳǣ
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UserMotivation
X1 Attitude Actual X2 Toward System Using Use X3 Perceived EaseofUse ʹǣ ȋǡͳͻͺǡǤʹͶȌǤ ǡ ȋͳͻͺͷȌ ǯ
ǣPerceivedEaseofUseǡPerceivedUsefulness,AttitudeTowardUsing Ǥ
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Perceived Usefulness
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Ǥ TheTheoryofReasonedAction ͵
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Ǥ Relatedstudiesonperceivedusefulnessandperceivedeaseofuse ȋͳͻͺͷȌǡ
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ǣThedegreetowhichanindividualbelievesthat usingaparticularsystemwouldenhancehisorherjobperformanceǤ
ǣThedegreetowhichanindividualbelievesthat usingaparticularsystemwouldbefreeofphysicalandmentaleffort. ǡ
Developing measurement scales for perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use
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Ǥ ͳ Initialscaleitemsforperceivedusefulness(Davis,1989,p.324) Ǥ
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ʹ Initialscaleitemsforperceivedeaseofuse(Davis,1989,p.324) Ǥ
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͵ͶǤ ͵ Revised10itemscaleforperceivedusefulness(Davis,1989,Table3,p.326) Ǥ
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Ͷ Revised10itemscaleforperceivedeaseofuse(Davis,1989,Table4,p.326) Ǥ
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ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ
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Don’tuseatall,Uselessthanonceeachweek,Useaboutonceeachweek,Useseveraltimes aweek,UseaboutonceeachdayandUseseveraltimeseachday. ǡ Ǧ
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ͷǤ ͷ Revised6itemsscaleforperceivedusefulnesswordedtowardsCHARTMASTER Ǥ
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Ǥ ͷ ǦǤ ̴Ǥ Revised6itemsscaleforperceivedeaseofusewordedtowardsCHARTMASTER Ǥ
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ͶǤ Perceived Usefulness Attitude Actual System Toward System Using Use Perceived EaseofUse Linkhypothesizedinsignificantbutfound significant Ͷǣȋǡͳͻͻ͵ǡǤͶͺͳȌǤ ǡ Ǥ TAMevolving
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Perceived Usefulness (U) Attitude Toward Using(A)
External Variables
Behavioral Intentionto Use(BI)
Actual System Use
Perceived EaseofUse (E)
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ǡǡǤ ReplicatingTAMandtestingitspossiblelimitations
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ǡ ͷǤ Comparing TAM with the Theory of Reasoned Action and the Theory of Planned Behavior ǡ ȋͳͻͺͻȌ
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ȋʹͲͲȌǡ ȋʹͲͲȌǡ ȋʹͲͲͶȌǡ ǡ ȋʹͲͲ͵Ȍ ǡ ǡ ȋʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ
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Ǥ Applications, participants, country and setting used for applying TAM (Yousafzai et al., 2007), Sharp, 2006, King et al., 2006, Ma et al., 2004, Lee et al., 2003, and, Legris et al., 2003)
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LimitationsinthemethodologyusedfortestingtheTAMmodel
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Ǥ Acknowledgements
Ǥ Bibliography ǡǤǡǡǤƬǡǤȋͳͻͻʹȌǤ
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ǤMISQuarterlyǡ16ȋʹȌǡʹʹǦʹͶǤ ǡ ǤǡƬ ǡǤȋͳͻͺͲȌǤ
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ǦǤ ǡ ǤȋͳͻͺͷȌǤ
ǣǤ ǤǡƬ Ǥ
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ǤMISQuarterlyǡ13ȋ͵Ȍǡ͵ͳͻǦͶͲǤ ǡ Ǥȋͳͻͻ͵ȌǤ
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ǤManagementScience,35ȋͺȌǡͻͺʹǦ ͳͲͲ͵Ǥ ǡ ǤǡǡǤƬǡǤȋͳͻͻʹȌǤ
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ǤǡǣǦǤ
ǡǤǤǡǡǤǤǡƬǡǤǤȋͳͻͻ͵ȌǤǦ
ǤMISQuarterly,17(ʹȌǡʹʹǦ͵ͲǤ ǡǤǡǤǡƬǤǡ ǤȋʹͲͲȌǤǦ
ǡ ǤͶ͵ȋȌǡͶͲȂͷͷ
ǡǤ ǤǡƬǡǤǤȋͳͻͺͲȌǤ
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ǤDecisionSciences,11ȋͳȌǡͳʹͳǦͳ͵ͶǤ ǡǤǡǡǤǤƬǡǤǤǤȋʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ
ǣǡ ǡǤCommunicationsoftheAIS,12ȋͷͲȌǡͷʹǦͺͲǤ ǡǤǡ ǡ ǤǡƬǡǤȋʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ
ǫ
ǤInformation&Managementǡ40ǡ ͳͻͳǦʹͲͶǤ ǡǦǤƬ ǡǤǤȋͳͻͻͶȌǤ
ǤInternational JournalofInformationManagement.14ȋͷȌǡ͵ͳǦʹͻǤ 18
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ǣǡ
ǡǤƬǡǤȋʹͲͲͶȌǤ
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ǤJr.ofOrg.,EndUserComputing,16ȋͳȌǡͷͻǦʹǤ ǡǤȋͳͻͻͳȌǤ
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ǤInformationSystemsResearch,2ȋ͵Ȍǡͳ͵ǦͻͳǤ ǡǤȋͳͻͻȌǤ ǤAcademyof ManagementJournal22ȋ͵ȌǡͷʹǦͷ͵ͺǤ
ǡǤǡǤƬǡǤǤȋͳͻͷȌǤ ǣ
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ǡ ǤǤ
ǤǤȋǤȌǡ
ǡǡǡǤͳͷ͵ǦͳͺʹǤ ǡǤȋʹͲͲȌǤǦ
ǤJournalofthe AssociationforInformationSystemsǡͺȋͶȌǡʹͷǦʹǤ ǡ ǤǤȋʹͲͲȌǤǡǡ
ǣ
.InformationSystemsEducationJournalǡ5ǡͳǦͳͳǤ ǡ ǤǤȋͳͻͻͶȌǤ
ǤDecisionSciences,25,(ͷȀȌǡͺ͵ǦͶǤ ǡǤǤȋͳͻͺʹȌǤ
ǣǤOmega InternationalJournalofManagementScience,10ȋʹȌǡͳͷǦͳͷǤ ǡǤǤȋͳͻͺȌǤ ǤDecisionSciences, 18ȋͳȌǡͳ͵ͳǦͳͶͷǤ ǡǤ ǤǡǤ ǤȋͳͻͺʹȌǤ
Ǧ ǣǦ ǤIEEETransactionson EngineeringManagement29ȋͳȌǡʹͺǦͶͷǤ ǡǤȋͳͻͻͻȌǤ
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ǤMISQuarterly,23ȋʹȌǡʹ͵ͻǦͲǤ ǡǤȋʹͲͲͲȌǤ
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AppendixA:AntecedantstoPUandPEOUasproposedinextendingTAM Variable Definition Voluntariness
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Jobrelevance Outputquality Resultdemonstrability
Computerselfefficacy Perceptionsofexternal control Computeranxiety
Computerplayfulness Perceivedenjoyment
Objectiveusability
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Working Papers on Information Systems | ISSN 1535-6078 Editors: Michel Avital, University of Amsterdam Kevin Crowston, Syracuse University Advisory Board:
Editorial Board:
Kalle Lyytinen, Case Western Reserve University Roger Clarke, Australian National University Sue Conger, University of Dallas Marco De Marco, Universita’ Cattolica di Milano Guy Fitzgerald, Brunel University Rudy Hirschheim, Louisiana State University Blake Ives, University of Houston Sirkka Jarvenpaa, University of Texas at Austin John King, University of Michigan Rik Maes, University of Amsterdam Dan Robey, Georgia State University Frantz Rowe, University of Nantes Detmar Straub, Georgia State University Richard T. Watson, University of Georgia Ron Weber, Monash University Kwok Kee Wei, City University of Hong Kong
Margunn Aanestad, University of Oslo Steven Alter, University of San Francisco Egon Berghout, University of Groningen Bo-Christer Bjork, Hanken School of Economics Tony Bryant, Leeds Metropolitan University Erran Carmel, American University Kieran Conboy, National U. of Ireland Galway Jan Damsgaard, Copenhagen Business School Robert Davison, City University of Hong Kong Guido Dedene, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Alan Dennis, Indiana University Brian Fitzgerald, University of Limerick Ole Hanseth, University of Oslo Ola Henfridsson, Viktoria Institute Sid Huff, Victoria University of Wellington Ard Huizing, University of Amsterdam Lucas Introna, Lancaster University Panos Ipeirotis, New York University Robert Mason, University of Washington John Mooney, Pepperdine University Steve Sawyer, Pennsylvania State University Virpi Tuunainen, Helsinki School of Economics Francesco Virili, Universita' degli Studi di Cassino
Sponsors: Association for Information Systems (AIS) AIM itAIS Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia American University, USA Case Western Reserve University, USA City University of Hong Kong, China Copenhagen Business School, Denmark Hanken School of Economics, Finland Helsinki School of Economics, Finland Indiana University, USA Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium Lancaster University, UK Leeds Metropolitan University, UK National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland New York University, USA Pennsylvania State University, USA Pepperdine University, USA Syracuse University, USA University of Amsterdam, Netherlands University of Dallas, USA University of Georgia, USA University of Groningen, Netherlands University of Limerick, Ireland University of Oslo, Norway University of San Francisco, USA University of Washington, USA Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand Viktoria Institute, Sweden
Managing Editor: Bas Smit, University of Amsterdam
Office: Sprouts University of Amsterdam Roetersstraat 11, Room E 2.74 1018 WB Amsterdam, Netherlands Email:
[email protected]