Overview of the Technology Acceptance Model: Origins ...

Working Papers on Information Systems

ISSN 1535-6078

Overview of the Technology Acceptance Model: Origins, Developments and Future Directions Mohammad Chuttur Indiana University, USA

Abstract User acceptance of technology has been an important field of study for over two decades now. Although many models have been proposed to explain and predict the use of a system, the Technology Acceptance Model has been the only one which has captured the most attention of the Information Systems community. Thus, it is essential for anyone willing to study user acceptance of technology to have an understanding of the Technology Acceptance Model. This paper provides a historical overview of the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) by summarizing the evolution of TAM, its key applications, extensions, limitations, and criticisms from a selective list of published articles on the model. Current observations indicate that although TAM is a highly cited model, researchers share mixed opinions regarding its theoretical assumptions, and practical effectiveness. It is concluded that research in TAM lacks sufficient rigor and relevance that would make it a well established theory for the IS community. Keywords: Technology Acceptance, Information System Deployment, TAM, Information System Theory. Permanent URL: http://sprouts.aisnet.org/9-37 Copyright: Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works License Reference: Chuttur M.Y. (2009). "Overview of the Technology Acceptance Model: Origins, Developments and Future Directions ," Indiana University, USA . Sprouts: Working Papers on Information Systems, 9(37). http://sprouts.aisnet.org/9-37

Sprouts - http://sprouts.aisnet.org/9-37

˜‡”˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›……‡’–ƒ…‡‘†‡Žǣ”‹‰‹•ǡ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•ƒ† —–—”‡‹”‡…–‹‘•

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OverviewoftheTechnologyAcceptanceModel: Origins,DevelopmentsandFutureDirections ƒ••‡”Š—––—” †‹ƒƒ‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡŽ‘‘‹‰–‘ †‹ƒƒǡ

 Abstract •‡” ƒ……‡’–ƒ…‡ ‘ˆ –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰› Šƒ• „‡‡ ƒ ‹’‘”–ƒ– ˆ‹‡Ž† ‘ˆ •–—†› ˆ‘” ‘˜‡” –™‘ †‡…ƒ†‡•‘™ǤŽ–Š‘—‰Šƒ›‘†‡Ž•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡’”‘’‘•‡†–‘‡š’Žƒ‹ƒ†’”‡†‹…––Š‡—•‡ ‘ˆ ƒ •›•–‡ǡ –Š‡ ‡…Š‘Ž‘‰› ……‡’–ƒ…‡ ‘†‡Ž Šƒ• „‡‡ –Š‡ ‘Ž› ‘‡ ™Š‹…Š Šƒ• …ƒ’–—”‡†–Š‡‘•–ƒ––‡–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘›•–‡•…‘—‹–›ǤŠ—•ǡ‹–‹•‡••‡–‹ƒŽ ˆ‘”ƒ›‘‡™‹ŽŽ‹‰–‘•–—†›—•‡”ƒ……‡’–ƒ…‡‘ˆ–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›–‘Šƒ˜‡ƒ—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡…Š‘Ž‘‰› ……‡’–ƒ…‡ ‘†‡ŽǤ Š‹• ’ƒ’‡” ’”‘˜‹†‡• ƒ Š‹•–‘”‹…ƒŽ ‘˜‡”˜‹‡™ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡…Š‘Ž‘‰› ……‡’–ƒ…‡ ‘†‡Ž ȋȌ „› •—ƒ”‹œ‹‰ –Š‡ ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ ‘ˆ ǡ ‹–• ‡› ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘•ǡ ‡š–‡•‹‘•ǡ Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘•ǡ ƒ† …”‹–‹…‹•• ˆ”‘ ƒ •‡Ž‡…–‹˜‡ Ž‹•– ‘ˆ ’—„Ž‹•Š‡† ƒ”–‹…Ž‡•‘–Š‡‘†‡ŽǤ—””‡–‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘•‹†‹…ƒ–‡–Šƒ–ƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š‹•ƒŠ‹‰ŠŽ›…‹–‡† ‘†‡Žǡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”• •Šƒ”‡ ‹š‡† ‘’‹‹‘• ”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ ‹–• –Š‡‘”‡–‹…ƒŽ ƒ••—’–‹‘•ǡ ƒ† ’”ƒ…–‹…ƒŽ ‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡‡••Ǥ – ‹• …‘…Ž—†‡† –Šƒ– ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ‹  Žƒ…• •—ˆˆ‹…‹‡– ”‹‰‘” ƒ† ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ…‡–Šƒ–™‘—Ž†ƒ‡‹–ƒ™‡ŽŽ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†–Š‡‘”›ˆ‘”–Š‡ …‘—‹–›Ǥ  Introduction ‹–Š ‰”‘™‹‰ –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰› ‡‡†• ‹ –Š‡ ͳͻ͹Ͳǯ•ǡ ƒ† ‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰ ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡• ‘ˆ •›•–‡ ƒ†‘’–‹‘ ‹ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•ǡ ’”‡†‹…–‹‰ •›•–‡ —•‡ „‡…ƒ‡ ƒ ƒ”‡ƒ ‘ˆ ‹–‡”‡•– ˆ‘” ƒ› ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‘•– ‘ˆ –Š‡ •–—†‹‡• …ƒ””‹‡† ‘—– ˆƒ‹Ž‡† –‘ ’”‘†—…‡ ”‡Ž‹ƒ„Ž‡ ‡ƒ•—”‡•–Šƒ–…‘—Ž†‡š’Žƒ‹•›•–‡ƒ……‡’–ƒ…‡‘””‡Œ‡…–‹‘ȋƒ˜‹•ǡͳͻͺͻȌǤ ͳͻͺͷǡ ”‡† ƒ˜‹• ’”‘’‘•‡† –Š‡ ‡…Š‘Ž‘‰› ……‡’–ƒ…‡ ‘†‡Ž ȋȌ ‹ Š‹• †‘…–‘”ƒŽ –Š‡•‹• ƒ– –Š‡   Ž‘ƒ …Š‘‘Ž ‘ˆ ƒƒ‰‡‡– ȋƒ˜‹•ǡ ͳͻͺͷȌǤ ‡ ’”‘’‘•‡† –Šƒ– •›•–‡ —•‡ ‹• ƒ ”‡•’‘•‡ –Šƒ– …ƒ „‡ ‡š’Žƒ‹‡† ‘” ’”‡†‹…–‡† „› —•‡” ‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ǡ ™Š‹…Šǡ ‹ –—”ǡ ‹• †‹”‡…–Ž› ‹ˆŽ—‡…‡† „› ƒ ‡š–‡”ƒŽ •–‹—Ž—• …‘•‹•–‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ…–—ƒŽ •›•–‡ǯ• ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡• ƒ†…ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•ȋ ‹‰—”‡ͳȌǤ   ActualSystem SystemFeatures User’sMotivationto  Use andCapabilities UseSystem   Stimulusorganismresponse   ‹‰—”‡ͳǣ‘…‡’–—ƒŽ‘†‡Žˆ‘”–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ……‡’–ƒ…‡ȋƒ˜‹•ǡͳͻͺͷǡ’ǤͳͲȌǤ  ›”‡Ž›‹‰‘’”‹‘”™‘”„› ‹•Š„‡‹ƒ†Œœ‡ȋͳͻ͹ͷȌǡ™Š‘ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‡†–Š‡Š‡‘”›‘ˆ ‡ƒ•‘‡† …–‹‘ǡ ƒ† ‘–Š‡” ”‡Žƒ–‡† ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š •–—†‹‡•ǡ ƒ˜‹• ˆ—”–Š‡” ”‡ˆ‹‡† Š‹• …‘…‡’–—ƒŽ‘†‡Ž–‘’”‘’‘•‡–Š‡‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›……‡’–ƒ…‡‘†‡Žƒ••Š‘™‹ ‹‰—”‡ʹǤ         1 

Sprouts - http://sprouts.aisnet.org/9-37

˜‡”˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›……‡’–ƒ…‡‘†‡Žǣ”‹‰‹•ǡ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•ƒ† —–—”‡‹”‡…–‹‘•

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 UserMotivation

  X1   Attitude Actual X2  Toward System Using Use   X3  Perceived EaseofUse      ‹‰—”‡ʹǣ”‹‰‹ƒŽ’”‘’‘•‡†„› ”‡†ƒ˜‹•ȋƒ˜‹•ǡͳͻͺ͸ǡ’ǤʹͶȌǤ   –Š‹• ’”‘’‘•ƒŽǡ ƒ˜‹• ȋͳͻͺͷȌ •—‰‰‡•–‡† –Šƒ– —•‡”•ǯ ‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ …ƒ „‡ ‡š’Žƒ‹‡† „› –Š”‡‡ˆƒ…–‘”•ǣPerceivedEaseofUseǡPerceivedUsefulness,ƒ†AttitudeTowardUsing–Š‡ •›•–‡Ǥ ‡ Š›’‘–Š‡•‹œ‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡ ƒ––‹–—†‡ ‘ˆ ƒ —•‡” –‘™ƒ”† ƒ •›•–‡ ™ƒ• ƒ ƒŒ‘” †‡–‡”‹ƒ–‘ˆ™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‡—•‡”™‹ŽŽƒ…–—ƒŽŽ›—•‡‘””‡Œ‡…––Š‡•›•–‡ǤŠ‡ƒ––‹–—†‡‘ˆ –Š‡ —•‡”ǡ ‹ –—”ǡ ™ƒ• …‘•‹†‡”‡† –‘ „‡ ‹ˆŽ—‡…‡† „› –™‘ ƒŒ‘” „‡Ž‹‡ˆ•ǣ ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† —•‡ˆ—Ž‡•• ƒ† ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† ‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ —•‡ǡ ™‹–Š ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† ‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ —•‡ Šƒ˜‹‰ ƒ †‹”‡…– ‹ˆŽ—‡…‡ ‘ ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† —•‡ˆ—Ž‡••Ǥ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ „‘–Š –Š‡•‡ „‡Ž‹‡ˆ• ™‡”‡ Š›’‘–Š‡•‹œ‡† –‘ „‡ †‹”‡…–Ž›‹ˆŽ—‡…‡†„›–Š‡•›•–‡†‡•‹‰…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹…•ǡ”‡’”‡•‡–‡†„›ͳǡʹƒ†ǡ͵‹ ‹‰—”‡ʹǤ  —”‹‰ Žƒ–‡” ‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒ–‹‘ •–ƒ‰‡•ǡ ƒ˜‹• ȋͳͻͺͷȌ ™‘—Ž† ”‡ˆ‹‡ Š‹• ‘†‡Ž –‘ ‹…Ž—†‡ ‘–Š‡”˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•ƒ†‘†‹ˆ›–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’•–Šƒ–Š‡‹‹–‹ƒŽŽ›ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‡†Ǥ‹‹Žƒ”Ž›ǡ‘–Š‡” ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•™‘—Ž†ƒ’’Ž›ǡƒ†’”‘’‘•‡•‡˜‡”ƒŽƒ††‹–‹‘•–‘–Š‡‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›……‡’–ƒ…‡ ‘†‡ŽȋȌǡ•—…Š–Šƒ–‘˜‡”–‹‡ǡ‡˜‘Ž˜‡†‹–‘ƒŽ‡ƒ†‹‰‘†‡Ž‹‡š’Žƒ‹‹‰ƒ† ’”‡†‹…–‹‰•›•–‡—•‡Ǥ ˆƒ…–ǡŠƒ•„‡…‘‡•‘’‘’—Žƒ”–Šƒ–‹–Šƒ•„‡‡…‹–‡†‹‘•– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š –Šƒ– †‡ƒŽ• ™‹–Š —•‡” ƒ……‡’–ƒ…‡ ‘ˆ –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰› ȋ‡‡ǡ ‘œƒ”ǡ Ƭ ƒ”•‡ǡ ʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ•‘‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”• …Žƒ‹ –Šƒ–ƒ›Šƒ˜‡ƒ––”ƒ…–‡†‘”‡‡ƒ•›ƒ† “—‹…”‡•‡ƒ”…Šǡ•—…Š–Šƒ–Ž‡••ƒ––‡–‹‘Šƒ•„‡‡‰‹˜‡–‘–Š‡”‡ƒŽ’”‘„Ž‡‘ˆ–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰› ƒ……‡’–ƒ…‡ ȋ‡‡ǡ ‘œƒ”ǡ Ƭ ƒ”•‡ǡ ʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ ‘†ƒ›ǡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ‘ –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰› ƒ……‡’–ƒ…‡ ‹• •–‹ŽŽ‘‰‘‹‰ǡƒ†–Š—•ƒ—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ••—’–‹‘•ǡ•–”‡‰–Š•ǡƒ†Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡…Š‘Ž‘‰› ……‡’–ƒ…‡ ‘†‡Ž ‹• ‡••‡–‹ƒŽ ˆ‘” ƒ›‘‡ ™‹ŽŽ‹‰ –‘ •–—†› —•‡” ƒ……‡’–ƒ…‡‘ˆ–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ  Š‹•’ƒ’‡”–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ‡šƒ‹‡•–Š‡Š‹•–‘”‹…ƒŽ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘‘ˆ‹–Š‡ Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ˆ”‘ ͳͻͺͷ –‘ ʹͲͲ͹ǡ ˆ‘…—•‹‰ ‘ ‹–• Š‹•–‘”‹…ƒŽ ‘”‹‰‹ǡ ƒ† •‘‡ ‘ˆ ‹–• ƒŒ‘” ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘•ǡ ˜ƒŽ‹†ƒ–‹‘•ǡ‡š–‡•‹‘•ǡƒ†…”‹–‹…‹••Ǥ ‹†‹‰•ˆ”‘ƒ•‡Ž‡…–‹˜‡Ž‹•–‘ˆƒ”–‹…Ž‡•’—„Ž‹•Š‡† ‘  ƒ”‡ –Š—•ǡ •—ƒ”‹œ‡† ƒ† ‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡† ƒ• ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ǣ –Š‡ ‡š– •‡…–‹‘ „”‹‡ˆŽ› †‡•…”‹„‡• –Š‡ Š‡‘”› ‘ˆ ‡ƒ•‘‡† …–‹‘ ’”‘’‘•‡† „› ‹•Š„‡‹ ƒ† Œœ‡ ȋͳͻ͹ͷȌǡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡† „› ƒ †‡•…”‹’–‹‘ ‘ˆ Š‘™ –Š‡ ‡ƒ•—”‡• ‘ˆ ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† —•‡ˆ—Ž‡•• ƒ† ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† ‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ—•‡ˆ‘”™‡”‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†ƒ†˜ƒŽ‹†ƒ–‡†ǤŠ‡ǡ–Š‡‡–Š‘†—•‡†–‘†‡–‡”‹‡ –Š‡ …ƒ—•ƒŽ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’• „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– …‘•–”—…–• ‘ˆ  ™‹ŽŽ „‡ †‡•…”‹„‡†Ǥ —„•‡“—‡–Ž›ǡ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ  ™‹ŽŽ „‡ ’”‡•‡–‡† ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡† „› †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– Perceived Usefulness 

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Sprouts - http://sprouts.aisnet.org/9-37

˜‡”˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›……‡’–ƒ…‡‘†‡Žǣ”‹‰‹•ǡ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•ƒ† —–—”‡‹”‡…–‹‘•

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‡š–‡•‹‘•’”‘’‘•‡†–‘–Š‡‘”‹‰‹ƒŽǤ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ–Š‡’ƒ’‡”™‹ŽŽ…‘…Ž—†‡™‹–Šƒ‘–‡‘ –Š‡ˆ‘”‡•‡‡ƒ„Ž‡ˆ—–—”‡ˆ‘”ƒˆ–‡”Šƒ˜‹‰‡Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‡†‘‹–•Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†…”‹–‹…‹••Ǥ  TheTheoryofReasonedAction ‹‰—”‡ ͵ •Š‘™• ƒ ‘†‡Ž ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š‡‘”› ‘ˆ ‡ƒ•‘‡† …–‹‘ǡ ™Š‹…Š ™ƒ• ’”‘’‘•‡† „› ‹•Š„‡‹ƒ†Œœ‡ȋͳͻ͹ͷȌǤ 

 ‹‰—”‡͵ǣŠ‡Š‡‘”›‘ˆ‡ƒ•‘‡†…–‹‘‘†‡Žȋƒ˜‹•ǡƒ‰‘œœ‹ƒ†ƒ”•Šƒ™ǡͳͻͺͻȌ

 –Š‡‹”–Š‡‘”‡–‹…ƒŽ‘†‡Žǡ ‹•Š„‡‹ƒ†Œœ‡•—‰‰‡•–‡†–Šƒ–ƒ’‡”•‘ǯ•ƒ…–—ƒŽ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘” …‘—Ž†„‡†‡–‡”‹‡†„›…‘•‹†‡”‹‰Š‹•‘”Š‡”’”‹‘”‹–‡–‹‘ƒŽ‘‰™‹–Š–Š‡„‡Ž‹‡ˆ•–Šƒ– –Š‡ ’‡”•‘ ™‘—Ž† Šƒ˜‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‰‹˜‡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ȋƒ˜‹•ǡ ͳͻͺͷȌǤ Š‡› ”‡ˆ‡””‡† –‘ –Š‡ ‹–‡–‹‘ –Šƒ– ƒ ’‡”•‘ Šƒ• ’”‹‘” –‘ ƒ ƒ…–—ƒŽ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ƒ• –Š‡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ ‹–‡–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Šƒ–’‡”•‘ǡƒ††‡ˆ‹‡†‹–ƒ•ƒ‡ƒ•—”‡‘ˆ‘‡ǯ•‹–‡–‹‘–‘’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”Ǥ ‹•Š„‡‹ ƒ† Œœ‡ ƒŽ•‘ ’”‘’‘•‡† –Šƒ– „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ ‹–‡–‹‘ …‘—Ž† „‡ †‡–‡”‹‡† „› …‘•‹†‡”‹‰ „‘–Š –Š‡ ƒ––‹–—†‡ –Šƒ– ƒ ’‡”•‘ Šƒ• –‘™ƒ”†• –Š‡ ƒ…–—ƒŽ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ •—„Œ‡…–‹˜‡ ‘” ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š –Š‡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ‹ “—‡•–‹‘Ǥ Š‡› †‡ˆ‹‡† –Š‡ ƒ––‹–—†‡ –‘™ƒ”†•ƒ‰‹˜‡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒ•ƒ’‡”•‘ǯ•’‘•‹–‹˜‡‘”‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ˆ‡‡Ž‹‰•ƒ„‘—–’‡”ˆ‘”‹‰ –Š‡ƒ…–—ƒŽ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ǡ•—‰‰‡•–‹‰–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ––‹–—†‡‘ˆƒ’‡”•‘–‘™ƒ”†•ƒ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ȋȌ…ƒ „‡ ‡ƒ•—”‡† „› …‘•‹†‡”‹‰ –Š‡ •— ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’”‘†—…– ‘ˆ ƒŽŽ •ƒŽ‹‡– „‡Ž‹‡ˆ• ȋbiȌ ƒ„‘—– …‘•‡“—‡…‡• ‘ˆ ’‡”ˆ‘”‹‰ –Šƒ– „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ǡ ƒ† ƒ ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘ ȋeiȌ ‘ˆ –Š‘•‡ …‘•‡“—‡…‡•ǡƒ••Š‘™„›–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ˆ‘”—Žƒǣ  Š‡› ƒŽ•‘ †‡ˆ‹‡† –Š‡ •—„Œ‡…–‹˜‡ ‘” ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š ƒ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ƒ• –Š‡ ’‡”•‘ǯ• ’‡”…‡’–‹‘–Šƒ–‘•–’‡‘’Ž‡™Š‘ƒ”‡‹’‘”–ƒ––‘Š‹‘”Š‡”–Š‹Š‡‘”•Š‡•Š‘—Ž†‘” •Š‘—Ž† ‘– ’‡”ˆ‘” –Š‡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”Ǥ ‹•Š„‡‹ ƒ† Œœ‡ǡ –Š‡ •—‰‰‡•–‡† –Šƒ– •—„Œ‡…–‹˜‡ ‘” ȋȌ …‘—Ž† „‡ †‡–‡”‹‡† „› …‘•‹†‡”‹‰ –Š‡ •— ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’”‘†—…– ‘ˆ ƒ ’‡”•‘ǯ• ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ „‡Ž‹‡ˆ• ȋnbiȌǡ –Šƒ– ‹• ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† ‡š’‡…–ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ ‘–Š‡” ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• ‘” ‰”‘—’•ǡ ƒ†Š‹•‘”Š‡”‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘–‘…‘’Ž›ȋmciȌǤŠ‡ˆ‘”—Žƒ–Š‡›’”‘’‘•‡†ˆ‘”‡ƒ•—”‹‰–Š‡ •—„Œ‡…–‹˜‡‘”ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Šƒƒ…–—ƒŽ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”‹•ƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•Ǥ  Š—•ǡ –Š‡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ ‹–‡–‹‘ ȋ Ȍ ‘ˆ ƒ ’‡”•‘ –‘ ’‡”ˆ‘” ƒ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” …‘—Ž† „‡ …ƒŽ…—Žƒ–‡†—•‹‰–Š‡ˆ‘”—Žƒ•Š‘™„‡Ž‘™ǡ™‹–Šƒ•ƒ‡ƒ•—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ––‹–—†‡–‘™ƒ”† –Š‡„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒ†ƒ•ƒ‡ƒ•—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡•—„Œ‡…–‹˜‡‘”ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š–Š‡„‡Šƒ˜‹‘” …‘•‹†‡”‡†Ǥ  αΪ  Š‡ Š‡‘”› ‘ˆ ‡ƒ•‘‡† …–‹‘ –Š—•ǡ ’”‘˜‹†‡† ƒ —•‡ˆ—Ž ‘†‡Ž –Šƒ– …‘—Ž† ‡š’Žƒ‹ ƒ† ’”‡†‹…––Š‡ƒ…–—ƒŽ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”‘ˆƒ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽǤ‡›‡ƒ”•Žƒ–‡”ǡƒ˜‹•ȋͳͻͺͷȌ–‘‘–Š‡•ƒ‡ 3 

Sprouts - http://sprouts.aisnet.org/9-37

˜‡”˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›……‡’–ƒ…‡‘†‡Žǣ”‹‰‹•ǡ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•ƒ† —–—”‡‹”‡…–‹‘•

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‘†‡Ž ƒ† ƒ†ƒ’–‡† ‹– –‘ –Š‡ …‘–‡š– ‘ˆ —•‡” ƒ……‡’–ƒ…‡ ‘ˆ ƒ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ •›•–‡ǡ ‹ ‘”†‡” –‘ †‡˜‡Ž‘’ –Š‡ ‡…Š‘Ž‘‰› ……‡’–ƒ…‡ ‘†‡ŽǤ ƒ˜‹• …‘•‹†‡”‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡ ƒ…–—ƒŽ —•‡‘ˆƒ•›•–‡‹•ƒ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒ†–Š—•ǡ–Š‡Š‡‘”›‘ˆ‡ƒ•‘…–‹‘™‘—Ž†„‡ƒ•—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ ‘†‡Ž–‘‡š’Žƒ‹ƒ†’”‡†‹…––Šƒ–„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”Ǥƒ˜‹•Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡƒ†‡–™‘ƒ‹…Šƒ‰‡•–‘ –Š‡ Š‡‘”› ‘ˆ ‡ƒ•‘‡† …–‹‘ ȋȌ ‘†‡ŽǤ ‹”•–Ž›ǡ Š‡ †‹† ‘– –ƒ‡ •—„Œ‡…–‹˜‡ ‘” ‹–‘ ƒ……‘—– ‹ ’”‡†‹…–‹‰ –Š‡ ƒ…–—ƒŽ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ‘ˆ ƒ ’‡”•‘Ǥ ‡ •—‰‰‡•–‡† –Šƒ– ‹•Š„‡‹ ƒ† Œœ‡ ȋͳͻ͹ͷȌ –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• ƒ…‘™Ž‡†‰‡† –Šƒ– •—„Œ‡…–‹˜‡ ‘” ™ƒ• –Š‡ Ž‡ƒ•– —†‡”•–‘‘† ƒ•’‡…– ‘ˆ ǡ ƒ† –Šƒ– ‹– Šƒ† —…‡”–ƒ‹ –Š‡‘”‡–‹…ƒŽ •–ƒ–—•Ǥ Š—•ǡ ƒ˜‹• ȋͳͻͺͷȌ ‘Ž› …‘•‹†‡”‡† –Š‡ ƒ––‹–—†‡ ‘ˆ ƒ ’‡”•‘ –‘™ƒ”†• ƒ ‰‹˜‡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ‹ Š‹•  ‘†‡ŽǤ ‡…‘†Ž›ǡ ‹•–‡ƒ† ‘ˆ …‘•‹†‡”‹‰ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ •ƒŽ‹‡– „‡Ž‹‡ˆ• –‘ †‡–‡”‹‡ –Š‡ ƒ––‹–—†‡ –‘™ƒ”†• ƒ ‰‹˜‡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ǡ ƒ˜‹• ȋͳͻͺͷȌ ”‡Ž‹‡† ‘ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ ‘–Š‡” ”‡Žƒ–‡† •–—†‹‡•–‘‹†‡–‹ˆ›‘Ž›–™‘†‹•–‹…–„‡Ž‹‡ˆ•ǡ’‡”…‡‹˜‡†—•‡ˆ—Ž‡••ƒ†’‡”…‡‹˜‡†‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ —•‡ǡ –Šƒ– ™‡”‡ •—ˆˆ‹…‹‡– ‡‘—‰Š –‘ ’”‡†‹…– –Š‡ ƒ––‹–—†‡ ‘ˆ  ƒ —•‡” –‘™ƒ”† –Š‡ —•‡ ‘ˆ ƒ •›•–‡Ǥ  Relatedstudiesonperceivedusefulnessandperceivedeaseofuse ”‹‘” –‘ –Š‡ ™‘” ‘ˆ ƒ˜‹• ȋͳͻͺͷȌǡ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ •–—†‹‡• Šƒ† Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–‡† –Š‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ…‡ ‘ˆ ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† ‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ —•‡ ƒ† ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† —•‡ˆ—Ž‡•• ‹ ’”‡†‹…–‹‰ ƒ ’‡”•‘ǯ• „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”Ǥ  ‡š–‡•‹˜‡”‡˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡•‡•–—†‹‡•…ƒ„‡ˆ‘—†‹ƒ˜‹•ȋͳͻͺͷȌǤ ‘”‘™ǡ‘Ž›•‘‡‘ˆ –Š‡ƒ”‡†‡•…”‹„‡†Ǥ  …Š—Ž–œƒ†Ž‡˜‹ȋͳͻ͹ͷȌǡˆ‘”‹•–ƒ…‡ǡ…ƒ””‹‡†‘—–ƒ‡š’Ž‘”ƒ–‘”›•–—†›ǡƒ†ˆ‘—†–Šƒ– ’‡”…‡‹˜‡†—•‡ˆ—Ž‡••’”‘˜‹†‡†ƒ”‡Ž‹ƒ„Ž‡’”‡†‹…–‹‘ˆ‘”•‡ŽˆǦ’”‡†‹…–‡†—•‡‘ˆƒ†‡…‹•‹‘ ‘†‡ŽǤ ‘„‡› ȋͳͻ͹ͻȌ Žƒ–‡” ”‡’Ž‹…ƒ–‡† –Š‡ ™‘” ‘ˆ …Š—Ž–œ ƒ† Ž‡˜‹ ȋͳͻ͹ͷȌǡ ƒ† …‘ˆ‹”‡† –Š‡ Š‹‰Š …‘””‡Žƒ–‹‘ –Šƒ– ‡š‹•–‡† „‡–™‡‡ ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† —•‡ˆ—Ž‡•• ƒ† •›•–‡ —•ƒ‰‡Ǥ–Š‡‘–Š‡”Šƒ†ǡ•—’’‘”–ˆ‘”–Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ…‡‘ˆ’‡”…‡‹˜‡†‡ƒ•‡…‘—Ž†„‡ˆ‘—† ‹–Š‡‡–ƒǦƒƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆ‘”ƒ–œ›ƒ†Ž‡‹ǯ•ȋͳͻͺʹȌ‘‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‘’–‹‘Ǥ‘”ƒ–œ› ƒ†Ž‡‹•–—†‹‡†–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’„‡–™‡‡–Š‡…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹…•‘ˆƒ‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‹–• ƒ†‘’–‹‘ǡƒ†ˆ‘—†–Šƒ––Š‡…‘’Ž‡š‹–› ‘ˆƒ‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘™ƒ• ‘‡‘ˆ –Š‡–Š”‡‡ˆƒ…–‘”• –Šƒ–Šƒ†–Š‡‘•–…‘•‹•–‡–•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’•ƒ‘‰ƒ™‹†‡”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘ –›’‡•Ǥ  ƒ†—”ƒȋͳͻͺʹȌˆ—”–Š‡”ǡ•Š‘™‡†–Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ…‡‘ˆ…‘•‹†‡”‹‰„‘–Š’‡”…‡‹˜‡†‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ —•‡ ƒ† ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† —•‡ˆ—Ž‡•• ‹ ’”‡†‹…–‹‰ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”Ǥ ‡ •—‰‰‡•–‡† –Šƒ– ‹ ƒ› ‰‹˜‡ ‹•–ƒ…‡ǡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ™‘—Ž† „‡ „‡•– ’”‡†‹…–‡† „› „‘–Šǡ •‡ŽˆǦ‡ˆˆ‹…ƒ…› ƒ†ǡ ‘—–…‘‡ Œ—†‰‡–•Ǥ ‡ŽˆǦ‡ˆˆ‹…ƒ…›ǡ ™Š‹…Š ™ƒ• •‹‹Žƒ” –‘ ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† ‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ —•‡ǡ ™ƒ• †‡ˆ‹‡† ƒ• Œ—†‰‡–• ‘ˆ Š‘™ ™‡ŽŽ ‘‡ …ƒ ‡š‡…—–‡ …‘—”•‡• ‘ˆ ƒ…–‹‘ ”‡“—‹”‡† –‘ †‡ƒŽ ™‹–Š ’”‘•’‡…–‹˜‡ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘•ǡ ™Š‡”‡ƒ• ‘—–…‘‡ Œ—†‰‡–ǡ ™Š‹…Š ™ƒ• •‹‹Žƒ” –‘ ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† —•‡ˆ—Ž‡••ǡ™ƒ•†‡ˆ‹‡†ƒ•–Š‡‡š–‡––‘™Š‹…Šƒ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”‘…‡•—……‡••ˆ—ŽŽ›‡š‡…—–‡†‹• „‡Ž‹‡˜‡†–‘„‡Ž‹‡†–‘˜ƒŽ—‡†‘—–…‘‡•Ǥ  ‹‹Žƒ”Ž›ǡ™ƒ•‘ǯ•”‡•‡ƒ”…ŠȋͳͻͺʹȌ’”‘˜‹†‡†‡˜‹†‡…‡–Šƒ–’‡”…‡‹˜‡†‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ—•‡ƒ† ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† —•‡ˆ—Ž‡•• ™‡”‡ „‘–Š ‹’‘”–ƒ– „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ †‡–‡”‹ƒ–•Ǥ ™ƒ•‘ Š›’‘–Š‡•‹œ‡† –Šƒ– ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ —•‡”• ™‹ŽŽ •‡Ž‡…– ƒ† —•‡ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ”‡’‘”–• „ƒ•‡† ‘ ƒ –”ƒ†‡‘ˆˆ „‡–™‡‡ ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ “—ƒŽ‹–› ƒ† ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‡† …‘•– ‘ˆ ƒ……‡••Ǥ  ™ƒ•‘ǯ• ™‘”ǡ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ “—ƒŽ‹–› ™ƒ• •‹‹Žƒ” –‘ ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† —•‡ˆ—Ž‡••ǡ ™Š‡”‡ƒ• ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‡†…‘•–‘ˆƒ……‡••™ƒ•ˆ‘—†–‘„‡•‹‹Žƒ”–‘’‡”…‡‹˜‡†‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ—•‡Ǥ –Š‡‡†ǡƒ˜‹•ȋͳͻͺͷȌ…‘…Ž—†‡†–Šƒ–’‡‘’Ž‡–‡†–‘—•‡‘”‘––‘—•‡ƒ•›•–‡–‘–Š‡ ‡š–‡– –Šƒ– –Š‡› „‡Ž‹‡˜‡ ‹– ™‹ŽŽ Š‡Ž’ –Š‡ ’‡”ˆ‘” –Š‡‹” Œ‘„ „‡––‡” ȋ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† 4 

Sprouts - http://sprouts.aisnet.org/9-37

˜‡”˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›……‡’–ƒ…‡‘†‡Žǣ”‹‰‹•ǡ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•ƒ† —–—”‡‹”‡…–‹‘•

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—•‡ˆ—Ž‡••Ȍǡƒ†ƒŽ•‘–Šƒ––Š‡„‡Ž‹‡ˆ•‘ˆ–Š‡‡ˆˆ‘”–•”‡“—‹”‡†–‘—•‡ƒ•›•–‡…ƒ†‹”‡…–Ž› ƒˆˆ‡…– •›•–‡ —•ƒ‰‡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ȋ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† ‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ —•‡ȌǤ ‘”‡ ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ›ǡ ƒ˜‹• ȋͳͻͺͷȌ †‡ˆ‹‡†’‡”…‡‹˜‡†—•‡ˆ—Ž‡••ƒ†’‡”…‡‹˜‡†‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ—•‡ƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ǣ  ‡”…‡‹˜‡†—•‡ˆ—Ž‡••ǣThedegreetowhichanindividualbelievesthat usingaparticularsystemwouldenhancehisorherjobperformanceǤ  ‡”…‡‹˜‡†‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ—•‡ǣThedegreetowhichanindividualbelievesthat usingaparticularsystemwouldbefreeofphysicalandmentaleffort.  ƒ˜‹•–Š‡ǡ’”‘…‡‡†‡†–‘–Š‡’”‘„Ž‡‘ˆ‡ƒ•—”‹‰„‘–Š–Š‡’‡”…‡‹˜‡†—•‡ˆ—Ž‡••ƒ† ’‡”…‡‹˜‡†‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ—•‡‘ˆƒ•›•–‡  Developing measurement scales for perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use ‘ †‡˜‡Ž‘’ ‡ƒ•—”‡‡– •…ƒŽ‡• ˆ‘” ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† ‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ —•‡ ƒ† ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† —•‡ˆ—Ž‡••ǡ ƒ˜‹• ”‡ˆ‡””‡† –‘ ’•›…Š‘‡–”‹… •…ƒŽ‡• —•‡† ‹ ’•›…Š‘Ž‘‰› ȋƒ˜‹•ǡ ͳͻͺͻȌǤ Š‡•‡ •…ƒŽ‡• –›’‹…ƒŽŽ› ’”‘’– ƒ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ –‘ ”‡•’‘† –‘˜ƒ”‹‘—• “—‡•–‹‘• –Šƒ– ’‡”–ƒ‹ –‘ƒ ‰‹˜‡ …‘–‡š–Ǥ‡•’‘•‡•‘„–ƒ‹‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡•‡’”‘’–•…ƒ–Š‡„‡ƒƒŽ›œ‡†ǡƒ†—•‡†ƒ•ƒ ‹†‹…ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ ’‡”•‘ǯ• ‹–‡”ƒŽ „‡Ž‹‡ˆ ˆ‘” –Š‡ …‘–‡š– …‘•‹†‡”‡†Ǥ  –Š‡ …ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ ǡ ƒ˜‹•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†Š‹•’•›…Š‘‡–”‹…•…ƒŽ‡•ˆ‘”„‘–Š’‡”…‡‹˜‡†‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ—•‡ƒ†’‡”…‡‹˜‡† —•‡ˆ—Ž‡••‹–Š”‡‡•–ƒ‰‡•ǣƒ’”‡–‡•–‹‰’Šƒ•‡ǡƒ‡’‹”‹…ƒŽˆ‹‡Ž†•–—†›ǡƒ†ƒŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‘”› ‡š’‡”‹‡–ǡƒ†‡ƒ…Š–‹‡Š‡‘†‹ˆ‹‡†ƒ†”‡ˆ‹‡†–Š‡•…ƒŽ‡•Ǥ   –Š‡ ’”‡–‡•–‹‰ ’Šƒ•‡ǡ ƒ˜‹• ȋͳͻͺͻȌ ‹–‡”˜‹‡™‡† ͳͷ ‡š’‡”‹‡…‡† …‘’—–‡” —•‡”• –‘ ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡ ͳͶ ‹–‡• –Šƒ– Š‡ –Š‘—‰Š– ™‘—Ž† „‡ •—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ ˆ‘” ‡ƒ•—”‹‰ ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† ‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ —•‡ǡ ƒ† ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† —•‡ˆ—Ž‡•• ‘ˆ ƒ •›•–‡Ǥ • •Š‘™ ‹ ƒ„Ž‡• ͳ ƒ† ʹǡ ‡ƒ…Š „‡Ž‹‡ˆǡ ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† ‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ —•‡ ƒ† ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† —•‡ˆ—Ž‡••ǡ Šƒ† ͳͶ •–ƒ–‡‡–• –Šƒ– ™‡”‡ –ƒ‹Ž‘”‡† –‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡—•‡‘ˆƒ‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹Ž•›•–‡Ǥ  ƒ„Ž‡ͳ Initialscaleitemsforperceivedusefulness(Davis,1989,p.324) –‡‘Ǥ ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡‹–‡ˆ‘”‡ƒ•—”‹‰ ˆ‘”’‡”…‡‹˜‡†—•‡ˆ—Ž‡•• ͳ ›Œ‘„™‘—Ž†„‡†‹ˆˆ‹…—Ž––‘’‡”ˆ‘”™‹–Š‘—–‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹ŽǤ ʹ •‹‰‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹Ž‰‹˜‡•‡‰”‡ƒ–‡”…‘–”‘Ž‘˜‡”›™‘”Ǥ ͵ •‹‰‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹Ž‹’”‘˜‡•›Œ‘„’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡Ǥ Ͷ Š‡‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹Ž•›•–‡ ƒ††”‡••‡•›Œ‘„Ǧ”‡Žƒ–‡†‡‡†•Ǥ ͷ •‹‰‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹Ž•ƒ˜‡•‡–‹‡Ǥ ͸ Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹Ž‡ƒ„Ž‡•‡–‘ƒ……‘’Ž‹•Š–ƒ••‘”‡“—‹…Ž›Ǥ ͹ Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹Ž•—’’‘”–•…”‹–‹…ƒŽƒ•’‡…–•‘ˆ›Œ‘„Ǥ ͺ •‹‰‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹ŽƒŽŽ‘™•‡–‘ƒ……‘’Ž‹•Š‘”‡™‘”–Šƒ™‘—Ž† ‘–Š‡”™‹•‡„‡’‘••‹„Ž‡Ǥ ͻ ͳͲ ͳͳ ͳʹ ͳ͵ ͳͶ

•‹‰‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹Ž”‡†—…‡•–Š‡–‹‡ •’‡†‘—’”‘†—…–‹˜‡ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•Ǥ •‹‰‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹Ž‡Šƒ…‡•›‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡‡••‘–Š‡Œ‘„Ǥ •‹‰‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹Ž‹’”‘˜‡•–Š‡“—ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡™‘” †‘Ǥ •‹‰‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹Ž‹…”‡ƒ•‡•›’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–›Ǥ •‹‰‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹Žƒ‡•‹–‡ƒ•‹‡”–‘†‘›Œ‘„Ǥ ˜‡”ƒŽŽǡ ˆ‹†–Š‡‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹Ž•›•–‡—•‡ˆ—Ž‹›Œ‘„Ǥ 5



Sprouts - http://sprouts.aisnet.org/9-37

˜‡”˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›……‡’–ƒ…‡‘†‡Žǣ”‹‰‹•ǡ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•ƒ† —–—”‡‹”‡…–‹‘•

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 ƒ„Ž‡ʹ Initialscaleitemsforperceivedeaseofuse(Davis,1989,p.324) –‡‘Ǥ ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡‹–‡ˆ‘”‡ƒ•—”‹‰ ’‡”…‡‹˜‡†‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ—•‡ ͳ ‘ˆ–‡„‡…‘‡…‘ˆ—•‡†™Š‡ —•‡–Š‡‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹Ž•›•–‡Ǥ ʹ ƒ‡‡””‘”•ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž›™Š‡—•‹‰‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹ŽǤ ͵  –‡”ƒ…–‹‰™‹–Š–Š‡‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹Ž•›•–‡‹•‘ˆ–‡ˆ”—•–”ƒ–‹‰Ǥ Ͷ ‡‡†–‘…‘•—Ž––Š‡—•‡”ƒ—ƒŽ‘ˆ–‡™Š‡—•‹‰‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹ŽǤ ͷ –‡”ƒ…–‹‰™‹–Š–Š‡‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹Ž•›•–‡”‡“—‹”‡•ƒŽ‘–‘ˆ›‡–ƒŽ‡ˆˆ‘”–Ǥ ͸  ˆ‹†‹–‡ƒ•›–‘”‡…‘˜‡”ˆ”‘‡””‘”•‡…‘—–‡”‡†™Š‹Ž‡—•‹‰‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹ŽǤ ͹ Š‡‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹Ž•›•–‡‹•”‹‰‹†ƒ†‹ˆŽ‡š‹„Ž‡–‘‹–‡”ƒ…–™‹–ŠǤ ͺ ˆ‹†‹–‡ƒ•›–‘‰‡––Š‡‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹Ž•›•–‡–‘†‘™Šƒ– ™ƒ–‹––‘†‘Ǥ ͻ Š‡‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹Ž•›•–‡‘ˆ–‡„‡Šƒ˜‡•‹—‡š’‡…–‡†™ƒ›•Ǥ ͳͲ  ˆ‹†‹–…—„‡”•‘‡–‘—•‡–Š‡‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹Ž•›•–‡Ǥ ͳͳ ›‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘™‹–Š–Š‡‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹Ž•›•–‡‹•‡ƒ•›ˆ‘”‡–‘—†‡”•–ƒ†Ǥ ͳʹ –‹•‡ƒ•›ˆ‘”‡–‘”‡‡„‡”Š‘™–‘’‡”ˆ‘”–ƒ••—•‹‰–Š‡‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹Ž •›•–‡Ǥ ͳ͵ Š‡‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹Ž•›•–‡’”‘˜‹†‡•Š‡Ž’ˆ—Ž‰—‹†ƒ…‡‹’‡”ˆ‘”‹‰–ƒ••Ǥ ͳͶ ˜‡”ƒŽŽǡ ˆ‹†–Š‡‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹Ž•›•–‡‡ƒ•›–‘—•‡Ǥ    Š‡’”‡–‡•–’Šƒ•‡ƒ••‡••‡†–Š‡•‡ƒ–‹……‘–‡–‘ˆ–Š‡‹–‡•ǡƒ†…ƒ–‡‰‘”‹œ‡†–Š‡‹ …Ž—•–‡”• ‘ˆ •‹‹Žƒ”‹–‹‡• •—…Š –Šƒ–ǡ ‹–‡• –Šƒ– ™‡”‡ ˆ”‡‡ ˆ”‘ ƒ„‹‰—‹–›ǡ ƒ† ƒ……—”ƒ–‡ ‡‘—‰Š –‘ ‡ƒ•—”‡ ‡‹–Š‡” ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† ‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ —•‡ ‘” ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† —•‡ˆ—Ž‡•• ™‡”‡ ‡ƒ•‹Ž› ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†Ǥ  ‘•‡“—‡–Ž›ǡ •‘‡ ‹–‡• –Šƒ– †‹† ‘– …Ž—•–‡” ™‹–Š ‘–Š‡” ‹–‡• ™‡”‡ ‡Ž‹‹ƒ–‡†ǡ ƒ†•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡š‹•–‹‰”‡ƒ‹‹‰‘‡• ™‡”‡”‡’Š”ƒ•‡† –‘’”‘†—…‡ƒ–‡ ‹–‡•…ƒŽ‡ƒ••Š‘™‹ƒ„Ž‡•͵ƒ†ͶǤ    ƒ„Ž‡͵ Revised10itemscaleforperceivedusefulness(Davis,1989,Table3,p.326) –‡‘Ǥ ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡‹–‡ˆ‘”’•›…Š‘‡–”‹…‡ƒ•—”‡•ˆ‘”’‡”…‡‹˜‡†—•‡ˆ—Ž‡•• ͳ •‹‰‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹Ž‹’”‘˜‡•–Š‡“—ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡™‘” †‘Ǥ ʹ •‹‰‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹Ž‰‹˜‡•‡‰”‡ƒ–‡”…‘–”‘Ž‘˜‡”›™‘”Ǥ ͵ Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹Ž‡ƒ„Ž‡•‡–‘ƒ……‘’Ž‹•Š–ƒ••‘”‡“—‹…Ž›Ǥ Ͷ Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹Ž•—’’‘”–•…”‹–‹…ƒŽƒ•’‡…–•‘ˆ›Œ‘„Ǥ ͷ •‹‰‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹Ž‹…”‡ƒ•‡•›’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–›Ǥ ͸ •‹‰‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹Ž‹’”‘˜‡•›Œ‘„’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡Ǥ ͹ •‹‰‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹ŽƒŽŽ‘™•‡–‘ƒ……‘’Ž‹•Š‘”‡™‘”–Šƒ™‘—Ž† ‘–Š‡”™‹•‡„‡’‘••‹„Ž‡Ǥ ͺ •‹‰‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹Ž‡Šƒ…‡•›‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡‡••‘–Š‡Œ‘„Ǥ ͻ •‹‰‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹Žƒ‡•‹–‡ƒ•‹‡”–‘†‘›Œ‘„Ǥ ͳͲ ˜‡”ƒŽŽǡ ˆ‹†–Š‡‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹Ž•›•–‡—•‡ˆ—Ž‹›Œ‘„Ǥ     6 

Sprouts - http://sprouts.aisnet.org/9-37

˜‡”˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›……‡’–ƒ…‡‘†‡Žǣ”‹‰‹•ǡ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•ƒ† —–—”‡‹”‡…–‹‘•

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ƒ„Ž‡Ͷ Revised10itemscaleforperceivedeaseofuse(Davis,1989,Table4,p.326) –‡‘Ǥ ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡‹–‡ˆ‘”’•›…Š‘‡–”‹…‡ƒ•—”‡•ˆ‘”’‡”…‡‹˜‡†‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ—•‡ ͳ  ˆ‹†‹–…—„‡”•‘‡–‘—•‡–Š‡‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹Ž•›•–‡Ǥ ʹ ‡ƒ”‹‰–‘‘’‡”ƒ–‡–Š‡‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹Ž•›•–‡‹•‡ƒ•›ˆ‘”‡Ǥ ͵  –‡”ƒ…–‹‰™‹–Š–Š‡‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹Ž•›•–‡‹•‘ˆ–‡ˆ”—•–”ƒ–‹‰Ǥ Ͷ ˆ‹†‹–‡ƒ•›–‘‰‡––Š‡‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹Ž•›•–‡–‘†‘™Šƒ– ™ƒ–‹––‘†‘Ǥ ͷ Š‡‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹Ž•›•–‡‹•”‹‰‹†ƒ†‹ˆŽ‡š‹„Ž‡–‘‹–‡”ƒ…–™‹–ŠǤ ͸ –‹•‡ƒ•›ˆ‘”‡–‘”‡‡„‡”Š‘™–‘’‡”ˆ‘”–ƒ••—•‹‰–Š‡‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹Ž •›•–‡Ǥ ͹ –‡”ƒ…–‹‰™‹–Š–Š‡‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹Ž•›•–‡”‡“—‹”‡•ƒŽ‘–‘ˆ›‡–ƒŽ‡ˆˆ‘”–Ǥ ͺ ›‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘™‹–Š–Š‡‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹Ž•›•–‡‹•…Ž‡ƒ”ƒ†—†‡”•–ƒ†ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ ͻ ˆ‹†‹––ƒ‡•ƒŽ‘–‘ˆ‡ˆˆ‘”––‘„‡…‘‡•‹ŽŽˆ—Žƒ–—•‹‰‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹ŽǤ ͳͲ ˜‡”ƒŽŽǡ ˆ‹†–Š‡‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹Ž•›•–‡‡ƒ•›–‘—•‡Ǥ   ‘–‡•––Š‡”‡Ž‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ƒ†˜ƒŽ‹†‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡‡™ͳͲ‹–‡•…ƒŽ‡•ǡƒ˜‹•ȋͳͻͺͻȌ…‘†—…–‡†ƒ ˆ‹‡Ž† •–—†› ™‹–Š ͳͳʹ ‡’Ž‘›‡‡• ™‘”‹‰ ˆ‘”  ‹ ‘”‘–‘ǡ ƒƒ†ƒǤ ƒ˜‹• ”‡“—‡•–‡† –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–• –‘ —•‡ –Š‡ •…ƒŽ‡• •Š‘™ ‹ ƒ„Ž‡• ͵ ƒ† Ͷ –‘ ”ƒ–‡ –Š‡ —•‡ˆ—Ž‡•• ƒ† ‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ —•‡ ‘ˆ –™‘ •›•–‡• –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‡’Ž‘›‡‡• ™‡”‡ ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› —•‹‰ ‹•‹†‡ –Š‡ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•…‘—Ž†ƒ••‹‰ƒ”ƒ–‹‰‘ˆͳ–‘͹‘ƒŽ‹‡”–•…ƒŽ‡ˆ‘”‡ƒ…Š‘ˆ–Š‡ ’•›…Š‘‡–”‹… ‡ƒ•—”‡• •Š‘™ ‹ ƒ„Ž‡• ͵ ƒ† Ͷǡ ™‹–Š ƒ ”ƒ–‹‰ ‘ˆ ͳ ‡ƒ‹‰ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•–”‘‰Ž›ƒ‰”‡‡†™‹–Š–Š‡’•›…Š‘‡–”‹…‡ƒ•—”‡•–ƒ–‡‡–ǡƒ†ƒ”ƒ–‹‰‘ˆ͹ ‡ƒ‹‰ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ– •–”‘‰ †‹•ƒ‰”‡‡† ™‹–Š –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡‡–Ǥ ƒ–‹‰ •…ƒŽ‡• ‹ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡•‡ –™‘ ‡š–”‡‡•ǡ ͳ ƒ† ͹ǡ ”‡’”‡•‡–‡† ˜ƒ”›‹‰ †‡‰”‡‡• ‘ˆ ƒ‰”‡‡‡–Ǥ ‡•’‘•‡•™‡”‡–Š‡•—„Œ‡…–‡†–‘ˆ—”–Š‡”ƒƒŽ›•‹•ǡ—•‹‰’”‹…‹’ƒŽ…‘’‘‡–ƒƒŽ›•‹•ǡ —Ž–‹–”ƒ‹–Ǧ‡–Š‘†ƒƒŽ›•‹•ǡƒ†ˆƒ…–‘”ƒƒŽ›•‹•–‘†‡–‡”‹‡–Š‡”‡Ž‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ƒ†˜ƒŽ‹†‹–› ‘ˆ–Š‡ͳͲ•…ƒŽ‡‹–‡•–‡•–‡†ǤŽŽ–Š‡–‡•–••Š‘™‡†ƒŠ‹‰Š”‡Ž‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ƒ†˜ƒŽ‹†‹–›ˆ‘”–Š‡ͳͲ ‹–‡•…ƒŽ‡•Ǥ  ƒ˜‹•ȋͳͻͺͻȌƒŽ•‘ƒ•‡†–Š‡’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•ˆ”‘ –‘”‡’‘”––Š‡‹”ƒ––‹–—†‡–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡ –™‘•›•–‡•–Š‡›™‡”‡”ƒ–‹‰ǡ—•‹‰ƒ•…ƒŽ‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†„›Œœ‡ƒ† ‹•Š„‡‹ȋͳͻͺͲȌˆ‘” ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹œ‹‰ ƒ––‹–—†‡ –‘™ƒ”† „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”Ǥ Š‡ •…ƒŽ‡ ‡ƒ•—”‡† ˆ‹˜‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– –›’‡• ‘ˆ ƒ––‹–—†‡–Šƒ–ƒ’‡”•‘ƒ›Šƒ˜‡–‘™ƒ”†ƒ•›•–‡‘ƒ•‡˜‡’‘‹–•…ƒŽ‡™‹–Š‹†Ǧ’‘‹– Žƒ„‡Ž‡†Dz‡—–”ƒŽdzƒ••Š‘™„‡Ž‘™Ǥ   ŽŽ–Š‹‰•…‘•‹†‡”‡†ǡ›—•‹‰‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹Ž‹›Œ‘„‹•ǣ       ‡—–”ƒŽ

‘‘†  ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ ƒ† ‹•‡  ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ ‘‘Ž‹•Š ƒ˜‘”ƒ„Ž‡ ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ ˆƒ˜‘”ƒ„Ž‡ ‡‡ˆ‹…‹ƒŽ ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ ƒ”ˆ—ŽǢƒ† ‘•‹–‹˜‡ ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡Ǥ  ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ–Š‡’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•Šƒ†–‘”‡’‘”––Š‡‹”ƒ…–—ƒŽ—•ƒ‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡–™‘•›•–‡•‘ƒ•‹š ’‘•‹–‹‘…ƒ–‡‰‘”‹…ƒŽ•…ƒŽ‡™‹–Š–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰Žƒ„‡Ž•ǣ  7 

Sprouts - http://sprouts.aisnet.org/9-37

˜‡”˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›……‡’–ƒ…‡‘†‡Žǣ”‹‰‹•ǡ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•ƒ† —–—”‡‹”‡…–‹‘•

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Don’tuseatall,Uselessthanonceeachweek,Useaboutonceeachweek,Useseveraltimes aweek,UseaboutonceeachdayandUseseveraltimeseachday.  ‡•—Ž–• ‘„–ƒ‹‡† •Š‘™‡† –Šƒ–ǡ •‡ŽˆǦ”‡’‘”–‡† —•ƒ‰‡ ™ƒ• •‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–Ž› …‘””‡Žƒ–‡† ™‹–Š „‘–Š’‡”…‡‹˜‡†‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ—•‡ƒ†’‡”…‡‹˜‡†—•‡ˆ—Ž‡••ˆ‘”–Š‡–™‘•›•–‡•‹—•‡ƒ– ǡ –Š—•…‘ˆ‹”‹‰ƒ˜‹•ȋͳͻͺͷȌ‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ‘†‡Žȋ ‹‰—”‡ʹȌǤ  ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ƒ˜‹• ȋͳͻͺͻȌ ™‡– ˆ—”–Š‡” ƒ† ”‡ˆ‹‡† „‘–Š ͳͲ ‹–‡ •…ƒŽ‡• –‘ †‡˜‡Ž‘’ –™‘ •Š‘”–‡”•‹š‹–‡•…ƒŽ‡•ǡ„‡…ƒ—•‡Š‡–Š‘—‰Š––Šƒ–‡‡’‹‰–Š‡•…ƒŽ‡••Š‘”–™‘—Ž†„‡‘”‡ ’”ƒ…–‹…ƒŽ ‹ ”‡ƒŽ ™‘”Ž† •‹–—ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ ‡ —•‡† –Š‡ ’‡ƒ”ƒǦ”‘™ ’”‘’Š‡…› ˆ‘”—Žƒ –‘ ”‡†—…‡ –Š‡ —„‡” ‘ˆ ‹–‡• –‘ •‹š •‘ ƒ• –‘ ‘„–ƒ‹ ƒ Ǥͻ͹ ”‡Ž‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‡ƒ•—”‡ǡ ƒ† –Š—• †‡˜‡Ž‘’–Š‡•‹š‹–‡•…ƒŽ‡••Š‘™‹ƒ„Ž‡•ͷƒ†͸Ǥ ƒ„Ž‡ͷ  Revised6itemsscaleforperceivedusefulnesswordedtowardsCHARTMASTER –‡‘Ǥ ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡‹–‡ˆ‘”’•›…Š‘‡–”‹…‡ƒ•—”‡•ˆ‘”’‡”…‡‹˜‡†—•‡ˆ—Ž‡•• ͳ •‹‰Ǧ‹›Œ‘„™‘—Ž†‡ƒ„Ž‡‡–‘ƒ……‘’Ž‹•Š–ƒ••‘”‡ “—‹…Ž›Ǥ ʹ •‹‰Ǧ™‘—Ž†‹’”‘˜‡›Œ‘„’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡Ǥ ͵ •‹‰Ǧ‹›Œ‘„™‘—Ž†‹…”‡ƒ•‡›’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–›Ǥ Ͷ •‹‰Ǧ™‘—Ž†‡Šƒ…‡›‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡‡••‘–Š‡Œ‘„Ǥ ͷ •‹‰Ǧ™‘—Ž†ƒ‡‹–‡ƒ•‹‡”–‘†‘›Œ‘„Ǥ ͸ ™‘—Ž†ˆ‹†̴—•‡ˆ—Ž‹›Œ‘„Ǥ   ƒ„Ž‡͸ Revised6itemsscaleforperceivedeaseofusewordedtowardsCHARTMASTER –‡‘Ǥ ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡‹–‡ˆ‘”’•›…Š‘‡–”‹…‡ƒ•—”‡•ˆ‘”’‡”…‡‹˜‡†—•‡ˆ—Ž‡•• ͳ ‡ƒ”‹‰–‘‘’‡”ƒ–‡Ǧ™‘—Ž†„‡‡ƒ•›ˆ‘”‡Ǥ ʹ ™‘—Ž†ˆ‹†‹–‡ƒ•›–‘‰‡–Ǧ–‘†‘™Šƒ– ™ƒ––‘†‘Ǥ ͵ ›‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘™‹–ŠǦ™‘—Ž†„‡…Ž‡ƒ”ƒ†—†‡”•–ƒ†ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ Ͷ ™‘—Ž†ˆ‹†ǦˆŽ‡š‹„Ž‡–‘‹–‡”ƒ…–™‹–ŠǤ ͷ –™‘—Ž†„‡‡ƒ•›ˆ‘”‡–‘„‡…‘‡•‹ŽŽˆ—Žƒ–—•‹‰ǦǤ ͸ ™‘—Ž†ˆ‹†Ǧ‡ƒ•›–‘—•‡Ǥ  ƒ˜‹• ȋͳͻͺͻȌ —•‡† –Š‡•‡ •‹š ‹–‡ •…ƒŽ‡• –‘ …‘†—…– ƒ Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‘”› •–—†› ™‹–Š ͶͲ ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–• –‘ ˜ƒŽ‹†ƒ–‡ –Š‡  ‘†‡Ž •Š‘™ ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡” ‹ ‹‰—”‡ ʹǤ Š‡ •›•–‡• ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡†™‡”‡–™‘ Ǧ„ƒ•‡†‰”ƒ’Š‹…••›•–‡•ǡŠƒ”–Ǧƒ•–‡”ƒ†‡Ǧ†”ƒ™ǡ™Š‹…Š –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–• Šƒ† ‡˜‡” —•‡†Ǥ  –Š‹• …ƒ•‡ǡ ƒ˜‹• ™ƒ• ‹–‡”‡•–‡† ‹ ˆ‹†‹‰ ™Š‡–Š‡” –Š‡”‡ ™ƒ• ƒ› …‘””‡Žƒ–‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ •‹š ‹–‡ •…ƒŽ‡ ‹–‡• Š‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ’”‡†‹…–‡† —•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –™‘ •›•–‡•Ǥ ‘ǡ Š‡ ‰ƒ˜‡ –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–• ƒ ‘‡ Š‘—” Šƒ†•Ǧ‘ ‡š’‡”‹‡…‡ ™‹–Š ‡ƒ…Š •›•–‡ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ƒ•‡† –Š‡ –‘ ”ƒ–‡ –Š‡‹” ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† —•‡ˆ—Ž‡•• ƒ†’‡”…‡‹˜‡†‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ—•‡ˆ‘”„‘–Š•›•–‡•Ǥ  ‡”‡–‘‘ǡŠ‡—•‡†–Š‡‡ƒ•—”‡‡–•…ƒŽ‡•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†„› ‹•Š„‡‹ƒ†Œœ‡ȋͳͻ͹ͷȌ–‘ ‡ƒ•—”‡ –Š‡ ƒ––‹–—†‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–• –‘™ƒ”†• –Š‡ –™‘ •›•–‡•Ǥ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•”‡’‘”–‡†–Š‡‹”•‡ŽˆǦ’”‡†‹…–‡†ˆ—–—”‡—•‡‘ˆ„‘–Š•›•–‡•„›ƒ•™‡”‹‰–Š‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰“—‡•–‹‘ƒ––Š‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‡‡š’‡”‹‡–Ǥ 8 

Sprouts - http://sprouts.aisnet.org/9-37

˜‡”˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›……‡’–ƒ…‡‘†‡Žǣ”‹‰‹•ǡ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•ƒ† —–—”‡‹”‡…–‹‘•

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••—‹‰Ǧ™‘—Ž†„‡ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡‘›Œ‘„ǡ ’”‡†‹…––Šƒ– ™‹ŽŽ—•‡‹–‘ƒ”‡‰—Žƒ”„ƒ•‹•‹–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡Ǥ

 ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•Šƒ†–‘”‡•’‘†–‘–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡“—‡•–‹‘„›”ƒ–‹‰–Š‡‹”’”‡†‹…–‡†—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡ •›•–‡ ‘ –™‘ •‡˜‡Ǧ’‘‹– •…ƒŽ‡•ǡ ‘‡ ™‹–Š Ž‹‡Ž›Ǧ—Ž‹‡Ž› ‡†Ǧ’‘‹– ƒ†Œ‡…–‹˜‡•ǡ –Š‡ ‘–Š‡”ǡ™‹–Š‹’”‘„ƒ„Ž‡Ǧ’”‘„ƒ„Ž‡‡†’‘‹–ƒ†Œ‡…–‹˜‡•Ǥ  › ƒƒŽ›œ‹‰ –Š‡ ”‡•—Ž–• ‘„–ƒ‹‡† ‹ Š‹• ‡š’‡”‹‡–ǡ ƒ˜‹• ȋͳͻͺͷȌ ˆ‘—† ƒ ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ …‘””‡Žƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡–Š‡•…ƒŽ‡•ƒ†•‡ŽˆǦ’”‡†‹…–‡†ˆ—–—”‡—•ƒ‰‡Ǥ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡƒ˜‹•—•‡† ”‡‰”‡••‹‘ƒƒŽ›•‹•–‘†‡–‡”‹‡–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’•–Šƒ–‡š‹•–‡†‹Š‹•‘†‡ŽǤŽ‘‰ ™‹–Š –Š‡ …‘ˆ‹”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ Š‹• ‹‹–‹ƒŽ Š›’‘–Š‡•‹•ǡ ƒ˜‹• ™‘—Ž† ƒŽ•‘ †‹•…‘˜‡” ‘–Š‡” ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’•–Šƒ–Š‡Šƒ†‡š’‡…–‡†–‘„‡‹•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–ƒ••Š‘™‹ ‹‰—”‡ͶǤ  ƒ˜‹• ȋͳͻͻ͵Ȍ –Š—•ǡ •—‰‰‡•–‡† –Šƒ– ‹ …‘–”ƒ•– –‘ ™Šƒ– Š‡ ‹‹–‹ƒŽŽ› ’”‡†‹…–‡†ǡ ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† —•‡ˆ—Ž‡••…‘—Ž†ƒŽ•‘Šƒ˜‡ƒ†‹”‡…–‹ˆŽ—‡…‡‘ƒ…–—ƒŽ•›•–‡—•‡Ǥ––Š‡•ƒ‡–‹‡ǡŠ‡ ˆ‘—† –Šƒ– •›•–‡ …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹…• …‘—Ž† †‹”‡…–Ž› ‹ˆŽ—‡…‡ –Š‡ ƒ––‹–—†‡ ‘ˆ ƒ ’‡”•‘ –‘™ƒ”†—•‹‰–Š‡•›•–‡ǡ™‹–Š‘—––Š‡‡‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡’‡”•‘–‘ˆ‘”ƒƒ…–—ƒŽ„‡Ž‹‡ˆƒ„‘—– –Š‡•›•–‡ƒ••Š‘™‹ ‹‰—”‡ͶǤ  Perceived  Usefulness    Attitude Actual System Toward System  Using Use   Perceived  EaseofUse    Linkhypothesizedinsignificantbutfound  significant   ‹‰—”‡Ͷǣ‡™”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘‹ȋƒ˜‹•ǡͳͻͻ͵ǡ’ǤͶͺͳȌǤ  ‘•‡“—‡–Ž›ǡ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ ‘–Š‡” •–—†‹‡• ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡† ‹ ‘”†‡” –‘ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡ ‹ †‡’–Š –Š‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’•„‡–™‡‡–Š‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•‹–Š‡‘†‡ŽǤ  TAMevolving ƒ–‡” †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ˆ  ™‘—Ž† ‹…Ž—†‡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ ‹–‡–‹‘ ƒ• ƒ ‡™ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡ –Šƒ– ™‘—Ž† „‡ †‹”‡…–Ž› ‹ˆŽ—‡…‡† „› –Š‡ ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† —•‡ˆ—Ž‡•• ‘ˆ ƒ •›•–‡ ȋƒ˜‹•ǡ ƒ‰‘œœ‹ ƒ† ƒ”•Šƒ™ǡ ͳͻͺͻȌǤ ƒ˜‹• ‡– ƒŽǤ ȋͳͻͺͻȌ •—‰‰‡•–‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡”‡ ™‘—Ž† „‡ …ƒ•‡• ™Š‡ǡ ‰‹˜‡ ƒ •›•–‡ ™Š‹…Š ™ƒ• ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† —•‡ˆ—Žǡ ƒ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ ‹‰Š– ˆ‘” ƒ •–”‘‰ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ‹–‡–‹‘–‘—•‡–Š‡•›•–‡™‹–Š‘—–ˆ‘”‹‰ƒ›ƒ––‹–—†‡ǡ–Š—•‰‹˜‹‰”‹•‡–‘ ƒ‘†‹ˆ‹‡†˜‡”•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‘†‡Žƒ•‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‡†‹ ‹‰—”‡ͷǤ       9 

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˜‡”˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›……‡’–ƒ…‡‘†‡Žǣ”‹‰‹•ǡ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•ƒ† —–—”‡‹”‡…–‹‘•

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Perceived Usefulness (U) Attitude Toward Using(A)

External Variables

Behavioral Intentionto Use(BI)

Actual System Use

Perceived EaseofUse (E)

‹‰—”‡ͷǣ ‹”•–‘†‹ˆ‹‡†˜‡”•‹‘‘ˆȋƒ˜‹•ǡƒ‰‘œœ‹ƒ†ƒ”•Šƒ™ǡͳͻͺͻǡ’ǤͻͺͷȌ  ƒ˜‹•ǡ ƒ‰‘œœ‹ ƒ† ƒ”•Šƒ™ ȋͳͻͺͻȌ —•‡† –Š‡ ƒ„‘˜‡ ‘†‡Ž –‘ …‘†—…– ƒ Ž‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽ •–—†› ™‹–Š ͳͲ͹ —•‡”• –‘ ‡ƒ•—”‡ –Š‡‹” ‹–‡–‹‘ –‘ —•‡ ƒ •›•–‡ ƒˆ–‡” ƒ ‘‡ Š‘—” ‹–”‘†—…–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡ •›•–‡ǡ ƒ† ƒ‰ƒ‹ ͳͶ ™‡‡• Žƒ–‡”Ǥ  „‘–Š …ƒ•‡•ǡ –Š‡‹” ”‡•—Ž–• ‹†‹…ƒ–‡† ƒ •–”‘‰ …‘””‡Žƒ–‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ ”‡’‘”–‡† ‹–‡–‹‘ ƒ† •‡ŽˆǦ”‡’‘”–‡† •›•–‡ —•ƒ‰‡ ™‹–Š ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† —•‡ˆ—Ž‡•• ”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‰”‡ƒ–‡•– ‹ˆŽ—‡…‡ ‘ ’‡‘’Ž‡ǯ• ‹–‡–‹‘Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† ‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ —•‡ ™ƒ• ˆ‘—† –‘ Šƒ˜‡ ƒ •ƒŽŽ „—– •‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ– ‡ˆˆ‡…–‘„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ‹–‡–‹‘™Š‹…ŠŽƒ–‡”•—„•‹†‡†‘˜‡”–‹‡Ǥ—––Š‡ƒ‹ˆ‹†‹‰™ƒ• –Šƒ– „‘–Š ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† —•‡ˆ—Ž‡•• ƒ† ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† ‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ —•‡ ™‡”‡ ˆ‘—† –‘ Šƒ˜‡ ƒ †‹”‡…– ‹ˆŽ—‡…‡ ‘ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ ‹–‡–‹‘ǡ –Š—• ‡Ž‹‹ƒ–‹‰ –Š‡ ‡‡† ˆ‘” –Š‡ ƒ––‹–—†‡ …‘•–”—…– ˆ”‘–Š‡‘†‡Ž•Š‘™‹ ‹‰—”‡ͷǤŠ‡”‡•—Ž–ƒ–‘†‡Ž‹••Š‘™‹ ‹‰—”‡͸Ǥ

 ‹‰—”‡͸ǣ ‹ƒŽ˜‡”•‹‘‘ˆȋ‡ƒ–‡•ŠƬƒ˜‹•ǡͳͻͻ͸ǡ’ǤͶͷ͵Ȍ  Š—•ǡ „› ‡Ž‹‹ƒ–‹‰ –Š‡ ƒ––‹–—†‡ …‘•–”—…– ƒ† ‹–”‘†—…‹‰ –Š‡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ ‹–‡–‹‘ …‘•–”—…–ǡ–Š‡”‡•—Ž–•‘„–ƒ‹‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡†‹”‡…–‹ˆŽ—‡…‡‘ˆ’‡”…‡‹˜‡†—•‡ˆ—Ž‡••‘ƒ…–—ƒŽ •›•–‡—•‡ǡƒ•™ƒ••Š‘™‹ ‹‰—”‡Ͷǡ…‘—Ž†„‡‡š’Žƒ‹‡†Ǥ––Š‡•ƒ‡–‹‡ǡ”‡‘˜‹‰ –Š‡ ƒ––‹–—†‡ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡ ‡Ž‹‹ƒ–‡† ƒ› —‡š’Žƒ‹‡† †‹”‡…– ‹ˆŽ—‡…‡ ‘„•‡”˜‡† ˆ”‘ –Š‡ •›•–‡ …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹…• –‘ –Š‡ ƒ––‹–—†‡ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ  ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ …Šƒ‰‡ „”‘—‰Š– –‘ –Š‡ ‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ  ‘†‡Žǡ ™ƒ• –Š‡ …‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘–Š‡” ˆƒ…–‘”•ǡ ”‡ˆ‡””‡† –‘ ƒ• ‡š–‡”ƒŽ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡• –Šƒ– ‹‰Š– ‹ˆŽ—‡…‡ –Š‡ „‡Ž‹‡ˆ• ‘ˆ ƒ ’‡”•‘ –‘™ƒ”†• ƒ •›•–‡Ǥ  š–‡”ƒŽ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡• –›’‹…ƒŽŽ› ‹…Ž—†‡† •›•–‡ …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹…•ǡ —•‡” –”ƒ‹‹‰ǡ —•‡” ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–‹‘ ‹ †‡•‹‰ǡƒ†–Š‡ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘’”‘…‡••ȋ‡ƒ–‡•ŠƬƒ˜‹•ǡͳͻͻ͸ȌǤ  ‹–Š–Š‹•ˆ‹ƒŽ˜‡”•‹‘‹’Žƒ…‡ǡˆ—”–Š‡””‡•‡ƒ”…ŠŽ‡†–‘ͳȌ”‡’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‰ƒ†–‡•–‹‰‹–• ’”‘’‘•‹–‹‘•ƒ†’‘••‹„Ž‡Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘•ǢʹȌ…‘’ƒ”‹‰™‹–Š‘–Š‡”‘†‡Ž••—…Šƒ•–Š‡ Š‡‘”› ‘ˆ ‡ƒ•‘‡† …–‹‘ ȋȌ ƒ† –Š‡ Š‡‘”› ‘ˆ Žƒ‡† ‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ȋȌǢ ͵Ȍ ƒ†ƒ’–‹‰ˆ‘”˜ƒ”‹‘—••‡––‹‰••—…Šƒ•ƒ†ƒ–‘”›•…‡ƒ”‹‘•ǡ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘•ǡ 10 

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˜‡”˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›……‡’–ƒ…‡‘†‡Žǣ”‹‰‹•ǡ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•ƒ† —–—”‡‹”‡…–‹‘•

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ƒ†…—Ž–—”‡•Ǣƒ†ͶȌ‡š–‡†‹‰–Š‡‘†‡Ž–‘‹…Ž—†‡‘–Š‡”˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡••—…Šƒ••—„Œ‡…–‹˜‡ ‘”ȋȌǡ‡š–”‹•‹…‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘•ǡ’Žƒ›ˆ—Ž‡••ǡƒ†•‘‘Ǥ  ReplicatingTAMandtestingitspossiblelimitations ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡•– ”‡’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ  ™ƒ• …ƒ””‹‡† ‘—– „› †ƒ•ǡ ‡Ž•‘ ƒ† ‘†† ȋͳͻͻʹȌǤŠ‡›…ƒ””‹‡†„‘–Šˆ‹‡Ž†ƒ†Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‘”›•–—†‹‡•‹‘”†‡”–‘–‡•–ǯ•˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•ǡ ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† ‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ —•‡ ƒ† ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† —•‡ˆ—Ž‡••ǡ ˆ‘” –Š‡‹” ˜ƒŽ‹†‹–› ƒ† ”‡Ž‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‹ ‡š’Žƒ‹‹‰ –Š‡ —•‡ ‘ˆ ˆ‹˜‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘•ǣ ‡ƒ‹Žǡ ˜‘‹…‡ ƒ‹Žǡ ™‘”† ’‡”ˆ‡…–ǡ ‘–—• ͳʹ͵ǡƒ†ƒ”˜ƒ”†‰”ƒ’Š‹…•Ǥƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•™‡”‡•–—†‡–•ǡƒ†•‡ŽˆǦ”‡’‘”–‡†—•‡†ƒ–ƒ ‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹˜‡ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘•™‡”‡—•‡†ƒ•ƒ‡ƒ•—”‡ˆ‘”ƒ…–—ƒŽ—•‡ǤŠ‡”‡•—Ž–•‘ˆ–Š‡‹”•–—†› ‹†‹…ƒ–‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡  ‘†‡Ž ƒ‹–ƒ‹‡† ‹–• …‘•‹•–‡…› ‹ ’”‡†‹…–‹‰ ƒ† ‡š’Žƒ‹‹‰ •›•–‡ƒ†‘’–‹‘Ǥ  ‡†”‹…•‘ǡƒ••‡›ƒ†”‘ƒȋͳͻͻ͵Ȍˆ—”–Š‡”–‡•–‡†–Š‡”‡Ž‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡•…ƒŽ‡‹–‡• —•‡†–‘‡ƒ•—”‡’‡”…‡‹˜‡†‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ—•‡ƒ†’‡”…‡‹˜‡†—•‡ˆ—Ž‡••‹ǤŠ‡›…ƒ””‹‡† ‘—–ƒˆ‹‡Ž†•–—†›™‹–Šͳʹ͵—†‡”‰”ƒ†—ƒ–‡•–—†‡–•™Š‘™‡”‡‹–”‘†—…‡†–‘ƒ†ƒ–ƒ„ƒ•‡ǡ ƒ† ƒ •’”‡ƒ†•Š‡‡– ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ† —•‡† •‡ŽˆǦ”‡’‘”–‡† —•‡ †ƒ–ƒ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –™‘ •›•–‡• –‘ ’‡”ˆ‘” ƒ –‡•–Ǧ”‡–‡•– ƒƒŽ›•‹•Ǥ  ‡†”‹…•‘ǡ ƒ••‡›ǡ ƒ† ”‘ƒ ˆ‘—† –Šƒ– ˆ‘” „‘–Š ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† —•‡ˆ—Ž‡•• ƒ† ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† ‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ —•‡ǡ –Š‡ •…ƒŽ‡ ‹–‡• ‡šŠ‹„‹–‡† •‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ– –‡•–Ǧ”‡–‡•– ”‡Ž‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ”‡•—Ž–Ǥ —„”ƒƒ‹ƒ ȋͳͻͻͶȌ ƒŽ•‘ ”‡’Ž‹…ƒ–‡†  ™‹–Š ˜‘‹…‡ ƒ‹Ž ƒ†…—•–‘‡”†‹ƒŽ—’•›•–‡•‹ƒˆ‹‡Ž†•–—†›™‹–Šͳ͹ͻ‘™Ž‡†‰‡™‘”‡”•ǡƒ†ˆ‘—† ‡˜‹†‡…‡ˆ‘”’”‡˜‹‘—•”‡•—Ž–•”‡’‘”–‡†‹•–—†‹‡•Ǥ  ƒ˜‹•ƒ†‡ƒ–‡•Šȋͳͻͻ͸Ȍ‘–Š‡‘–Š‡”Šƒ†ǡ…‘ˆ‹”‡†–Š‡”‡Ž‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ƒ†˜ƒŽ‹†‹–›‘ˆ –Š‡ ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† —•‡ˆ—Ž‡•• ƒ† ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† ‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ —•‡ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡• ‹  „› ˜‡”‹ˆ›‹‰ ™Š‡–Š‡”‰”‘—’‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡•…ƒŽ‡‹–‡•‹–”‘†—…‡†‡””‘”•‹’”‡†‹…–‹‰—•ƒ‰‡ǤŠ‡›…ƒ””‹‡† ‘—– ƒ Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‘”› ‡š’‡”‹‡– ™‹–Š ͳͻͷ •–—†‡–• „› ‡š’‘•‹‰ –Š‡ –‘ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ’‡”—–ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†…‘„‹ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡•…ƒŽ‡‹–‡•ǤŠƒ–‹•ǡ‹•–‡ƒ†‘ˆƒ•‹‰’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–• –‘ ”ƒ–‡ ƒ ‰‹˜‡ •›•–‡ —•‹‰ –™‘ •…ƒŽ‡•ǡ ™Š‹…Š Šƒ† •–ƒ–‡‡–• ‰”‘—’‡† „› ‡‹–Š‡” ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† ‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ —•‡ ‘” ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† —•‡ˆ—Ž‡••ǡ ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–• ™‡”‡ ‰‹˜‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ –™‘ •…ƒŽ‡•ǡ ™‹–Š •–ƒ–‡‡–• ˆ‘” „‘–Š ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† ‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ —•‡ ƒ† ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† —•‡ˆ—Ž‡•• ‹š‡† –‘‰‡–Š‡”Ǥ ˆ–‡” –Š‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡–ǡ ƒ˜‹• ‡– ƒŽǤ ȋͳͻͻ͸Ȍ ˆ‘—† –Šƒ––Š‡”‡™ƒ•‘•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–†‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡„‡–™‡‡–Š‡”‡Ž‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ƒ†˜ƒŽ‹†‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡•…ƒŽ‡• ™Š‡ –Š‡ ‰”‘—’‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” •–ƒ–‡‡–• ™ƒ• …Šƒ‰‡†Ǥ ‡…‡ǡ ƒ˜‹• ƒ† ‡ƒ–‡•Š …‘…Ž—†‡† –Šƒ– ’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž› ‘„–ƒ‹‡† ”‡Ž‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ƒ† ˜ƒŽ‹†‹–› ‡ƒ•—”‡• ™‡”‡ ‘– †—‡ –‘ ‹–‡• ‰”‘—’‹‰Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ”‡•’‘•‡• ˆ”‘ ˜‡”„ƒŽ ’”‘–‘…‘Ž• …ƒ””‹‡† ‘—– †—”‹‰ –Š‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡– ”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡† –Šƒ– ”‡•’‘†‡–• ™‡”‡ ‘”‡ …‘ˆ—•‡† ™Š‡ ‡ƒ•—”‡‡– •…ƒŽ‡ ‹–‡• ˆ‘” ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† —•‡ˆ—Ž‡•• ƒ† ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† ‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ —•‡ ™‡”‡ ‹š‡† –‘‰‡–Š‡”Ǥ Š—•ǡ ƒ˜‹•ƒ†‡ƒ–‡•Š”‡…‘‡†‡†–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹‹–‹ƒŽ‡ƒ•—”‡‡–•…ƒŽ‡•ˆ‘”ǡ ƒ•™ƒ•’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž›•Š‘™‹ƒ„Ž‡•ͷƒ†͸Ǥ  Comparing TAM with the Theory of Reasoned Action and the Theory of Planned Behavior ƒ˜‹•ǡ ƒ‰‘œœ‹ ƒ† ƒ”•Šƒ™ ȋͳͻͺͻȌ …‘’ƒ”‡† –Š‡ ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡ ‘ˆ  ™‹–Š –Š‡ Š‡‘”›‘ˆ‡ƒ•‘‡†…–‹‘ ȋȌˆ‘”’”‡†‹…–‹‰ –Š‡ ‹–‡–‹‘‘ˆ ͳͲ͹•–—†‡–•‹ —•‹‰ƒ™‘”†’”‘…‡••‹‰•›•–‡ƒˆ–‡”ƒ‘‡ǦŠ‘—”‡š’‘•—”‡™‹–Š–Š‡•›•–‡ǡƒ†ƒ‰ƒ‹ ͳͶ ™‡‡• Žƒ–‡”Ǥ Š‡› ˆ‘—† –Šƒ– –Š‡ „‡Ž‹‡ˆ• ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡• ‹ „‘–Š  ƒ†  ’”‘˜‹†‡† •‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–”‡•—Ž–•–‘’”‡†‹…––Š‡‹–‡–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•–‘—•‡–Š‡™‘”†’”‘…‡••‘”Ǥ 11 

Sprouts - http://sprouts.aisnet.org/9-37

˜‡”˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›……‡’–ƒ…‡‘†‡Žǣ”‹‰‹•ǡ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•ƒ† —–—”‡‹”‡…–‹‘•

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–Š‡ Š‡‘”›‘ˆ‡ƒ•‘‡†…–‹‘‘†‡ŽŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡƒ˜‹•ǡƒ‰‘œœ‹ƒ†ƒ”•Šƒ™ ˆ‘—† –Šƒ– –Š‡”‡ ™ƒ• ˜‡”› Ž‹––Ž‡ …‘””‡Žƒ–‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ •—„Œ‡…–‹˜‡ ‘” ȋȌ ƒ† –Š‡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ ‹–‡–‹‘ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•Ǥ Š‡› ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‡† –™‘ ’‘••‹„Ž‡ ”‡ƒ•‘• ˆ‘” –Š‹• ‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ ƒȌ –Š‡ ™‡ƒ‡•• ‘ˆ –Š‡  ‡ƒ•—”‡‡– •…ƒŽ‡ ˆ”‘ ƒ ’•›…Š‘‡–”‹… •–ƒ†’‘‹–ǡ ƒ† „Ȍ –Š‡ ˆƒ…– –Šƒ– ™‘”† ’”‘…‡••‘”• ƒ”‡ —•—ƒŽŽ› ˜‡”› ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ ƒ† ’‡”•‘ƒŽǢ–Š—•ǡ–Š‡‹”—•‡™‹ŽŽ„‡Ž‡••‹ˆŽ—‡…‡†„›’‡”…‡’–‹‘•ˆ”‘‘–Š‡”‰”‘—’•Ǥ ‹ƒŽŽ› ƒ˜‹•ǡ ƒ‰‘œœ‹ ƒ† ƒ”•Šƒ™ …‘…Ž—†‡† –Šƒ– …‘’ƒ”‡† –‘ –Š‡ Š‡‘”› ‘ˆ ‡ƒ•‘‡† …–‹‘ǡ  ’”‘˜‹†‡† ƒ —…Š •‹’Ž‡” ƒ† Ž‡•• ‡š’‡•‹˜‡ ‡–Š‘† –‘ ‹’Ž‡‡–„‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‡„‡Ž‹‡ˆ•˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•™‡”‡…‘–‡š–Ǧ‹†‡’‡†‡–™Š‡”‡ƒ•ǡ‹–Š‡…ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ–Š‡Š‡‘”›‘ˆ‡ƒ•‘‡†…–‹‘ǡ‹–™ƒ•‡…‡••ƒ”›–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’ƒ•‡”‹‡•‘ˆ•ƒŽ‹‡–„‡Ž‹‡ˆ• •’‡…‹ˆ‹…–‘™‘”†’”‘…‡••‘”•„‡ˆ‘”‡ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‰–Š‡•…ƒŽ‡•ˆ‘”‡ƒ•—”‹‰–Š‡„‡Ž‹‡ˆ•Ǥ  ƒ–Š‹‡•‘ ȋͳͻͻͳȌ ‘ –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” Šƒ†ǡ …‘’ƒ”‡†  ™‹–Š –Š‡ Š‡‘”› ‘ˆ Žƒ‡† ‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ȋȌ ’”‘’‘•‡† „› Œœ‡ ȋͳͻͺͷȌǤ Š‡ Š‡‘”› ‘ˆ Žƒ‡† ‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ‘†‡Ž ‹• ˜‡”›•‹‹Žƒ”–‘–Š‡Š‡‘”›‘ˆ‡ƒ•‘‡†…–‹‘‘†‡Žǡ‡š…‡’––Šƒ–‹––ƒ‡•‹–‘ƒ……‘—– –Š‡ ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ …‘•–”—…–ǣ ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ …‘–”‘Ž ȋȌǡ ™Š‹…Š ”‡ˆ‡”• –‘ –Š‡ ’‡”…‡’–‹‘ ‘ˆ …‘–”‘Ž ‘˜‡”’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡ ‘ˆ ƒ‰‹˜‡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”Ǥ  ‹• ƒŽ•‘ ‹ˆŽ—‡…‡† „› –Š‡ ‡ˆˆ‡…–• ‘ˆ –™‘ „‡Ž‹‡ˆ•ǣ …‘–”‘Ž „‡Ž‹‡ˆ• ƒ† ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† ˆƒ…‹Ž‹–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‘–”‘Ž „‡Ž‹‡ˆ• ‹…Ž—†‡’‡”…‡‹˜‡†ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ•‹ŽŽ•ǡ”‡•‘—”…‡•ǡƒ†‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•ǡ™Š‡”‡ƒ•’‡”…‡‹˜‡† ˆƒ…‹Ž‹–ƒ–‹‘ „‡Ž‹‡ˆ ‹• –Š‡ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽǯ• ƒ••‡••‡– ‘ˆ ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ ”‡•‘—”…‡• –‘ –Š‡ ƒ…Š‹‡˜‡‡– ‘ˆ ƒ ‰‹˜‡ •‡– ‘ˆ ‘—–…‘‡•Ǥ ‹‰—”‡ ͹ †‡’‹…–• –Š‡ ‘†‡Ž ˆ‘” –Š‡ Š‡‘”› ‘ˆ Žƒ‡†‡Šƒ˜‹‘”Ǥ  BehavioralBeliefs and OutcomeEvaluations

Attitude

NormativeBeliefs and MotivationtoComply

Subjective Norms

ControlBeliefs and PerceivedFacilitation

Perceived Behavioral Control

Intention

Behavior





‹‰—”‡͹ǣŠ‡‘”›‘ˆ’Žƒ‡†„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ȋȌȋƒ–Š‹‡•‘ǡͳͻͻͳǡ’Ǥͳ͹ͷȌ  ƒ–Š‹‡•‘ ȋͳͻͻͳȌ …ƒ””‹‡† ‘—– ƒ ‡š’‡”‹‡– ƒ’’Ž›‹‰ „‘–Š  ƒ† –Š‡ Š‡‘”› ‘ˆ Žƒ‡†‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ˆ‘”’”‡†‹…–‹‰–Š‡‹–‡–‹‘‘ˆʹ͸ʹ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•‹—•‹‰ƒ•’”‡ƒ†•Š‡‡– ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘Ǥ‹…‡‘’”‡†‡ˆ‹‡†‡ƒ•—”‡‡–•…ƒŽ‡•‡š‹•–‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡Š‡‘”›‘ˆŽƒ‡† ‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ǡƒ‹‹–‹ƒŽ‹–‡”˜‹‡™•‡••‹‘™ƒ•”‡“—‹”‡†–‘‹†‡–‹ˆ›–Š‘•‡•ƒŽ‹‡–„‡Ž‹‡ˆ•–Šƒ– ™‘—Ž† „‡ •’‡…‹ˆ‹… –‘ –Š‡ •›•–‡ —†‡” ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘Ǥ • †‹•…—••‡† ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”ǡ –Š‹• ™ƒ• ƒ ‹Š‡”‡–…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹…‘ˆ–Š‡Š‡‘”›‘ˆ‡ƒ•‘‡†…–‹‘‘†‡ŽǤ –‡”‡•–‹‰Ž›ǡ”‡•—Ž–•‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡– •Š‘™‡† –Šƒ– „‘–Š  ƒ† –Š‡ Š‡‘”› ‘ˆ Žƒ‡† ‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ™‡”‡ •—‹–ƒ„Ž‡–‘’”‡†‹…–•›•–‡—•ƒ‰‡Ǥ 12 

Sprouts - http://sprouts.aisnet.org/9-37

˜‡”˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›……‡’–ƒ…‡‘†‡Žǣ”‹‰‹•ǡ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•ƒ† —–—”‡‹”‡…–‹‘•

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‘™‡˜‡”ǡ …‘’ƒ”‡† –‘ –Š‡  ‘†‡Žǡ –Š‡ Š‡‘”› ‘ˆ Žƒ‡† ‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ȋȌ ‘†‡Ž ’”‘˜‹†‡† ‘”‡ †‡–ƒ‹Ž• –Šƒ– ‡š’Žƒ‹‡† –Š‡ ‹–‡–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–• –‘ —•‡ –Š‡ •’”‡ƒ†•Š‡‡–ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‹•‹•„‡…ƒ—•‡„‡‹‰ƒ‘”‡…‘’Ž‡š‘†‡ŽŠƒ†•‡˜‡”ƒŽ ‹†‡’‡†‡– ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡• –Šƒ– …‘—Ž† …ƒ’–—”‡ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ƒ•’‡…–• ‘ˆ ƒ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽǯ• „‡Ž‹‡ˆǤ ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ ƒ• •Š‘™ ‹ ‹‰—”‡ ͹ǡ –Š‡ ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ …‘–”‘Ž …‘•–”—…– …‘—Ž† Š‡Ž’ ‹†‡–‹ˆ›•’‡…‹ˆ‹… „ƒ””‹‡”•–‘•›•–‡—•‡ •—…Šƒ•Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘•‹ —•‡” •‹ŽŽ•Ǥ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ –Š‡‘†‡ŽƒŽ•‘…‘—Ž†‹†‡–‹ˆ›‰”‘—’•™Š‘•‡‘’‹‹‘•‹‰Š–„‡‹’‘”–ƒ––‘ˆ—–—”‡—•‡”• –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ •—„Œ‡…–‹˜‡ ‘”• …‘•–”—…–Ǥ ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ •‹…‡ –Š‡ Š‡‘”› ‘ˆ Žƒ‡† ‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ‘†‡Ž …‘•‹†‡”‡† ‘Ž› „‡Ž‹‡ˆ• –Šƒ– ™‡”‡ •’‡…‹ˆ‹… –‘ –Š‡ ‰‹˜‡ •›•–‡ǡ ‘”‡ ƒ……—”ƒ–‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘…‘—Ž†„‡‘„–ƒ‹‡†Ǥ‹•–‡ƒ†ǡ™ƒ•ƒ•‹’Ž‡”‘†‡Ž–Šƒ–…‘—Ž†„‡ ‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ› ƒ’’Ž‹‡† –‘ ƒ› •›•–‡ǡ ƒ† –Š—• ’”‘˜‹†‡† ‘Ž› „”‘ƒ† ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ„‘—– ’‡”…‡‹˜‡†‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ—•‡ƒ†’‡”…‡‹˜‡†—•‡ˆ—Ž‡••Ǥ ‡–ǡ †—‡ –‘ ‹–• •‹’Ž‹…‹–› ƒ† ‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ ‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘ǡ  ”‡ƒ‹‡† ‘”‡ ƒ––”ƒ…–‹˜‡ –Šƒ‡‹–Š‡”–Š‡Š‡‘”›‘ˆ‡ƒ•‘‡†…–‹‘‘”–Š‡Š‡‘”›‘ˆŽƒ‡†‡Šƒ˜‹‘”Ǥ —”–Š‡” ‡ˆˆ‘”–•Žƒ–‡”…‘…‡–”ƒ–‡†‘‡‹–Š‡”ƒ’’Ž›‹‰‹†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–•‡––‹‰•‘”‡š–‡†‹‰ –‘‹…Ž—†‡‘”‡˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•Ǥ  AdaptingandextendingTAM ‹–Š‘”‡–Šƒ͹ͲͲ…‹–ƒ–‹‘•–‘Š‹•‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ’”‘’‘•ƒŽˆ‘”ǡƒ˜‹•ǯ”‡•‡ƒ”…Šȋƒ˜‹•ǡ ͳͻͺͻȌŠƒ•„‡‡ƒ†ƒ’–‡†ƒ†‡š–‡†‡†‹ƒ›™ƒ›•Ǥ‘†ƒ–‡ǡ–Š‡”‡Šƒ˜‡„‡‡•‡˜‡”ƒŽ ƒ––‡’–•–‘…‘•‘Ž‹†ƒ–‡–Š‡”‡•—Ž–•‘„–ƒ‹‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡•‡•–—†‹‡•ǤŠ‡‘•–”‡…‡–‘‡‹• „› ‘—•ƒˆœƒ‹ǡ ‘šƒŽŽǡ ƒ† ƒŽŽ‹•–‡” ȋʹͲͲ͹Ȍ ™Š‘ †‹† ƒ ‡–ƒǦƒƒŽ›•‹• ‘ˆ ͳͶͷ ƒ”–‹…Ž‡• ’—„Ž‹•Š‡†‘Ǥƒ”Ž‹‡”‡–ƒǦƒƒŽ›•‹••–—†‹‡•…ƒ„‡ˆ‘—†‹Šƒ”’ȋʹͲͲ͸Ȍǡ‹‰ƒ† ‡ ȋʹͲͲ͸Ȍǡƒ ƒ† ‹— ȋʹͲͲͶȌǡ ‡‡ǡ ‘œƒ” ƒ† ƒ”•‡ ȋʹͲͲ͵Ȍ ƒ†ǡ ‡‰”‹•ǡ ‰Šƒ ƒ† ‘ŽŽ‡”‡––‡ ȋʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ ƒ„Ž‡ ͹ Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–• •‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ‹ ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘•ǡ ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•ǡ …‘—–”‹‡•ǡƒ†•‡––‹‰•ˆ‘”™Š‹…Š™ƒ•—•‡†Ǥ  ƒ„Ž‡͹ Applications, participants, country and setting used for applying TAM (Yousafzai et al., 2007), Sharp, 2006, King et al., 2006, Ma et al., 2004, Lee et al., 2003, and, Legris et al., 2003) ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘‹ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘ šƒ’Ž‡• ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘• ƒ‹Žǡ ˜‘‹…‡ƒ‹Žǡ ˆƒšǡ †‹ƒŽǦ—’ •›•–‡ǡ ‡Ǧ…‘‡”…‡ ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘ǡ ‰”‘—’™ƒ”‡ǡ ™‘”† ’”‘…‡••‘”ǡ •’”‡ƒ†•Š‡‡–ǡ ’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ •‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ǡ †ƒ–ƒ„ƒ•‡ ’”‘‰”ƒǡ …ƒ•‡ –‘‘Ž•ǡ Š‘•’‹–ƒŽ ǡ ‡…‹•‹‘ •—’’‘”– •›•–‡ǡ š’‡”– •—’’‘”– •›•–‡ǡƒ†–‡Ž‡‡†‹…‹‡–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ ‘—–”› ǡ ǡ ƒ‹™ƒǡ ‘‰ ‘‰ǡ ™‹–œ‡”Žƒ†ǡ ƒ’ƒǡ —•–”ƒŽ‹ƒǡ —”‡›ǡ ƒƒ†ƒǡ —™‡‹–ǡ ‹‰‡”‹ƒǡ ”ƒ…‡ǡ ‹‰ƒ’‘”‡ǡŠ‹ƒǡƒ† ‹Žƒ†Ǥ ›’‡‘ˆ–—†› ƒ„•–—†›ǡ ‹‡Ž†•–—†›ƒ†‡„•—”˜‡›• ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–• –—†‡–• ȋ—†‡”‰”ƒ†—ƒ–‡ ƒ† ‰”ƒ†—ƒ–‡•Ȍǡ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ™‘”‡”•ǡ ’Š›•‹…‹ƒ•ǡ „ƒ ƒƒ‰‡”•ǡ ’”‘‰”ƒ‡” ƒƒŽ›•–•ǡ ˜‡†‘”•’‡…‹ƒŽ‹•–•ǡ…‘’—–‡”’”‘‰”ƒ‡”•ǡ ‹–‡”‡–—•‡”•ǡ„”‘‡”•ǡƒ†•ƒŽ‡•ƒ••‹•–ƒ–•Ǥ  ‘•– ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ •–—†‹‡• ˆ‘—† •‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ– •–ƒ–‹•–‹…ƒŽ ”‡•—Ž– ˆ‘” –Š‡ Š‹‰Š ‹ˆŽ—‡…‡ ‘ˆ ’‡”…‡‹˜‡†—•‡ˆ—Ž‡••‘„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ‹–‡–‹‘–‘—•‡ƒ•’‡…‹ˆ‹…•›•–‡ǤŠ‡›ƒŽ•‘ˆ‘—† ‹š‡† ”‡•—Ž–• ˆ‘” –Š‡ †‹”‡…– ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ „‡–™‡‡ ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† ‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ —•‡ ƒ† —•ƒ‰‡ 13 

Sprouts - http://sprouts.aisnet.org/9-37

˜‡”˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›……‡’–ƒ…‡‘†‡Žǣ”‹‰‹•ǡ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•ƒ† —–—”‡‹”‡…–‹‘•

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„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”Ǥ  ‰‡‡”ƒŽǡ ƒŽŽ –Š‡•‡ •–—†‹‡• ’”‘˜‹†‡† •–”‘‰ ‡˜‹†‡…‡ –‘ •—’’‘”–  ƒ• ƒ ‘†‡Ž ˆ‘” ’”‡†‹…–‹‰ •›•–‡ —•ƒ‰‡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”Ǥ ˆ‘”–—ƒ–‡Ž›ǡ  …‘—Ž† ‘– ‰‘ „‡›‘† –Š‡‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹–‡•–Šƒ–‡ƒ•—”‡†’‡”…‡‹˜‡†—•‡ˆ—Ž‡••ƒ†’‡”…‡‹˜‡†‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ—•‡Ǥ –™ƒ• –Š—•ǡ †‹ˆˆ‹…—Ž– –‘ ‹†‡–‹ˆ› –Š‡ ”‡ƒ•‘• „‡Š‹† –Š‡ ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† ‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ —•‡ ‘” ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† —•‡ˆ—Ž‡•• ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡• —•‡† ‹ –Š‡ ‘†‡ŽǤ  —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ ‘•– ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ‹  ˆ‘…—•‡† ‘Ž› ‘ ˜‘Ž—–ƒ”› ‡˜‹”‘‡–• ™‹–Š Ž‹––Ž‡ …‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘ ˆ‘” ƒ†ƒ–‘”› •‡––‹‰•Ǥ ‘ ƒ††”‡••–Š‡•‡‹••—‡•™ƒ•–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡‡š–‡†‡†Ǥ  ‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ–‡š–‡•‹‘•„”‘—‰Š––‘‹•„›‡ƒ–‡•Šƒ†ƒ˜‹•ȋʹͲͲͲȌ™Š‘ ’”‘’‘•‡†–Š‡ʹ‘†‡Ž•Š‘™‹ ‹‰—”‡͹Ǥ‡ƒ–‡•Šƒ†ƒ˜‹•‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†–Šƒ– Šƒ† •‘‡ Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘• ‹ ‡š’Žƒ‹‹‰ –Š‡ ”‡ƒ•‘• ˆ‘” ™Š‹…Š ƒ ’‡”•‘ ™‘—Ž† ’‡”…‡‹˜‡ ƒ ‰‹˜‡•›•–‡—•‡ˆ—Žǡƒ†•‘–Š‡›’”‘’‘•‡†–Šƒ–ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•ͳ…‘—Ž†„‡ƒ††‡†ƒ• ƒ–‡…‡†‡–• –‘ –Š‡ ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† —•‡ˆ—Ž‡•• ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡ ‹ Ǥ Š‡› …ƒŽŽ‡† –Š‹• ‡™ ‘†‡Žǡ –Š‡  ʹ ‘†‡ŽǤ ‡ƒ–‡•Š ƒ† ƒ˜‹• ™‡”‡ ƒŽ•‘ ‹–‡”‡•–‡† ‹ ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‰ –Š‡ ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡‘ˆʹ‹ƒƒ†ƒ–‘”›•‡––‹‰Ǥ‡…‡ǡ–Š‡›…‘†—…–‡†ƒˆ‹‡Ž†•–—†›™‹–Š ͳͷ͸ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ™‘”‡”•ǡ ™Š‘ —•‡† ˆ‘—” †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– •›•–‡•ǡ –™‘ ‘ˆ ™Š‹…Š ™‡”‡ ˆ‘” ˜‘Ž—–ƒ”› —•‡ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” –™‘ ™‡”‡ ƒ†ƒ–‘”›Ǥ Š‡ •–—†› ƒŽ•‘ …‘ŽŽ‡…–‡† —•‡” ’‡”…‡’–‹‘• ƒ† •‡ŽˆǦ”‡’‘”–‡† —•‡ ƒ– –Š”‡‡ ’‘‹–• ‹ –‹‡ǣ ’”‡Ǧ‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘ǡ ‘‡ ‘–Š’‘•–Ǧ‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†–Š”‡‡‘–Š•’‘•–Ǧ‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ 

‹‰—”‡͹ǣʹȋ‡ƒ–‡•Šƒ†ƒ˜‹•ǡʹͲͲͲȌ



 •‹‰ –Š‡  ʹ ‘†‡Ž ‡ƒ–‡•Š ƒ† ƒ˜‹• ™‡”‡ ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ ’”‘˜‹†‡ ‘”‡ †‡–ƒ‹Ž‡† ‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘•ˆ‘”–Š‡”‡ƒ•‘•’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•ˆ‘—†ƒ‰‹˜‡•›•–‡—•‡ˆ—ŽǤŠ‡‹””‡•—Ž–•ƒŽ•‘ ‹†‹…ƒ–‡† –Šƒ–  ʹ ’‡”ˆ‘”‡† ™‡ŽŽ ‹ „‘–Š ˜‘Ž—–ƒ”› ƒ† ƒ†ƒ–‘”› ‡˜‹”‘‡–• ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‡š…‡’–‹‘ –Šƒ– •—„Œ‡…–‹˜‡ ‘” Šƒ† ‘ ‡ˆˆ‡…– ‹ ˜‘Ž—–ƒ”› •‡––‹‰• „—– †‹† ‹ ƒ†ƒ–‘”›•‡––‹‰•Ǥ   •‡…‘† ‹’‘”–ƒ– ‡š–‡•‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡  ‘†‡Ž ‹• „› ‡ƒ–‡•Š ȋʹͲͲͲȌǡ ™Š‘ ™ƒ• ‹–‡”‡•–‡† ‹ ‹†‡–‹ˆ›‹‰ –Š‡ ƒ–‡…‡†‡–• –‘ –Š‡ ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† ‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ —•‡ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡ ‹ –Š‡  1

Descriptionsfor–Š‡‡™˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•ƒ”‡‰‹˜‡‹’’‡†‹š

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Sprouts - http://sprouts.aisnet.org/9-37

˜‡”˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›……‡’–ƒ…‡‘†‡Žǣ”‹‰‹•ǡ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•ƒ† —–—”‡‹”‡…–‹‘•

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‘†‡ŽǤ••Š‘™‹ ‹‰—”‡ͺǡ‡ƒ–‡•Š‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†–™‘ƒ‹‰”‘—’•‘ˆƒ–‡…‡†‡–• ˆ‘” ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† ‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ —•‡ǣ ƒ…Š‘”• ƒ† ƒ†Œ—•–‡–•Ǥ …Š‘”• ™‡”‡ …‘•‹†‡”‡† ƒ• ‰‡‡”ƒŽ „‡Ž‹‡ˆ• ƒ„‘—– …‘’—–‡”• ƒ† …‘’—–‡” —•ƒ‰‡ ™Š‡”‡ƒ• ƒ†Œ—•–‡–• ™‡”‡ …‘•‹†‡”‡†ƒ•„‡Ž‹‡ˆ•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡•Šƒ’‡†„ƒ•‡†‘†‹”‡…–‡š’‡”‹‡…‡™‹–Š–Š‡–ƒ”‰‡–•›•–‡Ǥ  „‘–Š ‰”‘—’•ǡ ‡ƒ–‡•Š ȋʹͲͲͲȌ ’”‘’‘•‡† •‡˜‡”ƒŽ †‡–‡”‹ƒ–•ʹ –Šƒ– ƒ”‡ ‘•–Ž› †‡”‹˜‡†ˆ”‘’”‡˜‹‘—•”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‘‹†‡–‹ˆ›‹‰–Š‡ƒ–‡…‡†ƒ–•–‘’‡”…‡‹˜‡†‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ—•‡ ȋƒ˜‹•ǡ ƒ‰‘œœ‹ ƒ† ƒ”•Šƒ™ǡ ͳͻͻʹǡ ‡ƒ–‡•Š ƒ† ƒ˜‹•ǡ ͳͻͻ͸ȌǤ ‡ƒ–‡•Š ȋʹͲͲͲȌ –‡•–‡† Š‹• ’”‘’‘•ƒŽ ‹ –Š”‡‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘• ™‹–Š ʹͶ͸ ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•ǡ ƒ† –Š”‡‡ ‡ƒ•—”‡‡–• –ƒ‡ ‘˜‡” ƒ –Š”‡‡Ǧ‘–Š ’‡”‹‘†Ǥ ‡•—Ž–• ‘„–ƒ‹‡† ‹†‹…ƒ–‡† •–”‘‰ •—’’‘”–ˆ‘”–Š‡˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•‹‡š’Žƒ‹‹‰’‡”…‡‹˜‡†‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ—•‡ˆ‘”ƒ‰‹˜‡•›•–‡Ǥ

 ‹‰—”‡ͺǣš–‡†‹‰–‘‹…Ž—†‡†‡–‡”‹ƒ–•ˆ‘”’‡”…‡‹˜‡†‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ—•‡ȋ‡ƒ–‡•Šǡ ʹͲͲͲȌ

 ‘™‡˜‡”ǡƒŽ‘‰™‹–Š–Š‡ˆƒ…––Šƒ–•‡˜‡”ƒŽ•–—†‹‡•Šƒ˜‡…‘ˆ‹”‡†–Š‡”‘„—•–‡••‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘†‡Žǡ•‡˜‡”ƒŽ‘–Š‡””‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•Šƒ˜‡ƒŽ•‘Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–‡†‹’‘”–ƒ–Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘†‡ŽǤ ›’‹…ƒŽŽ›ǡ …”‹–‹…‹•• ˆ‘” –Š‡  ‘†‡Ž ˆƒŽŽ ‹ –Š”‡‡ …ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡• ͳȌ –Š‡ ‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰› —•‡† ˆ‘” –‡•–‹‰ –Š‡  ‘†‡Žǡ ʹȌ –Š‡ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡• ƒ† ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’• –Šƒ– ‡š‹•–™‹–Š‹–Š‡‘†‡Žǡƒ†͵Ȍ–Š‡…‘”‡–Š‡‘”‡–‹…ƒŽˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘—†‡”Ž›‹‰–Š‡ ‘†‡ŽǤ   2

Descriptionsf‘”–Š‡‡™˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•ƒ”‡‰‹˜‡‹’’‡†‹š

15 

Sprouts - http://sprouts.aisnet.org/9-37

˜‡”˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›……‡’–ƒ…‡‘†‡Žǣ”‹‰‹•ǡ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•ƒ† —–—”‡‹”‡…–‹‘•

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 LimitationsinthemethodologyusedfortestingtheTAMmodel ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‹…”‹–‹…‹••ˆ‘”•–—†‹‡•‘–Š‡‘†‡Ž‹•–Šƒ–•‡ŽˆǦ”‡’‘”–‡†—•‡†ƒ–ƒ ƒ”‡ —•‡† –‘ ‡ƒ•—”‡ •›•–‡ —•‡ ‹•–‡ƒ† ‘ˆ ”‡ƒŽ ƒ…–—ƒŽ —•‡ †ƒ–ƒǤ • •‘‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”• ’‘‹–‡† ‘—–ǡ •‡ŽˆǦ”‡’‘”–‡† —•‡ †ƒ–ƒ ‹• ƒ •—„Œ‡…–‹˜‡ ‡ƒ•—”‡ǡ ƒ† ‹• –Š—• —”‡Ž‹ƒ„Ž‡ ‹ ‡ƒ•—”‹‰ƒ…–—ƒŽ—•‡‘ˆƒ•›•–‡ȋ‡‰”‹•ǡ ‰Šƒƒ†‘ŽŽ‡”‡––‡ǡʹͲͲ͵ǡ‘—•ƒˆœƒ‹ǡ ‘šƒŽŽǡ ƒ† ƒŽŽ‹•–‡” ʹͲͲ͹ȌǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ƒ› •–—†‹‡• ‘  ‡’Ž‘› •‡ŽˆǦ”‡’‘”–‡† —•‡ †ƒ–ƒǤ ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ •–—†‹‡• ‘  ƒ‡ —•‡ ‘ˆ •–—†‡–• ƒ• ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–• ‹ …‘–”‘ŽŽ‡† ‡˜‹”‘‡–ǡƒ†–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ”‡•—Ž–•‘„–ƒ‹‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡•‡•–—†‹‡•…ƒ‘–„‡‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹œ‡† –‘–Š‡”‡ƒŽ™‘”Ž†ȋ‡‡ǡ‘œƒ”ǡƬƒ”•‡ǡʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ•ƒ›”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•ƒ”‰—‡ǡ•–—†‡–•ƒ› Šƒ˜‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘• •—…Š ƒ• ‘„–ƒ‹‹‰ ‰”ƒ†‡•ǡ ”‡™ƒ”†•ǡ ƒ† •‘ ‘ ȋ‡‰”‹• ‡– ƒŽǤ ʹͲͲ͵ǡ‘—•ƒˆœƒ‹‡–ƒŽǤʹͲͲ͹ǡƒ†‡‡‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ‹…‘–”ƒ•––‘–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡—„‡” ‘ˆ•–—†‹‡•…ƒ””‹‡†‘ƒ’’Ž›‹‰–‘‡š’Žƒ‹ƒ†’”‡†‹…––Š‡˜‘Ž—–ƒ”›—•‡‘ˆ•›•–‡•ǡ ˜‡”› ˆ‡™ •–—†‹‡• …‘•‹†‡”‡† •›•–‡• –Šƒ– ™‡”‡ ˆ‘” ƒ†ƒ–‘”› —•‡ ȋ‘—•ƒˆœƒ‹ ‡– ƒŽǤ ʹͲͲ͹ȌǤ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‹”‡ƒŽŽ‹ˆ‡•‡––‹‰•ǡ‘•–‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•—•—ƒŽŽ›”‡“—‹”‡—•‡”•–‘—•‡–Š‡ •›•–‡ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡™‹–ŠŽ‹––Ž‡…Š‘‹…‡ˆ‘”ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡•ȋ‡‡ƒ–ƒŽǤʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ  LimitationsinthevariablesandrelationshipspresentwithintheTAMmodel ƒ‰ƒ†‘‘ȋʹͲͲ͵Ȍ•—‰‰‡•–‡†–Šƒ–ƒ––‹–—†‡ƒ›Šƒ˜‡‹’‘”–ƒ–‡ˆˆ‡…–•‘•›•–‡—•‡ǡ ƒ† –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ ‡‡† –‘ „‡ ”‡…‘•‹†‡”‡† ‹ –Š‡  ‘†‡ŽǤ Š‡› ”‡’Ž‹…ƒ–‡† –Š‡  ‘†‡Ž „—– ‹•–‡ƒ† ‘ˆ ‡Ž‹‹ƒ–‹‰ –Š‡ ƒ––‹–—†‡ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡ ƒ• ƒ˜‹•ǡ ƒ‰‘œœ‹ ƒ† ƒ”•Šƒ™ ȋͳͻͺͻȌ •—‰‰‡•–‡†ǡ –™‘ ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ––‹–—†‡ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•ǡ ƒˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡ ƒ† …‘‰‹–‹˜‡ǡ ™‡”‡ …‘•‹†‡”‡†Ǥƒ‰ƒ†‘‘…ƒ””‹‡†‘—–ƒ•—”˜‡›ƒ•‹‰”‡•’‘†‡–•–‘”ƒ–‡–Š‡‹”—•ƒ‰‡‘ˆ ƒ•’”‡ƒ†•Š‡‡–ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ††ƒ–ƒƒƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆ–Š‡•—”˜‡›“—‡•–‹‘ƒ‹”‡•‹†‹…ƒ–‡†–Šƒ– ƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š –Š‡ ƒˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡ ƒ––‹–—†‡ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡ †‹† ‘– •Š‘™ •–ƒ–‹•–‹…ƒŽ •‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ…‡ –‘ ’”‡†‹…– •›•–‡—•‡ǡ–Š‡”‡•—Ž–•‘„–ƒ‹‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡…–„›…‘‰‹–‹˜‡ƒ––‹–—†‡™ƒ•˜‡”›•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–Ǥ ‹‹Žƒ”Ž›ǡ”‘™ǡƒ••‡›ǡ‘–‘›ƒǦ‡‹••ǡƒ†—”ƒȋʹͲͲʹȌ…ƒ””‹‡†‘—–ƒˆ‹‡Ž†•–—†› –‘”‡’Ž‹…ƒ–‡‹–Š‡„ƒ‹‰‹†—•–”›Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‹•–‡ƒ†‘ˆ…‘•‹†‡”‹‰˜‘Ž—–ƒ”›—•‡ ‘ˆ ƒ •›•–‡ǡ ”‘™ǡ ƒ••‡›ǡ ‘–‘›ƒǦ‡‹•• ƒ†ǡ —”ƒ ƒ’’Ž‹‡†  ‹ ƒ …‘–‡š– ™Š‡”‡—•‡‘ˆ•›•–‡™ƒ•ƒ†ƒ–‘”›ǤŠ‡›ˆ‘—†–Šƒ–’‡”…‡‹˜‡†‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ—•‡ƒ›Šƒ˜‡ƒ ‘”‡‹’‘”–ƒ–‹’ƒ…–‘•›•–‡ƒ……‡’–ƒ…‡–Šƒ’‡”…‡‹˜‡†—•‡ˆ—Ž‡••ǡ‹ƒ†ƒ–‘”› •‡––‹‰•ǤŠ‡‹””‡•—Ž–…‘–”ƒ•–•™‹–Š‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘•ˆ‘”–Š‡‘†‡Žƒ’’Ž‹‡†‹ ˜‘Ž—–ƒ”›•‡––‹‰ǡ‹™Š‹…Š’‡”…‡‹˜‡†—•‡ˆ—Ž‡••™ƒ••‡‡–‘Šƒ˜‡‘”‡‹ˆŽ—‡…‡–Šƒ ’‡”…‡‹˜‡†‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ—•‡‘•›•–‡ƒ……‡’–ƒ…‡ȋƒ˜‹•ǡͳͻͺͷȌǤ —”–‘Ǧ ‘‡•ƒ†—„‘ƒȋʹͲͲ͸ȌƒŽ•‘”‡’Ž‹…ƒ–‡†„›ƒ†‹‹•–‡”‹‰ƒ•—”˜‡›–‘ͳʹͷ ‡’Ž‘›‡‡•‘ˆƒ ‘˜‡”‡–ƒ‰‡…›Ǥ ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ„‘—––Š‡’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•ǯ„‡Ž‹‡ˆ•ƒ†ǡ —•ƒ‰‡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ™‹–Š ”‡•’‡…– –‘ –™‘ ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘• ™‡”‡ ‰ƒ–Š‡”‡† ƒ† ƒƒŽ›œ‡†Ǥ ‡•—Ž–• ‘„–ƒ‹‡†•Š‘™‡†–Šƒ–’‡”…‡‹˜‡†—•‡ˆ—Ž‡••ƒ†’‡”…‡‹˜‡†‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ—•‡ƒ›‘–‡†‹ƒ–‡ ƒŽŽ ‹ˆŽ—‡…‡• ˆ”‘ ‡š–‡”ƒŽ ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ ˆƒ…–‘”• ‘ •›•–‡ —•ƒ‰‡Ǥ •–‡ƒ†ǡ •‘‡ ‡š–‡”ƒŽˆƒ…–‘”••—…Šƒ••›•–‡‡š’‡”‹‡…‡ǡŽ‡˜‡Ž‘ˆ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†ƒ‰‡ƒ›Šƒ˜‡ƒ†‹”‡…– ‹ˆŽ—‡…‡‘•›•–‡—•ƒ‰‡Ǥ  LimitationsinthetheoreticalfoundationfortheTAMmodel ƒ‰‘œœ‹ ȋʹͲͲ͹Ȍ Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–‡† –Š‡ ’‘‘” –Š‡‘”‡–‹…ƒŽ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ –Šƒ– ™ƒ• ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‡† ƒ‘‰ –Š‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– …‘•–”—…–• ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‡† ‹ Ǥ ‡ “—‡•–‹‘‡† –Š‡ –Š‡‘”‡–‹…ƒŽ •–”‡‰–Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹–‡–‹‘Ǧƒ…–—ƒŽ —•‡ Ž‹ǡ ƒ† ‘„•‡”˜‡† –Šƒ– „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” …‘—Ž† ‘– „‡ …‘•‹†‡”‡†ƒ•ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‰‘ƒŽǤ •–‡ƒ†ǡŠ‡ƒ”‰—‡†–Šƒ–„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”•Š‘—Ž†„‡–”‡ƒ–‡†ƒ•ƒ ‡ƒ• –‘ ƒ ‘”‡ ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ ‰‘ƒŽǤ ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ Š‡ ‡š’Žƒ‹‡† –Šƒ– ‹–‡–‹‘ ƒ› ‘– „‡ ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡ ‡‘—‰Š ‘ˆ ƒ…–—ƒŽ —•‡ǡ „‡…ƒ—•‡ –Š‡ –‹‡ ’‡”‹‘† „‡–™‡‡ ‹–‡–‹‘ ƒ† 16 

Sprouts - http://sprouts.aisnet.org/9-37

˜‡”˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›……‡’–ƒ…‡‘†‡Žǣ”‹‰‹•ǡ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•ƒ† —–—”‡‹”‡…–‹‘•

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ƒ†‘’–‹‘ …‘—Ž† „‡ ˆ—ŽŽ ‘ˆ —…‡”–ƒ‹–‹‡• ƒ† ‘–Š‡” ˆƒ…–‘”•ǡ –Šƒ– ‹‰Š– ‹ˆŽ—‡…‡ ƒ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽǯ• †‡…‹•‹‘ –‘ ƒ†‘’– ƒ –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ ƒ‰‘œœ‹ ƒŽ•‘ “—‡•–‹‘‡† –Š‡ ’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ †‡–‡”‹‹‰ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” „› ƒ††‹‰ —’ ‡ƒ•—”‡• ˆ‘” ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† —•‡ˆ—Ž‡•• ƒ† ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† ‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ —•‡Ǥ ‡ …‘•‹†‡”‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡”‡ ‹‰Š– „‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹ƒŽ …‘–”‹„—–‹‘• ‘ˆ •ƒŽ‹‡– „‡Ž‹‡ˆ•ƒ†ƒŽ•‘–Šƒ–Š—ƒ‡‘”›‹‰Š–‘–™‘”‹–Š‡•ƒ‡™ƒ›–Šƒ–•ƒŽ‹‡–„‡Ž‹‡ˆ• ™‡”‡’”‘…‡••‡†‹Ǥ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ ƒ‰‘œœ‹ ”‡ƒ”‡† –Šƒ–  ™ƒ• ƒ †‡–‡”‹‹•–‹… ‘†‡Žǡ ƒ† –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ ƒ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽǯ•ƒ…–™ƒ•ƒ••—‡†–‘„‡–‘–ƒŽŽ›†‡–‡”‹‡†„›Š‹•‘”Š‡”‹–‡–‹‘–‘ƒ…–Ǥ—– ƒ•ƒ‰‘œœ‹ƒ”‰—‡†ǡƒ’‡”•‘ǯ•‹–‡–‹‘…‘—Ž†„‡•—„Œ‡…–‡†–‘‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘ƒ†”‡ˆŽ‡…–‹‘ǡ ™Š‹…Š ‹‰Š– †‹”‡…– –Š‡ ’‡”•‘ –‘ ”‡ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‡ Š‹• ‘” Š‡” ‹–‡–‹‘ǡ ƒ† ‡˜‡ –‘ –ƒ‡ ƒ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–…‘—”•‡‘ˆƒ…–‹‘ǤŠ—•ǡŠ‡…‘…Ž—†‡†–Šƒ––Š‡‘†‡Ž…‘—Ž†‘–„‡•—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ ˆ‘”‡š’Žƒ‹‹‰ƒ†’”‡†‹…–‹‰•›•–‡—•‡Ǥ  Conclusions Š‡ ‡…Š‘Ž‘‰› ……‡’–ƒ…‡ ‘†‡Ž ‹• ‹†‡‡† ƒ ˜‡”› ’‘’—Žƒ” ‘†‡Ž ˆ‘” ‡š’Žƒ‹‹‰ ƒ† ’”‡†‹…–‹‰ •›•–‡ —•‡Ǥ ‘ †ƒ–‡ǡ –Š‡”‡ Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ƒ ‹’”‡••‹˜‡ —„‡” ‘ˆ •–—†‹‡• ‘ ǡ„—–™Š‹Ž‡•‡˜‡”ƒŽ…‘ˆ‹”ƒ–‘”›”‡•—Ž–•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡‘„–ƒ‹‡†ǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡•‡’–‹…‹•• •Šƒ”‡† ƒ‘‰ •‘‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”• ”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ –Š‡ ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† –Š‡‘”‡–‹…ƒŽ ƒ……—”ƒ…› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘†‡ŽǤ ‘•‡“—‡–Ž›ǡ ‹– ‹• –‡’–‹‰ –‘ …‘…Ž—†‡ –Šƒ– ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ‘  ƒ› Šƒ˜‡ ”‡ƒ…Š‡† ƒ •ƒ–—”ƒ–‹‘ Ž‡˜‡Žǡ •—…Š –Šƒ– ˆ—–—”‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ™‹ŽŽ ˆ‘…—• ‹ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰ ‡™ ‘†‡Ž• –Šƒ– ™‘—Ž† ‡š’Ž‘‹– –Š‡ •–”‡‰–Š• ‘ˆ –Š‡  ‘†‡Ž ™Š‹Ž‡ †‹•…ƒ”†‹‰ ‹–• ™‡ƒ‡••‡•Ǥ  Acknowledgements ™‹•Š–‘•‹…‡”‡Ž›–Šƒ”Ž‹…‡‘„„‹ˆ‘”Š‡”˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡…‘‡–•‹–Š‡™”‹–‡—’‘ˆ –Š‹•”‡˜‹‡™’ƒ’‡”Ǥ   Bibliography †ƒ•ǡǤǡ‡Ž•‘ǡǤƬ‘††ǡǤȋͳͻͻʹȌǤ‡”…‡‹˜‡†—•‡ˆ—Ž‡••ǡ‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ—•‡ƒ†—•ƒ‰‡‘ˆ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ǣƒ”‡’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘ǤMISQuarterlyǡ16ȋʹȌǡʹʹ͹ǦʹͶ͹Ǥ  Œœ‡ǡ ǤǡƬ ‹•Š„‡‹ǡǤȋͳͻͺͲȌǤ†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ƒ––‹–—†‡•ƒ†’”‡†‹…–‹‰•‘…‹ƒŽ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”Ǥ ‰Ž‡™‘‘†Ž‹ˆˆ•ǡ ǣ”‡–‹…‡ǦƒŽŽǤ  œŒ‡ǡ ǤȋͳͻͺͷȌǤ ”‘‹–‡–‹‘•–‘ƒ…–‹‘•ǣ–Š‡‘”›‘ˆ’Žƒ‡†„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”Ǥ  Ǥ—ŠŽǡƬ Ǥ ‡…ƒȋ†•ǤȌǡ…–‹‘…‘–”‘Žǣ ”‘…‘‰‹–‹‘–‘„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”Ǥ‡™‘”ǣ’”‹‰‡”Ǧ ‡”Žƒ‰Ǥ  Œœ‡ǡ ǤȋͳͻͻͳȌǤŠ‡–Š‡‘”›‘ˆ’Žƒ‡†„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ǤOrganizationalBehaviourandHuman DecisionProcesses,50ȋʹȌǡͳ͹ͻǦʹͳͳǤ  ƒ‰‘œœ‹ǡǤǤȋʹͲͲ͹ȌǤŠ‡Ž‡‰ƒ…›‘ˆ–Š‡–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ……‡’–ƒ…‡‘†‡Žƒ†ƒ’”‘’‘•ƒŽˆ‘” ƒ’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰•Š‹ˆ–ǤJournaloftheAssociationforInformationSystemsǡ8ȋͶȌǡʹͶͶȂʹͷͶǤ  ƒ†—”ƒǡǤȋͳͻͺʹȌǤ‡ŽˆǦˆˆ‹…ƒ…›‡…Šƒ‹•‹—ƒ‰‡…›ǤAmericanPsychologist, 37ȋʹȌͳʹʹǦͳͶ͹Ǥ  17 

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˜‡”˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›……‡’–ƒ…‡‘†‡Žǣ”‹‰‹•ǡ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•ƒ† —–—”‡‹”‡…–‹‘•

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”‘™ǡǤǡƒ••‡›ǡǤǡ‘–‘›ƒǦ‡‹••ǡǤǡƬ—”ƒǡ ǤȋʹͲͲʹȌǤ‘ ”‡ƒŽŽ›Šƒ˜‡–‘ǫǤ Useracceptanceofmandatedtechnology.EuropeanJr.ofISǡ11ǡʹͺ͵ǦͻͷǤ  —”–‘Ǧ ‘‡•ǡǤǡƬ—„‘ƒǡ ǤǤȋʹͲͲ͸ȌǤŠ‡‡†‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‡š–‡”ƒŽ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•‹–Š‡ –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ……‡’–ƒ…‡‘†‡ŽǡInformation&Management.43ȋ͸Ȍǡ͹Ͳ͸Ȃ͹ͳ͹Ǥ  ƒ˜‹•ǡ ǤȋͳͻͺͷȌǤ–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ……‡’–ƒ…‡‘†‡Žˆ‘”‡’‹”‹…ƒŽŽ›–‡•–‹‰‡™‡†Ǧ—•‡” ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘•›•–‡•ǣ–Š‡‘”›ƒ†”‡•—Ž–•Ǥ’—„Ž‹•Š‡†‘…–‘”ƒŽ†‹••‡”–ƒ–‹‘ǡ Ž‘ƒ …Š‘‘Ž‘ˆƒƒ‰‡‡–ǡƒ„”‹†‰‡ǡǤ  ƒ˜‹•ǡ ǤȋͳͻͺͻȌǤ‡”…‡‹˜‡†—•‡ˆ—Ž‡••ǡ’‡”…‡‹˜‡†‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ—•‡ǡƒ†—•‡”ƒ……‡’–ƒ…‡‘ˆ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ǤMISQuarterlyǡ13ȋ͵Ȍǡ͵ͳͻǦͶͲǤ  ƒ˜‹•ǡ Ǥȋͳͻͻ͵ȌǤ•‡”ƒ……‡’–ƒ…‡‘ˆ…‘’—–‡”–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ǣ•›•–‡…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹…•ǡ—•‡” ’‡”…‡’–‹‘•ǤInt.J.ManMachineStudiesǡ38(͵ȌǡͶ͹ͷǦͺ͹Ǥ  ƒ˜‹•ǡ ǤƬ‡ƒ–‡•ŠǡǤȋͳͻͻ͸ȌǤ…”‹–‹…ƒŽƒ••‡••‡–‘ˆ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‡ƒ•—”‡‡–„‹ƒ•‡• ‹–Š‡–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ……‡’–ƒ…‡‘†‡Žǣ–Š”‡‡‡š’‡”‹‡–•ǤInt.J.HumanComputerStudies, 45ȋͳȌǡͳͻǦͶͷǤ ƒ˜‹•ǡ Ǥǡƒ‰‘œœ‹ǡǤǤǡƬƒ”•Šƒ™ǡǤǤȋͳͻͺͻȌǤ•‡”ƒ……‡’–ƒ…‡‘ˆ…‘’—–‡” –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ǣƒ…‘’ƒ”‹•‘‘ˆ–™‘–Š‡‘”‡–‹…ƒŽ‘†‡Ž•ǤManagementScience,35ȋͺȌǡͻͺʹǦ ͳͲͲ͵Ǥ  ƒ˜‹•ǡ Ǥǡƒ‰‘œœ‹ǡǤƬƒ”•Šƒ™ǡǤȋͳͻͻʹȌǤš–”‹•‹…ƒ†‹–”‹•‹…‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘–‘—•‡ …‘’—–‡”•‹–Š‡™‘”’Žƒ…‡ǤJournalofAppliedSocialPsychology,22(ͳͶȌǡͳͳͳͳǦ͵ʹǤ  ‹•Š„‡‹ǡǤǡƬŒœ‡ǡ Ǥȋͳͻ͹ͷȌǤ‡Ž‹‡ˆǡ––‹–—†‡ǡ –‡–‹‘ǡƒ†‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ǣ –”‘†—…–‹‘ –‘Š‡‘”›ƒ†‡•‡ƒ”…ŠǤ‡ƒ†‹‰ǡǣ††‹•‘Ǧ‡•Ž‡›Ǥ  ‡†”‹…•‘ǡǤǤǡƒ••‡›ǡǤǤǡƬ”‘ƒǡǤǤȋͳͻͻ͵ȌǤ–Š‡–‡•–Ǧ”‡–‡•–”‡Ž‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ ’‡”…‡‹˜‡†—•‡ˆ—Ž‡••ƒ†’‡”…‡‹˜‡†‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ—•‡•…ƒŽ‡ǤMISQuarterly,17(ʹȌǡʹʹ͹Ǧ͵ͲǤ  ‹‰ǡǤǡǤǡƬ‡Ǥǡ ǤȋʹͲͲ͸ȌǤ‡–ƒǦƒƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆ–Š‡–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ……‡’–ƒ…‡‘†‡Žǡ ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†ƒƒ‰‡‡–ǤͶ͵ȋ͸Ȍǡ͹ͶͲȂ͹ͷͷ  ƒ”…‡”ǡǤ ǤǡƬ‡••‹‰ǡǤǤȋͳͻͺͲȌǤ‡”…‡‹˜‡†•‡ˆ—Ž‡••‘ˆ ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ǣ •›…Š‘‡–”‹…šƒ‹ƒ–‹‘ǤDecisionSciences,11ȋͳȌǡͳʹͳǦͳ͵ͶǤ  ‡‡ǡǤǡ‘œƒ”ǡǤǤƬƒ”•‡ǡǤǤǤȋʹͲͲ͵ȌǤŠ‡–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ……‡’–ƒ…‡‘†‡Žǣ’ƒ•–ǡ ’”‡•‡–ǡƒ†ˆ—–—”‡ǤCommunicationsoftheAIS,12ȋͷͲȌǡ͹ͷʹǦͺͲǤ  ‡‰”‹•ǡǤǡ ‰Šƒǡ ǤǡƬ‘ŽŽ‡”‡––‡ǡǤȋʹͲͲ͵ȌǤŠ›‘‡‘’Ž‡•‡ ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ǫ ”‹–‹…ƒŽ‡˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›……‡’–ƒ…‡‘†‡ŽǤInformation&Managementǡ40ǡ ͳͻͳǦʹͲͶǤ  —ǡǦǤƬ —•–ƒˆ•‘ǡǤǤȋͳͻͻͶȌǤ‡’‹”‹…ƒŽ•–—†›‘ˆ’‡”…‡‹˜‡†—•‡ˆ—Ž‡••ƒ† ’‡”…‡‹˜‡†‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ—•‡‘…‘’—–‡”‹œ‡†•—’’‘”–•›•–‡—•‡‘˜‡”–‹‡ǤInternational JournalofInformationManagement.14ȋͷȌǡ͵ͳ͹ǦʹͻǤ 18 

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˜‡”˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›……‡’–ƒ…‡‘†‡Žǣ”‹‰‹•ǡ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•ƒ† —–—”‡‹”‡…–‹‘•

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 ƒǡǤƬ‹—ǡǤȋʹͲͲͶȌǤŠ‡–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ……‡’–ƒ…‡‘†‡Žǣƒ‡–ƒǦƒƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆ‡’‹”‹…ƒŽ ˆ‹†‹‰•ǤJr.ofOrg.,EndUserComputing,16ȋͳȌǡͷͻǦ͹ʹǤ  ƒ–Š‹‡•‘ǡǤȋͳͻͻͳȌǤ”‡†‹…–‹‰—•‡”‹–‡–‹‘•ǣ…‘’ƒ”‹‰–Š‡™‹–Š–Š‡–Š‡‘”›‘ˆ ’Žƒ‡† „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ǤInformationSystemsResearch,2ȋ͵Ȍǡͳ͹͵ǦͻͳǤ  ‘„‡›ǡǤȋͳͻ͹ͻȌǤ•‡”––‹–—†‡•ƒ†ƒƒ‰‡‡– ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘›•–‡—•‡ǤAcademyof ManagementJournal22ȋ͵Ȍǡͷʹ͹Ǧͷ͵ͺǤ  …Š—Ž–œǡǤǡǤƬŽ‡˜‹ǡǤǤȋͳͻ͹ͷȌǤ ’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘ƒ†”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒŽ‹†‹–›ǣ ’‹”‹…ƒŽ ˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘Ǥ  ’Ž‡‡–‹‰’‡”ƒ–‹‘•‡•‡ƒ”…Šƒƒ‰‡‡–…‹‡…‡ǡ ǤǤ…Š—Ž–œƒ†ǤǤŽ‡˜‹ȋ‡†•ǤȌǡ‡”‹…ƒŽ•‡˜‹‡”ǡ‡™‘”ǡǡ’’Ǥͳͷ͵ǦͳͺʹǤ  ‹Ž˜ƒǡǤȋʹͲͲ͹ȌǤ‘•–Ǧ’‘•‹–‹˜‹•–‡˜‹‡™‘ˆ‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›……‡’–ƒ…‡‘†‡ŽǤJournalofthe AssociationforInformationSystemsǡͺȋͶȌǡʹͷ͸Ǧʹ͸͸Ǥ  Šƒ”’ǡ ǤǤȋʹͲͲ͹ȌǤ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡ‡š–‡•‹‘ǡƒ†ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘ǣƒ”‡˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰› ƒ……‡’–ƒ…‡‘†‡Ž.InformationSystemsEducationJournalǡ5ǡͳǦͳͳǤ  —„”ƒƒ‹ƒǡ ǤǤȋͳͻͻͶȌǤ”‡’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ’‡”…‡‹˜‡†—•‡ˆ—Ž‡••ƒ†’‡”…‡‹˜‡†‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ —•‡‡ƒ•—”‡‡–ǤDecisionSciences,25,(ͷȀ͸Ȍǡͺ͸͵Ǧ͹ͶǤ  ™ƒ•‘ǡǤǤȋͳͻͺʹȌǤ‡ƒ•—”‹‰•‡”––‹–—†‡•‹ ‡•‡ƒ”…Šǣ‡˜‹‡™ǤOmega InternationalJournalofManagementScience,10ȋʹȌǡͳͷ͹Ǧͳ͸ͷǤ  ™ƒ•‘ǡǤǤȋͳͻͺ͹ȌǤ ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘Šƒ‡Ž‹•’‘•‹–‹‘ƒ†•‡ǤDecisionSciences, 18ȋͳȌǡͳ͵ͳǦͳͶͷǤ  ‘”ƒ–œ›ǡǤ Ǥƒ†Ž‡‹ǡǤ ǤȋͳͻͺʹȌǤ ‘˜ƒ–‹‘Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹…•ƒ† ‘˜ƒ–‹‘ †‘’–‹‘Ǧ ’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘ǣ‡–ƒǦƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆ ‹†‹‰•ǤIEEETransactionson EngineeringManagement29ȋͳȌǡʹͺǦͶͷǤ  ‡ƒ–‡•ŠǡǤȋͳͻͻͻȌǤ”‡ƒ–‹‘‘ˆˆƒ˜‘—”ƒ„Ž‡—•‡”’‡”…‡’–‹‘•ǣ‡š’Ž‘”‹‰–Š‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆ ‹–”‹•‹…‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ǤMISQuarterly,23ȋʹȌǡʹ͵ͻǦ͸ͲǤ  ‡ƒ–‡•ŠǡǤȋʹͲͲͲȌǤ‡–‡”‹ƒ–•‘ˆ’‡”…‡‹˜‡†‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ—•‡ǣ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‰…‘–”‘Žǡ ‹–”‹•‹…‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†‡‘–‹‘‹–‘–Š‡–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ……‡’–ƒ…‡‘†‡ŽǤInformation SystemsResearch,11ȋͶȌǡ͵ͶʹǦ͸ͷǤ  ‡ƒ–‡•ŠǡǤƬƒ˜‹•ǡ ǤǤȋͳͻͻ͸ȌǤ‘†‡Ž‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‡…‡†‡–•‘ˆ’‡”…‡‹˜‡†‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ—•‡ǣ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ†–‡•–ǤDecisionSciences,27ȋ͵ȌǡͶͷͳǦͶͺͳǤ  ‡ƒ–‡•ŠǡǤƬƒ˜‹•ǡ ǤȋʹͲͲͲȌǤ–Š‡‘”‡–‹…ƒŽ‡š–‡•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ……‡’–ƒ…‡ ‘†‡Žǣˆ‘—”Ž‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽˆ‹‡Ž†•–—†‹‡•ǤManagementScience,46ȋʹȌǡ’’Ǥͳͺ͸ǦʹͲͶǤ  ‡ƒ–‡•ŠǡǤǡ‘””‹•ǡǤǡƒ˜‹•ǡ ǤǡƬƒ˜‹•ǡ ǤȋʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ•‡”ƒ……‡’–ƒ…‡‘ˆ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ǣ–‘™ƒ”†•ƒ—‹ˆ‹‡†˜‹‡™ǤMISQuarterly,27ȋ͵ȌǡͶ͹ͻǦͷͲͳǤ 19 

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˜‡”˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›……‡’–ƒ…‡‘†‡Žǣ”‹‰‹•ǡ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•ƒ† —–—”‡‹”‡…–‹‘•

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 ƒ‰ǡǤǤǡƬ‘‘ǡǤȋʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ –̵•ŽŽ„‘—–––‹–—†‡ǣ‡˜‹•‹–‹‰–Š‡‡…Š‘Ž‘‰› ……‡’–ƒ…‡‘†‡ŽǤDecisionSupportSystems.38ȋͳȌǡͳͻȂ͵ͳ  ‘—•ƒˆœƒ‹ǡǤǤǡ ‘šƒŽŽǡ ǤǤǡƒ†ƒŽŽ‹•–‡”ǡ Ǥ ǤȋʹͲͲ͹ȌǤ‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ……‡’–ƒ…‡ǣƒ‡–ƒǦ ƒƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆ–Š‡ǣƒ”–ͳǡJournalofModellinginManagementǡʹȋ3ȌǡʹͷͳǦʹͺͲǤ                                            20 

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˜‡”˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›……‡’–ƒ…‡‘†‡Žǣ”‹‰‹•ǡ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•ƒ† —–—”‡‹”‡…–‹‘•

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AppendixA:AntecedantstoPUandPEOUasproposedinextendingTAM Variable Definition Voluntariness Š‡†‡‰”‡‡–‘™Š‹…Š—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘‹• ’‡”…‡‹˜‡†ƒ•„‡‹‰˜‘Ž—–ƒ”›ǡ‘”‘ˆˆ”‡‡™‹ŽŽǤ Experience Subjectivenorm

Image

Jobrelevance Outputquality Resultdemonstrability

Computerselfefficacy Perceptionsofexternal control Computeranxiety

Computerplayfulness Perceivedenjoyment

Objectiveusability 

”‹‘”‡š’‡”‹‡…‡‘ˆƒ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ™‹–Šƒ•’‡…‹ˆ‹… –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰› ‡”•‘ǯ•’‡”…‡’–‹‘–Šƒ–‘•–’‡‘’Ž‡™Š‘ƒ”‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ––‘Š‹–Š‹Š‡•Š‘—Ž†‘”•Š‘—Ž†‘– ’‡”ˆ‘”–Š‡„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”‹“—‡•–‹‘ Š‡†‡‰”‡‡–‘™Š‹…Š—•‡‘ˆƒ‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘‹•’‡”…‡‹˜‡† –‘‡Šƒ…‡‘‡ǯ•‹ƒ‰‡‘”•–ƒ–—•‹‘‡ǯ••‘…‹ƒŽ •›•–‡ Š‡…ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•‘ˆƒ•›•–‡–‘‡Šƒ…‡ƒ† ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽǯ•Œ‘„’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡ Š‡’‡”…‡’–‹‘Š‘™™‡ŽŽ–Š‡•›•–‡’‡”ˆ‘”•–ƒ•• –Šƒ–ƒ–…Š™‹–ŠŒ‘„‰‘ƒŽ• Š‡†‡‰”‡‡–‘™Š‹…Š–Š‡”‡•—Ž–•‘ˆƒ†‘’–‹‰Ȁ—•‹‰–Š‡ ‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘ƒ”‡‘„•‡”˜ƒ„Ž‡ƒ†…‘—‹…ƒ„Ž‡–‘ ‘–Š‡”• Š‡„‡Ž‹‡ˆ–Šƒ–‘‡Šƒ•–Š‡…ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”„‡Šƒ˜‹‘” Š‡…‘–”‘Ž„‡Ž‹‡ˆ•”‡Žƒ–‹‰–‘”‡•‘—”…‡ˆƒ…–‘”••—…Š ƒ•–‹‡ƒ†‘‡›ƒ† …‘’ƒ–‹„‹Ž‹–›‹••—‡•–Šƒ– ƒ›…‘•–”ƒ‹—•ƒ‰‡ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽǯ• ƒ’’”‡Š‡•‹‘ǡ‘”‡˜‡ˆ‡ƒ”ǡ™Š‡ •Š‡ȀŠ‡‹•ˆƒ…‡†™‹–Š–Š‡’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ—•‹‰ …‘’—–‡”• Š‡†‡‰”‡‡‘ˆ…‘‰‹–‹˜‡•’‘–ƒ‡‹–›‹ ‹…”‘…‘’—–‡”‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘• Š‡‡š–‡––‘™Š‹…Š–Š‡ƒ…–‹˜‹–›‘ˆ—•‹‰ƒ•’‡…‹ˆ‹… •›•–‡‹•’‡”…‡‹˜‡†–‘„‡‡Œ‘›ƒ„Ž‡‹‹–•‘™”‹‰Š–ǡ ƒ•‹†‡ˆ”‘ƒ›’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡…‘•‡“—‡…‡•”‡•—Ž–‹‰ ˆ”‘•›•–‡—•ƒ‰‡ …‘•–”—…––Šƒ–ƒŽŽ‘™•ˆ‘”ƒ…‘’ƒ”‹•‘‘ˆ•›•–‡• ‘–Š‡ƒ…–—ƒŽŽ‡˜‡Ž‘ˆ‡ˆˆ‡…–”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰‡ˆˆ‘”–•–‘ …‘’Ž‡–‡•’‡…‹ˆ‹…–ƒ••

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Working Papers on Information Systems | ISSN 1535-6078 Editors: Michel Avital, University of Amsterdam Kevin Crowston, Syracuse University Advisory Board:

Editorial Board:

Kalle Lyytinen, Case Western Reserve University Roger Clarke, Australian National University Sue Conger, University of Dallas Marco De Marco, Universita’ Cattolica di Milano Guy Fitzgerald, Brunel University Rudy Hirschheim, Louisiana State University Blake Ives, University of Houston Sirkka Jarvenpaa, University of Texas at Austin John King, University of Michigan Rik Maes, University of Amsterdam Dan Robey, Georgia State University Frantz Rowe, University of Nantes Detmar Straub, Georgia State University Richard T. Watson, University of Georgia Ron Weber, Monash University Kwok Kee Wei, City University of Hong Kong

Margunn Aanestad, University of Oslo Steven Alter, University of San Francisco Egon Berghout, University of Groningen Bo-Christer Bjork, Hanken School of Economics Tony Bryant, Leeds Metropolitan University Erran Carmel, American University Kieran Conboy, National U. of Ireland Galway Jan Damsgaard, Copenhagen Business School Robert Davison, City University of Hong Kong Guido Dedene, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Alan Dennis, Indiana University Brian Fitzgerald, University of Limerick Ole Hanseth, University of Oslo Ola Henfridsson, Viktoria Institute Sid Huff, Victoria University of Wellington Ard Huizing, University of Amsterdam Lucas Introna, Lancaster University Panos Ipeirotis, New York University Robert Mason, University of Washington John Mooney, Pepperdine University Steve Sawyer, Pennsylvania State University Virpi Tuunainen, Helsinki School of Economics Francesco Virili, Universita' degli Studi di Cassino

Sponsors: Association for Information Systems (AIS) AIM itAIS Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia American University, USA Case Western Reserve University, USA City University of Hong Kong, China Copenhagen Business School, Denmark Hanken School of Economics, Finland Helsinki School of Economics, Finland Indiana University, USA Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium Lancaster University, UK Leeds Metropolitan University, UK National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland New York University, USA Pennsylvania State University, USA Pepperdine University, USA Syracuse University, USA University of Amsterdam, Netherlands University of Dallas, USA University of Georgia, USA University of Groningen, Netherlands University of Limerick, Ireland University of Oslo, Norway University of San Francisco, USA University of Washington, USA Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand Viktoria Institute, Sweden

Managing Editor: Bas Smit, University of Amsterdam

Office: Sprouts University of Amsterdam Roetersstraat 11, Room E 2.74 1018 WB Amsterdam, Netherlands Email: [email protected]