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'DEd^ The authors are grateful to the Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh for financial support to complete this research work.

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CONTENTS Page no.

CHAPTER-1: INTRODUCTION.……………………….…..…...04-09 CHAPTER-2: REVIEW OF LITERATURES͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘10-11 CHAPTER-3: MATERIALS AND METHODS͙͙͙͙͙͙͙͙͙͙͙͘͘͘͘͘12-21 CHAPTER-4:TAXONOMIC

ENUMERATION……………..22-122

CHAPTER-5: PHOTOGRAPHS……………………….………123-131 CHAPTER-5: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION............................132-140 CHAPTER-6: ETHNOBOTANY……………………..……...…141-192 CHAPTER-7: EFERENCES.........................................................193-205 CHAPTER-8: INDEX ....................................................................206-209

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Chapter-1 INTRODUCTION Taxonomy is an important branch of Botany which deals with the identification, nomenclature and classification of plants. A plant taxonomist is recognized universally as one who identifies, name, and classifies plant; taxonomy as a workable term must link wise embrace these same function. Plant taxonomy as a science is treated in its orthodox sense that is a science based fundamentally on morphology with the support of all interrelated science (Lawrence, 1973). The flowering plants (angiosperms), also known as Angiospermae Lindl or Magnoliophyta, are the most diverse group of land plants. Angiosperms are seed-producing plants like the gymnosperms and can be distinguished from the gymnosperms by a series of synapomorphies (derived characteristics). These characteristics include flowers, endosperm within the seeds, and the production of fruits that contain the seeds. Etymologically, angiosperm means a plant that produces seeds within an enclosure; they are fruiting plants, although more commonly referred to as flowering plants. Angiosperms are seed-bearing vascular plants. Their reproductive structures are flowers in which the ovules are enclosed in an ovary. Angiosperms are found in almost every habitat from forests and grasslands to sea margins and deserts. Angiosperms display a huge variety of life forms including trees, herbs, submerged aquatics, bulbs and epiphytes. The largest plant families are Orchids, and Compositae (daisies) and Legumes (beans). There are an estimated 352,000 species of flowering plants or angiosperms. The ancestors of flowering plants diverged from gymnosperms around 245–202 million years ago, and the first flowering plants known to exist are from 160 million years ago. They diversified enormously during the Lower Cretaceous and became widespread around 120 million years ago, but replaced conifers as the dominant trees only around 60–100 million years ago (Lindley, 1830).

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Significance of Angiosperm Flora Angiosperms are as important to humans as they are to other animals. Angiosperms serve as the major source of food-either directly or indirectly through consumption by herbivores-and, as mentioned above, they are a primary source of consumer goods, such as building materials, textile fibres, spices, herbs, and pharmaceuticals. Among the most important food plants on a global scale are cereals from the grass family (Poaceae); potatoes, tomatoes, eggplant, and red or chili peppers from the potato family (Solanaceae); legumes or beans (Fabaceae); pumpkins, melons, and gourds from the squash family (Cucurbitaceae); broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, radish, and other vegetables from the mustard family (Brassicaceae, or Cruciferae); and almonds, apples, apricots, cherries, loquats, peaches, pears, raspberries, and strawberries from the rose family (Rosaceae). Members of many angiosperm families are used for food on a local level, such as ullucu (Ullucus tuberosus) in the Andes and cassava (Manihot esculenta) throughout the tropics. Tropical angiosperm trees are an important source of timber in the tropics and throughout the world. The flowering plants have a number of uses as food, specifically as grains, sugars, vegetables, fruits, oils, nuts, and spices. In addition, plants and their products serve a number of other needs, such as dyes, fibers, timber, fuel, medicines, and ornamentals. Many plants serve more than one function. For example, the seeds of the kapok fruit (Ceiba pentandra; Malvaceae) yield a water-repellent fiber used in sound and thermal insulation and an edible oil used in cooking, lubricants, and soap; the oil cake is rich in protein and is fed to livestock; and the soft, light wood is used to make furniture and boats. The angiospermous plant converts the energy of the sun into starch, the energy-rich storage form of sugar, and reserves it in the endosperm of the seed for the time when the seedling germinates and grows. Among the most economically important grains throughout the world are corn, wheat (Triticum), rice (Oryza), barley (Hordeum), oats (Avena), sorghum (Sorghum), and rye (Secale), all members of the grass family, Poaceae. Corn provides food for humans and domesticated animals, and its derivatives (e.g., comstarch and corn oil) are used in making cosmetics, adhesives, varnishes, paints, soaps, and linoleum. Among the many cultivars of Zea mays, dent com, variety indentat, is a widely used feed type in the United States. Wheat, barley, and rye are all members of the same tribe (Triticeae) ϱ

within the family Poaceae. Wheat is among the oldest of the cultivated food crops. Barley is used for human consumption, livestock feed, and malting. Rye is usually used as a livestock feed, but can be used in baking and distilling liquor. Rice is a semiaquatic annual grass and is one of the major cereal crops of the world. Vegetables constitute perhaps the greatest diversity of form and nutritional content and are grown for one or more of their parts—the flowers, shoots, or leaves; or the underground parts, such as tuberous roots, bulbs, rhizomes, corms, and tubers. The globe, or French, artichoke (Cynara scolymus; Asteraceae, also known as Compositae) is an immature flower bud and receptacle overlaid by bracts. Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis; Asparagaceae) is a perennial plant cultivated for its succulent green shoots (spears) that arise from underground stems called crowns. The mustard family (Brassicaceae, also known as Cruciferae) contains a number of important vegetables—broccoli, brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower, collards, kale, and kohlrabi—all members of Brassica oleracea and comprising a group of vegetables called the cole crops, a term that probably reflects the fact that they are principally stem plants. The flower heads and stalks of broccoli and cauliflower are eaten, the two plants differing in that the white head of the cauliflower consists of malformed (hypertrophied) flowers that form in dense clusters. Brussels sprouts continually form many small heads in the axils of the leaves throughout the growing season. The cabbage head is a large terminal bud. The edible portion of celery (Apium graveolens; Apiaceae) is the petiole (leaf stalk) that arises from a compact stem. Rhubarb (Rheum rhabarbarum; Polygonaceae) is a leafy plant also grown for its leaf petioles. Parsley (Petroselinum crispum; Apiaceae), spinach (Spinacia oleracea; Amaranthaceae), and Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris; Amaranthaceae) are cultivated for their leaves, and the leek (Allium ampeloprasum; Alliaceae), a close relative of the onion, is cultivated for its leaf bases. Root crops are grown for their fleshy subterranean storage bodies: tuberous roots, bulbs, rhizomes, corms, and tubers. The potato is a tuber found in Solanaceae, the potato family. Other important root crops include the beet (Beta vulgaris; Amaranthaceae), the sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas; Convolvulaceae), and (in the family Brassicaceae) the radish (Raphanus sativus), turnip (Brassica rapa), and rutabaga (B. napus). Bulb crops are underground leafy scales attached to short compressed stems; food is stored in the leaves rather than the roots, ϲ

causing them to enlarge into bulbs. Onions and garlic (Allium cepa and A. sativum, respectively; Alliaceae) are the most obvious examples of the bulb vegetable. Many plants classified popularly as vegetables are in actuality fruits because they develop from the reproductive structures of the plant. The genus Cucurbita (Cucurbitaceae) includes the pumpkins, squashes, and gourds, of which C. moschata (winter squash, or crookneck pumpkin), C. pepo (summer squash, or marrow), and C. mixta (the pumpkin, or mixta squash) are some of the common types. Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis; Moraceae), a plant native to the Pacific Islands, is a staple, providing a rich source of calcium and starch. The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), including the French, or kidney, bean, the string bean, and the navy bean, is the edible fleshy pod containing the bean seeds. It provides a good source of protein. Lima beans (P. lunatus) probably originated in Central America and are now found in the United States, the lowland tropics, and Africa. The cucumber (Cucumis sativus; Cucurbitaceae) produces a fruit that develops from a branching vine. Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus; Malvaceae) is a warm-weather crop that produces small fruit pods. The garden, or English, pea (Pisum sativum; Fabaceae, also known as Leguminosae) is an annual, cool-weather plant cultivated for its edible green seed or pod. The pea is found throughout most temperate and tropical regions. The family Solanaceae contains the important fruit vegetables—eggplants (aubergines), peppers, and tomatoes—all herbaceous plants, which are perennial in the tropics and annual in temperate zones. (The family also contains the potato, which is a root crop.) The eggplant (Solanum melongena) remains an important food crop in Asia. The pepper (Capsicum; Solanaceae) includes the sweet, or bell, pepper (which is green when immature, but red or yellow when ripe), and the red, or chili, pepper. A native of Central and South America, this herbaceous plant is a perennial in the tropics and an annual in temperate zones. Pepper plants are cultivated for their fruits, some of which are extremely pungent owing to the presence of capsaicin found in the septa, in the placenta, and, to a lesser extent, in the seeds, but not in the wall, of the fruit. The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum, formerly Lycopersicum esculentum; Solanaceae), native to South America, was at one time wrongly reported to bear poisonous fruits. The fruit is a fleshy berry invested with many small seeds. Plants cultivated for their fruits are found in temperate, tropical, or subtropical regions. Temperate plants are generally deciduous and either tolerate or require a cool period for ϳ

growth. Apples (Malus) and pears (Pyrus) are important pome fruits of the family Rosaceae. Some well-known stone fruits of the family include the peaches and nectarines (Prunus persica), plums (P. domestica), and cherries (P. avium). Other temperate fruits grown on bushes, vines, or low plants include the grapes (Vitis; Vitaceae), strawberry (Fragaria; Rosaceae), blueberries (Vaccinium), and cranberries (V. macrocarpon), both from Ericaceae. Tropical fruits tend to be grown on evergreen plants and can survive temperatures only above freezing. Subtropical plants are either deciduous or tropical and are not as susceptible to temperatures slightly below freezing. Citrus (Rutaceae), avocados (Persea americana; Lauraceae), olives (Olea; Oleaceae), dates (Phoenix dactylifera; Arecaceae), fig (Ficus; Moraceae), pineapple (Ananas comosus; Bromeliaceae), banana (Musa; Muscaceae), and papaya (Carica; Caricaceae) are tropical and subtropical plants. Commercially important plants cultivated for the nuts they produce are almonds (Prunus dulcis; Rosaceae), walnuts (Juglans regia; Juglandaceae), pecans (Carya illinoinensis; Juglandaceae), macadamias (Macadamia; Proteaceae), and filberts (Corylus; Betulaceae). Sugarcane (Saccharum officinurum; Poaceae) and sugar beet (Amaranthaceae) are rich sources of natural sugar. Peanuts (Arachis) and soybeans (Glycine), both members of Fabaceae, the legume family, of the order Fabales, produce edible seeds that are important for their rich supply of protein or oil. Other plants rich in oil and important economically are the castor bean (Ricinus; Euphobiaceae), cocnut (Cocos nucifera; Arecaceae), corn, cotton (Gossypium; Malvaceae), flax (Linum usitatissimum; Linaceae), olives, oil palm (Elaeis guineensis; Arecaceae), sesame (Sesamum; Pedaliaceae), and sunflowers (Helianthus; Asteraceae). As noted earlier, some plants produce toxic secondary compounds for protection. Some of the secondary compounds produced by angiosperms are not toxic, however; in fact, many are found in herbs and spices—for example, cloves, the dried flower buds of Syzygium aromaticum (Myrtaceae). The use of herbs and spices in cooking predates recorded history. Herbs are usually leaves or young shoots of nonwoody plants, although bay leaves and a few other leaves from woody plants are also considered herbs. Spices are the highly flavoured, aromatic parts of plants that are usually high in essential oil content. Spices are derived from roots, rhizomes, leaves, bark, seeds, fruits, and flower parts. The search for spices and alternative shipping routes for spices played a major role in world exploration in the 13th to 15th centuries. Many beverages are also derived from angiosperms; these include coffee ϴ

(Coffea arabica; Rubiaceae), tea (Camellia sinensis; Theaceae), most soft drinks (e.g., root beer from the roots of Sessafrans albidum; Lauraceae), and most alcoholic beverages (e.g., beer and whiskey from cereal grains and wine from grapes). The angiosperms provide valuable pharmaceuticals. With the exception of antibiotics, almost all medicinals either are derived directly from compounds produced by angiosperms or, if synthesized, were originally discovered in angiosperms. This includes some vitamins (e.g., vitamin C, originally extracted from fruits); aspirin, originally from the bark of willows (Salix; Salicaceae); narcotics (e.g., opium and its derivatives from the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum; Papaveraceae); and quinine from Cinchona (Rubiaceae) bark. Some angiosperm compounds that are highly toxic to humans have proved to be effective in the treatment of certain forms of cancer, such as acute leukemia (vincristine from the Madagascar periwincle, Catharanthus roseus; Apocynaceae), and of heart problems (digitalis from foxglove, Digitalis purpurea; Plantaginaceae). Muscle relaxants derived from curare (Strychnos toxifera; Loganiaceae) are used during open-heart surgery. The contribution of the angiosperms to biodiversity and habitat is so extremely important that human life is totally dependent on it. A significant loss of angiosperms would reduce the variety of food sources and oxygen supply in a habitat and drastically alter the amount and distribution of the world’s precipitation. Many sources of food and medicine doubtless remain to be discovered in this group of vascular plants (Purseglove, 1968a; 1968b).

Objectives of the Study I. Taxonomic investigation of the Angiosperms both of wild and cultivated growing in the study area. II. Observation of taxa, their morphological features and range of variations. III. Documentation of plant uses. IV. An ethnobotanical importance’s of the study area were highlighted. V. Collection and preservation of material as herbarium specimens for taxonomic revision of Bangladesh. VI. Recording local name, scientific name, family, habit, habitat, phenology and specimens examined of the taxa investigated. VII. Photographs were showed all of the species. VIII. Prepared a checklist for future investigation. ϵ

Chapter-2 REVIEW OF LITERATURES A general account of the Angiosperms was given by Carolus Linnaeus (1753), in “Species Plantarum” (Vols. I and II). Records of the Angiosperm flora occurring in Indo-Pak subcontinent was given by William Roxburgh (1832), in “Flora Indica”. Also a general account of the Angiosperm flora occurring in Indo-Pak sub-continent was given by Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker (1877), in “The Flora of British India (Vols. 1-7)”. Records of the Angiosperm plant species occurring in Bengal and Assam including partially Chittagong and Sylhet are to be found in “Bengal Plants (Vols. 1-2)” by David Prain (1903) and in “Flora of Assam (Vols. 13)” by Kanjilal et al. (1939) respectively. But in Prain’s work, the description of the individual species is absent. After the publication of these floras, the political boundaries of the British Bengal Province have been changed enormously especially after the act of dividing Indo-Pak sub-continent and the partition of Bengal. Beside this, records on the distribution of individual species and frequency of each species were lacking in these floras. Nomenclatural changes are taking place spontaneously owing to intensive taxonomic research and newer systematic evidence. So, these floras may not serve very many purposes owing to lack of important biological information. An account of the Flora of Chittagong and Chittagong Hill-Tracts was provided by Heinig (1925). In his work, description and frequency of the individual species were absent without mentioning distinct habitat and locality. “The Flora of Chakaria Sundarbans” (Cowan 1928) and “The Flora of Cox’s Bazar” (Sinclair 1955) were confined to Chakaria Sundarbans and Cox’s Bazar respectively. Description and other necessary information were omitted. An account of Compositae of Flora of Murshidabad District was provided by Bakshi (1984) and Flora of Howrah District was provided by Bennet (1979). A general account of the Angiosperms occurring in Indo-Bangladesh sub-continent was given by Kirtikar and Basu (1987), in Indian Medicinal Plants (Vols. 1-4). Also a general account of the Angiosperm flora occurring in Indo-Bangladesh sub-continent was given by Hajra et al. (1995), in “Flora of India (Vols. 1-13)”. Over the last few decades several attempts have been made on the floristic studies in Bangladesh, particularly in the forest and protected areas (Khan and Afza, 1968; Khan and Banu, 1972; Khan and Hassan, 1984; Rahman and Hassan, 1995; Rahman and Uddin, 1997; ϭϬ

Uddin et al., 2013; Khan and Huq, 2001; Uddin and Hassan, 2004; Tutul et al., 2009, 2010; Arefin et al., 2011; Uddin and Hassan, 2012). Studies on angiosperm flora in different Zilla and Upazilas of Bangladesh are limited (Islam et al., 2009; Rahman et al., 2012; Moniruzzaman et al., 2012; Rahman and Alam, 2013), however, there has been no floristic study on Narsingdi district of Bangladesh.

In Bangladesh the Flora of Narsingdi District is very rich in terms of vegetational composition, number of diverse genera and species and their variability owing to peculiarities of different habitat and ecology. The Flora of Narsingdi District is in intimate connection with the Flora of India. The green scenario of the lush vegetation of this area is not only appealing to our aesthetic sense but also a vast potential for exploitation. In course of time, new urban areas have been created; fallow lands and areas of natural vegetation have been turned into cultivated fields or converted into residential areas due to population pressure. Beside this, during the last half of a century, some species have already been extinct, some are going to be extinct, new species have been introduced, new report on the distribution of taxa published, and nomenclature revised. The revision of the flora of Bangladesh is being published by different workers. Study of a few moderate sized families has already been completed. Floristic works, like those of Hooker (1877), Prain (1903), Kanjilal et al. (1939), Heinig (1925), Cowan (1928) and Sinclair (1955) are either out of date or lack important systematic information. Thus an up-to-date extensive study for critical survey on the Angiosperm flora of Narsingdi district is a prerequisite for publishing the family account under “Flora of Bangladesh.” A manual on the local flora is a useful asset. Analysis and review of the literature pertaining to Narsingdi district reveal that the angiosperm flora of this area were neither explored completely nor any publication with precise description, distribution and up-to-date nomenclature are available.

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Chapter-3 MATERIALS AND METHODS 3.1. Materials Taxonomy and Ethno-botanical study of Angiosperm Flora at Pandit Para Village under Palash Upazila of Narsingdi district, Bangladesh was carried out from March 2013 to July 2014.

A

total

of

162

species

under

136

genera

and

65 families were collected and identified. 3.2. Methods Methods are divided into six sub-heads. They are as follows: i.

Field study

ii.

Sample collection

iii.

Preservation

iv.

Preparation of herbarium sheets

v.

Source of Herbarium Material examined and

vi.

Identification

3.2.1. Field study: Field studies are desirable for an understanding of the relationship of any group of plants, and should preface and accompany the herbarium and bibliographic phases of the study. When it is not possible to study the plants in the field, effort should be made to grow and study as many kinds as possible in one or more test gardens, obtaining seeds and plants for such purpose from indigenous sources, as far as possible. Studies made in the field should cover both the seasons of flowering and of fruiting, and collections should be made of material in all stages of development. In planning field studies, it is necessary to know of the available maps and communication of the area, both for use in plotting distributions and in planning itineraries. Notes should be made on precise locations of collections, habitat types, and of soil characteristics not evident from the soil maps.

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3.2.2. Collection: Plants were collected as systematically as possible from the selected area. The following are ways of handling fresh plant material for processing into herbarium specimens: (a) Field press: Plant presses are of several types, the selection of which depends on the use to be made of them and on the drying techniques to be used. The efficiency of the presses was determined largely by its ability to hold the material under a constant and firm pressure, to dry the specimen to a degree short of crispness, and to retain the colors of all parts in so far as possible. Conventionally, most presses comprise a pair of plywood or metal frames blotters, pressing paper, and straps or strong cord. The specimens were pressed and were arranged within the folded sheet of pressing paper that has been placed on a blotter, and another placed over it. If the plants were dried with the aid of artificial heat, a sheet of corrugated materials were used between each pressing paper and its specimen otherwise no corrugates were used and the presses were built up by an alternation of blotter-pressing paper-blotter, etc. The press frames were on the top and bottom of the press, and were “locked up” by means of straps or stout cords. Blotters designed for the purpose, and of the standard sizes of 30 cm x 45 cm were available from biological supply houses in a wide range of weights and qualities. (b) Driers (blotters): Excellent driers may be made by cutting sheets 27.5 cm x 40 cm from light weight builders deadening felt (unsaturated) or from heavy blotting paper. Driers are also available from biological supply houses. (c) Newsprint: Cut paper 55 cm x 40 cm and fold to 27.5 cm x 40 cm. Many use newspapers as found on the newsstand but unused newsprint may be purchased in rolls from local printers. Biological supply houses usually offer precut papers. (d) Press straps (webbing straps): A pair of strong web straps (parachute or cinch type) with claw buckles are excellent for field purposes. Such cord or rope is often also used. The minimum length for press straps is four feet. (e) Field note book: A pocket-size book which will not disintegrate when wet and pencil or pen with water-proof ink are necessary items. Multiple sets of all materials were collected. All information’s were noted in the field note book i.e. local name, scientific name, family, habit, habitat, collection number, date of collection, locality, flower color, flowering season, distribution, uses etc.

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(f) Diggers and clippers: Both pruning shears or garden clippers and digging tools are necessary. A trowel (preferably with a steel shank), geologist pick, dandelion digger or heavy sheath knives are excellent for field use. A small trench shovel and pocket-knife are also useful. The collecting picks are essential for digging up rhizomes, deep-seated bulbs or corms, and the roots of most herbaceous plants. (g) String tags: Water-proof string tags are useful for labeling plants which are not pressed immediately following collection. (h) Hand lens: For field observations and identifications a small 5x or 10x lens is desirable. These are generally available from bookstores and biological supply houses. (i) Collecting bottles: Glass or plastic bottles with leak-proof screw caps are often desirable for collecting some materials. The size used depends upon the materials to be collected. Small vial-type bottles are ideal for collecting floral buds, flowers for clearing and other materials to be preserved in liquid preservatives. (j) Vascula and collecting bags: Plant materials not pressed in the field immediately may be stored in a metal container (vasculum) in folds of wet paper. Due to the cost and bulkiness of this container many now prefer to use plastic bags (turkey or fertilizer) or rubber-lined canvas bags (military laundry bags). Local conditions will determine in part the type of bag to be used, but avoid exposure to sun, particularly if clear plastic bags are used. All materials should be carefully labeled to avoid confusion when materials are pressed. (k) Insecticides and repellents: Moth crystals or flakes (napthalene or paradichlorobenzene) may be used as repellents. Considerable quantities of paradichlorobenzene in an air-light container may be used as an insecticide. An excellent treatment is to place PDB in the folds of the specimen paper, tie specimens into bundles and seal in a plastic bag. (l) Maps: Highway, topographic, and geologic maps are often very useful in locating localities for particular species. (m) Camera: To take photographs of collected plant specimens lens camera was used.

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3.2.3. Preservation: The collected plants were preserved following the methods described below: (a) Dry preservative: After collection of the materials they were brought in the laboratory and dried under pressure inside newspaper folder. Before making herbarium the materials were killed by dipping in boiling water for few minutes and drying under air or sun. Later the same dried materials were brushed with super saturated solution of mercuric chloride in rectified spirits to prevent insects and fungi attack dried for a week. Dried materials were kept in boxes with plenty of naphthalene. Some fruits of the collected materials were also dried and kept in the packets with plant of naphthalene. (b) Liquid preservative: Glass or plastic bottles with leak-proof screw caps were often desirable for collecting some materials. The sizes used depend upon the materials collected. Small vial-type bottles when used for collecting floral buds, flowers and other materials were preserved in liquid preservatives. The type of solutions used, of course depend on future use and type of materials. For general anatomical purposes and materials such as wood, leaves and flowers a mixture of FormalinAcetic acid-Alcohol (FAA) is widely used and is prepared in the following manner: Ethyl alcohol (70%).............................................................90 cc Formalin (commercial strength)............................................5 cc Glacial acetic acid..................................................................5 cc Cytological materials are often fixed in a 6:3:1 mixture of chloroform, 95% ethyl alcohol and glacial acetic acid or in Carnoy’s Fluid (3:1 absolute ethyl alcohol and glacial acetic acid). Carnoy’s containing 95% ethyl alcohol is useful for leaves. When using the 6:3:1 mixture, the glacial acetic acid should not be added until materials are ready to be fixed. After materials have been in fixative for 24-28 hours the fixative should be discarded and materials are stored in 70% alcohol. At Kew a solution of 50% alcohol, 5% formalin, 5% glycerol and 40% water is used for storing plant materials. In majority of the cases the materials were examined in fresh condition and in all cases few flowers and fruits were preserved in 70% alcohol for future study. Each vial should contain a

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field label. Use pencil and slips of bond paper; the numbers should correspond to those in the field notebook. 3.2.4. Preparation of herbarium sheets: Generally two sizes of herbaria sheets are used. American size is 29.2 x 41.9 cm and Kew size is 26.6 x 41.9 cm. Kew size has been used in this research work as a standard size. Dried plant specimens were cut of standard size and paste on the herbarium sheets with the help of gum or tape. Label: Herbarium label is very essential. Generally label is attached in the left corner of the herbarium sheets. The name of herbarium is written on the label. Besides collection number, date of collection, locality, scientific name, family, all information, name of identifier and collector etc. were recorded. Insecticides and fungicide are used to conserve herbarium. Generally Kew mixture and lorenpentachlor fennet are used. Name of poisons and date of application are written in herbarium sheets. Now-a-days, deep freezing method is used to control insects of herbarium sample. Mounting samples are conserved in the herbarium with the help of specific method. This specific method is called filing. For example, principles of Bentham-Hooker is followed in Kew Herbarium, principle of Engler-Prantl is followed in Bangladesh National Herbarium etc. Again alphabetically principle is followed in many small herbariums. Herbarium conservation is very important. Herbarium sheet may be destroyed and attacked by insects if not properly conserved. Napthalene, DDT, PDB etc. are used to keep the herbarium sheets from insecticides. Boxes made of wood or steel almiragh is used for these purposes. There are 2/3 chambers in a steel almiragh. Herbarium sheets are arranged in a specific methods in these chambers. For example, herbarium sheets are arranged systematically according to species, genus, family, class, series, sub-division etc. by following Bentham-Hooker principles. Herbarium sheets were made from the collected plants, all the collected plant specimens were kept in the laboratory herbarium, Department of Botany, Rajshahi University, Bangladesh.

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3.2.5. Source of Herbarium Material examined Name of Hebarium

Abbreviation used

Herbarium, Department of Botany, University of Rajshahi, RUH Bangladesh.

3.2.6. Identification: The collected specimens were identified studying related taxonomic books and booklets from the library of Rajshahi University. The major collected materials were identified and described up to species with the help of Hooker (1877); Prain (1903); Cronquist (1981); Kirtikar and Basu (1987); and Sharma (2004). In some cases Lawrence (1973); Heywood (1979); Davis and Heywood (1963); Ara et al . (2011); Tanziman et. al. (2013); Naderuzzaman and Tareque (1993); Hajra et al. (1995); Roxburgh (1832); Sinclair (1955); Raizada and Saxena (1978); Raizada (1941); Hossain and Khan (1993); Chakravarty (1982); Pandey (1969); Naik (2003); Sambamurty (2005); Agharkar (1991); Bhattachariya (1989); Biswas (1973); Dey (1996); Ghani (1998); Oudhia and Tripathi (1996); Rastogi and Mehrotra (1991); Hassan (1988, 1993); Khan (1998, 1975); Ming (1999); Sing (1998-2001); Warrier et al. (1996); Bhattacharyya and Johri (1998); Chopra (1956); Caius (1998); Koche et al. (2008); Anisuzzaman et al. (2007); Rahman et al. (2008a, 2008b); Rahman (2013j, 2013k, 2013l); Rahman (2014); Rahman et al. (2011); Rahman and Khanom (2013); Rahman et al. (2006); Rahman et al. (2013); Rahman et al. (2007); Rahman and Gulshana (2014); Rahman and Rahman (2014); Rahman et al. (2014a, 2014b, 2014c); Rahman (2013, 2013); Rahman and Akter (2013); Rahman and Rojonigondha (2014); Rahman and Alam (2013); Uddin and Hassan (2012); Tutul et al. (2009, 2010) and Cotton (1996) were consulted. For the current name and up to date nomenclature Huq (1986, 1986), Pasha and Zaman (1988), Ahemd, et. al. (2008-2009) and Pasha and Uddin (2013 were consulted.

ϭϳ

STUDY AREA Geographical position Pandit Para is a village under Palash upazila of Narsingdi District in the Division of Dhaka, Bangladesh. Palash upazila’s area is 94.43 sq km, located in between 23°53´ and 24°03´ north latitudes and in between 90°34´ and 90°43´ east longitudes. It is bounded by Shibpur and Kapasia upazilas on the north, Rupganj and Narsingdi sadar upazilas on the south, Shibpur and Narsingdi Sadar upazilas on the east, Kaliganj (Gazipur), Kapasia and Rupganj upazilas on the west (BBS, 2013). Administration Palash Thana, now an upazila, was formed in 1977. Population: Total 189120; male 98752, female 90368; Muslim 166680, Hindu 22235, Buddhist 24 and others 181. Literacy rate: Average literacy 59.7%; male 63.2%, female 55.9%. Main sources of income : Agriculture 28.28%, non-agricultural labourer 2.86%, industry 5.14%, commerce 16.87%, transport and communication 2.14%, service 26.26%, construction 5.80%, and others 12.65%. Ownership of agricultural land : Landowner 53.36%, landless 46.64%; agricultural landowner: urban 47.12% and rural 60.64%. Main crops : Paddy, jute, wheat, sugarcane, onion, garlic, vegetables. Extinct or nearly extinct crops : Linseed, sesame, kaun, sweet potato, arahar. Main fruits: Mango, jackfruit, pineapple, litchi, banana, papaya. Water bodies Main river: Shitalakhya. Fisheries, dairies and poultries : Fishery 15, dairy 55, poultry 87, nursery 7, cattle breeding centre 2. Noted manufactories Sugar mill, jute mill, paper mill, fertiliser factory, power station. Cottage industries Blacksmith, potteries, weaving, bamboo work, cane work. Main exports Sugar, jute hessian, paper, banana, pineapple, onion, garlic, vegetables. Access to electricity All the wards and unions of the upazila are under rural electrification net-work. However 71.21% of the dwelling households have access to electricity. Sources of drinking water:

Tube-well

83.72%, tap 10.37%, pond 0.23% and others 5.68%. Health centres Upazila hospital 7, health complex 1, satellite clinic and family welfare centre 4, maternity 1, charitable dispensary 1, community clinic 28. NGO activities are operationally important. NGOs are BRAC, ASA, Popy. Pandit Para’s area is 130.76 acres. It is bounded by Khanepur on the north, Atoshi Para and Saner Bari on the south, Fulbaria on the east, Paschim Palash on the west.

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Population Total 2538 ; male 1263, female 1275; Muslim 27 , Hindu 2549. Total Family: 678

Climate The climate of this village is generally sub-tropical, characterized by high temperatures, heavy monsoon rains and high humidity. The rainfall pattern is seasonal with most of the rain falls during the monsoon from June-September. This seasonal variation of rainfall and temperature influences the cultivation and conservation of medicinal plants. It also influence farming practices of the local people. In 2013June-2014May the monthly average temperature, rainfall, and relative humidity are given bellowJune

July

August

Septembe r

Octob er

Nove mber

Dece mber

Janua ry

Febru ary

Marc h

Aprile

May

Min Tempo C

32.1

31.4

31.6

31.6

31.6

29.6

26.4

25.4

28.1

32.5

33.7

32.9

Max Tempo C

26.1

26.2

26.3

25.9

23.8

19.2

14.1

12.7

15.5

20.4

23.6

24.5

Rainfall (mm)

340.4

373.1

316.5

300.4

172.3

34.4

12.8

7.7

28.9

65.8

156.3

339.4

Relative

72

72

74

71

65

53

50

46

37

38

42

49

Humidityy (%)

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MAP OF THE STUDY AREA

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Photographs of the Study Area

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Chapter-4 TAXONOMIC ENUMERATION 4.1. List of the family, genera and species enumerated The present thesis focuses an assessment of angiosperm flora at Pandit Para Village under Palash Upazila of Narsingdi district, Bangladesh conducted during March 2013 to July 2014. A total of 162 species belonging genera to 136 under 65 families were recorded. The families are arranged according to the system of Cronquist (1981) Classification. The genera and species are arranged alphabetically.

MAGNOLIOPSIDA (DICOTYLEDONES) I. Family: ANNONACEAE Annona reticulata L.(Nona) Annona squamosa L. (Ata) Polyalthia longifolia (Sonn.) Thw. (Debdaru) II. Family: LAURACEAE Cinnamomum tamala Nees.( Tejpata) Cinnamomum verum J.Presl.(Darchini) III. Family: PIPERACEAE Peperomia pellucida Kunth. (Peperomia) IV. Family: NELUMBONACEAE Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.(Padma) V. Family: NYMPHAEACEAE Nymphaea nouchali Burm.f. (Sapla) VI. Family: PAPAVERACEAE Argemone maxicana L.( Shialkanta) VII. Family: MORACEAE Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk.( Kathal) Artocarpus lacucha Buch.-Ham (Deua) Ficus benghalensis L. (Bot) Ficus religiosa L. (Pakur)

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VIII. Family: NYCTAGINACEAE Mirabilis jalapa L.( Sandhamoni) IX. Family: CHENOPODIACEAE Chenopodium album L.( Botuashak) X. Family: AMARANTHACEAE Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. (Helencha) Amaranthus spinosus L. (Katanote) Amaranthus dubius L. (Datashak) Amaranthus tricolor L. (Lalshak) Celosia argentea L. (Morog ful) XI. Family: BASELLACEAE Basella alba L. (Puishak.) XII. Family: POLYGONACEAE Polygunum hydropiper L. (Panimorich) XIII. Family: DILLENIACEAE Dillenia indica L. (Chalta) XIV. Family: ELAEOCARPACEAE Elaeocarpus robustus Roxb.(Jalpai) XV. Family: TILIACEAE Corchorus capsularis L. (Deshi pat) Microcos paniculata L. (Pisla) XVI. Family: BOMBACACEAE Bombax ceiba Linn. (Simul) XVII. Family: MALVACEAE Gossypium harbaceum L. (Karpas) Hibiscus mutabilis L. (Sthalpadma) Hibiscus esculentus L. (Bhindi) Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. (Jaba) XVIII. Family: CARICACEAE Carica papaya L.(Pepe) XIX. Family: CUCURBITACEAE Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn. (Chalkumra) Ϯϯ

Coccinia cordifolia (L.) Cogn.(Telakucha) Cucumis melo L. (Bangi) Cucumis sativus L. (Sasha) Cucurbita maxima Duch. (Mistikumra) Lagenaria siceraria (Mol.) Stan. (Lau) Momordica charantia L. (Korola)

XX. Family: MORINGACEAE Moringa oleifera Lam. (Sajna) XXI. Family: SAPOTACEAE Manilkara achras (Mill.) Per.(Sofeda) Mimuspos elengi L. (Bokul) XXII. Family: EBENACEAE Dyospyros perigrina (Gaertn.) Gur. (Gab) Dyospyros philippensis (Des.) Gam. (Bilatigub) Diospyros montana Roxb. (Tamal) XXIII. Family: CRASSULACEAE Kalanchoe blossfeldiana Poelln.(Lal pathorkuchi) Kalanchoe laciniata (L.)Pers. (Himsagar) XXIV. Family: ROSACEAE Rosa centifolia L.(Golap) XXV. Family: MIMOSACEAE Acacia auriculiformis Benth. (Akashmoni) Acacia nilotica (L.) Del. (Babla) Albizia lucida Benth. (Silkoroi) Albizia procera Benth. (Koroi) Mimosa pudica L. (Lajjaboti) XXVI. Family: CAESALPINIACEAE Bauhinia acuminata L.( Kanchan) Delonix regia (Boj.) Raf. (Krisnachura) Tamarindus indica L.( Tetul) Cassia fistula L. (Badarlathi) XXVII. Family: FABACEAE Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub. (Palash) Cajanus cajan (L.) Huth.(Arhar) Clitoria tarnetea L.(Aprajita) Ϯϰ

Crotalaria retusa L. (Atoshi) Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet.(Sim) Lens esculenta Moench. (Mushor) XXVIII. Family: LYTHRACEAE Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers.(Jarul) Lawsonia inermis L.(Mehedi) XXIX. Family: MYRTACEAE Callistemon citrinus Stapf.(Bottlebrass) Psidium guajava (L.) Bat.(Piyara) Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeel.(Jam) Syzygium samarangense (Bl.) Merr. & Perry.(Jamrul) XXX. Family: PUNICACEAE Punica granatum L.(Dalim) XXXI. Family: ONAGRACEAE Ludwigia adscendens (L.) Hara.(Kesordam) XXXII. Family: COMBRETACEAE Quisqualis indica L. (Madhabilata) Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) Wt.& Arn. (Arjun) Terminalia chebula (Gaertn.) Retz (Haritaki) XXXIII. Family: LORANTHACEAE Dendrophthoe falcata (L.f.)Ett. (Loranthus) XXXIV. Family: EUPHORBIACEAE Acalypha indica L. (Muktajuri) Croton bonplandianum Bail. (Croton) Euphorbia hirta L. (Dudhia) Phyllanthus emblica L. (Amloki) Ricinus communis L. (Bherenda) XXXV. Family: RHAMNACEAE Zizyphus mauritiana Lam. (Barai) XXXVI. Family: SAPINDACEAE Litchi chinensis Sonn. (Lichu) XXXVII. Family: ANACARDIACEAE Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr.(Jiga) Ϯϱ

Mangifera indica L.(Am) XXXVIII. Family: MELIACEAE Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Neem) Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq. (Mehagoni) XXXIX. Family: RUTACEAE Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa (Bel) Citrus aurantifolia Sw.(Kagochilebu) Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck. (Jambura) Citrus reticulata Blanco (Kamlalebu) Feronia limonia (L.) Sw. (Kothbel) Murraya paniculata (L.) Jacq.(Kamini) XL. Family: OXALIDACEAE Averrhoa carambola L.(Kamranga) XLI. Family: APIACEAE Centella asiatica (L.) Urban.(Thankuni) Coriandrum sativum L.(Dhania) XLII. Family: APOCYNACEAE Carissa carandas L. (Karamcha) Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don (Nayantara) Plumeria acutifolia L. (Kathgolap) Rauvolfia serpentina Benth. (Sarpagandha) Tabernaemontana coronaria (Jacq.) Willd. (Kathmaloti) XLIII. Family: SOLANACEAE Capsicum frutescens L.(Morich) Cestrum nocturnum L.(Hasnahena) Datura metel L.(Dhutra) Lycopersicon lycopersicum (L.) Karst.(Tomato) Physalis minima L.(Kapalphutki) Solanum filisifolium Ort.(Titbegun) Solanum melongena Wall.(Begun) XLIV. Family: CONVOLVULACEAE Ipomoea aquatica Forssk. (Kalmi) Ipomoea batatus L. (Mistialo) Ipomoea fistulosa Mart. Ex Choisy (Dholkalmi) Ipomoea quamoclit L. (gate ful) Ipomoea alba L. Ϯϲ

XLV. Family: CUSCUTACEAE Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. (Sornolota) XLVI. Family: BORAGINACEAE Heliotropium indicum L.(Hatisur) XLVII. Family: VERBENACEAE Clerodendrum viscosum Vent.(Bhat) Nyctanthes arbortristis L.(Shuli) Tectona grandis L.f.(Segun) XLVIII. Family: LAMIACEAE Leucas cephalotes (Roth.) Spreng.(Dandakolos) Mentha viridis L. (Pudina) Ocimum sanctum Linn. (Tulshi) XLIX. Family: OLEACEAE Jasminum sambac (L.) Ait.(Beli) L.

Family: ACANTHACEAE Adhatoda vasica Nees.(Basak) Andrographis paniculata Wall ex Nees(Kalomegh) Justicia gendarussa L.(Jagthmadan)

LI. Family: PEDALIACEAE Sesamum indicum L. (Til) LII. Family: RUBIACEAE Anthocephalus chinensis (Lamk.) Rich. ex Walp. (Kadam) Gardenia jasminoides Ellis. (Gandharaj) Ixora coccinea L. (Rangan) Paederia foetida L.(Gandhavaduli) LIII. Family: ASTERACEAE Chrysanthamum coronarium L.(Chandramollica) Helianthus annuus L.(Surjamukhi) Mikania cordata (Burm.f.) Roxb(Asamlata) Tagetes erecta L. (Gadaphul) Tagetes patula L. (Pora gada) Tridax procumbens L.(Tridhara) Wedelia chinensis (Osbeck) Merr. (Mahavingoraj)

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LILIOPSIDA (MONOCOTYLEDONES) LIV. Family: ARECACEAE Areca catechu L.(Supari) Borassus flabellifer L.(Tal) Cocos nucifera L.(Narikel) Phoenix sylvestris (L.) Roxb.(Khejur) LV. Family: ARACEAE Alocasia indica (Roxb.) Schott.(Mankachu) Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott.(Kochu) Pistia stratiotes L. (Topa pana) LVI. Family: LEMNACEAE Lemna perpusilla Torrey.(khudipana) LVII. Family: CYPERACEAE Scirpus articulates (L.) Palla.(Chechur) LVIII. Family: POACEAE Bambusa balcooa Roxb. (Bash) Crysopogon aciculatus (Retz.) Trin. (Premkanta) Cynodon dactylon Pers.(Durbaghas) Oryza sativa L. (Dhan) Saccharum officinarum L. (Akh) Triticum aestivum L. (Gom) LIX. Family: BROMELIACEAE Annanas sativus Schult. f.(Anaras) LX. Family: MUSACEAE Musa paradisiaca L. (Kola) LXI. Family: ZINGIBERACEAE Curcuma longa L.(Holud) Curcuma zeoderia Rosc.(Shathi) Zingiber officinale Rosc.(Ada) LXII. Family: CANNACEAE Canna indica L.(Kolaboti) LXIII. Family: PONTEDERIACEAE Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Sol.-Lau.(Kochuripana) Ϯϴ

LXIV. Family: LILIACEAE Allium cepa L.(Piaj) Allium sativum L.(Rosun) Asparagus racemosus L.(Satamuli) LXV. Family: ALOEACEAE Aloe vera (L) Burm. f.(Gritakumari)

4.2. Taxonomic enumeration of the family, genera and species I.

Family: ANNONACEAE

Trees or shrubs, often climbing, sometimes aromatic, leaves alternate, simple, entire, stipules 0. Flowers hermaphrodite, rarely 1-sexual.Disk 0. Sepals 3, usually valvate, free or connate. Petals hypogynous in 2 or 1-3 merous whorls. Stemens many, rarely few, hypogynous, close set on the torus; filaments short or 0, anthers adnate, connective produced in an oblong or truncate head; dehiscence longitudinal, extrose or sublateral. Carpels 1-many, free or rarely (Anona) united, but with stigmas distinct style short or 0, stigma capitate or oblong, entire or sulcate or 2-lobed; ovules 1 or more, basal or on the ventral suture, anatropous with ventral raphe. Fruit of 1 or more, sessile or stipitate, 1-many seeded, usually indehiscent called, many seeded mass. Seeds large, testa coriaceous or crustaceous, albumen dense, ruminate; embryo small, sometimes minutes. 1. Annona squamosa Linn., Sp. Pl. 1:537 (1753); Synonyms: Annona asiatica L. Annona squamosa is a small, well-branched tree or shrub 3 m to 8 m tall. Thin, simple, alternate leaves occur singly. Flowers solitary or in short lateral clusters of 2-4 about 2.5 cm long, greenish-yellow flowers on a hairy, slender 2 cm long stalk. 3 green outer petals, purplish at the base, oblong, 1.6 - 2.5 cm long, and 0.6 - 0.75 cm wide, three inner petals reduced to minute scales or absent. Very numerous stamens; crowded, white, less than 1.6 cm long; ovary light green. Styles white, crowded on the raised axis. Each pistil forms a separate tubercle (small rounded wartlike protuberance), mostly 1.3 cm- 1.9 cm long and 0.6 cm-1.3 cm wide which matures into the aggregate fruit. The round or heart-shaped greenish yellow, ripened aggregate fruit is pendulous on a thickened stalk; 5 cm-10 cm in diameter with many round protuberances and covered with a powdery bloom (Plate no. 1; Fig. B). Local name: Ata Ϯϵ

Habit: Tree Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: May to October Specimens examined: AD 52, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 14.06.2013 2. Annona reticulata Linn., Sp. Pl. 1: 537. (1753); Synonyms: Annona humboldtiana Kunth., Annona humboldtii Dunal., Annona excelsa Kunth. It is a small deciduous or semi-evergreen tree reaching 8 to 10 m. tall with an open, irregular crown. The slender leaves are hairless, straight and pointed at the apex (in some varieties wrinkled), 10 to 20 cm. long and 2 to 7 cm. wide. The yellow-green flowers are generally in clusters of three or four 2 to 3 cm. diameter, with 3 long outer petals and 3 very small inner ones. The fruits are variable in shape: heart shaped, spherical, oblong or irregular. When ripe, the fruit is brown or yellowish, with red highlights and a varying degree of reticulation, depending again on the variety (Plate no.1; Fig. A). Local name: Nona Habit: Tree Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: May to October Specimens examined: AD 72, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 14.06.2013 3. Polyalthia longifolia (Sonn.) Thw. ( Enum. pl. zeyl. 398. 1864) Synonyms: Unona longifolia (Sonn.) Dunal; Uvaria longifolia Sonn. A tall handsome, evergreen tree with a conical crown. Leaves 7-20 cm long, narrowly lanceolate with wavy edges. Flowers 2.5-3.8 cm across, yellowish green, in fasciles or short umbels from the axils of fallen leaves; petals subequal, linear, spreading, tapering to a point. Fruits 18 mm long, ovoid, produced in great clusteres on glabrous stalks, black when ripe (Plate no. 1; Fig. C). Local name: Debdaru Habit: Tree Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: May to July Specimens examined: AD 14, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 14.06.2013

ϯϬ

II.

Family: LAURACEAE

Erect aromatic trees or shrubs usually evergreen. Leaves alternate rarely, opposite or deciduous, gland-dotted; stipules 0. Flowers regular, small, hermaphrodite, in axullary cymes, clusters, racemes or panicles; bracts deciduous, often involucrate, sometimes 0. Perianth usually inferior; tube short, sometimes enlarging in fruit; lobes of limb usually 6, 2-seriate, the lobes of each series imbricate, all similar, small, herbaceous or petaloid and equal; or the outer rarely smaller very rarely longer than the inner, occasionally one or more lobes abortive or one or more additional lobes present. Stamens usually a multiple of the perianth lobes in 2-4 series on the tube; filaments flattened, theinner or some or all the filaments often 2 glandular at the base; anthers erect, 2 or 4 celled, the cells dehiscing by upcurved at length deciduous valvular lids. Ovary sessile at the base of the perianth tube, 1-celled; ovule solitary, anatropous, pendulous from the apex of the cell. Fruit a dry or fleshy berry, naked or rarely enclosed in or adnate to the perianth tube, the stalk often thickened. Seed pendulous; testa membranous; albumen 0; cotyledons plano-convex, fleshy. 4. Cinnamomum tamala Nees. Handb. med.-pharm. Bot. 2:426. 1831 A small to medium-sized tree. Leaves 12.5-20 cm long, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, coriaceous, glabrous, acuminate, 3-nerved. Flowers small, pale yellow, in axillary and terminal lax puberulous panicles, 5-15 cm long. Drupe 13 mm long, ovoid, fleshy, black (Plate no. 1; Fig. D). Local name: Tejpata Habit: Tree Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: February to October Specimens examined: AD 34, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 14.06 .2013 5. Cinnamomum verum J. Presl. (F. Berchtold & J. S. Presl, Prir. rostlin 2:36, 37-44, t. 7. 1825); Synonyms: Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume; Laurus cinnamomum L. A moderate sized evergreen tree. Leaves coriaceous, 7.5-20 cm long, ovate or ovatelanceolate, shining above, subacute or shortly acuminate. Flowers small, numerous, in lax panicles, usually longer than the leaves. Fruit 1.3-1.7 cm long, oblong or ovoid-oblong, dry or slightly fleshy, dark purple (Plate no. 1 Fig. E). ϯϭ

Local name: Darchini Habit: Tree Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: January to March Specimens examined: AD 63, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 14.06 .2013

III.

Family: PIPERACEAE

Herbs, shrubs or climbers, rarely small trees, sometimes vine or epiphytes, usually aromatic. Leaves simple, alternate, often opposite or whorled, often gland dotted, stipules absent or 2, connate or adnate to petioles. Flowers small, hermaphrodite or unisexual, axillary or terminal, fleshy spikes, bracts small, usually peltate, perianth absent. Stamens 1-10, often

3+3,

filaments usually free, anthers bisporangiate and monothecal or tetrasporangiate and dithecal, pollen grains small to minute, globose. Ovary superior, unilocular, 1-4 short stigmas with very short style, in Piper 3 or 4 carpels arising from initially distinct primordial, but in Peperomia a single carpel arising from a single primordium, ovule solitary, orthotropous. Fruit a small drupe or nutlet, pericarp fleshy, thin or dry. Seed solitary, globose, ovoid or oblong with scanty endosperm. 6. Peperomia pellucida Kunth.

F. W. H. A. von Humboldt et al., Nov. gen. sp.

1:53[folio]; 1:64[quarto]. (1816) A succulent, slender, much branched, anual herb with translucent cylindrical stem, up to 25 cm high. Leaves alternate, 2-2.5 cm long and as broad, broadly ovate-deltoid, acute, membranous. Flowers very small, in terminal and lateral spikes, 4-4.7 cm long; peduncle about 5 mm long. Fruit minute (Plate no. 1 Fig. F). Local name: Peperomia Habit: Herb Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: Throughout the year Specimens examined: AD 29, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 14.06 .2013

ϯϮ

IV.

Family: NELUMBONACEAE

Aquatic rhizome and tuberiferous herbs . The plant produceing benzyl-isoquinoline and aporphine alkaloids. Vascular bundles of the stem scattered and without cambium. Leaves simple, long petioled, arising from the rhizome, leaf blades large, orbicular, peltate, some floating, others distinctly raised above the water, stomata anomocytic. Flowers solitary, large and showy. Long peduncled, raised above the water, entomophilous, bisexual, hypogynous. Tepals many, c 22-33, free, spirally arranged, the 2 outermost greenish and sepaloid , others petaloid. Stamen many , spirally arranged, filaments slender, elongated, anthers dithecal with a prolonged connective. Carpels many, free, arranged in 2-4 cycles, individually sunken in an enlarged spongy obconical receptacle. 7. Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. Fruct.sem.pl.1:73, t.19.fig.2.1788 A large aquatic herb with slender, elongate, branched, creeping stem. Leaves large, 0.3-0.6 m or more in diam., orbicular, peltate, entire, floating with very long petioles. Flowers solitary, 10-25 cm diam. White or rosy, peduncles very long. Fruit obconical, 5 cm long and 6 cm broad, top flat (Plate no. 1; Fig. G). Local name: Padma Habit: Herb Habitat: Hydrophyte Phenology: July to October Specimens examined: AD 61, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 14.06.2013

V.

Family: NYMPHAEACEAE

Aquatic rhizomatous herbs. Vessels wanting, vascular bundles in the stem scattered or in a single ring, without cambium. Leaves arising from rhizome, simple, long petioled, leaf blade codate or hastate to peltate, usually floating, stomata anomocytic. Flower solitary, large and showy, bisexual, regular, hypogynous to epigynous . Sepals 4-6, free. Petals 8 –many, usually passing into the stamens. Stamens many, spirally arranged, mostly laminar and 3 nerved, filaments flat and free. Carpels 3-35, stigmas usually radiating. Fruits spongy, berry like.

ϯϯ

8. Nymphaea nouchali Burm.f. Fl. indica 120. 1768. A large aquatic herb; leaves 15- 30 cm broad, sagittate to cordate, sharply sinuate-toothed, floating, petiode very long. Flowers 5-15 cm across; petals linear or ovate-oblong, white, rose or red. Fruit a globose berry with persistent stamens (Plate no. 1; Fig. H). Local name: Sapla Habit: Herb Habitat: Hydrophyte Phenology: June to August Specimens examined: AD 48, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 14.06.2013

VI.

Family: PAPAVERACEAE

Annual to perennial herbs with coloured juice, rarely shrubs or small trees. Leaves alternate or the floral ones opposite or whorled, often much divided, stipule absent, indumentum of simple or barbellate fairs. Flowers mostly solitary, showy, actinomorphic, hermaphrodite. Sepals 2-3, caducous or calyptrate. Petals 4-6 or 8-12, free, biseriate, imbricate, often crumpled. Nectaries absent. Stamens numerous, free, anthers 2-celled, opening length-wise. Ovary superior, composed of 2 or more united carpels, 1-celled with parietal placentas, or several-celled by the intrusive placentas reaching the middle, rarely 2 celled by a superior wall, carpels rarely loosely united and becoming free in fruits, stigmas opposite or alternate with the placentas, ovules numerous, anatropous. Fruits capsular, opening by valves or pores. Seeds small, with a crested or smooth raphe or arillate, embryo minute in copious fleshy or oily endosperm. 9. Argemone maxicana L. Sp. Pl. 1:508. (1753) A prickly annual herb, 30-80 cm high, with spreading branches and yellow juice. Leaves 7.517.7 cm long, thistle-like, stem-clasping, oblong, sinuately pinnatifid, margins prickly, veins white. Flowers yellow, large, terminal on short, leafy branches. Capsules prickly, 2-3.7 cm long, oblong-ovoid. Seeds numerous, black (Plate no. 1; Fig. I). Local name: Shialkanta Habit: Herb ϯϰ

Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: February to June Specimens examined: AD 73, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 06.08.2013

VII.

Family: MORACEAE

Trees or shrubs, sometimes becoming epiphytic with milky juice, Leaves alternate, simple, pinnately or palmately nerved stiples 2, often caduceus and very small, often in heads or catkin like spikes , unisexual, monocious, actinoomorphic calyx lobes usually 4, sometimes reduced or absent, imbricate or valvate, sometimes concrete and adnate to the receptacle. Petals absent stamens 4 or 2, opposite the calyx lobes, filaments inflexed or straight in bud, anther 2 locular, opening length wise; rudimentary ovary present or not, overy superior to inferior, usually 1 locular; ovules mostly pendulous from the apex rarely basal and erect, style mostly 2, usually filiform . fruit a small achene, nut or drupe. Artocarpus J. R. Forst. & G. Forst. All Artocarpus species are laticiferous trees or shrubs that are composed of leaves, twigs and stems capable of producing a milky sap. The fauna type is monoecious and produces unisexual flowers; furthermore, both sexes are present within the same plant. The plants produce small, greenish, female flowers that grow on short, fleshy spikes. Overy straight; style contral or lateral, stigma entire; ovules pendulous. Following pollination, the flowers grow into a syncarpous fruit, and these are capable of growing into very large sizes. The stipulated leaves vary from small and entire (Artocarpus integer) to large and lobed (Artocarpus altilis), with the cordate leaves of the species A. altilis ending in long, sharp tips.

10. Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk. Encycl. 3: 209. (1789) A medium-sized to large evergreen tree, with rather short trunk and large, dense, rounded crown. Leaves 10-20 cm long, elliptic, entire, thickly coriaceous. Flower heads embraced by spathaceous, deciduous, stipular sheaths; male cylindric, 5-15 cm long. Fruits large, 30-75 cm long, round to oblong, tubercled (Plate no. 1; Fig. J). Local name: Kathal Habit: Tree ϯϱ

Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: February to July Specimens examined: AD 17, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 14.06.2013 11. Artocarpus lacucha Buch.-Ham. Mem.Wern.Nat.Hist. Soc. 5: 333. 1826 A medium-sized, deciduous tree with large dense spreading crown. Leaves 10-30 cm long, coriaceous, oblong, elliptic or subovate, entire. Flowers in axillary globose, shortly pedunculate heads. Fruit 5-7.5 cm across, lobulate, yellow when ripe (Plate no. 1; Fig. K ). Local name: Deua Habit: Tree Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: April to July Specimens examined: AD 74, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 06.08.2013

Ficus L. Trees or shrubs, erect, scandent, or strangling, that produce abundant milky latex when wounded. Leaves alternate, simple or lobate, coriaceous; petioles short or elongate. Flowers unisexual, minute, produced in the interior of an axillary inflorescence, globose or ellipsoid, formed by an enlarged receptacle (syconium); calyx reduced, membranaceous; corolla absent. Male flowers with 1-2 stamens rarely 3-6, female flower with a unilocular ovary with one apical ovule, style excentric, stigma various, ovules pendulous. Fruit a syconium formed by an enlarged receptacle, globose or ellipsoid.

12. Ficus benghalensis L. Sp. Pl. 2: 1059. (1753) A large spreading, evergreen or semi-deciduous tree of low stature (trunk), sending down many aerial roots from the branches. All parts contain white latex. Leaves coriaceous, 10-20 cm long, ovate or elliptic, entire. Receptacles about 2 cm diam., sessile, in pairs, axillary, globose, puberulous, red when ripe (Plate no. 1; Fig. L). Local name: Bot Habit: Tree Habitat: Mesophyte ϯϲ

Phenology: May to August Specimens examined: AD 75, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 06.08.2013 13. Ficus religiosa L. Sp. Pl. 2: 1059. (1753) A large tree. Leaves alternate, broad ovate, apex produced intoa tail about 1/3 of the length of the whole blade. Male flower: few, 0.2cm. long, sessile, perianth 3, ovate, stamen 1, filaments short, 0.12cm. long. Gall flower: Sub sessile style curved, 0.13 cm. long. perianth 5-6, lanceolate, valvate. Female flower: Sub sessile, style long, 0.2 cm. long; Perianth 5-6 valvate, connate (Plate no. 1; Fig. M). Local name: Pakur Habit: Tree Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: March to October Specimens examined: AD 76, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 06.08.2013

VIII. Family: NYCTAGINACEAE Plants herbs, shrubs or trees. Leaves simple, opposite or rarely alternate, entire, exstipulate, petiolate, leaf

blade herbaceous or slightly fleshy. Flowers perfect, seldom unisexual,

hypogynous, commonly in cymose inflorescence, often subtended by large and conspicuous, sometimes even corolloid involucres, primary inflorescence sometimes reduced to a single flower forming a pseudanthium with a calyx like involucre and corolla like calyx. Calyx a wall developed, slender, 3-8 lobed tube, valvate or plicate in bud, commonly corolloid. True corolla absent. Stamens 1-5, sometimes many, hypogynous, filaments joined at the base, equal or unequal, distinct or connate into a tube at the base, anthers tetrasporangiate and dithecal, opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 1 loculed, ovule 1, style 1, stigmas globose. Fruit an achene like anthocarp, enclosed by persistent perianth, ribbed or winged, often glandular. Seed 1, endosperm present, embryo straight or curved. 14. Mirabilis jalapa L. Sp. Pl. 1:177. (1753) The plants are erect and spreading, 2-3 ft. They have numerous branches and opposite, pointed leaves 2-4 in (5-10 cm) long. The fragrant flowers are borne singly or in clusters, and ϯϳ

can be red, magenta, pink, yellow. They have large, black carrot shaped tubers that can be a foot or more long (Plate no. 1; Fig. N). Local name: Sandhamoni Habit: Herb Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: March to November Specimens examined: AD 38, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 14.06.2013

IX.

Family: CHENOPODIACEAE

Herbs, shrubs rarely trees, seldom climbing. Stem often succulent, usually showing anomalous secondary growth. Leaves simple, alternate or opposite, stipules absent. Inflorescence spike, panicle or racemes. Flowers small, usually green, 1-many, bisexual, rarely unisexual. Sepals 5, free or connate at the base. Petal absent. Stamens 5, opposite to the sepals, sometimes fewer, filaments free or connate at the base, anthers opening longitudinally. Carpels 2-3, united, ovary unilocular, ovule solitary and basal. Fruit a utricle or a small nut. 15. Chenopodium album L. Sp. Pl. 1:219. (1753) An annual herb, 0.3-2 m high. Leaves very variable in size and shape, reaching up to 10 cm long, oblong, rhombic, deltoid or lanceolate, entire, toothed or irregularly lobutate; upper leaves smaller and more entire than the lower. Flowers very small in clusters, forming complex or lax paniculate often mealy spikes (Plate no. 1; Fig. O). Local name: Botuashak Habit: Herb Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: December to April. Specimens examined: AD 77, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 06.08.2013

ϯϴ

X. Family: AMARANTHACEAE Herbs, clambering subshrubs, shrubs, or lianas. Leaves alternate or opposite, entire, exstipulate. Flowers small, bisexual or unisexual, or sterile and reduced, subtended by 1 membranous bract and 2 bracteoles, solitary or aggregated in cymes. Inflorescences elongated or condensed spikes (heads), racemes, or thyrsoid structures of varying complexity. Bracteoles membranous or scarious. Tepals 3-5, membranous, scarious or subleathery, 1-, 3-, 5-, or 7(-23) -veined. Stamens as many as tepals and opposite these, filament lobes present or absent, pseudostaminodes present or absent; anthers (1- or) 2-loculed, dorsifixed, introrsely dehiscent. Ovary superior, 1-loculed; ovules 1 to many; style persistent, short and indistinct or long and slender; stigma capitate, penicillate, 2-lobed or forming 2 filiform branches. Fruit a dry utricle or a fleshy capsule, indehiscent, irregularly bursting, or circumscissile. Seeds lenticular, reniform, subglobose, or shortly cylindric, smooth or verruculose. 16. Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. Abh. Königl. Ges. Wiss. Gottingen 24:36. 1879 (Symb. fl. argent.) A perennial, polymorphic herb. Stem long, prostrate, simple or branched, robust. Leaves opposite, oblong or linear oblong. Apex acute, Inflorescence a head solitary, spherical. Fruit not seen (Plate no. 1; Fig. P). Local name: Helencha Habit: Herb Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: March to June Specimens examined: AD 78, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 06.08.2013 17. Amaranthus dubius Mart. ex Thell.; Fl. Adv. Montpellier 203 (1912). Erect annual herb, up to 150 cm tall; stems slender to stout, branched, glabrous. Leaves arranged spirally, simple, without stipules; male flowers usually near apex of inflorescences, with 5 stamens c. 2 mm long; female flowers with superior, 1-celled ovary crowned by 3 stigmas. Fruit an ovoid-urceolate capsule c. 1.5 mm long, 1-seeded. Seed lenticular (Plate no. 1; Fig. Q). Local name: Daata ϯϵ

Habit: Shrub Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: Throughout the year Specimen examined: AD 159, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 08.08.2013 18. Amaranthus spinosus L., Sp. Pl. 1:991 (1753) An annual spinescent herb, 30-60 cm high. Leaves 3.75 cm long, ovate or oblong, obtuse. Flowers very numerous, sessile, in dense axillary clusters and in terminal dense or interrupted spikes (Plate no. 1; Fig. R). Local name: Katanote Habit: Herb Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: Throughout the year Specimens examined: AD 148, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 08.08.2013 19. Amaranthus tricolor L.;Sp. Pl. 2:989. 1753; Synonyms: A. gangeticus. L., melanocholicus. L.

A.

Ascending or erect annual herb up to 125 cm tall, with stout stem, usually much branched.Leaves arranged spirally; Inflorescence an axillary, globose cluster up to 2.5 cm in diameter. Flowers unisexual, subsessile, with 3 tepals up to 5 mm long; male flowers with 3 stamens; female flowers with superior, 1-celled ovary crowned by 3 stigmas. Fruit an ovoidurceolate capsule up to 3 mm long, 1-seeded. Seed 1–1.5 mm long (Plate no. 1; Fig. S). Local name: Lalshak Habit: Herb Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: Throughout the year Specimen examined: AD 158, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 08.08.2013. 20. Celosia argentea L. Sp. Pl. 1:205. (1753 ); Synonyms: C. coccinea L. An erect annual herb, 0.3-0.9 m high. Leaves variable in size and shape, 2.5-10 cm long, linear or linear-lanceolate, acute. Flowers at first pinkish, afterwords glistening white, crowded and imbricate in close cylindric, blunt or acuminate terminal spikes, 2.5-15 cm long (Plate no. 1; Fig. T). ϰϬ

Local name: Morog ful Habit: Herb Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: November to April. Specimens examined: AD 147, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 08.08.2013 XI.

Family: BASELLACEAE

Annual or perennial herbs, stem fleshy, twining, sometimes conspicuously coloured, arising from the thick rhizomes or tubers. Leaves fleshy, simple, alternate, exstipulate. Inflorescence a spike, raceme or panicle. Flowers regular, bisexual, often coloured. Bracts and sometimes 2 bracteoles present, small, deciduous. Perianth 2 seriate, flashy, persistent, the outer 2 lobes forming an involucres, the inner 5 lobes united with the outer from the base up to the middle, forming a cuo like structure. Stamens 5, opposite to the inner lobes of the perianth, filaments wider at the base, epiphyllous, anther bi-locular, versatile, opening by apical pores or pore like slits or length wise. Carpels 3, syncarpous, ovary superior, 1-locular, style terminal with 3 papillose stigmas, rarely with one stigma. Fruit indehiscent, usually berry-like due to the persistent fleshy perianth lobes. Seed 1, with a crustaceous testa, endosperm copious, sometimes absent or very thin, surrounded by the spirally twisted or semi annular embryo. 21. Basella alba L. Sp. Pl. 272. (1753); Synonyms: Basella rubra L. It is a glabrous, much branched, succulent climber. Leaves large, thick, broadly ovate, cordate or orbicular, 5-17.75 cm diam. Spikes 2.5-15 cm, axillary, peduncled, simple or branched; flowers white or red, sessile. Fruit, the size of a pea, black (Plate no. 2; Fig. A). Local name: Puishak Habit: Climber Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: November to March Specimens examined: AD 50, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 14.06.2013

ϰϭ

XII.

Family: POLYGONACEAE

Herbs, shrubs, or small trees, sometimes monoecious or dioecious. Stems erect, prostrate, twining, or scandent, often with swollen nodes, striate, grooved, or prickly. Leaves simple, alternate, rarely opposite or whorled, petiolate or subsessile; stipules often united to a sheath (ocrea) . Inflorescence terminal or axillary, spicate, racemose, paniculate, or capitate. Pedicel occasionally articulate. Flowers small, actinomorphic, bisexual, rarely unisexual. Perianth 36-merous, in 1 or 2 series, herbaceous, often enlarged in fruit or inner tepals enlarged, with wings, tubercles, or spines. Stamens usually (3-) 6-9, rarely more; filaments free or united at base; anthers 2-loculed, opening lengthwise; disk annular (often lobed) . Ovary superior, 1loculed; styles 2 or 3, rarely 4, free or connate at lower part. Fruit a trigonous, biconvex, or biconcave achene; seed with straight or curved embryo and copious endosperm.

Polygonum L. Herbs, shrubs, or subshrubs, annual. Stems prostrate to erect, glabrous. Leaves cauline, alternate, petiolate or sessile; white or silvery, 2-lobed.; blade linear, lanceolate, elliptic, ovate. Inflorescences axillary or axillary and terminal, spikelike, or flowers solitary; peduncle absent. Flowers bisexual; perianth nonaccrescent, white or greenish white to pink; tepals 5; stamens 3-8 ,styles (2-) 3, mostly spreading, distinct or connate proximally; stigmas 2-3, capitate. Achenes included or exserted, yellow-green, brown.

22. Polygonum hydropiper L.; Sp. Pl. 1:361.(1753); Synonyms: Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Spach.

Annual herb 20-70 cm long. Stem erect or ascending. Leaves elongatelanceolate,regularly black-dotted, with a peppery taste. Flowers greenish-white, sometimes pink, in long slender spikes, interrupted. Bracteoles naked. Fruit : 2-3 mm (Plate no. 2; Fig. B). Local name: Pani Morich Habit: Herb Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: Throughout the year Specimen examined: AD 161, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 14.06.2013.

ϰϮ

XIII. Family: DILLENIACEAE Trees or shrubs; sometimes climbing or herbs. Leaves alternate , simple, toothed; stipules 0, but petiole sheathing, more rarely with lateral deciduous stipules. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite, often showy, white or yellow. Disk 0, sepals 5, rarely more, or fewer, imbricate, persistent, often accrescent. Petals 5, rarely more or fewer caducous. Stamens many, hypogynous; anthers dehiscence longitudinal; introrse or lateral, or by terminal pores. Carpels 1-many, free, styles free, stigma simple; ovules solitary amphitropous. Fruit indehiscent berry like or dehiscent follicular. Seeds 1 or numerous or few arillate, rarely rather numerous. Albumen fleshy, embryo minute, 23. Dillenia indica L. Sp. Pl. 1:535 (1753) A medium-sized, semi deciduous tree, branches spreading. Leaves fascicled at the end of the branches, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 20-30 cm long, sharply serrate. Flowers white, large, up to 15 cm diam., solitary, towards the end of each branchlets. Fruit large, 7.5-10 cm diam., subglobose (Plate no. 2; Fig. C). Local name: Chalta Habit: Tree Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: May to June Specimens examined: AD 15, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 14.06.2013

XIV. Family: ELAEOCARPACEAE Small to large sized trees, occasionally buttressed at the base. Leaves simple, alternate or sometimes opposite. Inflorescence a raceme, panicle or dichasial cyme. Flowers regular, perfect or seldom unisexual, hypogynous. Sepals 4-5, distinct, sometimes shortly connate at the base, valvate or sometimes imbricate. Petals 4-5, free or seldom connate at the base, valvate or seldom imbricate, sometimes sepaloid or absent. Stamens numerous, distinct, originating centrifugally, filaments free, hairy or glabrous, anthers tatrasporangiate and dithecal, opening by a transverse apical slit. Ovary superior, as many locules as carpels, styles glabrous or hairy at the base, stigmas simple, 2-many ovules on axile placentas in each

ϰϯ

locule, ovules anatropus, bitegmic. Fruit a capsule or less often a drupe, smooth or wrinkled. Seeds smooth, rugose or tubercled, arillate or not. 24. Elaeocarpus robustus Roxb. Floribundus Blume, Bijdr. : 120.(1825) A medium to big sized tree with simple green leaves. Small flower in axillary racemes. Fruit drupes, green in colour, one seeded. The fruit is nearly round, oval or cylindrical. It is hard and green at first but when ripe it is becomes soft (Plate no. 2; Fig. D). Local name: Jalpai Habit: Tree Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: March to June Specimens examined: AD 79, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 14.06.2013

XV.

Family: TILIACEAE

Trees, Shrubs, or herbs, leaves alternate rarely opposite simple or lobed. Stipules free, often caducous. Flowers usually cymose, cymes few flowered or large and many flowered. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite or unisexual. Sepals 3-5, free valvate. Petals as many as the sepals, rarely absent imbricate, valvate, stamens numerous, rarely definite, usually springing from a dilated torus, free or sometimes 5-adelphous, filaments filiform, anther 2-ulled. Ovary free 210 celled; styles columnar or divided into as many divisions as there are cells to the ovary, stigmas usually distinct rarely confluent or sessile. Ovules attached to the inner angle of the cells of the ovary, if few in number often pendulous from the apex or ascending to from the base, if more numerous disposed in 2 or more ranks, anatropous; Fruits fleshy or dry; dehiscent or indehiscent 2-10 or by abortion 1-celled, carpels separable or always united. 25. Corchorus capsularis L. Sp. Pl. 1:529. (1753) A very tall annual. Leaves 7.5-10 cm long, lanceolate, acute or acuminate, serrate, the lower serrature on each side usually prolonged into filiform appendage. Flowers less than 12 mm across, in short cymes. Capsules 12 mm across, subglobose, depressed (Plate no. 2; Fig. E). Local name: Deshi pat Habit: Tree ϰϰ

Habitat: Shrub Phenology: February to July Specimens examined: AD 80, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 06.08.2013 26. Microcos paniculata L. Sp. Pl. 1: 514 (1753) A small or tall semi-deciduous tree, sometimes shrubby. Leaves 10-15 cm long, ellipticoblong, acuminate, entire or slightly and irregularly toothed. Flowers small, yellow, in terminal panicles. Fruits globose or slightly obovoid, about 10 mm across (Plate no. 2; Fig. F). Local name: Pisla/ Aser Habit: Shrub Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: January to December Specimens examined: AD 41, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 14.06.2013

XVI. Family: BOMBACACEAE Trees, usually large, often deciduous; trunks sometimes spiny; bark fibrous, with mucilaginous exudates; indumentum usually stellate or tufted. Leaves alternate, spiral; stipules inconspicuous, caducous; petiole pulvinate; leaf blade often palmately compound (simple and lobed in Ochroma), margin often entire. Inflorescences axillary, 1(or 2) flowered, rarely many-flowered. Flowers bisexual, actinomorphic, large and showy. Epicalyx of 3 bracts. shortly cylindrical, truncate, or irregularly 3-5-lobed, sometimes splitting. Petals 5, joined at base with androecium and falling as one unit, imbricate. Stamens usually very many (3-15 in Ceiba) ; filaments usually united in lower half into a filament tube around style, tube sometimes lobed, with stamens in 5 groups with completely united filaments and sessile anthers; anthers usually 1-celled, apparently 2-celled and non-septate in Ceiba, sometimes many anthers united into an apparent many-celled "super-anther"; pollen usually spheroidal,

smooth, reticulate; staminodes absent. Ovary superior, syncarpous, carpels

usually 5; ovules 2 to many per locule, axile, anatropous; style 5-lobed. Fruit a 5-valved capsule, or hard and indehiscent (e.g., Adansonia), many-seeded with seeds often embedded

ϰϱ

in endocarp hairs (kapok), less often fruit winged or juicy and few-seeded. Seeds sometimes winged. 27. Bombax ceiba L.Fruct. sem. pl. 2:244.(1791);Synonyms: Bombax pentadrum L. A medium-sized, deciduous tree; branches horizontal, in whorls of three. Leaves long petioled, leaflets 5-8, lanceolate, 5-12.5 cm long. Flowers 3.8-5 cm diam., dirty white, appears at the ends of the branches in clusters of 2-8. Capsules fusiform, 15-20 cm long (Plate no. 2; Fig. G). Local name: Simul Habit: Tree Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: February to April Specimens examined: AD 149, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 08.08.2013

XVII. Family: MALVACEAE Herbs, shrubs, or trees, often stellate haired, inner bark fibrous, wood soft, juice mucilaginous or rarely acid. Leaves alternate, palminerved at base, simple, lobed or rarely digitately compound; stipules 2, sometimes caducous. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite, rarely diocious or polygamous, bracteoles 3 or more, scattered or approximated, free or connate, often forming in epicalyx. Sepals 5, valvate, connate at the base or free. Petals 5, adnate below to stamina column, contorted in bud, often oblique. Stamens many, rarely definite; filaments combined in a tube adnate below to the petals, variously divided at the tot into antheriferous lobs; anthers 1-celled, cells sinuous linear or reniform ; dehiscence longitudinal extrorse. Carpels many, whorled, connate of free, style free, or partly or quite connate, stigmas linear or spathulate on inner face or capitates; ovules 1 or more in each cell, axial on the inner angle, amphitropous, raphe usually ventral. Fruits of dry indehiscent or dehiscent cocci, or capsular and loculicidal, sometimes large and woody. Seeds obovoid globose or reniform, glabrous or bairy; albumen mucilaginous, scanty, or 0, embryo curved.

ϰϲ

28. Gossypium harbaceum L. Sp. Pl. 2:693.(1753) A small, woody, annual shrub. Leaves almost reniform, distinctly cordate-auriculate, 3-5-7 lobed. Inflorescence proliferous, forming many lateral spurs that carry two or more flowers. Bracteoles 3, equalling the capsule, ovate-rotund, top incised into long irregular teeth. Flowers large, yellow with purple claws. Capsules ovoid, acuminate (Plate no. 2; Fig. H). Local name: Karpas Habit: Tree Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: February to May Specimens examined: AD 81, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 06.08.2013 29. Hibiscus mutabilis L. Sp. Pl. 2:694.(1753) A large, bushy, ornamental shrub. Leaves, cordate, long-petioled, suborbicular, 5-7 lobed or angled, softly pubescent or tomentose. Flowers large, axillary, solitary; corolla 7.5-10 cm across, spreading, white or pink. Capsules globose, flattened, hairy (Plate no. 2; Fig. I). Local name: Sthalpadma Habit: Shrub Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: Throughout the year. Specimens examined: AD 83, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 06.08.2013 30. Hibiscus esculentus L. Sp. Pl. 2:696.(1753); Synonyms: Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench. It is a tall shrubby annual, covered with rough hairs. Leaves polymorphous; the lower roundish-angled, the upper palmately 3-5-lobed, lobes oblong toothed, hairy on both surfaces; petioles up to 15 cm long. Flowers large, axillary, yellow with crimson centre. Capsule 15-20 cm long, pyramidal-oblong, 5-angled, hispid (Plate no. 2; Fig. J). Local name: Bhindi Habit: Herb ϰϳ

Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: June to September Specimens examined: AD 82, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 06.08.2013 31. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. Sp. Pl. 2:694. 1753 An ornamental shrub or small tree. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, more or less acuminate, irregularly and coarsely serrate towards the top. Flowers large, axillary solitary; corolla 7.5 cm diam., tubular below, red (Plate no. 2; Fig. K). Local name: Jaba Habit: Shrub Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: Thoughtout the year Specimens examined: AD 11, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 14.06.2013

XVIII. Family: CARICACEAE Soft-wooded, small, diocious or monoecious trees or shrubs with trunks, rarely branched, sap milky. Leaves in a terminal crown, palmately lobed, long petioled, exstipulate. Flowers unisexual, rarely bisexual. Sepals 5, small in both sexes. Staminate flowers sessile on male plant in clusters on long pendent inflorescences. Petals 5, united into a slender tube, contorted or valvate. Stamens 10 in 2 series, inserted on corolla. Pistil rudimentar , rarely functional. Pistillate flowers sessile on female plants, solitary or in few flowered corymbs in the leaf axils. Corolla gamopetalous. Ovary large, globose, pentacarpellary, syncarpous with numerous ovules on parietal placentation, style short, stigmas 5, sessile. Fruit a pulpy berry. Seeds with fleshy endosperm and straight embryo. 32. Carica papaya L. Sp. Pl. 2:1036.(1753) An erect small tree, with spongy stem and white latex, hollow inside. Leaves large, 30-60 cm across, on long, hollow, petioles, palmately lobed, subpeltate, forming a round tuft at the top of the stem. Plant dioecious; male flowers in long drooping panicles; female flowers in short clusters. Fruit large, 15-30 cm long, obovate to obovate-oblong, succulent (Plate no. 2; Fig. L). ϰϴ

Local name: Pepe Habit: Shrub Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: Throughout the year Specimens examined: AD 10, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 14.06.2013

XIX. Family: CUCURBITACEAE Herbs or weakly woody shrubs with watery sap, scandent or prostrate, annual or perennial. Leaves alternate, exstipulate, simple, palminerved, palmately or pedately lobed or compound, rarely pinnately or pedately lobed or compound, rarely pinnately divided or pinnately compound, lamina variable in the same species or even in the same plant. Tendrils solitary, lateral, spirally coiled, simple or divided. Inflorescence axillary, racemose, umbellate or solitary, clustered or paniculate. Flowers unisexual, very rarely bisexual, monoecious or diocious. Sepals 5, tubular or campanulate. Petals 5, gemo or polypetalous, white, yellow, greenish or rarely blue or red. Stamens usually 5 or 3, of which one often 1 locular and the others 2 locular, but sometimes 4, 2 or even 1, filaments separate or variously united into a column, anther erect, curved or conduplicate, pistillode present or not. Ovary inferior or nearly completely so, mostly composed of 3 carpels, 3 locular, rarely 1-2 or spuriously 4-6 locular, placentas parietal, fleshy, often confluent in the middle of the ovary, style terminal, simple or branched at the apex, stigmas as many as the carpels, staminodes present or not. Fruit a pepo, dehiscent or indehiscent, berry or capsule. Seeds usually many, often compressed, horizontal, erect or pendulous, tuberculate, rarely winged. Marginate, exalbuminous. 33. Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn. A. L. P. P. de Candolle & A. C. de Candolle, Monogr. phan. 3:513.(1881); Synonyms: Benincasa cerifera Savi; Cucurbita hispida Thunb. It is a large climber, hispid all over. Leaves large, 10-15 cm diam., hispid. Flowers solitary, large, yellow. Fruits 30-45 cm long, broadly cylindric, hairy; mature fruit glabrous, ash coloured (Plate no. 2; Fig. M). Local name: Chalkumra Habit: Climber ϰϵ

Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: March to October Specimens examined: AD 84, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 06.08.2013 34. Coccinia cordifolia (L.) Cogn. A. L. P. P. de Candolle & A. C. de Candolle, Monogr. phan. 3:529.(1881); Synonym : Cucumis maderaspatanus L. A rather extensive climber. Tendrils slender, simple. Leaves 5-10 cm long and broad, obtusely 5 angled, base cordate. Flowers solitary, large, white; corolla 2.5 cm long. Fruit fusiform-ellipsoid, slightly beaked, 2.5-5 cm long, marked when immature with white streaks, bright, scarlet when ripe (Plate no. 2; Fig. N). Local name: Telakucha Habit: Climber Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: March to December Specimens examined: AD 147, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 08.08.2013 35. Cucumis melo L. Sp. Pl. 2:1011.(1753) An annual creeping herb. Leaves about 7.5 cm diam, orbicular-reniform, 5-angled or lobed scabrous on both surfaces. Flowers large, yellow; male flowers fascicled, female solitary; corolla subcampanulate, 1.6 cm long, 5-lobed. Fruit spherical, ovoid, elongate or contorted (Plate no. 2; Fig. O). Local name: Bangi Habit: Climber Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: January to May Specimens examined: AD 47, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 14.06.2013 36. Cucumis sativus L. Sp. Pl. 2:1012.(1753) A hispidly hairy prostrate or climber. Leaves 12-18 cm long and broad, broadly cordateovate, angled a shallowly 3-5- lobed, villous-hispid. Male flowers fasiculate, corolla 2-3 cm long, yellow. Female flowers solitary or fasciculate, peduncle robust, yellow. Fruit oblong, short or long, green, turns rusty brown when mature (Plate no. 2; Fig. P).

ϱϬ

Local name: Sasha Habit: Climber Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: Throughout the year Specimens examined: AD 53, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 14.06.2013 37. Cucurbita maxima Duch. ex Lamk., Encycl. 2:151.(1786) Large hispid climbing herbs. Leaves nearly orbicular in outline, 5-angled. Flowers monoecious, solitary, yellow, large, campanulate, Fruit fleshy, large, and greatly varies in size and shape (Plate no. 2; Fig. Q). Local name: Mistikumra Habit: Climber Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: Throughout the year Specimens examined: AD 85, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 14.06.2013 38. Lagenaria siceraria (Mol.) Stan. Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 3(3):435. (1930); Synonyms: Cucurbita lagenaria L.; Cucurbita leucantha Duchesne; Cucurbita longa hort. Climbers. Leaves palmately compound, 3-7 lobed, soft, pubescent. Flowers in panicle, unisexual, white. Fruits berries, sometimes dumbell shaped, at matuarity with hard shell (Plate no. 2; Fig. R). Local name: Lau Habit: Climber Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: Throughout the year Specimens examined: AD 86, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 06.08.2013 39. Momordica charantia L. Sp. Pl. 2:1009. (1753) Herbaceous climber, much branched angled stems, tendrils simple,.Leaves palmately 5-9 lobed, cordate at base, 2-4.5 in. long, the lobes more or less sinuate. Flowers yellow, on a long slender peduncle with a reniform bract at the base or towards the middle. Fruit orange ϱϭ

when ripe, about 1½ in long or more, ovoid fusiform, with longitudinal tubercled lines, muricate when young, with a decurved beak; seeds many enclosed in scarlet pulpwith shinning sculptured surface(Plate no. 2; Fig. S). Local name: Korola Habit: Climber Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: June to September Specimens examined: AD 27, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 14.06.2013

XX.

Family: MORINGACEAE

Trees, with soft white wood and with gummy juice. Leaves alternate, compound, Simply or 2-3 pinnately divided; leaflets opposite, entire; stipules and stipels 0 or reduced to glands at bases of leaves and pinnules. Flowers irregular, hermaphrodite, in axillary panicales. Disk lining calyx- tube. Sepals connate in a coupler subpetaloid, decidous. Petals 5, unequal, the upper pain small the lowest largest. Stamens declinate 5, Perfect opposite petals with of disk; anthers versatile, 1-celled, dehiscence longitudinal, extrorse. Carpels 3, connate in a stipitate 1- locular ovary with 3 parietal placements; style slender tubular, stigma truncate, perforated; ovules many, 2- seriate on each placenta, pendulous, anatropous, with raphe ventral. Fruit a 1-celled loculicidally

3- valved capsule, corky and pitted within. Seeds many in the

depressions of the valves, winged or wingless; albumen 0, embryo straight. 40. Moringa oleifera Lam. Encycl. 1:398. (1785) Evergreen, deciduous tree, height 10–12 m, diameter of 45 cm. The tree has an open crown of drooping, fragile branches and the leaves build up a feathery foliage of tripinnate leaves. The flowers are bisexual, yellowish-white petals, approximately 1-1.5 cm long and 2 cm broad. The fruit is a hanging, three-sided brown capsule of 20–45 cm size which holds dark brown, globular seeds with a diameter of approximately 1 cm. The seeds have three whitish papery wings (Plate no. 2; Fig. T). Local name: Sajna Habit: Tree ϱϮ

Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: November to February Specimens examined: AD 87, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 06.08.2013 XXI. Family: SAPOTACEAE Trees or shrubs; young parts often rusty tomentose. Leaves alternate or rarely subopposite, petioled, entire, coriaceous; stipules 0 or very caducous. Flowers hermaphrodite, small or medium, axillary; pedicels clustered, rarely solitary, very rarely panicled; bracts 0, bracteoles 0 or minute. Sepals connate in a calyx, sometimes distinctly 2 seriate, the inner row imbricate, the outer valvate, persistent. Petals connate in a tube, short than the calyx, the lobes equal, as many or 2-4 times as many as calyx lobes. Stamens inserted on the corolla tube, 1seriate and twice or thrice as many as the corolla- lobes; filaments usually short; anthers oblong- lanceolate, connective often produced, staminodes, when present, alternate with stamens and corolla lobes. Carpels connate in superior, sessile, 2-8 celled ovary; ovules solitary in each cell, usually arising from inner angle; style subulate, stigma minute. Fruits a 1-8 seeded berry. Seeds ellipsoid or , especially if more than one, compressed; testa usually crustaceous, hilum long; albumen 0 and embryo with fleshy cotyledons, or fleshy and embryo with flat cotyledons, radical small. 41. Manilkara achras (Mill.) Per. Taxon 13:255.(1964); Synonym: Manilkara zapota (L.) P. Royen Evergreen small tree. Leaves alternative, simple entire penninerved leathery. Flowers small solitary, cymes cluster in the leaf axiles. Fruits round, berry, pericarp rough, brownish and fleshy. Occasional in Hilly area (Plate no. 3; Fig. A). Local name: Sofeda Habit: Tree Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: Through out the year Specimens examined: AD 42, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 14.06.2013

ϱϯ

42. Mimuspos elengi L. Sp. Pl. 1:349. (1753) A moderate to large sized tree. Leaves are elliptic or obovate. Coriaceous, primary nerves many, sub parallel spreading from the mid rid. Flower axillary, pedicelled, solitary or fascicled. Fruits are globose berry with orange red colour and contain a juicy pulp (Plate no. 3; Fig. B). Local name: Bokul Habit: Tree Habitat: Mesophytes Phenology: April to June Specimens examined: AD 89, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 06.08.2013

XXII. Family: EBENACEAE Trees or shrubs, wood usually hard and heave. Leaves alternate, rarely subopposite, entire, usually coriaceous; stipules 0. Flowers usually dioecious, regular, axillary, sessile, or shortly cymose, usually bracteates; pedicles articulate. Sepals connate in an inferior calyx; lobes 3-7, valvate, imbricate, or contorted, often accrescent. Petals connate in a variously shaped tube; lobes 3-7, contorted, or less often imbricate of valvate. Stamens in male and

flowers 1

seriate and as many as corolla lobes, or 2 more seriate and 2 serveral times as many; filaments shorter than anthers, free or paired or variously connate below; anthers narrow; dehiscence longitudinal, rarely apical, connective often apiculate, in female flowers stamens absent and reduced to staminodes, with abortive or empty anthers. Disks 0. Fruits a coriaceous or fleshy berry, several or few seeded. Seeds pendulous, usually oblong, longitudinally 2-3 furrowed; testa thin; albumen copious, uniform or ruminated; embryo axial, radical superior. 43. Dyospyros perigrina (Gaertn.) Gur. ; Synonyms: Diospyros malabarica (Desr.) Kostel. A small to medium-sized evergreen tree with short, much fluted, knotty and warty trunk and bushy crown. Leaves coriaceous, 10-28 cm long, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse. Male flowers in drooping cymes containing 2-7 flowers. Female flowers larger, 2.5 cm across,

ϱϰ

usually solitary, axillary, drooping. Fruit subglobose, yellow, 3.8-7.5 cm across (Plate no. 3; Fig. C). Local name: Gub Habit: Tree Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: Throughout the year Specimens examined: AD 90, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 06.08.2013 44. Dyospyros philippensis (Des.) Gam. ( J. B. A. P. M. de Lamarck, Encycl. 3:663. 1792); Synonyms: Diospyros blancoi A. DC.; Cavanillea philippensis Desr. Mabolo is an errect tree about 18-33 m, with stout, black, furrowed trunk reaching 80 cm thick. It is slow-growing and evergreen. The leaves are alternate, oblong, pointed at the apex, rounded or pointed at the base, 15-22.8 cm long, 5-9 cm wide, leathery, dark- green, smooth and glossy on the upper surface, silvery-hairy underneath. The flowers are tubular, 4-lobed, waxy, faintly fragrant, on short stalk. Male flowers are 6 mm wide, in small clusters, and female flowers, 12.5 mm wide, solitary, and are borne on separate trees. The fruit is oval or oblate, 5-10 cm wide, has thin, pink, brownish, yellow, orange or purple-red skin, densely coated with short, golden-brown or coppery hairs, and is capped at the base with a dull-green, stiff calyx. The fruits are often borne in pairs, very close together on opposite sides of a branch. A strong, unpleasant, cheese-like odor is given off by the whole fruit. It is moist but not very juicy, more or less sweet flavored. There may be 4-8 brown, smooth, wedge-shaped seeds, about 4 cm long and 2.5 cm wide, standing in a circle around the central core, though the fruits are often completely seedless. Each seed is covered with a whitish membrane that is transparent when fresh, and opaque when dried. Mabolo is native to Indonesia and Philippines (Plate no. 3; Fig. D). Local name: Bilati Gub Habit: Tree Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: June to October Specimens examined: AD 60, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 14.06.2013

ϱϱ

45. Diospyros montana Roxb. Pl. Coromandel 1:37, t. 48. (1795); Synonyms: Diospyros cordifolia Roxb. Bistendu is a small deciduous tree with spiny trunk and spiny older branches. Leaves are elliptic lanceshaped, somewhat heart-shaped at the base and sharp or blunt at the tip. They are smooth above and velvety on the underside. Male and female flowers grow on separate trees. Male flowers are borne in 3-flowered clusters, and the female ones singly. Flowers are creamy white or greenish-white, tubular, with 4 petals which are curved back. Sepals are ovate, velvety. Stamens of male flowers are longer than the flower tube. Fruit is spherical, cherry sized, yellow when ripe (Plate no. 3; Fig. E). Local name: Tamal Habit: Tree Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: March to April. Specimens examined: AD 71, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 06.08.2013

XXIII. Family: CRASSULACEAE Herbs or undershrubs, usually succulent. Leaves alternate, opposite or sometimes whorled, simple or compound, exstipulate. Inflorescence cymose. Flowers bisexual, rarely unisexual, regular. Sepals 4-5, commonly distinct or connate below. Petals as many as the sepals, distinct or connate below forming a corolla tube. Stamens mostly twice as many as the petals, in 2 series, sometimes isomerous and alternate with the petals. Carpels as many as the sepals or petals, distinct or connate below, unilocular. Fruits a follicle or capsule. Seeds small. 46. Kalanchoe blossfeldiana Poelln. Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 35:159. (1934) It is a glabrous, bushy, evergreen and perennial succulent plant. Leaves are opposite, simple in type with crenate margins and an oblong shape. Leaf venation can be absent or very hard to see; the leaf blades are 5–10 cm. long. Each flower has four petals and can be one of a wide variety of colours, from the dark reds and pinks to oranges, golds and whites. The infloresences are born by peduncles which are higher up than the leaves and are terminal in nature (Plate no. 3; Fig. F). Local name: Lal pathorkuchi Habit: Herb ϱϲ

Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: December-April Specimens examined: AD 91, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 06.08.2013 47. Kalanchoe pinnata (L.)Pers. Pl. hist. succ. t. 100. (1802) The plant is succulent, glabrous or more or less pubescent and slightly branched. Leaves are numerous, large, 7.5 cm–10 cm long. The petiole is 2.5 cm–3.8 cm long, flattened above, fleshy and amplexicaul. The blade is narrow oblong, acute, dentate, serrate or crenate. The flower occurs in paniculate cymes. The calyx is 3-5 mm long, glabrous. Corolla is 1.6 cm long and comprises of 4 orange or yellow petals. A few hypogynous scales of 3-4 mm long are present. The fruits are 8 mm long follicles (Plate no. 3; Fig. G). Local name: Himsagar Habit: Herb Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: January to May Specimens examined: AD 30, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 14.06.2013

XXIV. Family: ROSACEAE Trees, shrubs, or herbs, deciduous or evergreen. Stems erect, scandent, arching, prostrate, or creeping, armed or unarmed. Buds usually with several exposed scales, sometimes with only 2. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite, simple or compound; leaf blade often serrate at margin, rarely entire. Inflorescences various, from single flowers to umbellate, corymbose, racemose or cymose-paniculate. Flowers usually actinomorphic, bisexual, rarely unisexual and then plants dioecious. Hypanthium free from or adnate to ovary, short or elongate. Sepals usually 5, rarely fewer or more, imbricate; epicalyx segments sometimes also present. Petals as many as sepals, inserted below margin of disk, free, imbricate, sometimes absent. Disk lining hypanthium, usually entire, rarely lobed. Stamens usually numerous, rarely few, always in a complete ring at margin of or above disk; filaments usually free, very rarely connate; anthers small, didymous, rarely elongate, 2-locular. Carpels 1 to many, free, or ± connate and then adnate to inner surface of cupular receptacle; ovary inferior, semi-inferior, or superior; ovules usually 2 in each carpel, rarely 1 or several, anatropous, superposed. Styles as many as

ϱϳ

carpels, terminal, lateral, or basal, free or sometimes connate. Fruit a follicle, pome, achene, or drupe, rarely a capsule. Seeds erect or pendulous. 48. Rosa centifolia L. Sp. Pl. 1:491. (1753) Roses are flowering shrubs, bushy, well-branched.

Leaves are typically medium to dark

green, glossy, and ovate, with finely toothed edges, 5 to 7 leaflets. Vary in size from 1/2 inch to 6 inches, five petals to more than 30, and in nearly every color. Often the flowers are very fragrant (Plate no. 3; Fig. H). Local name: Golap Habit: Shrub Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: February to May Specimens examined: AD 26, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 14.06.2013

XXV. Family: MIMOSACEAE Trees, shrubs or climbers, very rarely herbs. Branches unarmed or armed with stipuler thorns, rarely axillary thorns or scattered prickles on the internodes. Leaves usually bipinnately compound, alternate, rarely unipinnate, stipules usually caducous, rachis and pinnae with extra floral nectarines. Inflorescence bracteates, simple or compound racemes, pedunculate heads or spikes or spike like racemes, aggregated into axillary or terminal panicles, panicles usually short or absent. Flowers actinomorphic, unisexual, bisexual, or rarely neuter, usually small, white, yellow or greenish yellow. Stamens few to numerous, free or united into a tube, the latter sometimes united with the corolla tube at the base. Anthers dorsifixed, more or less quadrangular in outline, sometimes with a small gland at the apex. Ovary superior, 1 celled, styles filiform, stigmas small, terminal, ovules anatropous, parietal. Fruits a pod, dehiscent or indehiscent, sometimes breaking into 1 seeded parts. Seeds usually in two rows from the single placenta, inserted transversely, obliquely or longitudinally, mostly ovate orbicular in outline, often compressed, funicle rarely developed into an aril, the testa osseous, coriaceous or chartaceous, usually with a peripheral furrow, the pleurogram.

ϱϴ

49. Acacia auriculiformis Benth. London J. Bot. 1:377. (1842); Deciduous or evergreen tree, possibly attaining 30 m height.Leaves alternate, simple flattened phyllodes, lanceolate or oblong, 10–16 cm long, ca 1.5–2.5 cm broad. Flowers sessile, ca 3 mm long, the calyx glabrous, 5-toothed, the 5 petals ca 2 mm long. Pods 6–8 cm long, 1–1.5 cm broad, flattened but coiled. Seeds several, flattened-ellipsoid, ca 5 mm long (Plate no. 3; Fig. I). Local name: Akashmoni Habit: Tree Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: August to November Specimens examined: AD 92, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 14.06.2013 50. Acacia nilotica (L.) Del. Descr. Egypte, Hist. nat. 79. 1813 (1812) It is a medium-sized, thorny, evergreen tree with spreading crown; thorns straight, 2-5 cm long, white. Leaves 2-pinnate, pinnae 6-12, leaflets small, 20-40. Flowers yellow, in globose axillary heads (Plate no. 3; Fig. J). Local name: Babla Habit: Tree Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: May to November Specimens examined: AD 93, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 14.06.2013 51. Albizia lucida Benth. London J. Bot. 3:86. (1844) Potka Siris is a fast growing, beautiful tree, native to the moist forests of North-East India, with an interesting leaf arrangement. The large compound leaves are unique, the main leafstalk divides into one or two pairs of side-stalks, with only a few even numbered leaflets. Flowers are clusters of small powder-puffs, very much like that of Siris. Fruit pod is flat, dark brown, up to 25 cm long (Plate no. 3; Fig. K). Local name: Silkoroi Habit: Tree ϱϵ

Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: June to July Specimens examined: AD 08, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 14.06.2013 52. Albizia procera Benth. procera Roxb.

London J. Bot. 3:89. (1844); Synonyms: Mimosa

A large deciduous tree with tall cylindrical boles and rather small, elongated crown. Leaves abruptly 2-pinnate, pinnae 4-12, leaflets 12-24. Flowers sessile, in numerous small heads. Pods thin flexible, 10-20 cm long, bright orange-brown (Plate no. 3; Fig. L). Local name: Koroi Habit: Tree Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: April to September Specimens examined: AD 94, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 14.06.2013 53. Mimosa pudica L. Sp. Pl. 1:518. (1753) Undershrubs; stems with prickles. Leaves alternate, pinnately compound, sensitive. Flowers in heads, pink. Fruits pods (Plate no. 3; Fig. M). Local name: Lajjaboti Habit: Herb Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: September to December Specimens examined: AD 49, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 14.06.2013

XXVI. Family: CAESALPINIACEAE Trees , shrubs, climbers, very rarely herbs. Leaves mostly compound, pinnate or bipinnate, pinnae and leaflets 1-many pairs, rarely simple or unifoliate, stipules paired, minute to large, foliaceous, mostly caducous, stipels present or absent. Inflorescence of axillary or terminal panicles, rarely leaf opposite racemes. Flowers zygomorphic, rarely actinomorphic, mostly bisexual. Sepals 5 or 4, by the union of 2, free or partly united, imbricate, rarely valvate. Petals 5 or fewer, rarely absent, imbricate, inner most adaxial. Stamens 10 or fewer, rarely ϲϬ

numerous, free to variously connate, extra stamina disc sometimes absent. Pistil unicarpellary, ovary unilocular, ovules 1-many, style single, undivided. Fruits a legume or indehiscent drupaceous and samaroid. Seeds sometimes arillate, rarely with endosperm, embryo large. 54. Bauhinia acuminata L. Sp. Pl. 1:375. (1753) A small evergreen to semi-deciduous tree. Leaves slightly cordate, 7-17 cm long, 2-lobed, lobes acute or subobtuse, not reaching half way down. Racemes axillary, short peduncled, corymbose. Calyx 2.5-3 cm, narrowed into a long point, cleft at the tip. Petals oblong, white. Pods 10-12.5 cm long, oblong, flat (Plate no. 3; Fig. N). Local name: Kanchan Habit: Tree Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: June to November Specimens examined: AD 66, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 14.06.2013 55. Delonix regia (Boj.) Raf. Fl. tellur. 2:92. (1837) A large glabrous tree.pinnae 10-12, leaflets 25-40, membranous, catucous, sessile, obtuse. flower in corymbose racemes, 7-8 cm iam;bracteates, 1 sepals thick, acute,connate at the base, 2-3 cm long.stemen in 2 whorls, 5 opossite and 5 alternate to the petals, 3-4 cm. long carpel 3.5 cm long (Plate no. 3; Fig. O). Local name: Krisnochura Habit: Tree Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: February to May Specimens examined: AD 12, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 14.06.2013 56. Tamarindus indica L. Sp. Pl. 1:34. (1753) A large handsome, evergreen tree, 12-18 m high with round bushy crown and comparatively smaller bole. Leaves peripinnate, 5-12.5 cm long; leaflets small, 10-20 pairs, linear oblong, slightly nothched at the apex. Flowers in terminal, lax, few-flowered racemes; petals 1 cm

ϲϭ

long, subequal, yellowish with pink stripes. Fruit a pod, 7.5-20 cm long, indehiscent, slightly curved subcompressed, with very acidic pulp (Plate no. 3; Fig. P). Local name: Tetul Habit: Tree Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: January to July Specimens examined: AD 23, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 14.06.2013 57. Cassia fistula L. Sp. Pl. 1:377. (1753) A small to medium, deciduous tree. Leaves compound, 23-40 cm long; leflets 4-8 pairs, ovate or ovate-oblong, acute, 5-12.5 cm long. Flowers in lax pendulous racemes, 30-50 cm long. Corolla 3.8 cm across, yellow. Pods 30-60 cm long, pendulous, cylindric, straight, brownblack (Plate no. 3; Fig. Q). Local name: Badarlathi Habit: Tree Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: April to July Specimens examined: AD 95, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 14.06.2013

XXVII.

Family: FABACEAE

58. Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub. H. G. A. Engler & K. A. E. Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 3(3):366. (1894) It is a medium size deciduous tree. Leaves 3-foliolate; leaflets 10-20 cm long, coriaceous, terminal one roundish with a rhomboid base, lateral smaller, obliquely rounded at the base. Flowers large, in rigid racemes, 15 cm long; Calyx 13 mm long, dark olive green, densely velvety outside; corolla 3.8-5 cm long, orange. Pods oblong, flat, thin, 12.5-20 cm long (Plate no. 3; Fig. R). Local name: Palash Habit: Tree Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: February to April

ϲϮ

Specimens examined: AD 96, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 06.08.2013 59. Cajanus cajan (L.) Huth Helios 11:133. 1893 "Cajan cajan" (C. F. Millspaugh, Publ. Field Columb. Mus., Bot. Ser. 2(1):53. 1900) An erect bushy shrub up to 3 m high. Leaves trifoliate, leaflets oblong-lanceolate, densely silky beneath. Flowers yellow, in loose corymbose racemes or forming a terminal panicle; Corolla three times the calyx; standard yellow or veined with red. Pod oblong, 5-7.5 cm long, finely downy (Plate no. 3; Fig. S). Local name: Arhar Habit: Shrub Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: December to April Specimens examined: AD 45, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 14.06.2013 60. Clitoria tarnetea L. Sp. Pl. 2:753. (1753) A perennial twining herb. Leaves imparipinnate; leaflets 5-7, subcoriaceous, 2.5-5 cm long, elliptic-oblong, obtuse. Flowers large, axillary, solitary; corolla 3.8-5 cm long, cobalt blue or pure white. Pods 5-10 cm long, flat, nearly straight, sharply beaked (Plate no. 3; Fig. T). Local name: Aprajita Habit: Climber Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: June to March Specimens examined: AD 44, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 14.06.2013 61. Crotalaria retusa L. Sp. Pl. 2:715. (1753) A robust undershrub, 60-120 cm high. Leaves 3.4-9 cm long, oblanceolate-oblong, obtuse or retuse, silky-pubescent beneath. Flowers numerous, large, in erect, terminal racemes, 15-30 cm long; corolla 2.5 cm long, yellow with a purple tinge. Pods 2.5-3.8 cm long, linearoblong, slightly broader upwords (Plate no. 4; Fig. A). Local name: Atoshi Habit: Shrub ϲϯ

Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: September to March Specimens examined: AD 150, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 08.08.2013 62. Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet. Hort. brit. ed. 1:481. (1826) A large twiner. Leaves 3-foliolate; leaflets 5-15 cm long, ovate, acute, base cuneate or deltoid. Flowers white or pink, fascicled on nodes of lax racemes, 15-23 cm long. Pods 3.8-5 cm long, compressed, tipped with the hooked persistent base of the style (Plate no. 4; Fig. B). Local name: Sim Habit: Climber Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: November to March Specimens examined: AD 97, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 06.08.2013 63. Lens esculenta Moench. Methodus 131. (1794); Synonyms: Lens culinaris Medik. An annual herb, branching from the base. Leaves pinnate, leaflets 4-6 pairs, sessile, lanceolate, often mucronate. Flower pale purple, in 2-4 flowered racemes. Pod rhomboid oblong, about 1.3 cm long. Seeds usually 2, compressed, grey, with minute spots (Plate no. 4; Fig. C). Local name: Mushor Habit: Herb Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: December to March Specimens examined: AD 69, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 14.06.2013

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XXVIII. Family: LYTHRACEAE Trees, shrubs, or herbs, with often 4-angled branches. Leaves entire, opposite, sometimes whorled, rarely alternate; stipules 0. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite, rarely oblique, very rarely 1-sexual. Disk 0, or annular. Sepals connate in a calyx with free, persistent tube; lobes 3-6, valvate, often with additional accessory lobes. Petals as many as calyx-lobes, rarely 0, inserted near mouth of tube. Stamens few or numerous, 1-many-seriate, inserted on calyxtube, equal or sometimes a few smaller or imperfect; filaments usually filiform, rarely subdeclinate; anthers versatile, infexed in bud; connective sometimes thickened; dehiscence longitudinal, lateral. Ovary free,rarely inferior, in the base of the calyx-tube, 2-6 locular; style long; stigma capitates, rarely 2-lobed; ovulesnumerous on axial, rarely on parietal placentas. Fruit dehiscent or indehiscent, coriaceous or membranous, free or more or less adnate to base of calyx-tube, 2-6 celled, or by absorption of septa 1-celled. Seeds numerous, angular, terete, or winged; albumen 0; embryo straight; cotyledons usually flat, sometimes convolute. 64. Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers. Syn. pl. 2(1):72. 1806; Synonyms: Lagerstroemia Reginae Roxb. A medium-sized to large much branched deciduous tree. Leaves elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, 10-20 cm long, acuminate. Flowers large, 5-7.5 cm across, showy, mauve purple, in large, terminal panicles, sometimes reaching 30 cm long. Fruits a subglobose capsule, 2-3.2 cm long (Plate no. 4; Fig. D). Local name: Jarul Habit: Tree Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: April to August Specimens examined: AD 55, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 14.06.2013 65. Lawsonia inermis L. Sp. Pl. 1:349. 1753 A much-branched shrub. Leaves small, 1.3-3.2 cm long, elliptic or broadly lanceolate, acute or obtuse. Flowers numerous, 1.3 cm across, white in large terminal pyramidal panicled cymes. Capsule globose, 6 mm across (Plate no. 4; Fig. E). Local name: Mehedi Habit: Shrub ϲϱ

Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: June to December Specimens examined: AD 21, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 14.06.2013

XXIX. Family: MYRTACEAE Trees or shrubs, evergreen, usually with essential oils-containing cavities in foliage, branchlets, and flowers. Stipules absent or small and caducous. Leaves opposite, occasionally alternate, Inflorescences axillary or terminal, cymose but variously arranged, 1- to manyflowered. Flowers bisexual, sometimes polygamous, actinomorphic. Hypanthium usually adnate to ovary and prolonged above it. Calyx lobes (3 or) 4 or 5 or more, distinct or connate into a calyptra. Petals 4 or 5, sometimes absent, distinct or connate into a calyptra.Stamens usually numerous, in 1 to several whorls; filaments distinct or connate into 5 bundles opposite petals; anthers 2-celled, dorsifixed or basifixed, dehiscing longitudinally or rarely terminally. Ovary inferior, semi-inferior, or very rarely superior, carpels 2 to more, locules 1 to many, pseudoseptum sometimes present, placentation usually axile but occasionally parietal; ovules 1 to several per locule. Style single; stigma single. Fruit a capsule, berry, drupaceous berry, or drupe, 1- to many-seeded. Seeds without endosperm or endosperm sparse and thin. 66. Callistemon citrinus Stapf. Bull. Bur. Pl. Industr. U.S.D.A. 282:49. 1913 (Stapf, Bot. Mag. 150: t. 9050. 1925) Callistemon citrinus is an evergreen shrub or tree with an open habit. Its foliage is aromatic, linear to lance-shaped and a bright waxy green in colour. It bears bottle brush like spikes of hermaphrodite flowers with enlarged red stamens arranged radially around the tips of the flowering stems, followed by dark, tightly spaced small fruit (Plate no. 4; Fig. F). Local name: Bottlebrass Habit: Tree Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: April to July Specimens examined: AD 7, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 14.06.2013

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67. Psidium guajava (L.) Bat. Sp. Pl. 1:470. (1753) A small evergreen tree with smooth, pinkish-brown bark. Leaves opposite 6-15 cm long, oblong or elliptic-oblong, entire, pubscent beneath. Flowers 2.5-5 cm across, white on 1-3 flowered axillary peduncles. Fruit a globose or pyriform berry, 5-10 cm or more long (Plate no. 4; Fig. G). Local name: Piyara Habit: Tree Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: Throughout the year Specimens examined: AD 98, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 06.08.2013 68. Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeel. Bull. Bur. Pl. Industr. U.S.D.A. 248:25. (1912) A large evergreen or semi-deciduous tree. Leaves elliptic-oblong, 6-15 cm long, acuminate, entire, secondary veins closely parallel. Flowers greenish white, sessile in compound trichotomous cymes on previous years branches. Fruit a berry, about 2.5 cm long, oblong, black, juicy (Plate no. 4; Fig. H). Local name: Jam Habit: Tree Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: March to June Specimens examined: AD 46, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 14.06.2013 69. Syzygium samarangense (Bl.) Merr. & Perry. J. Arnold Arbor. 19:115. (1938) It is a tropical tree growing to 12 m tall, with evergreen leaves 10–25 cm long and 5–10 cm broad. The flowers are white, 2.5 cm diameter, with four petals and numerous stamens. The fruit is a bell-shaped, edible berry, with colors ranging from white, pale green, or green to red, purple, or crimson, to deep purple or even black, 4–6 cm long in wild plants. The flowers and resulting fruit are not limited to the axils of the leaves, and can appear on nearly any point on the surface of the trunk and branches. When mature, the tree is considered a heavy bearer, yielding a crop of up to 700 fruits (Plate no. 4; Fig. I). Local name: Jamrul ϲϳ

Habit: Tree Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: March to July Specimens examined: AD 99, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 06.08.2013

XXX. Family: PUNICACEAE Large glabrous shrubs or small deciduous tree, often spiny. Leaves siple, opposite or nearly so, entire, extipulate, flowers bisexual, solitary of clustered in the axils, short peduncled calyx of 5 to 7 lobes thick and leathery, turbinate, adnate to the ovary. Corolla 5-8, crumpled in the bud, inserted at the throat of the calyx tube. Stamens numerous in many series on the calyx tube. Filaments filiform, anthers versatile. Carpels 8-12 rarely as few as 4, arranged in one or more series, adnate to receptacle, the outer elevated above, the inner during early development of the inferior ovary so that the series become ultimatel superposed. Ovary divided into as many chambers as there are carpels, placentae of the outer series of carpels displaced and appearing parietal; ovules numerous, style united; sigma slightly lobed. Fruit a many celled berry with a leathery coat and crowed with the calyx. 70. Punica granatum L. Sp. Pl. 1:472. (1753); Synonyms: Punica multiflora hort.; Punica nana L. A large deciduous shrub, often armed. Leaves opposite, 3.5-5 cm long, oblong-oblanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, entire. Flowers 3.8-5 cm long and as much across, bright red, mostly solitary, sometimes 2-4 together. Fruit a globose berry, 3.8-7.5 cm across, tipped with the calyx-limb (Plate no. 4; Fig. J). Local name: Dalim Habit: Shrub Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: January to December Specimens examined: AD 40, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 14.06.2013

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XXXI. Family: ONAGRACEAE Annual to perennial herb (to tree). Leaf: cauline or basal, alternate, opposite, or whorled, generally simple and toothed (to pinnately compound); stipules 0 or generally deciduous. Inflorescence: spike, raceme, panicle, or flowers 1 in axils; bracted. Flower: generally bisexual, generally radial, often opening at either dawn or dusk; hypanthium generally prolonged beyond ovary (measured from ovary tip to sepal base); sepals 4(2–7); petals 4(2–7, rarely 0), often fading darker; stamens 2 × or = sepals in number, anthers 2-chambered, opening lengthwise, pollen interconnected by threads; ovary inferior, chambers generally as many as sepals (sometimes becoming 1), placentas axile or parietal, ovules 1–many per chamber, style 1, stigma 4-lobed (or lobes as many as sepals), club-shaped, spheric, or hemispheric. Fruit: capsule, loculicidal (sometimes berry or indehiscent and nut-like). Seed: sometimes winged or hair-tufted. 71. Ludwigia adscendens (L.) Hara. J. Jap. Bot. 28:291. (1953); Synonyms: Jussiaea adscendens L.; Jussiaea repens L. A floating herb, rooting at the nodes, and cluster of conspicuous white, spindle-shaped, pneumatophores at the nodes. Leaves 1.25-7.6 cm long, obovate or oblanceolate, obtuse. Flowers white, slightly yellow at the base, axillary, solitary; petals about 1.25 cm long, obovate. Capsule linear-cylindric, 1.27-3.8 cm long (Plate no. 4; Fig. K). Local name: Kesordam Habit: Herb Habitat: Hydrophyte Phenology: January to December Specimens examined: AD 100, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 06.08.2013

XXXII.

Family: COMBRETACEAE

Trees, shrubs, or woody lianas, evergreen or deciduous, rarely subherbaceous. Leaves opposite, subopposite, whorled, spiraled, or alternate, usually petiolate, estipulate; petiole sometimes persistent and thornlike; leaf blade simple, margin entire or subentire, sometimes toothed, glands often present between crenations of proximal margin and at base or on petiole. Inflorescences terminal, axillary, or extra-axillary, spikes, branched spikes, racemes, panicles, or sometimes capitula, bracteate. Flowers usually regular, usually bisexual. ϲϵ

Receptacle surrounding and adnate to ovary and extended into a short or long calyx tube dilated distally; lobes 4 or 5(-8), valvate in bud, persistent or deciduous. Petals 4 or 5, inserted near mouth of calyx tube, imbricate or valvate in bud, conspicuous or not, or absent. Stamens usually 2 Ã— as many as calyx lobes in 2 series, inserted inside distal part of calyx tube, included in or exserted from calyx tube; filaments incurved in bud; anthers dorsifixed, usually versatile, dehiscing longitudinally. Disk usually present, intrastaminal, hairy or glabrous. Ovary inferior, 1-loculed; ovules 2(-6), pendulous, anatropous, usually only 1 developing; style 1, simple, usually free from distal part of calyx tube, subulate to filiform; stigma capitate or inconspicuous. Fruit a pseudocarp, very variable in shape and size, fleshy or dry, 1-seeded, usually indehiscent. 72. Quisqualis indica L. Sp. Pl. ed. 2, 1:556. (1762) A large strong, climber. Leaves elliptic-acuminate, base rounded, 7.5-10 cm long. Spikes axillary and terminal, about 2.5 cm long. Flowers numerous, pendent, 7.5 cm long and 3.8 cm wide, at first white then deep red (Plate no. 4; Fig. L). Local name: Madhabilata Habit: Climber Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: April to October Specimens examined: AD 05, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 14.06.2013 73. Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) Wt.& Arn. Prodr. fl. Ind. orient. 314. (1834) A large deciduous or semideciduous tree with buttressed and fluted trunk. Leaves subopposite, 10-15 cm long, elliptic-oblong, tip blunt or very shortly acute. Flowers very small, sessile, yellowish, in short axillary spikes or in erect terminal panicles. Fruits obovoid or oblong, 2.5-3.5 cm long with 5-7 narrow wings (Plate no. 4; Fig. M). Local name: Arjun Habit: Tree Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: April to October Specimens examined: AD 16, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 14.06.2013 ϳϬ

74. Terminalia chebula (Gaertn.) Retz. Observ. bot. 5:31. 1788 ("1789") A medium-sized to large, deciduous tree, 25-30 m high. Leaves sub-opposite or alternate, ovate-oblong or elliptic, 7-18 cm long, shortly acuminate, base rounded or cuneate. Flowers small, 4 mm across, yellowish-white, sessile in terminal or in the axillary short spikes from the uppermost leaves. Fruit a drupe, ovoid from a cuneate base, 2.5-5.0 cm long, more or less 5-angled (Plate no. 4; Fig. N). Local name: Haritaki Habit: Tree Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: April to October Specimens examined: AD 101, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 06.08.2013

XXXIII. Family: LORANTHACEAE Shrubs (mostly, or ‘shrublets’), or trees (well grown specimens of Nuytsia), or lianas (a few). ‘Normal’ plants, or switch-plants (occasionally); switch forms with the principal photosynthesizing function transferred to stems. Leaves well developed, or much reduced (rarely). Plants rootless (in the normal sense), or with roots (but with haustoria rather than root-hairs, e.g. Nuytsia); more or less succulent (in Nuytsia), or non-succulent; partially parasitic (with haustoria which often induce gall-like growth of hosts). Parasitic on aerial parts of the host (mostly), or on roots of the host (a few, with Nuytsia said to parasitize the roots of grasses). Stem growth conspicuously sympodial. Mesophytic, or xerophytic. Leaves evergreen; usually opposite; leathery (usually), or fleshy, or membranous (rarely); borne edgewise to the stem, or ‘normally orientated’; simple. Lamina entire; one-veined, or pinnately veined, or parallel-veined. Leaves exstipulate. Lamina margins entire. Leaf development not ‘graminaceous’. Flowers aggregated in ‘inflorescences’; in cymes, in racemes, in spikes, in fascicles, and in umbels. The ultimate inflorescence units cymose (the flowers often in threes). Inflorescences dichasial, the dichasia sometimes resembling racemes, spikes, umbels

etc.. Flowers bracteolate (the two bracteoles adnate to form a ‘calyculus’ external to the calyx); regular to somewhat irregular. The floral irregularity involving the perianth. Flowers cyclic; tetracyclic. Floral receptacle markedly hollowed. Free hypanthium absent.

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75. Dendrophthoe falcate auct. mult; Synonyms: Loranthus falcatus L.f., Loranthus longiflours Desr. A large, bushy branch-parasite. Leaves thick, coriaceous, 7.5-18 cm long, very variable in shape and venation, ovate, elliptic or linear-oblong, obtuse. Flowers in short, spreading stout axillary unilateral racemes. Corolla tubular, curved, 2.5-5 cm long, scarlet or orange or less commonly pink or white. Berry 8-13 mm long, ovoid-oblong, pink (Plate no. 4; Fig. O). Local name: Loranthus Habit: Herb Habitat: Parasite Phenology: June to October Specimens examined: AD 151, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 08.08.2013

XXXIV. Family: EUPHORBIACEAE The Euphorbiaceae are mostly monoecious herbs, shrubs, and trees, sometimes succulent. The leaves are mostly alternate but may be opposite or whorled and they are simple, or compound, or sometimes highly reduced. The flowers are unisexual and usually actinomorphic. A specialized type of miniature inflorescence called a cyathium .The cyathium consists of a single naked pistillate flower surrounded by cymes of naked staminate flowers, each consisting of a single stamen. These flowers are all enclosed in a cup-like involucre that typically is provided with peripheral nectaries and petaloid appendages such that the whole aggregation closely resembles a single flower. In other members of the family the flowers and inflorescences are more ordinary in appearance, with male and female flowers typically bearing a 5-merous calyx and corolla of distinct segments, although the corolla is sometimes absent. In these forms the androecium most commonly consists of 5, 10 or sometimes numerous distinct or monadelphous stamens. The gynoecium of female flowers consists of a single compound pistil of typically 3 carpels, an equal number of styles or primary style branches, and a superior ovary with typically 3 locules, each bearing 1 or 2 collateral, axile-apical pendulous ovules. The fruit is usually a capsular schizocarp. 76. Acalypha indica L. Sp. Pl. 2:1003. (1753) It is an annual, erect herb, up to 1 m high. Leaves 2.5-7.5 cm long, ovate or rhomboid-ovate, crenate-serrate. Flowers in numerous lax, erect, elongated axillary spikes, the male minute, ϳϮ

clustered near the summit of the spike, the females scattered, surrounded by a large, dentate, cuneiform bracts. Capsules small, hispid (Plate no. 4; Fig. P). Local name: Muktajuri Habit: Herb Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: June to October Specimens examined: AD 152, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 08.08.2013 77. Croton bonplandianum Bail. A much-branched, woody herb, 20-50 cm tall, branches stellate-hairy to glabrous. Leaves alternate or subopposite, shortly petiolate; lamina 1.2-3.2 cm long, narrowly ovate-lanceolate, apex acute, cuneate at base. Inflorescence terminal, 5-7 cm long, flowers laxly distributed. Male flowers small, white occupies the upper portion of the inflorescence. Female flowers few at the base of the inflorescence. Capsule 0.45 x 0.4 cm, oblong-ellipsoid, shallowly 3lobed (Plate no. 4; Fig. Q). Local name: Croton Habit: Under Shrub Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: January to December Specimens examined: AD 102, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 06.08.2013 78. Euphorbia hirta L. Sp. Pl. 1:454. (1753) A small annual herb, 15-50 cm high, hispid, with white latex. Leaves opposite, 1.3-3.8 cm long, obliquely oblong-lanceolate or obovate-lanceolate, serrulate or dentate. Flowers very small, crowded in small axillary shortly pedunculate globose cymes. Capsules minute, hairy (Plate no. 4; Fig. R). Local name: Dudhia Habit: Herb Habitat: Mesophytes

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Phenology: August to December Specimens examined: AD 103, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 06.08.2013 79. Phyllanthus emblica L. Sp. Pl. 2:982. (1753); Synonyms: Gaertn., Mirobalanus embilica Burm.

Emblica officinalis

A small to medium-sized, deciduous tree. Banchlets feathery with distichous leaves, resembling a pinnate leaf; leaves small, bluntish, 0.6-1.3 cm long. Flowers small, greenish yellow, monoecious, in axillary clusters. Fruit a globose drupe, about 2.5 cm across, obscurely 6-lobed (Plate no. 4; Fig. S). Local name: Amloki Habit: Tree Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: August to December Specimens examined: AD 104, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 06.08.2013 80. Ricinus communis L. Sp. Pl. 2:1007. (1753) A tall slender, evergreen, soft-wooded shrub. Leaves large, 30-60 cm diam., palmalely lobed; lobes 7 or more, serrate. Flowers monoecious, in terminal sub paniculate stout, erect racemes. Male flowers 1.25 cm diam., crowded in the upper portion of the inflorescence, the female below. Fruit a prickly capsule, 1.25-2.5 cm long, globosely oblong, of three 2-valved cocci (Plate no. 4; Fig. T). Local name: Bherenda Habit: Shrub Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: June to September Specimens examined: AD 105, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 06.08.2013

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XXXV.

Family: RHAMNACEAE

Trees, or erect or climbing, rarely cirrhose, shrubs, often spiny. Leaves simple, alternate or opposite, usually lathery, sometimes palminerved; stipules small deciduous, or if persistent spinescet. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite or polygamous, small, in lax or dense solitary or panicled cymes. Disk fleshy and filling the calyx tube, or membranous and lining the calyx, entire or lobed, glabrous or tomentose. Sepals connate as a 4-5 fid calyx with triangular erect or recurved valvate lobes usually ridged internally. Petals 4-5, rarely 0, inserted on the throat of the calyx-tube, generally shorter than calyx-tube, generally shorter than calyx-lobes, usually clawed and hooded. Stamens 4-5, inserted with and opposite the petals, often hidden within them; filaments filiform, rarely dilated; anthers versatile, cells sometimes subconfluent; dehiscence longitudinal lateral or rarely extrorse. Carpels united as a sessile 3rarely 2 or 4-celled ovary, free or immersed in the disk and superior, or more or less adnate to calyx-tube; style short, simple, or 2-4 cleft, stigmas terminal, capitates or 3-lobed, ovules 1 rarely 2 in each cell, erect, anatropous, the raphe dorsal rarely lateral. Fruit dehiscent capsular, or indehiscent. Seed in each cell solidery, frequently arillate; albumen fleshy but often scanty, sometimesn 0; embryo large. 81. Zizyphus mauritiana Encycl. 3:319. (1789); Synonyms: Ziziphus jujuba(L.)Gaertn.

Rhamnus jujuba L,

A small to medium-sized deciduous to semi-evergreen tree with spreading, rounded crown; branches drooping, armed with stipular spines. Leaves very variable, usually orbicular, 2.57.5 cm long, under surface densely covered with whitish or grayish tomentum. Flowers small, greenish-yellow, in short axillary or nearly sessile cymes. Fruit a drupe, much variable in size and shape 1.2-2.5 cm diam (Plate no. 5; Fig. A). Local name: Barai Habit: Tree Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: September to March Specimens examined: AD 62, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 14.06.2013

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XXXVI. Family: SAPINDACEAE Trees or shrubs, rarely herbaceous climbers. Leaves alternate, usually estipulate; leaf blade pinnate or digitate, rarely simple; leaflets alternate to opposite, entire or dentate to serrate. Inflorescence a terminal or axillary thyrse; bracts and bracteoles small. Flowers unisexual, rarely polygamous or bisexual, actinomorphic or zygomorphic, usually small. Sepals 4 or 5(or 6), equal or unequal, free or connate at base, imbricate or valvate. Petals 4 or 5(or 6), sometimes absent, free, imbricate, usually clawed, often with scales or hair-tufted basal appendages. Disk conspicuous, fleshy, complete or interrupted, lobed or annular, rarely absent. Stamens 5-10(-74), usually 8, rarely numerous, variously inserted but usually within disk, often exserted in male flowers; filaments free, rarely connate; anthers dorsifixed, longitudinally dehiscent, introrse. Ovary superior, (1-) 3(or 4) -loculed; ovules 1 or 2(or several) per locule, placentation axile, rarely parietal, anatropous, campylotropous, or amphitropous; style usually apical (terminal), semigynobasic in Allophylus [gynobasic in Deinbollia Schumacher & Thonning]; stigma entire or 2 or 3(or 4) -lobed, usually rudimentary in male flowers. Fruit a loculicidal capsule, berry, or drupe. Seeds 1(or 2 or more) per locule. 82. Litchi chinensis Sonn. Voy. Indes orient. 2:230[quarto], 3:255[octavo], t. 129. (1782); Synonyms: Litchi philippinensis Radlk. A medium-sized evergreen tree. Leaves pinnate; leaflets 2-8, oblong-lanceolate or ovate, acuminate, 3.8-15 cm long. Flowers minute, greenish, in terminal panicles. Fruit ovoid, 3.8 cm long, sharply tuberculate, red when ripe, containing one large, ovoid, brown seed (Plate no. 5; Fig. B). Local name: Lichu Habit: Tree Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: April to June Specimens examined: AD 54, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 14.06.2013

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XXXVII. Family: ANACARDIACEAE Trees or shrubs, also woody climbers or perennial herbs.Leaves often clustered distally, alternate, exstipulate, simple, trifoliolate or imparipinnate.Inflorescences terminal or axillary thyrsoids or panicles;Flowers small, actinomorphic, 3–5-merous, bisexual to unisexual; receptacle sometimes elongate and barrel-shaped, Perianth usually double, sepals fused basally and lobed, imbricate or valvate in bud.Petals free or adnate basally to extended receptacle, imbricate or valvate, deciduous to persistent. Stamens in 1 or 2 whorls, several, or all fertile; filaments slender, sometimes connate basally,anthers ovoid or oblong, introrse, dorsi- or basifixed, longitudinally dehiscent, 2-celled with 4 pollen sacs. Disk usually distinct, intrastaminal to extrastaminal, fleshy, crenulate, stipe-shaped or 5–10-notched, round, flattened or subcupular. Ovary superior, sometimes half inferior or inferior either (a) 1carpellate and 1-locular, (b) syncarpous and 2–5-locular , (c) 4–6-carpellate and apocarpous (Buchanania), or (d) 5-carpellate and incompletely connate; stigmas 1–5 (rarely more), ± distinct, each locule with one apotropous ovule, usually with one carpel developing to maturity. Fruit drupaceous or dry and indehiscent. 83. Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr. J. Arnold Arbor. 19:353. (1938) A medium-sized deciduous tree. Bark thick, ashy-grey. Leaves crowded at the end of branches, imparipinnate, 30-45 cm long; leaflets 7-11, oblong or elliptic, acuminate, 2.5-5 cm long. Flowers small, greenish yellow in compact fascicles of racemes, at the end of the leafless branches. Drupes, reniform, produced in clusters from the end of leafless branches (Plate no. 5; Fig. C). Local name: Jiga Habit Tree Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: April to December Specimens examined: AD 106, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 06.08.2013 84. Mangifera indica L. Sp. Pl. 1:200. (1753); Synonyms: Mangifera mekongensis anon. A medium-sized to large, evergreen tree with spreading, large, dense crown. Leaves crowded at the ends of the branches, coriaceous, 12.5-25 cm, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acute. ϳϳ

Flowers small in large, many-flowered panicles, longer than the leaves. Drupes large, fleshy, obliquely pyriform or subovoid, subcompressed, 7.5-20 cm long; stone comprssed, very hard (Plate no. 5; Fig. D). Local name: Am Habit: Tree Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: January to June Specimens examined: AD 4, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 14.06.2013

XXXVIII. Family: MELIACEAE Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, exstipulate, usually quite entire and more or less oblique at base, Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamo-dioecious, regular. Calyx 3-6 lobed, rarely entire or with free sepals, usually imbricate in bud. Petals 3-6, free or rarely connate at the base, vavate, imbricate or contorted. Stamens 4-12, inserted outside the base of the hypogynous disk, filaments connate in a tube or rarely free, anthers erect, usually sessile on the tube, included or exerted, 2 celled. Ovary usually free, 2-5 celled; style single; stigma disciform or capitates; ovules 2, rarely more, collateral or superposed. Fruit capsular, drupaceous or baccate. 85. Azadirachta indica A. Juss Mém. Mus. Hist. Nat. 19:221, t. 2, fig. 5. 1832; Synonyms: Melia azadirachta L. A medium-sized to large evergreen to semi-deciduous tree with large spreading crown. Leaves alternate, imparipinnate, 20-45 cm long, crowded near the ends of the branches; leaflets 2.5-7.7 cm long, base very oblique, coarsely serrate. Flowers white, 4-5 mm long, in axillary panicles. Drupe oblong, 15-14 mm long (Plate no. 5; Fig. E). Local name: Neem Habit: Tree Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: March to July Specimens examined: AD 107, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 06.08.2013 ϳϴ

86. Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq. Enum. syst. pl. 20. 1760 (Select. stirp. amer. hist. 127. 1763); Synonyms: Cedrela mahagoni L. A medium to large, deciduous tree, up to 18 m high. Leaves paripinnate, 30-60 cm long, somewhat crowded at the ends of branchlets; leaflets 10-20, oblong-lanceolate, often falcate with oblique base, 5-12 cm long. Flowers small, white, in terminal pyramidal, cymose panicle. Capsule oblong, 2-2.5 cm long, dark brown when mature (Plate no. 5; Fig. F). Local name: Mehagoni Habit: Tree Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: April to November Specimens examined: AD 108, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 06.08.2013

XXXIX. Family: RUTACEAE The Rutaceae are herbs, shrubs, and trees with glandular punctate, commonly strongly smelling herbage comprising about 150 genera and 1,500 species that are further characterized by the common occurrence of spines and winged petioles. The leaves are alternate or opposite, simple or palmately or pinnately compound, or sometimes heathlike or reduced to spines; stipules are absent. The flowers are often sweet-scented, nearly always bisexual, and are actinomorphic or sometimes zygomorphic. The calyx consists of 3-5 distinct or basally connate sepals and the corolla consists of 3-5 distinct or sometimes connate petals or rarely the petals are lacking. The androecium consists of distinct or sometimes connate stamens that are commonly diplostemonous, that is in two whorls with the outer whorl opposite the petals. However, sometimes there may be (1)3-4 whorls or rarely up to 60 stamens. The gynoecium consists of a single compound pistil of commonly 2-5 or more, often incompletely connate carpels that may be united only basally or apically, either one or an equal number of styles, and a superior ovary with usually 2-5 or more locules, each bearing 1-several axile ovules. Generally, an intrastaminal nectary disk is situated between the stamens and the ovary. The fruit is variable.

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87. Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa Trans. Linn. Soc. 5:223. (1800) Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. is a small or medium-sized deciduous tree, armed with many axillary, straight, strong, long spines. Leaves 3-foliolate, rarely 5-foliolate. Flowers greenishwhite, in short axillary panicles. Fruit large, globose, with woody rind (Plate no. 5; Fig. G). Local name: Bel Habit: Tree Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: April to December Specimens examined: AD 109, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 06.08.2013 88. Citrus aurantifolia Sw. J. Washington Acad. Sci. 3:465. (1913) "aurantifolia" Spinous shrub up to 2.5 m high. Leaves winged, lamina elliptic-oblong. Racemes short; flowers small; petals usually 4. Fruit usually small, 4-6 cm long, globose or ovoid; pulp very acid (Plate no. 5; Fig. H). Local name: Kagochilebu Habit: Shrub Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: March to September Specimens examined: AD 110, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 06.08.2013 89. Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck. Dagb. Ostind. resa 98. (1757); Synonyms: Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr.

A small to medium-sized spinous tree. Leaflets large, ovate-oblong, petioles broadly winged. Flowers white. Fruit large, pale yellow, globose or pyriform; rind thick; pulp varying in colour from crimson to pale pink or yellow (Plate no. 5; Fig. I). Local name: Jambura Habit: Tree Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: March to September ϴϬ

Specimens examined: AD 111, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 08.08.2013 90. Citrus reticulata Blanco Fl. Filip. 610. (1837) The Mandarin oranges are small, sometimes spiny, trees with slender branches, and lance shaped shiny evergreen leaves. The leaves are not trifoliate, but the petioles (leaf stems) are slightly winged. Mandarins have shapely, symmetrical, rather open, rounded crowns and rarely require pruning. They can get 15-20 ft (4.6-6.1 m) tall. The white flowers appear in March and April and are very fragrant, usually attracting hoards of honey bees. The orange colored fruit of most mandarins is juicy and sweet, loose skinned and easy to peel. They are 2-4 in (5.1-10.2 cm) in diameter and have easily divided sections. They are similar to oranges, but usually smaller and looser skinned. The fruit of most varieties matures in November or December (Plate no. 5; Fig. J). Local name: Kamlalebu Habit: Tree Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: March to December Specimens examined: AD 28, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 08.08.2013 91. Feronia limonia (L.) Sw. Sp. Pl. ed. 2, 1:554. (1762) A medium-sized tree with straight sharp strong spines. Leaves imparipinnate, smelling of aniseed; petiole and rachis flat, often narrowly winged; leaflets 3-9, opposite, 2.5-5 cm long, cuneate or obovate. Flowers small, dull red in lateral or terminal panicles. Fruits 5-6.3 cm diam., globose, hard, grey (Plate no. 5; Fig. K). Local name: Kothbel Habit: Tree Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: February to December Specimens examined: AD 03, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 14.06.2013

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92. Murraya paniculata (L.) Jacq. Malayan Misc. 1(5):31. (1820); Synonyms: Chalcas exotica (L.) Millsp., Chalcas paniculata L. Orange Jessamine is a small, tropical, evergreen tree or shrub growing up to 7 m tall. The plant flowers throughout the year. Its leaves are glabrous and glossy, occurring in 3-7 oddly pinnate leaflets which are elliptic to cuneate-obovate to rhombic. Flowers are terminal, corymbose, few-flowered, dense and fragrant. Petals are 12–18 mm long, recurved and white (or fading cream). The fruit of Murraya paniculata is fleshy, oblong-ovoid, coloured red to orange,[3] and grows up to 1 inch in length (Plate no. 5; Fig. L). Local name: Kamini Habit: Shrub Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: January to October Specimens examined: AD 112, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 08.08 .2013

XL.

Family: OXALIDACEAE

Herbs, annual or perennial, sometimes shrubs or trees. Stipules absent or small. Leaves alternate or whorled, basal or cauline,pinnate or palmate; leaflets often folded together at night, margin always entire. Inflorescences umbellate, cymose, or racemose, orflowers solitary. Flowers bisexual, regular, 5-merous, usually heteromorphic, heterostylous. Sepals 5, distinct or basally connate,imbricate, rarely valvate. Petals 5, sometimes basally slightly connate, convolute. Stamens 10, in 2 whorls of 5; outer whorl usually with shorter filaments, opposite petals; filaments connate near base; anthers 2-celled, with longitudinal slits. Ovary superior; carpels 5 and fused; placentation axile, each locule with (1 or)2 to several ovules; styles 5, distinct; stigmas capitate or shortly 2-cleft. Fruit a loculicidal capsule or a berry. Seeds often with basal aril involved in explosive ejection of seed from capsule; endosperm fleshy. 93. Averrhoa carambola L. Sp. Pl. 1:428. (1753) A law tree up to 10 m tall, with close drooping branches. Leaves pinnate; leaflets 2-5 pairs, 3.7-7.5 cm, ovate-lanceolate, acute. Flowers small, variegated white and purple, in short racemes, chiefly axillary or sometimes springing from the bark. Fruit 8-10 cm long, oblong, acutely angled, sour or sweet, yellow when ripe (Plate no. 5; Fig. M). ϴϮ

Local name: Kamranga Habit: Tree Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: September to March Specimens examined: AD 43, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 14.06.2013

XLI. Family: APIACEAE Herbs, annual or perennial. Caulescent or acaulescent, stem hollow or solid. Leaves alternate, petiole usually sheathing at base; stipules absent; leaf blade compound or sometimes simple, usually much incised or divided, pinnatifid to pinnatisect, or ternate-pinnately decompound. Flowers epigynous, small, bisexual or staminate, regular, in simple or compound umbels; umbellules few to many-flowered. Pedicels long, short or obsolete. Calyx tube wholly adnate to the ovary; calyx teeth small or obsolete, forming a ring around the top of the ovary. Ovary inferior, 2-celled, with one anatropous ovule in each locule. Styles 2, usually swollen at the base forming a stylopodium which often secretes nectar. Fruit dry, of two mericarps united by their faces, and usually attached to a central axis, from which the mericarps separate at maturity; mericarps are variously flattened dorsally, laterally or terete; each mericarp has 5 primary ribs, one down the back, two on the edges near the commissure, and two between the dorsal and lateral ribs, occasionally with four secondary ribs alternating with the primary, the ribs filiform to broadly winged, thin or corky; vittae usually present in the furrow and on the commissure face, sometimes obscure. Each mericarp 1-seeded, splitting apart at maturity. Seed face plane, concave to sulcate. 94. Centella asiatica (L.) Urban. C. F. P. von Martius, Fl. bras. 11(1):287, t. 78. (1879); Synonyms: Hydrocotyle asiatica L. A slender creeping herb, rooting at nodes. Leaves with long petiole, 1-3 from each node of the stems, lamina, orbicular-reniform, rather broader than long, shallowly crenate. Flowers in fascicled umbel, consisting of 3-4 pink, small, sessile. Fruit ovoid, hard, flat (Plate no. 5; Fig. N). Local name: Thankuni Habit: Herb Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: March to December Specimens examined: AD 113, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 08.08.2013

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95. Coriandrum sativum L. Sp. Pl. 1:256. (1753) An annual aromatic, erect herb, 40-50 cm high. Leaves of two kinds, the lower ones petioled, pinnatisect into 2-3 pairs of ovate-cuneiform, incised-dentate segments, the upper ones shortpetioled or subsessile, 2-3 pinnatisect into linear setaceous lobes. Flowers small, in compound umbels. Fruits subglobose (Plate no. 5; Fig. O). Local name: Dhania Habit: Herb Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: December to February Specimens examined: AD 114, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 08.08. 2013 XLII. Family: APOCYNACEAE Trees, shrubs, or vines, rarely subshrubs or herbs, with latex or rarely watery juice. Leaves simple, opposite, rarely whorled or alternate, pinnately veined; stipules absent or rarely present. Inflorescences cymose, terminal or axillary, with bracteoles. Flowers bisexual, 5- [or 4]-merous, actinomorphic. Calyx 5- or rarely 4-partite, quincuncial, basal glands usually present. Corolla 5- or rarely 4-lobed, salverform, funnelform, urceolate, or rarely rotate, lobes overlapping to right or left, rarely valvate. Stamens 5 or rarely 4; filaments short; anthers mostly sagittate, free or connivent into a cone adherent to pistil head, dehiscing longitudinally, base rounded, cordate, sagittate, or prolonged into an empty spur; pollen granular; disc ringlike or cup-shaped, 2-5-lobed, or absent. Ovaries superior, rarely halfinferior, connate or distinct, 1- or 2-locular; ovules (1 or) 2-numerous per locule. Style 1; pistil head capitate, conical, or lampshade-shaped, base stigmatic, apex 2-cleft and not stigmatic. Fruit a berry, drupe, capsule, or follicle. Seeds with or without coma; endosperm thick and often horny, scanty, sometimes absent; embryo straight or nearly so, cotyledons often large, radicle terete. 96. Carissa carandas L. Mant. Pl.1:52.(1767); Synonyms: Carissa Congesta Wight. A large armed shrub, with long, stout, sharp, horizontal spines at the base of the branchlets. Leaves 3.8-7.5 cm long, coriaceous, elliptic or obovate, obtuse. Flowers white, in terminal corymbose cymes. Fruit 1.3-2.5 cm long, ellipsoid, fleshy, black when ripe (Plate no. 5; Fig. P). Local name: Karamcha

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Habit: Shrub Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: May to August Specimens examined: AD 24, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 14.06.2013 97. Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don Gen. hist. 4:95. (1837); Synonyms: Vinca rosea L. A bushy annual or somewhat suffruticose plant, 0.3-0.6 cm high. Leaves 7-9 cm long, polished, ovate or oblong. Flowers white or deep rose-coloured, usually paired in the leaf axils. Follicles linear, 2.3 cm long (Plate no. 5; Fig. Q). Local name: Nayantara Habit: Herb Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: Throughout the year Specimens examined: AD 57, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 14.06.2013 98. Plumeria acutifolia L. Sp. pl. 1:209. (1753); Synonyms: Plumeria acutifolia Poir; Plumeria acuminata Ait.; Plumeria rubra L. A small deciduous tree with thick branches and copious milky juice; bark corky, fissured. Leaves 15-30 cm long, oblanceolate, thick. Flowers 5 cm across, white with yellow centre, in terminal peduncled cymes (Plate no. 5; Fig. R). Local name: Kathgolap Habit: Tree Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: February to May Specimens examined: AD 116, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 08.08.2013 99. Rauvolfia serpentina Benth. Forest fl. Burma 2:171. (1877) A small erect shrub, up to 0.9 m high. Leaves in whorls of 3, 7.5-18 cm long, lanceolate, acute or acuminate, glabrous. Flowers white, in many-flowered irregular corymbose cymes; pedicels and calyx, bright red. Corolla 1-1.3 cm long; tube slender, swollen a little above the ϴϱ

middle. Drupes single or didymous, about 6 mm diam., purplish black when ripe (Plate no. 5; Fig. S). Local name: Sarpagandha Habit: Shrub Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: February to December Specimens examined: AD 51, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 14.06.2013 100. Tabernaemontana coronaria (Jacq.) Willd. Katmalati Enum. pl. 1:275. (1809); Synonyms: Tabernaemontana divaricata (L.) R. Br. ex Roem. & Schult. A dichotomously branched bushy shrub with milky latex. Leaves opposite, 7.5-15 cm long, elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate. Flowers 2.5-5 cm across, white, in solitary or twin 18 flowered cymes at the bifurcations of the branches. Fruits 2 divaricate follicles, 2.5-3.8 cm long, narrowed in to a slender curved beak, bright red within (Plate no. 5; Fig. T). Local name: Katmaloti Habit: Shrub Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: January to December Specimens examined: AD 153, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 08.08.2013

XLIII. Family: SOLANACEAE Herbs, shrubs, small trees, or climbers. Stems sometimes prickly, rarely thorny; hairs simple, branched, or stellate, sometimes glandular. Leaves alternate, solitary or paired, simple or pinnately compound, without stipules; leaf blade entire, dentate, lobed, or divided. Inflorescences terminal, overtopped by continuing axes, appearing axillary, extra-axillary, or leaf opposed, often apparently umbellate, racemose, paniculate, clustered, or solitary flowers, rarely true cymes, sometimes bracteate. Flowers mostly bisexual, usually regular, 5-merous, rarely 4- or 6-9-merous. Calyx mostly lobed. Petals united. Stamens as many as corolla lobes and alternate with them, inserted within corolla, all alike or 1 or more reduced; anthers dehiscing longitudinally or by apical pores. Ovary 2-5-locular; placentation mostly axile;

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ovules usually numerous. Style 1. Fruiting calyx often becoming enlarged, mostly persistent. Fruit a berry or capsule. Seeds with copious endosperm; embryo mostly curved. 101. Capsicum frutescens L. Sp. Pl. 1:189. (1753); Synonyms: Capsicum assamicum Purkayastha & L. Singh; Capsicum minimum Blanco Shrubley perennial plants, 0.75-1.8 m high. Leaves broadly ovate. Flowers axillary white or greenish white, usually 2 or more together. Calyx embracing the base of the fruit. Fruit ovoid to oblong, obtuse or acuminate, red when ripe (Plate no. 6; Fig. A). Local name: Morich Habit: Herb Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: Throughout the year Specimens examined: AD 33, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 14.06.2013 102. Cestrum nocturnum L. Sp. Pl. 1:191. (1753) It is an evergreen woody shrub growing to 4 m. tall. The leaves are simple, narrow lanceolate, 6–20 cm long and 2–4.5 cm broad, smooth and glossy, with an entire margin. The flowers are greenish-white, with a slender tubular corolla 2–2.5 cm long with five acute lobes, 10–13 mm diameter when open at night, and are produced in cymose inflorescences. A powerful, sweet perfume is released at night. The fruit is a berry 10 mm long by 5 mm diameter, the colour of an aubergine. There is also a variety with yellowish flowers. There are mixed reports regarding the toxicity of foliage and fruit (Plate no. 6; Fig. B). Local name: Hasnahena Habit: Shrub Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: Throughout the year Specimens examined: AD 117, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 08.08.2013 103. Datura metel L. Sp. Pl. 1:179. (1753); Synonym: Datura fastuosa L., Datura alba Nees. A coarse, shrubby annual, 0.9-1.2 m high. Leaves 15-20 cm long, ovate, acute, entire or with few large teeth or lobes. Flowers solitary, calyx 7.5 cm long, tubular, corolla about twice as ϴϳ

long as the calyx, tubular, widend at the mouth, purple or white, often double. Capsules subglobose, nodding, covered all over with numerous, straight, sharp prickles (Plate no. 6; Fig. C). Local name: Dhutra Habit: Shrub Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: Throughout the year Specimens examined: AD 118, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 08.08.2013 104. Lycopersicon lycopersicum (L.) Karst. Gard. dict. ed. 8: Lycopersicon no. 2. 1768, nom. cons.; Synonyms: Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. An odorous viscidly pubescent annual herb, up to 1 m tall. Stems weak and trailing. Leaves up to 30 cm long; imparipinnate, lyrate or sometimes slightly lobed. Flowers small, 1.5-1.7 cm across, yellow, on lax, few-flowered, peduncled cymes. Fruits juicy, variable in size (2-10 cm across), shape (round, oblong or lobed) and colour (deep red, brick red or yellowish) (Plate no. 6; Fig. D). Local name: Tomato Habit: Herb Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: Throughout the year Specimens examined: AD 56, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 14.06.2013 105. Physalis minima L. Sp. Pl. 1:183. (1753) An annual herb up to 90 cm high, 1.3- 2.5 cm long, membranous, 5- or sometimes 10-ribbed. Seeds many, discoid or reniform. glabrous to glandular hairy or patent villous. Stem and branches angular. Leaves 5-7 cm long, elliptic or ovate or toothed. Flowers solitary, axillary. Calyx 3-5 mm long, teeth triangular, acute. Corolla 6-7 mm long, yellow, usually with purple spots on the inner corolla base. Berry about 1 cm across, entirely enveloped in the enlarged calyx, which is ovoid or subglobose (Plate no. 6; Fig. E). Local name: Kapalphutki Habit: Herb ϴϴ

Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: January to December Specimens examined: AD 119, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 08.08.2013

106. Solanum filisifolium Ort. Prodr. 47. (1788); Synonyms: Solanum torvum Sw. A tomentose, sparingly armed shrub, 2.5-4 m high. Leaves ovate sinuate or lobed, up to 15.3 cm long and 10.2 cm broad, stellately tomentose beneath and softly hairy above, without prickles. Flowers white, in short, extra-axillary, lateral cymes, often bifurcated and dense, many-flowered. Fruit a berry, 0.6-1.3 cm, globose, smooth, yellow when ripe (Plate no. 6; Fig. F). Local name: Titbegun Habit: Shrub Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: January to December Specimens examined: AD 120, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 08.08.2013

107. Solanum melongena Wall. Sp. Pl. 1:186. (1753) A stout herb, armed or unarmed; young parts closely tomentose. Leaves large, elliptic, 10-18 cm long, subentire, sinuate or shallowly lobed. Flowers solitary or several in a cyme with lowest only fertile, about 2.5 cm diam. Fruit a berry, green, white, yellow or dark purple, varies greatly in size and shape, 3-30 cm long, oval, ovate, oblong or linear (Plate no. 6; Fig. G). Local name: Begun Habit: Shrub Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: January to December Specimens examined: AD 35, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 14.06.2013

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XLIV. Family: CONVOLVULACEAE Herbs or shrubs, usually with twining or climbing stems or erect, often with milky juice. Leaves alternate, simple, entire, dissected, or compound, absent in parasitic species. Flowers solitary, axillary or in cymes, racemes, panicles, umbels, or capitula, bisexual, actinomorphic, usually 5-merous, often showy. Sepals free, often persistent, sometimes enlarged in fruit. Corolla sympetalous, funnelform, campanulate, salverform, or urceolate; limb subentire or deeply lobed. Stamens alternating with corolla lobes, adnate to corolla; filaments filiform, equal or unequal in length; anthers introrse, laterally and longitudinally dehiscing; pollen smooth or finely spiny. Disc ringlike or cupular. Ovary superior, mostly 2-carpellate, 1- or 2loculed, rarely 3- or 4-loculed; ovules basal, erect. Styles 1 or 2, terminal (gynobasic in Dichondra) or very short or absent; stigma entire or 2- (or 3) -lobed, rarely peltate. Fruit a capsule, dehiscing by valves, circumscissile, or irregularly shattering, less often a berry or nutlike. Seeds usually trigonous, smooth or pubescent. 108. Ipomoea alba L. The moonflower is a vigorous twining vine that is very fast growing in really hot weather. It is a tender tropical perennial but is now seeing popular use as an annual vine in colder areas. This close relative of the morning glory has similar heart shaped leaves that are a rich green and 4-8 (10-20 cm) inches long. They provide a beautiful backdrop for the spectacular moonflowers. This vine also known as the evening glory as its buds open in late afternoon and last only until morning's light transforms them into a limp shriveled mass. Moonflower makes up for the brief lifespans of individual flowers by producing quantities of the big blossoms throughout the summer. These are held on a stem that bears several buds simultaneously, not all of which bloom the same night. The long 4 in (10 cm) buds are also very attractive especially in the hours just before the flower opens (Plate no. 6; Fig. H). Local name: Not Known Habit: Climber Habitat: Hydrophyte Phenology: January to December Specimens examined: AD 157, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 14.06.2013

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109. Ipomoea aquatica L. Fl. aegypt.-arab. 44. (1775); Synonyms: Ipomoea reptans Poir. A glabrous trailer on ground or floating on water, stem hollow, rooting at the nodes. Leaves 5-12.5 cm long, ovate, ovate-oblong, deltoid, lanceolate or linear, base cordate, sagittate or hastate. Flowers 1-few in axillary cymes. Corolla 2.5-5 cm long funnel-shaped, pink of pale lilac. Capsule 8 mm, ovoid to globose (Plate no. 6; Fig. I). Local name: Kalmi Habit: Climber Habitat: Hydrophyte Phenology: January to December Specimens examined: AD 36, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 14.06.2013 110. Ipomoea batatus L. Tabl. encycl. 1:465. (1793); Synonyms: Ipomoea reptans Poir A prostrate herb with trailing stem and tuberous roots; tubers red, white or rarely yellow. Leaves ovate-cordate, acute angular or more or less lobed. Flowers 1-several in axillary cymes. Corolla 3-4.5 cm campanulate to funnel-shaped, pale violat. Capsule ovoid, rarely formed (Plate no. 6; Fig. J). Local name: Mistialo Habit: Climber Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: January to December Specimens examined: AD 39, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 14.06.2013 111. Ipomoea fistulosa Mart. Ex Choisy An erect, sparsely branched shrub growing about eight feet. tall; leaves with a long stalk, the blades essentially hairless, lanceolate, five to eight inches long and about two inches broad, with a long-tapering tip and a truncated or shallowly heart-shaped base; flowers borne in small clusters in the axils of the uppermost leaves, funnel-shaped with five shallow lobes on the margin, three to four inches across, pink to lavender or purple but darker in the throat, opening only in the morning. (Plate no. 6; Fig. K) Local name: Dholkalmi ϵϭ

Habit: Under Shrub Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: January to December Specimens examined: AD 32, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 14.06.2013 112. Ipomoea quamoclit L. Sp. Pl. 1:159. (1753) A slender annual, twiner. Leaves 7.5-12.5 cm long, pinnately cut, up to the midrib into many pairs of linear to filform patent segments. Flowers 1-few in axillary cymes. Corolla salvershaped, red, tube 2.5-3.5 cm long. Capsule ovoid about 1 cm long (Plate no. 6; Fig. L). Local name: Gateful Habit: Climber Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: June to August Specimens examined: AD 144, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 08.08.2013

XLV. Family: CUSCUTACEAE Parasitic herbs. Parasitic on aerial parts of the host. Without conspicuous aggregations of leaves. Climbing; stem twiners (with haustoria). Leaves minute; alternate; spiral; membranous; sessile; non-sheathing; simple; epulvinate. Lamina. Flowers small; regular; (3– )5 merous; cyclic; tetracyclic. Free hypanthium absent. Calyx (3–)5; 1 whorled; gamosepalous; imbricate. Corolla (3–)5; 1 whorled; valvate; regular; white, or pink. Androecium 5, or 10, Androecial members adnate; free of one another; 1 whorled, or 2 whorled. Staminodes 5; internal to the fertile stamens (antepetalous). Stamens 5; inserted in the throat of the corolla tube; isomerous with the perianth; oppositisepalous. Gynoecium 2 carpelled. The pistil 2 celled. Gynoecium syncarpous; synovarious; superior. Ovary 2 locular. Styles 2; free, or partially joined; apical. Stigmas dry type; papillate;. Placentation basal. Ovules 2 per locule; ascending; anatropous; unitegmic; tenuinucellate. Fruit non-fleshy, or fleshy; dehiscent; a capsule. Seeds endospermic. Endosperm oily.

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113. Cuscuta reflexa Roxb.; Pl. Coromandel 2:3, t. 104. (1799) A slender leafless, greenish-yellow, epiphytic, parasitic, twining annual. Flowers small, white, solitary or in umbellate clusters of 2-4 or short racemes. Capsules small, depressedglobose (Plate no. 6; Fig. M). Local name: Shornolota Habit: Parasite, climber Habitat: Mesophyte Flowering time: August to December Specimen examined: AD 145, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 08.08.2013

XLVI. Family: BORAGINACEAE Herbs perennial, biennial, or annual.usually bristly or scabrous-pubescent. Leaves simple, exstipulate, alternate, rarely opposite, entire or serrate at margin. Inflorescences often double scorpioid cymes, rarely solitary; bracts present or absent. Flowers bisexual, actinomorphic, rarely zygomorphic. Calyx usually 5-parted or lobed, mostly persistent. Corolla tubular, campanulate, rotate; tube appendages 5, rarely more, mostly trapeziform, rarely absent, sometimes a ring of hairs present. Stamens 5, inserted on corolla tube or rarely at throat, included or rarely exserted; anthers introrse, 2-loculed, usually dorsifixed at base, less often medifixed, dehiscence longitudinal. superior, 2-carpellate; locules 2 and each with 2 ovules, or 4 and each with 1 ovule; ovules nearly atropous, semianatropous. Style terminal or gynobasic, branched or not. Fruit 1-4-seeded drupes or nutlets (mericarps) ; nutlets mostly dry, often ornamented with wings, prickles and/or glochids. Seeds vertical or oblique, coat membranous; embryo straight, less often curved. 114. Heliotropium indicum L. Sp. Pl. 1:130. (1753) A coarse somewhat succulent, annual, 15-60 cm high with stout stem and ascending branches, more or less densely hirsute. Leaves 4.5-10 cm long, ovate or ovate-oblong, obtuse or subacute, hairy. Flowers small, pale violet, numerous, sessile, 2-ranked, in simple or rarely forked, usually extra-axillary spikes, 5-15 cm long (Plate no. 6; Fig. N). Local name: Hatisur Habit: Herb

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Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: January to December Specimens examined: AD 121, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 08.08.2013

XLVII.

Family: VERBENACEAE

Shrubs or trees, sometimes climbing shrubs.Indumentum of simple, stellate or other complex hairs. Leaves opposite or rarely whorled, without stipules, simple or 3-foliolate, less often palmately or pinnately compound. Inflorescences terminal or axillary, racemose, cymose, spicate, or thyrses. Flowers bisexual or polygamous by abortion, zygomorphic or rarely actinomorphic. Calyx persistent. Corolla 4- or 5- or more lobed; lobes usually spreading, aestivation overlapping. Fertile stamens inserted on corolla tube, alternate with lobes; filaments free; anthers dorsifixed, 1- or 2-locular, dehiscing by longitudinal slits or sometimes a circular pore. Ovary entire or 4-grooved, 2-8-locular; ovules 1 or 2 per locule, erect or pendulous. Style terminal, simple, entire or 2-cleft. Fruit a drupe or indehiscent capsule, sometimes breaking up into nutlets. Seeds (1 or) 2-4, endosperm usually absent. 115. Clerodendrum viscosum Vent. Jard. Malmaison 1: ad t. 25. (1803); Synonyms: C. infortunatum Gaertn. A shrub or undershrub, 0.9-2.4 m high. Leaves large, 10-25 cm long, ovate, acuminate, hairy on both sides. Flowers white tinged with pink, on large pubescent, panicles. Fruit, a drupe, 8 mm across, black (Plate no. 6; Fig. O). Local name: Bhat Habit: Herb Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: February to April Specimens examined: AD 122, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 08.08.2013 116. Nyctanthes arbortristis L. Sp. Pl. 1:6. (1753) A small deciduous tree; branchlets rough, pubescent, 4-angular. Leaves opposite, 7-12 cm long, ovate shortly acuminate, distantly toothed or entire, scabrid. Flowers 1-1.5 cm across, fragrant, petals white, tube and throat orange, 3-7 together on quadrangular peduncles. ϵϰ

Capsule 2 cm long and as broad, obcordate or nearly orbicular, compressed, 2-celled (Plate no. 6; Fig. P). Local name: Shuli Habit: Tree Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: March to August Specimens examined: AD 37, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 14.06.2013 117. Tectona grandis L.f. Suppl. Pl. 151. 1782 ("1781") A large deciduous tree, with fluted trunk. Leaves opposite, 30-75 cm long, broadly elliptic or obovate, acuminate, cuneate at base, rough. Flowers small, 6 mm across, white in large erect, terminal cymose panicles, 0.3-0.9 m long. Fruit a sub-globose drupe, 1.3 cm diam., the pericarp soft with dense felted stellate hair, endocarp bony (Plate no. 6; Fig. Q). Local name: Segun Habit: Tree Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: January to December Specimens examined: AD 123, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 08.08.2013

XLVIII. Family: LAMIACEAE Herbs, sometimes subshrubs or shrubs, annual or perennial, usually aromatic. Stems and branches usually 4-angled. Leaves opposite, rarely whorled or alternate, simple to pinnately dissected or compound, without stipules. Inflorescences generally compound, sometimes flowers solitary and axillary; verticillasters 2- to many flowered, subtended by leaves or bracts. Flowers bisexual, zygomorphic, rarely subactinomorphic, bracteolate or not. Calyx persistent, 5-toothed, 2-lipped; upper lip 3-toothed or entire (deciduous in Scutellaria) ; lower lip 2- or 4-toothed; tube sometimes hairy annulate inside. Corolla limb usually 2-lipped; upper lip 2-lobed and lower 3-lobed, rarely upper lip entire and lower 4-lobed, also rarely limb (4- or) 5-lobed; tube hairy annulate inside. Stamens epipetalous, 4 or 2, free, rarely filaments connate, sometimes one staminodial; anther 1- or 2-celled, usually dehiscing longitudinally; disc persistent. Ovary superior, 2-celled and each cell 2-ovuled and style ϵϱ

subterminal, or ovary 4-parted and each lobe 1-ovuled and style gynobasic (from bases of ovary lobes) with 2-cleft apex. Fruit usually 4 dry nutlets. Seeds with or without endosperm. 118. Leucas cephalotes (Roth.) Spreng. Syst. veg. 2:743. (1825); Synonyms: Leucas capitata Desf. An annual pubescent herb, 0.6-0.9 cm high, stem and branches quadrangular. Leaves 3.8-7.5 cm long, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, crenate-serrate, hairy. Flowers sessile, in large, globose, dense, terminal whorls, 2.5-5 cm across; corolla 2 cm long, white (Plate no. 6; Fig. R). Local name: Dandakolos Habit: Herb Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: Throughout the year Specimens examined: AD 68, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 14.06.2013 119. Mentha viridis L. It is creeping sweetly scented perennial with bright green leaves. It bears white, pink or lilac flowers in cylindrical spikes (Plate no. 6; Fig. S). Local name: Pudina Habit: Herb Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: July to September Specimens examined: AD 154, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 08.08.2013 120. Ocimum tenuiflorum L. Sp. Pl. 1:597 (1753) A much-branched aromatic herb, woody at the base, 30-60 cm high; branches subquadrangular. Leaves 2.5-5 cm long, elliptic-oblong, obtuse or acute, entire or serrate, pubescent on both sides. Flowers in racemes, 15-20 cm long in close whorls; corolla 4 mm long, purplish. Nutlets 1.25 mm long, broadly ellipsoid, yellow with small black markings (Plate no. 6; Fig. T). Local name: Tulshi Habit: Herb Habitat: Mesophyte ϵϲ

Phenology: Thought out the year Specimens examined: AD 31, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 14.06.2013

XLIX. Family: OLEACEAE Trees or erect or scandent shrubs. Branches and branchlets lenticellate. Leaves opposite, rarely alternate or whorled, simple, trifoliolate, or pinnately compound, without stipules; venation pinnate or palmate. Inflorescences terminal or axillary, in cymes, panicles, racemes, umbels, or fascicles. Flowers actinomorphic, bisexual, rarely unisexual or polygamous and plants monoecious, dioecious, or polygamodioecious. Calyx 4(-16) -lobed or -parted, rarely absent. Corolla 4(-16) -lobed, sometimes almost free to base, rarely absent; lobes sometimes united in pairs at base or into a very short tube. Stamens 2(-4), inserted on corolla tube or hypogynous; anthers dehiscing longitudinally; pollen 3-colpate or 3-colporate. Ovary superior, 2-loculed; ovules 2 in each locule, sometimes 1 or numerous. Style 1 or absent; stigma 2-lobed or capitate. Fruit a drupe, berry, capsule, or samara. Seeds with straight embryo, with or without endosperm͘ 121. Jasminum sambac (L.) Ait. Hort. kew. 1:8. (1789) An evergreen, somewhat climbing shrub. Leaves opposite, 3-10 cm long, variable in shape, usually ovate, acute or acuminate or obtuse, entire, glabrous. Flowers white, very fragrant, solitary or usually in 3-flowered terminal cymes (Plate no. 7; Fig. A). Local name: Beli Habit: Climber Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: June to November Specimens examined: AD 9, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 14.06.2013

L. Family: ACANTHACEAE The Acanthaceae are mostly herbs or shrubs comprising about 250 genera and 2,500 species, including twining forms. The leaves are simple, opposite and decussate; stipules are lacking. The flowers are bisexual, zygomorphic, and usually are associated with conspicuous, often brightly colored bracts. The calyx is usually deeply 4-5 lobed or sometimes is highly reduced ϵϳ

with more numerous minute teeth. The corolla is sympetalous, usually 5-merous, mostly zygomorphic, and commonly 2 lipped. The androecium usually consists of 4 didynamous stamens or only 2 stamens adnate to the corolla tube or epigynous zone, alternate with the lobes. The gynoecium consists of a single compound pistil of 2 carpels, a single style, and a superior ovary with 2 locules, each with usually 2-10 axile ovules in one or two collateral vertical tiers. An annular nectary disk is usually found around the base of the ovary. The fruit is commonly an elastically dehiscent loculicidal capsule. The seed stalk or funiculus of each seed is modified into a hook shaped jaculator or retinaculum that functions in flinging out the seeds during dehiscence. 122. Adhatoda vasica Nees. N. Wallich, Pl. asiat. rar. 3:102. (1832); Synonym : Justicia adhatoda L. It is an evergreen dense shrub, up to 2 m high. Leaves up to 20 x 7.6 cm, elliptic-lanceolate, acute at both ends. Flowers white, 2-liped, in short, dense, axillary pedunculate spikes. Capsule 18 mm long, clavate (Plate no. 7; Fig. B). Local name: Basak Habit: Herb Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: Throughout the year Specimens examined: AD 58, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 14.06.2013 123. Andrographis paniculata Wall ex Nees Pl. asiat. rar. 3:116. (1832); Synonyms: Justicia paniculata Burm.f. A very bitter branched, annual, erect herb, 30-90 cm high; branches sharply quadrangular. panicles; corolla 1.25 cm, 2-lipped, white, spotted rose-purple. Capsules 18 mm long, linearoblong, acute. Leaves up to 6.25 cm long, lanceolate, acute. Flowers small, solitary, distant, in lax axillary and terminal (Plate no. 7; Fig. C). Local name: Kalomegh Habit: Herb Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: January to December ϵϴ

Specimens examined: AD 59, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 14.06.2013 124. Justicia gendarussa L. Fl. indica 10. (1768); Synonyms: Gendarussa vulgaris Nees. An erect, slender undershrub, 0.6-1.2 m high. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 7.5-12.5 cm long. Flowers white, spotted purple within, in interrupted spikes, 5-12.5 cm long, from uppermost leaf axils and often forming terminal panicle. Corolla 1.3 cm long (Plate no. 7; Fig. D).

Local name: Jagthmadan Habit: Herb Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: December to May Specimens examined: AD 124, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 08.08.2013

LI.

Family: PEDALIACEAE

Herbs annual or perennial, rarely shrubs or trees, sometimes with swollen stems. Leaves oppostibe, sometimes alternate on upper part of stem, densely covered with 4-merous mucilaginous glands; stipules absent. Flowers zygomorphic, solitary, axillary, rarely in fewflowered cymes. Pedicel with extrafloral nectarines. Calyx (4 or) 5-parted. Corolla bilabiate or obscurely so; lobes 5, imbricate. Stamens 4 and didynamous, sometime 2; staminodes usually 1; anthers 2-locular, dehiscing longitudinally. Disc fleshy. Ovary superior or rarely inferior, 2- or 4-locular, placentation axile; ovules 2 to numerous, anatropous, Style filiform; stigma 2-lobed. Fruit dehiscent or indehiscent, winded or usually with horns or hooks. Seed 1 to many in each locule 125. Sesamum indicum L. Sp. Pl. 2:634. (1753) An erect annual pubescent herb. Leaves simple and of various shape from ovate to linear. Flowers purple or whitish with purple or yellow marks, drooping, pubescent. Capsule oblong, bluntly 4 gonous, erect dehiscent from above downwards (Plate no. 7; Fig. E). Local name: Til Habit: Herb ϵϵ

Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: February to June Specimens examined: AD 18, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 14.06.2013

LII.

Family: RUBIACEAE

The Rubiaceae are trees, shrubs, or infrequently herbs comprising about 450 genera and 6,500 species, including some lianous forms. The leaves are simple and usually entire, and are opposite or sometimes whorled; stipules are present and interpetiolar. The flowers are nearly always bisexual and actinomorphic, often heterostylous, and usually are in cymose inflorescences. The calyx is mostly somewhat reduced and 4-5-lobed or sometimes the lobes are obsolete or rarely one of them greatly expanded and brightly colored. The sympetalouscorolla is mostly 4-5-lobed, occasionally with 3 or up to 10 lobes. The androecium consists of as many stamens as corolla lobes and is adnate to the corolla tube or epigynouszone, alternate with the lobes. The gynoecium consists of a single compound pistil of 2 or seldom more carpels, a single style, and a nearly always inferior ovary with the number of loculesequaling the number of carpels, each with 1-many axile ovules. An epigynous nectary disk is usually present. The fruit is variable, sometimes forming multiples. 126. Anthocephalus chinensis (Lamk.) Rich. ex Walp.; Synonyms: A. cadamba Miq, A. indicus A. Rich. A large deciduous tree with horizontal branches, more or less whorled. Leaves 12.5-22.5 cm lomg, elliptic-oblong. Flowers small, yellow, in globose terminal head, 2.5-5 cm across with stout peduncles. Fruit a globose pseudocarp, 5-6 cm diam, yellow when ripe (Plate no. 7; Fig. F).

Local name: Kadam Habit: Tree Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: May to August Specimens examined: AD 125, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 08.08.2013

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127. Gardenia jasminoides Ellis. Philos. Trans. 51:935, t. 23. (1761); Synonyms: G. florida L. A much branched bushy ornamental shrub. Leaves 2-6 cm long, elliptic ovate, usually acute, shining. Flowers large, very fragrant, solitary in the upper axils; corolla usually double, white, soon turning yellowish, about 5 cm long (Plate no. 7; Fig. G). Local name: Gandharaj Habit: Shrub Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: March to May Specimens examined: AD 126, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 08.08.2013 128. Ixora coccinea L. Sp. Pl. 1:110. (1753) A much branched shrub, 0.6-0.9 cm high. Leaves coriaceous, up to 10 cm long, sessile or subsessile, oblong, obtuse. Flowers numerous, bright scarlet, in sessile, corymbiform, denseflowered cymes. Fruit globose, fleshy, size of a pea (Plate no. 7; Fig. H). Local name: Rangan Habit: Shrub Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: January to December Specimens examined: AD 6, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 14.06.2013 129. Paederia foetida L. Mant. Pl. 1:52. (1767) An extensive, foetid climber. Leaves opposite, ovate or lanceolate, acute or cuspidate, 2.5-3.8 cm long. Flowers violet, shortly pedicelled in slender tricholomous, often scorpioid paniculate cymes, about 15 cm long; corolla funnel-shaped. Fruit orbicular, wings pale, 1.1 cm across (Plate no. 7; Fig. I). Local name: Gandhavaduli Habit: Climber Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: January to December Specimens examined: AD 127, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 08.08.2013

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LIII. Family: ASTERACEAE The Asteraceae are herbs, shrubs, or less commonly trees. The leaves are alternate, opposite, or less commonly whorled, and range from simple to pinnately or palmately compound; stipules are absent. The flowers are of two basic types: those with tubular actinomorphic corollas and those with strap-shaped or radiate zygomorphic corollas, often within the same head. Either type may be bisexual or unisexual. Where both types are found in a single head, the central flowers have tubular, usually 4-5- lobed corollas, and generally are bisexual, and the peripheral flowers have strap-shaped corollas generally with 3 distal teeth, and are usually female. The calyx is absent or so highly modified as hairs, bristles or scales on the ovary summit that it is given the alternative name of pappus. The androecium nearly always consists of 4 or 5 stamens that are united by their anthers and are adnate to the corolla tube or epigynous zone, alternate with the lobes. The gynoecium consists of a single compound pistil of 2 carpels, a single 2-cleft style, and an inferior ovary with one locule and one basal ovule. The fruit is an achene which may have a persistent pappus that commonly functions in fruit dispersal.

130. Chrysanthamum coronarium L. Sp. Pl. 2:890. (1753), nom. cons.

20-70 cm, simple or branched, slightly glaucous, erect, glabrous. Alternate, dissected twice or more. A head, each resembling a flower, 1–many, generally arrayed in cymes 4-6 cm in diameter, yellow ray and yellow tube flowers. Achenes subterete or obovoid, faintly 5-8-ribbed; covered with sessile, non-mucilaginous glands; achenes of ligulate flowers with an adaxial wing; pappus absent (Plate no. 7; Fig. J). Local name: Chandramollica Habit: Herb Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: December to February Specimens examined: AD 128, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 08.08.2013

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131.

Helianthus annuus L. Sp. Pl. 2:904. (1753)

Annual herb , 1-3 m tall. hairy. Leaves up to 20 cm long , 15 cm broad , cordate, margin dentate. Flower heads 7.5-15 cm diameter , peduncles solid, disc florets brown , ray- florets yellow, each flower about 7.5 -12.5 cm across, disc florest smells musty. Achenes dark brown , 5-6 mm long. Pappus deciduous (Plate no. 7; Fig. K). Local name: Surjamukhi Habit: Herb Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: Throught out the year Specimens examined: AD 129, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 08.08.2013 132. Mikania cordata (Burm.f.) Roxb Contr. Gray Herb. 104:65. (1934) Creeping or twining perennial vine. It is characterized by branched stems on which heartshaped leaves are arranged in opposite pairs. The leaves are thin, generally with an acute tip and a broad base and measure from 4 to 13 cm long. The plant produces white to greenishwhite flowers, in heads 3 to 5 mm long, arranged in dense terminal or axillary corymbs. The seed is black, linear-oblong, five-angled and about 2 mm long. Dispersal is facilitated by a terminal pappus of 32 to 38 soft white bristles which can carry the seed large distances on air currents and attach itself to the hair of animals (Plate no. 7; Fig. L). Local name: Asamlata Habit: Climber Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: October to February Specimens examined: AD 64, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 14.06.2013 133. Tagetes erecta L. Sp. Pl. 2:887. (1753) An annual ornamental erect herb, about 60 cm high, strongly aromatic. Leaves pinnately divided, segments lanceolate-serrate, strongly aromatic. Flowers in terminal heads, colour ranges from a light sulphur-yellow to a deep orange (Plate no. 7; Fig. M). Local name: Gadaphul

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Habit: Herb Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: January to December Specimens examined: AD 2, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 14.06.2013 134. Tagetes patula L. Sp. Pl. 2:887. (1753) An annual ornamental erect herb, about 60 cm high, stroingly aromatic. Leaves pinnately divided, segments lanceolate-serrate, strongly aromatic. Flowers in terminal heads, color ranges from a light sulphur-yellow to a deep orange (Plate no. 7; Fig. N). Local name: Poragada Habit: Herb Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: November to March Specimens examined: AD 162, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 08.08.2013 135. Tridax procumbens L. Sp. Pl. 2:900. (1753) Annual or biennial somewhat patently hispid herbs. Stem branched, creeping at base, suberect or trailing above. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, or elliptic-rhomboid, with a cuneate base, obtuse or subacute, coarsely serrate or lobed, patently hispid, 2.5-7 cm long. Heads solitary, 1.2-1.5 cm across, on erect, 10-30 cm long peduncle. Marginal flowers 5-6 with pale yellow, 0.3 cm long ligules; disc flowers bright yellow (Plate no. 7; Fig. O). Local name: Tridhara Habit: Herb Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: Throught out the year Specimens examined: AD 130, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 08.08.2013 136. Wedelia chinensis (Osbeck) Merr. Philipp. J. Sci., C 12:111. (1917) A perennial herb, 0.3-0.9 m long; stem procumbent at the base and rooting at the lower nodes, terate, more or less appressed hairy. Leaves opposite, subsessile, oblong, entire or irregularly crenate-serrate, scabrous with short white hairs. Heads 2-3.2 cm diam., solitary; ϭϬϰ

peduncles 2.5-15 cm long, erect, slender. Ray-florets ligulate, yellow, 2-3 toothed (Plate no. 7; Fig. P). Local name: Mahavingoraj Habit: Herb Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: February to August Specimens examined: AD 155, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 08.08.2013

LILIOPSIDA (MONOCOTYLEDONES) LIV. Family: ARECACEAE Shrubs sometimes climbing or tree solitary or gregarious naked or prickly; stems simple, rarely branched above. Leaves alternate usually crowed at apex of stem plicate in bud, pinnatisect or palmate rarely entire or 2-pinnatisect; petiole sheathing. Flowers small hermaphrodite or 1-sexual usually 3-bracteolate, in branched spikes or panicles, enclose in one or more large sheathing spathes. Perianth inferior 2-sereate segments in each series 3, usually all free imbricate or valvate, stamens usually 6, filaments free of connate subulnte or filiform, rarely flattended; anther versatile, 2-locular; dehiscence lateral or extrorse. Carpels 3, connate in a 3-1 celled ovary, or free, ovules in each carpel1-2, anatropous, adnate to wale base or top of cell, stigmas 3, usually sessile. Fruit a 1-3 celled drupe or hard berry or of 1-3 ripe carpels pericarp smooth, rough or clothed with down wary imbricating shining scales. Seeds erect or laterally attached rarely pendulous raphe usually branching all over the testa; albumen horny or bony equable or ruminate embryo small, in a cavity near the surface of the albumen. 137. Areca catechu L. Sp. Pl. 2:1189. (1753) A tall slender palm, 12-30 m high, quite straight. Leaves large 1.2-1.8 m long, leaflets numerous, 30-60 cm long. Spathe double, compressed, spadix much branched, bearing male and female flowers. Fruits globose or ovoid, 3.7-5 cm across, yellow or orange (Plate no. 7; Fig. Q). Local name: Supari

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Habit: Tree Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: January to December Specimens examined: AD 22, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 14.06.2013 138. Borassus flabellifer L. Sp. Pl. 2:1187. (1753) A tall palm, attains 30 m in height. Leaves 1-1.5 m in diam., palmately fan-shaped. Fruit a drupe, mature one globular, 15-20 cm in diam., black when mature (Plate no. 7; Fig. R). Local name: Tal Habit: Tree Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: March to September Specimens examined: AD 133, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 08. 08.2013 139. Cocos nucifera L. Sp. Pl. 2:1188. (1753) A tall palm, 12-24 m high, with straight or curved annulate stem. Leaves large, 1.8-4.5 m long, pinnatisect; leaflets linear-lanceolate. Spadix long, stout, androgynous, simply panicled. Lower spathes 60-90 cm long, oblong, hard, spliting lengthwise. Fruit trigonously obovoid or subglobose, with a large cavity filled with sweetish fluid (Plate no. 7; Fig. S). Local name: Narikel Habit: Tree Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: January to December Specimens examined: AD 134, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 08.08.2013

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140. Phoenix sylvestris (L.) Roxb. Fl. ind. ed. 1832, 3:787. 1832; Synonyms: Elate sylvestris L. A tall graceful palm, 9-15 m high. Trunk rough from the persistent base of the leafstalks. Crown herispherical. Leaves 3-4.5 m long, pinnate, leaf bases bears few triangular short spines, reaching 10 cm. Pinnules very numerous, densely fascicled, 15-45 cm long, rigid, ensiform, spinous pointed. Fruit orange, 2.5-3.2 cm long, oblong-ellipsoid, scattered on long pendulous similarly coloured spikes (Plate no. 7; Fig. T). Local name: Khejur Habit: Tree Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: March to August Specimens examined: AD 19, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 14.06.2013

LV.

Family: ARACEAE

Herbs, perennial, occasionally emergent or floating, often epiphytic or climbing, usually with milky or watery latex, rarely colored. Rhizomes, corms, or stolons present; rhizomes vertical or horizontal, creeping at or near surface, sometimes branched; corms underground, starchy; stolons at or near surface. Stems absent . Cataphylls usually present. Leaves rarely solitary, alternate or clustered; petiole rarely absent, with sheathing base; blade simple or compound [occasionally perforate], elliptic to obovate or spatulate, occasionally sagittate-cordate, larger than 1.5 cm; venation parallel or pinnate- or palmate-netted. Inflorescences spadices, each with 3--900 usually tightly grouped, sessile flowers, subtended by spathe; spathe rarely absent, persistent or deciduous, variously colored; spadix cylindric or ovoid, various parts occasionally naked or with sterile flowers. Flowers bisexual or unisexual, staminate and pistillate usually on same plants or functionally on different plants, staminate flowers distal to pistillate when unisexual; perianth absent or present; stamens 2--12, distinct or connate in synandria; ovaryies 1, 1--3(--many) -locular, sessile or embedded in spadix; styles 1; stigmas hemispheric, capitate, or discoid Fruits berries, distinct or connate at maturity. Seeds 1-40 per berry.

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141. Alocasia indica (Roxb.) Schott. Hist. nat. vég. 12:47. (1846) A robust herb with long, cylindrical caudex, up to 1.8 m. Leaves large 60-90 cm long, triangular-sagittate. Peduncle shorter than the petiole, spathe 20-30 cm, pale yellow, spadix equaling the spathe (Plate no. 8; Fig. A). Local name: Mankachu Habit: Herb Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: July to October Specimens examined: AD 131, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 06.08.2013 142. Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott. H. Schott & S. L. Endlicher, Melet. bot. 18. 1832 Tall herb with underground tuberous stem. Petiole erect, up to 1.2 m. long; lamina peltateovate, cordate at the base, up to 50 cm. long. Spathe pale yellow, 15-35 cm long; spadix much shorter than the spathe (Plate no. 8; Fig. B). Local name: Kochu Habit: Herb Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: May to October Specimens examined: AD 132, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 06.08.2013 143. Pistia stratiotes L. Sp. Pl. 2: 963 (1753) A monoecious, free floating, gregarious herb with offsets. Leaves sessile, obovate-cuneate. Spathe small, shortly stakled, tubular below and open above, spadices subequalling the spathes. Stamens 2-8. Fruit few seeded (Plate no. 8; Fig. C). Local name: Topapana Habit: Herb Habitat: Hydrophyte ϭϬϴ

Phenology: May to October Specimens examined: AD 156, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 06.04.2014

LVI. Family: LEMNACEAE Thaloid herbs, free floating in stagnant water, glabrous, small and leaf-like, without distinctstem, leafy part called frond, fronds 1-2-5-10 (-50),0.4-15.0mm long, when more than one jointed to each other compactly and hard to differentiate individual frond, bright to deep green, sometimes reddish underneath, base with or without scaly bifid leaflets, nerves 1-16 (21) or without nerve, root 1-21, sometimes absent, the whole plant body floats on or a little below the surface of water or completely submerged, in the latter case the plant body comes to the surface only during flowering, vegetative fronds may survive up to a few weeks only. Reproduction mostly by vegetative (budding), flowering and fruiting rare, each frond may develop 1-2 flowers. Flowers naked, or enclose by spathes within pouches, bisexual, rearly unisexual. Stamens 1-4, loculae 2-4, pollen globose. Ovary bottle-shaped, single, tapered to a short style and a Stigma, stigma funnel- shaped, ovule 1. Fruits usually with 1 seed , 0.3-2.7 mm long. Seeds ovoid, longitudinally ribbed or smooth. 144. Lemna perpusila Torrey, Fl N.Y. 2:245 (1843). Fronds rather thin, solitary or in groups of 2-5, ovate to obovate or obovate-oblong; base strongly asymmetric, obtuse or slightly acute at both the ends, green. Root sheath cylindrical with 2 lateral wings, root cap acute. Stripe hyaline, slit of budding pouch coinciding with the margin of the frond. Stamen solitary. Fruit asymmetric, ellipsoid, laterally slightly compressed. Seeds with 12-18 distinct longitudinal ribs. Free floating in all stagnant water bodies (Plate no. 8; Fig. D). Local name: Khudipana Habit: Herb Habitat: Hydrophyte Phenology: May to October Specimens examined: AD 135, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 06.08.2013

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LVII. Family: CYPERACEAE Annual or perennial, often grass like herbs. The perennial species with short or long creeping sympodial rhizomes not

emitting stolons. Stem solid, exceptionally hollow, sometimes

septate, often trigonous , rarely 2-sided or terete, or multiangular, usually nodeless below the inflorescence. Leaves often 3 ranked, rarely distichous or polystichous, basal and cauline , usually sheathing at the base, sheaths closed, rarely open, blade sessile, linear orsetaceous, rarely lanceolate and petioled, rarely reduced or absent, shesth and blade whether or not separated by a rim of short hair or by a membranous ligule almost completely fused to the upper surface of the blade. Inflorescence of various types, mostly anthelate, paniculate, racemose, spicate or congested in the head, subtended by leafy bracts, bearing 1 numerous spikelets. Spikelets with few many glumes, imbricated or 2 ranked on a single axis, all or some of the glumes bearing an axillary flower or at times a bisexual cymule at the axil, or rarely the rachilla becoming determinate with a single terminal pistillate flower and in this latter case the spikelet bearing 0-few small staminate second order spikelets at the axils of some glumes in lieu of a single flower, spikelets frequently distinctly prophyllate at the base. Flowers hermaphrodite or unisexual, rarely dioecious, naked or with perianth of 3 to many bristles or of scaly segments. Stamens generally 1-3 in a flower. Pistil bi or tri-carpellate, style elongated or short ,2 or 3 fid at the apex forming stigmas of style branches, ovary unilocular with a single anatropous ovule, maturing into an achene. 145. Scirpus articulatus (L.) Palla.

Suppl. Pl. 104. 1782 ("1781"); Synonyms:

Actinoscirpus grossus (L. f.) Goetgh. & D. A. Simpson var. grossus Apurau is a densely tufted plant, growing up to 20 to 50 centimeters high. Stems are rather spongy, terete, leafless, and when dry, often transversely septate. Spikelets are 7 to 30, crowded, ovoid to oblong, 1 centimeter long or less. Glumes are ovate, about 4 millimeters long. Nuts are 3-angled, black and shining, obovoid, about 2 millimeters long. Hypogynous bristles are absent (Plate no. 8; Fig. E). Local name: Chechur Habit: Herb Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: January to December Specimens examined: AD 136, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 08.08.2013 ϭϭϬ

LVIII. Family: POACEAE Annual or perennial herbs, or tall woody bamboos. Flowering stems (culms) jointed, internodes hollow or solid. Leaves arranged alternately in 2 ranks, differentiated into sheath, blade, and an adaxial erect appendage at sheath/blade junction (ligule).Inflorescence terminal or axillary, an open, contracted, or spikelike panicle, or composed of lax to spikelike racemes arranged along an elongate central axis. Spikelets composed of distichous bracts arranged along a slender axis (rachilla); typically 2 lowest bracts (glumes) empty, subtending 1 to many florets; glumes often poorly differentiated from accompanying bracts in bamboos. Florets composed of 2 opposing bracts enclosing a single small flower, outer bract (lemma) clasping the more delicate, usually 2-keeled inner bract (palea) ; base of floret often with thickened prolongation articulated with rachilla; lemma often with apical or dorsal bristle (awn), glumes also sometimes awned. Flowers bisexual or unisexual; lodicules 2, rarely 3 or absent, 3 to many in bamboos, hyaline or fleshy; stamens 3 rarely 1, 2, 6, filaments capillary, anthers versatile; ovary 1-celled, styles (1 or) 2(rarely 3), free or united at base, topped by feathery stigmas, exserted from sides or apex of floret. Fruit normally a dry indehiscent caryopsis with thin pericarp firmly adherent to seed, pericarp rarely free, fleshy in some bamboos. 146. Bambusa balcooa Roxb. Sp. Pl. 2(1):245. (1799); Synonyms: Bambusa bambos (L.) Voss Bambusa arundinacea (Retz.) Willd is a tall, thickset bamboo; stem up to 33 m high, tufted on a stout rootstock. Leaves up to 20 cm long, linear-lanceolate. Inflorescence an enormous panicle often occupying the whole stem (Plate no. 8; Fig. F) Local name: Bash Habit: Tree Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: Not Regular and Seasonal. Specimens examined: AD 146, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 08.08.2013

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147. Crysopogon aciculatus (Retz.) Trin. Fund. Agrost. 188. 1820; Synonyms: Andropogon aciculatus Retz. A vigorous creeping grass with stout, tough rhizomes, the culms ascending to 45 cm. Inflorescence a small panicle, 7.5-10 cm long, with numerous slender branches. Spikelets narrow. Awn bristly, short and fine. The branches at first ascend almost vertically, spread obliquely at flowering and then bend upward again at fruiting. Each branch has three spikelets at its tip, one sessile and two pedicelled (Plate no. 8; Fig. G) Local name: Premkanta Habit: Herb Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: August to December Specimens examined: AD 65, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 14.06.2013 148. Cynodon dactylon Pers. Syn. Pl. 1:85. 1805 A slender, perennial creeping grass forming matted tufts with slender erect or ascending flowering branches. Leaves 2-6 cm long, narrowly linear or lanceolate. Spikes 2-6, radiating from the top of a slender peduncle, 2.5-5 cm long (Plate no. 8; Fig. H) Local name: Durbaghas Habit: Herb Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: January to December Specimens examined: AD 67, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 14.06.2013 149. Oryza sativa L. Sp. Pl. 1:333. (1753) An annual crop, 60 cm to 120 cm tall. Leaf blade linear, 30-70 cm long, 6-20 mm wide, flat, striate, scaberulous; ligule pointed, often prominently exerted. Panicle partially included in upper leaf sheath or more usually exerted, erect in flower, nodding in fruit (Plate no. 8; Fig. I) ϭϭϮ

Local name: Dhan Habit: Herb Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: January to December Specimens examined: AD 20, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 14.06.2013 150. Saccharum officinarum L. Sp. Pl. 1:54. (1753) Perennial, forming tall clumps. Culms 20-40-noded, solid, nodes glabrous. Leaf sheaths glabrous, ligule 2-3 mm, ciliate. Panicle 50-100 cm, racemes 10-25 cm; rachis internodes 3-6 mm, glabrous. Lower lemma oblong-lanceolate, subequal to glumes; upper lemma linear, awnless. Lodicules glabrous (Plate no. 8; Fig. J) Local name: Akh Habit: Shrub Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: Throughout the year Specimens examined: AD 160, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 08.08.2013 151. Triticum aestivum L. Sp. Pl. 1:85. (1753). This annual grass forms either solitary or tufted leafy culms about 2-3½' tall. These culms are light green, erect, terete, glabrous, and sometimes glaucous. Alternate leaves occur along the length of each culm. The flat leaf blades are 6-18 mm. across and 5-12" long; they are bluish or grayish green, glabrous, and sometimes glaucous. These blades are ascending, arching, or rather floppy. The bases of these blades often have rounded auricles with scarious (scar-like) wavy margins. The open leaf sheaths are bluish or grayish green, glabrous, and sometimes glaucous. On rare occasions, the lower leaf sheaths are pubescent. The ligules are shortmembranous (about 1-2 mm. in length), while the nodes are swollen and glabrous. Each culm terminates in an erect floral spike about 2-4" long. The floral spikes are grayish or bluish green with darker markings; they are cylindrical-bristly in appearance. Each floral spike has

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multiple overlapping spikelets that are appressed against the rachis (central stalk of the spike); these spikelets are nearly erect (Plate no. 8; Fig. K) Local name: Gom Habit: Herb Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: January to March Specimens examined: AD 138, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 08.08.2013

LIX. Family: BROMELIACEAE Mostly short stemmed epiphytic herbs, sometimes terrestrial xerophytes. Leaves alternate, most commonly rosulate on the short stem, narrow, parallel-veined, simple, entire or more often spinose-serrate, base red or otherwise bright colored. Flowers perfect or sometimes functionally unisexual, regular or slightly irregular, trimerous, hypogynous to epigynous, borne in simple or compound spikes or racemes or heads with brightly colored bracts. Sepals 3, green and herbaceous, distinct or connate below. Petale 3, distinct or connate below, often brightly colored, basal margins with a pair of scale-like appendagesthat sometimes function as nectaries. Stemans 6, in 2 sets, each with 3 stamens, all free or often connate or collectively or individually alnate to the separate anthers tetrasporangiate and dithecal, opening by the longitudial slits, pollen grains binucleate, carpels 3, united to form a compound, trilocular ovary with a terminal often trifid style, stigma papillate, ovules few to numerous on the axile placentas. Faruit a berry or less often usually a septicidal capsul or seldom multiple and fleshy. Seeds in capsular fruits winged or plumose. 152. Annanas sativus Schult. f. Syst. veg. 7(2):1283. (1830); Synonyms: Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. var. comosus A tufted, stemless herb. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 1-1.5 m long, the margins sharply spinytoothed, green, those subtending the inflorescence red, much reduced. Inflorescence a dense, capitate, spiral, ovoid head, 6-8 cm long, much enlarged in fruit. Mature fruit up to 20 cm long (Plate no. 8; Fig. L). Local name: Anaras ϭϭϰ

Habit: Herb Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: January to December Specimens examined: AD 137, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 08.08.2013

LX.

Family: MUSACEAE

Herbs perennial or monocarpic, growing from sympodial rhizomes or a massive, sympodial corm. Pseudostems composed of closely packed leaf sheaths. Leaves spirally arranged, petiolate; leaf blade entire, pinnately veined. Inflorescence terminal or rarely axillary, cymose. Bracts spirally arranged, often brilliantly colored, spathelike, large. Flowers bisexual or unisexual by abortion, zygomorphic. Perianth in 2 whorls; 3 outer tepals and 2 inner ones united into a compound tepal; third inner tepal free. Stamens 5, free; anthers 2-loculed. Pistil 1; ovary inferior, 3-loculed; ovules numerous per locule, anatropous; placentation axile. Style simple or capitate. Fruit a berry, fleshy or leathery and dry, indehiscent. Seeds hard, not arillate; embryo straight, surrounded by a well-developed endosperm and a mealy perisperm. 153. Musa paradisiaca L. Sp. Pl. 2:1043. (1753); Synonyms : Musa sapientum L. A tree-like herb; psudostem 2.5-3.75 m high. Leaves oblong.Inflorescence long; bracts ovate, more or less pruinose, falling before the fruit matures.Fruit oblong, trigonous, tapering to the base and apex, full of seeds, yellowish when ripe (Plate no. 8; Fig. M) Local name: Kola Habit: Herb Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: Throughout the year Specimens examined: AD 70, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 14.06.2013

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LXI. Family: ZINGIBERACEAE Herbs; bearing essential oils. Perennial. Leaves evergreen; alternate; distichous; ‘herbaceous’, or leathery; petiolate, or subsessile simple. Leaf sheaths tubular, or not tubular; with free margins. Lamina entire; linear, or lanceolate, or oblanceolate, or oblong, or ovate; pinnately veined. Flowers aggregated in ‘inflorescences’; in cymes, or in spikes. The ultimate inflorescence units cymose, or racemose. Inflorescences terminal; spikes or thyrses. Flowers bracteate; bracteolate, or ebracteolate. Calyx 3; 1 whorled; gamosepalous; entire, or lobulate, or blunt-lobed; unequal but not bilabiate, or regular; valvate (or splitting on one side); with the median member anterior. Corolla 3; 1 whorled; gamopetalous; unequal but not bilabiate (the median petal usually bigger). Androecium 5. Androecial members free of the perianth; 2 whorled. Androecium including staminodes. Staminodes 4, or 2. Stamens 1. Gynoecium 3 carpelled. Carpels isomerous with the perianth. The pistil 1 celled, or 3 celled. Ovary 1 locular, or 3 locular. The ‘odd’ carpel anterior. Gynoecium stylate. Styles 1; apical; much longer than the ovary . Stigmas 1; wet type; papillate. Ovules in the single cavity when unilocular, 4–100; 4–50 per locule; arillate; anatropous, or orthotropous. Fruit fleshy, or nonfleshy; dehiscent, or indehiscent; a capsule, or capsular-indehiscent, or a berry. Seeds thinly endospermic. Embryo achlorophyllous (Zingiber sp.); straight. 154. Curcuma longa L. Sp. Pl. 1:2. (1753) A tall rhizomatous herb, with orange yellow rhizomes, strongly aromatic. Leaves very large, tufted, up to 1.2 m or more long; petiole long, blade oblong-lanceolate. Flowers in dense spike, 10-15 cm long, in the centre of the tuft of leaves; flowering bracts pale green; coma bracts greenish white or tinged with pink (Plate no. 8; Fig. N) Local name: Holud Habit: Herb Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: September to February Specimens examined: AD 138, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 08.08.2013

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155. Curcuma zeoderia Auct.; Synonyms : Curcuma picta A leafy rhizomatous herb; rhizome pale yellow inside. Leaves with long petiols, lamina 3060 cm long, oblong-lanceolate, clouded with purple along the midrib. Flowers in compact, oblong spike, 7.5-12.5 cm long, appearing before the leaves; flowers yellow. Coma bracts long, crimson or purple (Plate no. 8; Fig. O) Local name: Shathi Habit: Herb Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: September to February Specimens examined: AD 13, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 14.06.2013 156. Zingiber officinale Rosc. Trans. Linn. Soc. London 8:348. 1807; Synonyms: Amomum zingiber L. A rhizomatous herb, with about a metre high leafy stem. Rhizome aromatic, yellow inside with pungent taste. Leaves narrow, distichous, sessile, linear-lanceolate, long acuminate, ligule 2-4 mm long, membranous, shallowly bilobed. Inflorescence radical; peduncle 10-20 cm long; spike 4.5-7 cm long, ovoid. Corolla tube 2.2-2.5 cm long, lobes creamy yellow. Labellum obovate, purplish black, with creamy yellow blotches (Plate no. 8; Fig. P) Local name: Ada Habit: Herb Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: September to February Specimens examined: AD 139, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 08.08.2013

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LXII. Family: CANNACEAE Herbs, perennial, from rhizomes. Aerial stems present, unbranched. Leaves cauline, 2-ranked, differentiated into basal sheath, petiole, and blade; sheaths overlapping, supporting stem, open, ligule absent; summit of petiole not differentiated; blade with lateral veins parallel, diverging from prominent midrib. Inflorescences 1 per aerial shoot, terminal on leafy shoot, pedunculate racemes or panicles of flowers or of 2-flowered monochasial cymes (cincinni); bracts of main axis subtending flowers or cincinni. Flowers bisexual, asymmetric; sepals and petals differentiated, sepals 3, distinct, petals 3, connate at base; fertile stamens 1, petal-like, anther marginal, 1-locular; staminodes (1--)3--4, petal-like, showy, unequal, anterior staminode (labellum) often broader than posterior staminodes; ovary inferior, 3-carpellate, 3locular, all locules fertile; placentation axile; ovules few to numerous per locule; style standing away from stamens and staminode, petal-like; stigmatic area shaped as marginal callosity; style, stamen, and staminodes basally connate into tube. Fruits capsules; sepals persistent in fruit. Seeds: aril absent; endosperm scanty; perisperm copious; embryo straight. 157. Canna indica L. Sp. Pl. 1:1. (1753) A perennial, rhizomatous herb, with 1-1.7 m high stem. Leaves 15-45 cm long, lanceolate to ovate, or oval, caudate-acuminate. Flowers large brilliantly coloured, rather distant, in terminal spike. Fruit capsular, 3-celled, papillose, tubercled or echinate (Plate no. 8; Fig. Q) Local name: Kolaboti Habit: Herb Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: January to December Specimens examined: AD 25, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 14.06.2013

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LXIII. Family: PONTEDERIACEAE Herbs annual or perennial, aquatic, floating or rooting in substrate. Roots fibrous. Vegetative stems short or creeping, thick. Leaves rosulate or distributed along stem, distichous; petiole mostly distinct, sometimes inflated; leaf sheath usually present; leaf blade emersed or submersed, broadly ovate, lanceolate, or broadly linear, sometimes completely reduced, stomata paracytic. Flowering stems erect, solid, terminating in a leaf, spathe, and inflorescence. Inflorescences paniculate, racemose, spicate, umbellate, or 1-flowered, subtended by a spathelike or tubular leaf sheath; bracts minute or absent. Flowers bisexual, mostly actinomorphic, sometimes zygomorphic. Perianth segments 6, in 2 whorls, petaloid, free or basally connate into a tube. Stamens usually 6 in 2 whorls, rarely 3 or 1, inserted on perianth, often unequal or dissimilar; filaments slender, free; anthers 2-loculed, introrse, dehiscing by longitudinal slits or rarely by pores; pollen grains 2- or 3-nucleate, colpi 1 or 2(or 3), distal or subequatorial. Ovary superior, 3-loculed and placentation axile or 1-loculed and placentation parietal; ovules numerous per locule or 1 and pendulous, anatropous. Style 1; stigma capitate or minutely 3-lobed. Fruit a 3-valved capsule or indehiscent. Seeds small, longitudinally ribbed or smooth; embryo central in seed, straight, terete. 158. Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Sol.-Lau. A. L. P. P. de Candolle & A. C. de Candolle, Monogr. phan. 4:527. 1883; Synonyms: Pontederia crassipes Mart. Aquatic, free floating herb, sending down a large bunch of long fibrous roots from a very short, leafy, main stem. Petioles spongy, very much swollen in young plants. Leaf-blades broadly ovate or rhomboid, shallowly cordate or rounded at the base, quite glabrous. Inflorescence spiciform, erect, peduncled, bearing 10-20 showy flowers; petals 6, lilac-blue, posterior lobe with a bright yellow median blotch (Plate no. 8; Fig. R) Local name: Kochuripana Habit: Herb Habitat: Hydrophyte Phenology: Throughout the year Specimens examined: AD 140, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 08.08.2013

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LXIV. Family: LILIACEAE Perennial or annual herbs, rarely wiry shrubs, with starchy rhizome, blube or corm, usually dying back to the ground each year. Leaves simple, alternate or less often opposite or whorled, often all basal, usually narrow and parallel veined, sometimes much reduced (as in Asparagus). Flowers in a raceme, spike, panicle or involucrate cymose umbel, sometimes solitary or paired in the axils of the leaves, usually perfect, regular, less often slightly irregular. Perianth of 6 petals, usually in 2 similar and petaloid cycles, all tepals distinct or jointed together towards the base to form a perianth tube, often bearing a corona in addition to the perianth segments. Stamens usually as many as the tepals, seldom 3, rarely up to 12 , all free, adnate to the perianth tube. Carpels 3, united, ovary superior or inferipr, style mostly solitary, stigma capitates or 3-lobed. Fruit usually a loculicidal or septicidal capsule, less often a berry, seldom nut-like. Seeds often flat, sometimes thicker, embryo more or less linear, with a terminal cotyledon and lateral plumule. 159. Allium cepa L. Sp. Pl. 1:300. (1753); Synonyms: Allium angolense Baker, Allium aobanum Araki, Cepa alba P. Renault , Cepa esculenta Gray. An annual herb. Stem underground and modified in to small disc, generally known as bulb. Leaves radical long cylindrical, Flowers arranged in a terminal umbel inflorescence borne on a long leafless scape. Fruit a membernous, loculocidal capsule (Plate no. 8; Fig. S) Local name: Piaj Habit: Herb Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: February to June Specimens examined: AD 141, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 08.08.2013 160. Allium sativum L. Sp. Pl. 1:296. (1753) A bulbous annual herb; bulb consists of several smaller bulbs which are surrounded by a thin, white scale leaves. Leaves long, narrow, angular. Flowers small, white, in umbels at the end of a slender scape (Plate no. 8; Fig.T) Local name: Rosun ϭϮϬ

Habit: Herb Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: February to June Specimens examined: AD 142, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 08.08.2013 161. Asparagus racemosus L.

Sp. Pl. 2(1):152. (1799); Synonyms: Protasparagus

racemosus (Willd.) Oberm. A tall, much branched, prickly climber with fascicle of fusiform roots. Cladodes 1.3-2.5 cm long, curved, in tufts of 2-6. Flowers small, white, in solitary or fascicled, simple or branched racemes. Berry small, red (Plate no. 9; Fig. A) Local name: Satamuli Habit: Climber Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: November to March Specimens examined: AD 1, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 14.06.2013

LXV. Family: ALOEACEAE Succulent, simple perennial herbs or sparingly branched shrubs, some attaining the height of small tree, stem rhizomatous or tuberous, aerial stem present or absent. Leaves simple, alternate, sessile, usuallycrowded in dense rosettes at the end of the stem and branched or at the ground level on a short main stem, more or less strongly fleshy succulent, often soft prickly along the margins, obscurely parallel veined. Inflorescence terminal, axillary, or lateral, spicate, racemose, or paniculate, bracts scarious, persistent. Flowers 3-merous, short to long pedicellate, rarely sessile. Perianth red, brown, yellow, orange or whitish, tepals petaloid, evidently in 2 cycles of 3 each, sometimes fleshy, connivent or connate basally to almost entirely into a tube. Stamens usually 6, sometimes 3, exserted or included, anthers dorsifixed, dehiscence extrorse, pollen grains monosulcate. Carpels 3, united, ovary superior, placentation axile, style terminal, stigma punctuate, discoid or 3-lobed, ovules numerous in each locule. Fruit a loculicidal capsule, rarely fleshy and berry like but still dehiscent. Seeds usually winged or flattened, embryo straight.

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162. Aloe vera (L) Burm. f. Fl. Indica 83. (1768) ; Synonyms: Aloe barbadensis Mill., Aloe humilis Blanco, Aloe vulgaris Lam. A perennial succulent herb. Leaves sessile, crowded, fleshy, gradually tapering towards apex, spiny toothed at the margins, erect-spreading. Flowers yellow, pendulous on a long scape (Plate no. 9; Fig. B) Local name: Gritakumari Habit: Herb Habitat: Mesophyte Phenology: January to December Specimens examined: AD 143, Pandit Para, Narsingdi, 08.08.2013

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Chapter-5: PHOTOGRAPHS PLATE No.-1 D

A

B

C

Cl.No. 72

Cl.No. 52

Cl.No. 14

E

F

G

H

Cl.No. 63

Cl.No. 29

Cl.No. 61

Cl.No. 48

J

K

L

I

Cl.No. 73

Cl.No. 17

Cl.No.74

M

N

O

Cl.No. 76

Cl.No. 38

Cl.No.77

Q

R

S

Cl.No. 159

Cl.No. 148

Cl.No. 158

Cl.No. 34

Cl.No. 75

P

Cl.No. 78

T

Cl.No. 147

A. Annona reticulata L., B. Annona squamosa L.,C. Polyalthia longifolia, D. Cinnamomum tamala Nees, E. Cinnamomum verum J.Presl., F. Peperomia pellucida Kunth., G. Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn., H. Nymphaea nouchali Burm.f., I. Argemone maxicana L., J. Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk. K. Artocarpus lacucha Buch.-Ham, L. Ficus benghalensis L., M. Ficus religiosa L., N. Mirabilis jalapa L., O. Chenopodium album L., P. Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb., Q. Amaranthus dubius Mart. ex Thell., R. Amaranthus spinosus L., S. Amaranthus tricolor L., T. Celosia argentea L.

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PLATE No.-2 A

Cl.No. 50 E

Cl.No. 80 I

Cl.No. 83 M

Cl.No. 84 Q

Cl.No. 85

B

Cl.No. 161 F

Cl.No. 41 J

Cl.No. 82 N

Cl.No. 147 R

Cl.No. 86

C

Cl.No. 15 G

Cl.No.149 K

Cl.No.11 O

Cl.No. 47 S

Cl.No. 27

D

Cl.No. 79

H

Cl.No. 81

L

Cl.No. 10

P

Cl.No. 53

T

Cl.No. 87

A.Basella alba L., B. Polygonum hydropiper L.,C. Dillenia indica L., D.Elaeocarpus robustus Roxb., E.Corchorus capsularis L., F.Microcos paniculata L., G.Bombax ceiba Linn., H,Gossypium harbaceum L., I.Hibiscus mutabilis L., J.Hibiscus esculentus L., K.Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L., L.Carica papaya L., M.Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn., N.Coccinia cordifolia (L.) Cogn., O.Cucumis melo L., P.Cucumis sativus L., Q.Cucurbita maxima Duch., R.Lagenaria siceraria (Mol.) Stan., S.Momordica charantia L., T.Moringa oleifera Lam.

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PLATE No.-3 A

B

C

D

Cl.No. 42

Cl.No. 89

Cl.No. 90

Cl.No. 60

E

F

G

H

Cl.No.71

Cl.No. 91

Cl.No. 30

Cl.No. 26

I

J

K

L

Cl.No. 92

Cl.No. 93

Cl.No. 08

Cl.No. 94

M

N

O

P

Cl.No. 49

Cl.No. 66

Cl.No. 12

Cl.No. 23

Q

R

S

T

Cl.No. 95

Cl.No. 96

Cl.No. 45

Cl.No. 44

A. Manilkara achras (Mill.) Per., B. Mimuspos elengi L., C.Dyospyros perigrina (Gaertn.) Gur. D. Dyospyros philippensis (Des.) Gam., E. Diospyros montana Roxb., F. Kalanchoe blossfeldiana Poelln., G. Kalanchoe laciniata (L.)Pers., H. Rosa centifolia L., I. Acacia auriculiformis Benth., J. Acacia nilotica (L.) Del., K. Albizia lucida Benth., L. Albizia procera Benth., M. Mimosa pudica L., N. Bauhinia acuminata L., O. Delonix regia (Boj.) Raf., P. Tamarindus indica L., Q.Cassia fistula L.,R. Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub., S. Cajanus cajan (L.) Huth., T. Clitoria tarnetea L.

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PLATE No.-4 A

B

C

D

Cl.No.150

Cl.No. 97

Cl.No.69

Cl.No. 55

E

F

G

H

Cl.No. 21

Cl.No. 07

Cl.No. 98

Cl.No. 46

I

J

K

L

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M

N

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Cl.No. 101

Cl.No. 151

Cl.No. 152

Q

R

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T

Cl.No. 102

Cl.No. 103

Cl.No. 104

Cl.No. 105

A.Crotalaria retusa L. B.Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet. C.Lens esculenta Moench. D.Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers. E.Lawsonia inermis L. F.Callistemon citrinus Stapf. G.Psidium guajava (L.) Bat. H.Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeel. I.Syzygium samarangense (Bl.) Merr. & Perry. J.Punica granatum L. K.Ludwigia adscendens (L.) Hara. L.Quisqualis indica L. M.Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) Wt.& Arn. N.Terminalia chebula (Gaertn.) Retz O.Dendrophthoe falcata (L.f.)Ett. P.Acalypha indica L. Q.Croton bonplandianum Bail. R.Euphorbia hirta L. S.Phyllanthus emblica L. T.Ricinus communis L.

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PLATE No.-5 A

B

C

D

Cl.No. 62

Cl.No.54

Cl.No.106

Cl.No. 04

E

F

G

H

Cl.No. 107

Cl.No. 108

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I

J

K

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Cl.No.111

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Cl.No.03

Cl.No. 112

M

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Cl.No. 113

Cl.No. 114

Cl.No. 24

Q

R

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T

Cl.No. 57

Cl.No. 116

Cl.No. 51

Cl.No. 153

A.Zizyphus mauritiana B.Litchi chinensis Sonn. C.Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr. D.Mangifera indica L. E.Azadirachta indica A. Juss F.Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq. G.Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa H.Citrus aurantifolia Sw. I.Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck. J.Citrus reticulata Blanco K.Feronia limonia (L.) Sw. L.Murraya paniculata (L.) Jacq. M.Averrhoa carambola L. N.Centella asiatica (L.) Urban. O.Coriandrum sativum P.Carissa carandus Q.Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don R.Plumeria acutifolia L. S.Rauvolfia serpentina Benth. T.Tabernaemontana coronaria (Jacq.) Willd.

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PLATE No.-6 A

B

C

D

Cl.No. 33

Cl.No. 117

Cl.No. 118

Cl.No. 56

E

F

G

H

Cl.No. 119

Cl.No. 120

Cl.No. 35

Cl.No. 157

I

J

K

L

Cl.No. 36

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Cl.No.32

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M

N

O

P

Cl.No. 145

Cl.No. 121

Cl.No. 122

Cl.No. 37

Q

R

S

T

Cl.No. 123

Cl.No.68

Cl.No. 154

Cl.No. 31

A.Capsicum frutescens L. B.Cestrum nocturnum L. C.Datura metel L. D.Lycopersicon lycopersicum (L.) Karst. E. Physalis minima L. F.Solanum capsicoides G.Solanum melongena Wall. H.Ipomoea alba I.Ipomoea aquatica Forssk. J.Ipomoea batatus L. K.Ipomoea fistulosa Mart. Ex Choisy L.Ipomoea quamoclit L. M.Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. N.Heliotropium indicum L. O.Clerodendrum viscosum Vent. P.Nyctanthes arbortristis L. Q.Tectona grandis L.f. R.Leucas cephalotes (Roth.) Spreng. S.Mentha viridia L. T.Ocimum sanctum Linn.

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PLATE No.-7 A

B

C

D

Cl.No. 09

Cl.No.58

Cl.No. 59

Cl.No. 124

E

F

G

H

Cl.No. 18

Cl.No. 125

Cl.No. 126

Cl.No. 06

I

J

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L

Cl.No. 127

Cl.No. 128

Cl.No. 129

Cl.No. 64

M

N

O

P

Cl.No. 02

Cl.No. 162

Cl.No. 130

Cl.No.155

Q

R

S

T

Cl.No. 22

Cl.No.133

Cl.No. 134

Cl.No. 19

A.Jasminum sambac (L.) Ait. B.Adhatoda vasica Nees. C.Andrographis paniculata Wall ex Nees. D.Justicia gendarussa L. E.Sesamum indicum L. F.Anthocephalus chinensis (Lamk.) Rich. ex Walp. G.Gardenia jasminoides Ellis. H.Ixora coccinea L. I.Paederia foetida L. J.Chrysanthamum coronarium L. K.Helianthus annuus L. L.Mikania cordata (Burm.f.) Roxb M.Tagetes erecta L. N.Tagetes patula L. O.Tridax procumbens L. P.Wedelia chinensis (Osbeck) Merr. Q.Areca catechu L. R.Borassus flabellifer L. S.Cocos nucifera L. T.Phoenix sylvestris (L.) Roxb.

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PLATE No.-8 A

B

C

D

Cl.No. 131

Cl.No. 132

Cl.No. 156

Cl.No. 135

E

F

G

H

Cl.No. 136

Cl.No. 146

Cl.No. 65

Cl.No. 67

I

J

K

L

Cl.No. 20

Cl.No. 160

Cl.No. 138

Cl.No. 137

M

N

O

P

Cl.No. 70

Cl.No.132

Cl.No. 13

Cl.No. 139

Q

R

S

T

Cl.No. 25

Cl.No. 140

Cl.No. 141

Cl.No. 142

A.Alocasia indica (Roxb.) Schott. B.Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott. C.Pistia stratiotes L. D.Lemna perpusilla Torrey. E.Scirpus articulates (L.) Palla. F.Bambusa balcooa Roxb. G.Crysopogon aciculatus (Retz.) Trin. H.Cynodon dactylon Pers. I.Oryza sativa L. J.Saccharum officinarum L. K.Triticum aestivum L. L.Annanas sativus Schult. f. M.Musa paradisiaca L. N.Curcuma longa L. O.Curcuma zeoderia Rosc.P.Zingiber officinale Rosc. Q.Canna indica L. R.Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Sol.-Lau. S.Allium cepa L. T.Allium sativum L.

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PLATE No.-9 A

B

Cl.No. 01

Cl.No. 143

A.Asparagus racemosus L. B.Aloe vera (L) Burm. f.

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Chapter-6 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The present thesis focuses on the qualitative assessment of angiosperm flora at Pandit Para Village under Palash Upazila of Narsingdi district, Bangladesh conducted during March 2013 to July 2014. A total of 162 species belonging to 136 genera under 65 families were recorded. Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledones) is represented by 53 families, 112 genera and 136 species, whereas Liliopsida (Monocotyledones) by 12 families, 24 genera and 26 species. These comprise of 57 herbs, 56 trees, 31 shrubs, 17 climbers, 1 epiphyte belong to 65 families. Asteraceae, Cucurbitaceae and Solanaceae are the largest family in Magnoliopsida represented by 7 species in each and Liliopsida, Poaceae is the largest family with 6 species (Table 1, 3). Amaranthaceae, Asteraceae, Apocynaceae, Caesalpiniaceae, Convolvulaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Moraceae, Malvaceae, Mimosaceae, Myrtaceae, Poaceae, Rutaceae and Solanaceae are the dominant families with high species diversity. For each species botanical name, local name, habit, voucher number and family were provided. Of 162 species recorded here, herbs are represented by 57 (35.18%), trees by 56 (34.56%), shrubs by 31 (19.13%), climber by 17 (10.49%) and epiphyte by 1 (0.61%) species. (Fig. 1). Based on this study, a preliminary list of angiosperm flora at Pandit Para Village under Palash Upazila of Narsingdi district, Bangladesh was made that includes 162 angiosperm species under 136 genera and 65 families (Table 1). The collected information is comparable with the result of other studies in Bangladesh. A total of 243 species belonging to 195 genera under 95 families were recorded in Khagrachhari district (Islam et al., 2009). A total of 245 species belonged to 183 genera and 72 families are documented in Habiganj district (Arefin et al., 2011). A total of 425 species belonging to 321 genera 108 families are recorded in Rajshahi district (Rahman, 2013). A total of 302 species belonging to 243 genera 84 families are recorded in Bangladesh Police Academy, Rajshahi (Rahman et al., 2014). No published information recorded on the diversity of angiosperm plant species at Pandit Para Village under Palash Upazila of Narsingdi district, Bangladesh. Distribution of angiosperm species in the families shows variation. The family Asteraceae, Cucurbitaceae and Solanaceae is represented by 7 species in each. Each of Fabaceae, Rutaceae, and Poaceae is represented by 6 species. A single species in each was recorded by 31 families while two to five species in each was recorded by 28 families (Table 1).

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Table 1. Showing the families of the plant species recorded (Cronquist, 1981). SL.No.

Family

No. of Herb species

No. of Shrub species

No. of Climber species

No. of Tree species

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45

Annonaceae Lauraceae Piperaceae Nelumbonaceae Nymphaeaceae Papaveraceae Moraceae Nyctaginaceae Chenopodiaceae Amaranthaceae Basellaceae Polygonaceae Dilleniaceae Elaeocarpaceae Tiliaceae Bombacaceae Malvaceae Caricaceae Cucurbitaceae Moringaceae Sapotaceae Ebenaceae Crassulaceae Rosaceae Mimosaceae Caesalpiniaceae Fabaceae Lythraceae Myrtaceae Punicaceae Onagraceae Combretaceae Loranthaceae Euphorbiaceae Rhamnaceae Sapindaceae Anacardiaceae Meliaceae Rutaceae Oxalidaceae Apiaceae Apocynaceae Solanaceae Convolvulaceae Cuscutaceae

1 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 3 2 2 5 -

2 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 -

7 3 4 1

3 2 4 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 4 1 1 4 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 4 1 1 -

ϭϯϯ

46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65

Boraginaceae Verbenaceae Lamiaceae Oleaceae Acanthaceae Pedaliaceae Rubiaceae Asteraceae Arecaceae Araceae Lemnaceae Cyperaceae Poaceae Bromeliaceae Musaceae Zingiberaceae Cannaceae Pontederiaceae Liliaceae Aloeaceae Total

1 2 1 1

2 1 1 2 3 2 1 1 31

4 3 1 1 4 1 3 1 1 2 1 58

1 1 17

1 1 4 1 56

Table 2. Analysis of data based on habit showed the Angiosperm Flora in the study area. SL. No.

Habit

No. of Species

Percentage (%)

1 2 3 4 5

Herb Shrub Climber Tree Epiphyte

57 31 17 56 1

35.18% 19.13% 10.49 34.56% 0.61%

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Total number of species 162 162 162 162 162

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,Ğƌď ^ŚƌƵď ůŝŵďĞƌ ϭϬ͘ϰϵй й

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Figure-1: Analysis of data based on habit showed the Angiosperm Florra in Pie Chart.

Table 3. Asessment of An ngiosperm Taxa at the village Pandit Paara under Palash Upazila of Narsingdi districtt, Bangladesh Sl. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Botanical name

Local name

Family

Haabit

Acacia auriculiformis Benth. Acacia nilotica (L.) Del. Acalypha indica L. Adhatoda vasica Neess Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa Albizia lucida Benth. Albizia procera Benthh. Allium cepa L. Allium sativum L. Alocasia indica (Roxbb.) Schott. Aloe vera (L) Burm. f... Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.)

Akasmoni

Mimosaceae

Trree

Voucher number AD 92

Babla Muktajhuri Basak Bel

Mimosaceae Euphorbiaceae Acanthaceae Rutaceae

Trree Heerb Shhrub Trree

AD 93 AD 152 AD 58 AD 109

Silkoroi Koroi Piaj Rosun Mankachu

Mimosaceae Mimosaceae Liliaceae Liliaceae Araceae

Trree Trree Heerb Heerb Heerb

AD 08 AD 94 AD 141 AD 142 AD 131

Gritakumari Helencha

Aloeaceae Amaranthaceae

Heerb Heerb

AD 143 AD 78

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13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45

Griseb. Amaranthus dubius L. Amaranthus spinosus L. Amaranthus tricolor L. Andrographis paniculata Wall ex Nees Annanas sativus Schult. f. Annona reticulata L. Annona squamosa L. Anthocephalus chinensis (Lamk.) Rich. ex Walp. Areca catechu L. Argemone maxicana L. Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk. Artocarpus lacucha Buch.Ham. Asparagus racemosus L. Averrhoa carambola L. Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Bambusa balcooa Roxb. Basella alba L. Bauhinia acuminata L. Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn. Bombax ceiba L. Borassus flabellifer L. Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub. Cajanus cajan (L.) Huth. Callistemon citrinus Stapf. Canna indica L. Capsicum frutescens L. Carica papaya L. Carissa carandus L. Cassia fistula L. Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don. Celosia argentea L. Centella asiatica (L.) Urban. Cestrum nocturnum L.

Gobranotey Kantanotey Lalshak Kalomegh

Amaranthaceae Amaranthaceae Amaranthaceae Acanthaceae

Herb Herb Herb Herb

AD 159 AD 148 AD 158 AD 59

Anaras Nona Ata Kadam

Bromeliaceae Annonaceae Annonaceae Rubiaceae

Herb Tree Tree Tree

AD 137 AD 72 AD 52 AD 125

Supari Shialkanta Kathal

Arecaceae Papaveraceae Moraceae

Tree Herb Tree

AD 22 AD 73 AD 17

Deua

Moraceae

Tree

AD 74

Satamuli Kamranga Neem Valkabans Puishak. Kanchan Chalkumra

Liliaceae Oxalidaceae Meliaceae Poaceae Basellaceae Caesalpiniaceae Cucurbitaceae

Climber Tree Tree Tree Climber Tree Climber

AD 01 AD 43 AD 107 AD 146 AD 50 AD 66 AD 84

Simul Tal Palas

Bombacaceae Arecaceae Fabaceae

Tree Tree Tree

AD 149 AD 133 AD 96

Arhar Bottlebrass Kolabati Morich Pepe Karamcha Badarlathi Nayantara

Fabaceae Myrtaceae Cannaceae Solanaceae Caricaceae Apocynaceae Caeslpiniaceae Apocynaceae

Shrub Tree Herb Herb Tree Shrub Tree Herb

AD 45 AD 07 AD 25 AD 33 AD 10 AD 14 AD 95 AD 57

Morogphul Thankuni

Amaranthaceae Apiaceae

Herb Herb

AD 147 AD 113

Hasnahena

Solanaceae

Shrub

AD 117

ϭϯϲ

46

Chenopodium album L.

Botuashak

47

Chrysanthamum coronarium L. Cinnamomum tamala Nees. Cinnamomum verum J. Persl. Citrus aurantifolia Sw. Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck. Citrus reticulata Blanco Clerodendrum viscosum Vent. Clitoria tarnetea L. Coccinea cordifolia (L.) Cogn. Cocos nucifera L. Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott. Corchorus capsularis L. Coriandrum sativum L. Crotalaria retusa L. Croton bonplandianum Bail. Crysopogon aciculatus (Retz.) Trin. Cucumis melo L. Cucumis sativus L. Cucurbita maxima Duch. Curcuma longa L. Curcuma zeoderia Rosc. Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. Cynodon dactylon Pers. Datura metel L. Delonix regia (Boj.) Raf. Dendrophthoe falcata (L.f.)Ett. Dillenia indica L. Dyospyros perigrina (Gaertn.) Gur. Dyospyros philippensis (Des.) Gam.

Chandramoll ica Tejpata

48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75

Chenopodiacea e Asteraceae

Herb

AD 77

Shrub

AD 128

Lauraceae

Shrub

AD 34

Daruchini

Lauraceae

Shrub

AD 63

Kagochilebu Jambura Kamlalebu Bhat

Rutaceae Rutaceae Rtaceae Verbenaceae

Shrub Tree Tree Shrub

AD 110 AD 111 AD 28 AD 122

Aparajita Telakucha

Fabaceae Cucurbitaceae

Climber Climber

AD 44 AD 147

Narikel Kochu

Arecaceae Araceae

Tree Herb

AD 134 AD 132

Deshipat Dhania Atoshi Croton

Tiliaceae Apiaceae Mimosaceae Euphorbiaceae

Shrub Herb Shrub Herb

AD 80 AD 114 AD 150 AD 102

Premkanta

Poaceae

Herb

AD 65

Bangi Sasha Mistikumra Holud Shathi Sarnalata Durbaghas Dhutra Krisnachura Not known

Cucurbitaceae Cucurbitaceae Cucurbitaceae Zingiberaceae Zingiberaceae Cuscutaceae Poaceae Solanaceae Caesalpiniaceae Loranthaceae

Climber Climber Climber Herb Herb Climber Herb Shrub Tree Herb

AD 47 AD 53 AD 85 AD 13 AD 132 AD 145 AD 67 AD 118 AD 12 AD 151

Chalta Gab

Dilleniaceae Ebenaceae

Tree Tree

AD 15 AD 90

Bilatigab

Ebenaceae

Tree

AD 60

ϭϯϳ

76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Diospyros montana Roxb. Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Sol.-Lau. Elaeocarpus robustus Roxb. Euphorbia hirta L. Feronia limonia (L.) Sw. Ficus benghalensis L. Ficus religiosa L. Gardenia jasminoides Ellis. Gossypium harbaceum L. Helianthus annuus L. Heliotropium indicum L. Hibiscus esculentus L. Hibiscus mutabilis L. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. Ipomoea alba L. Ipomoea aquatica Forsk Ipomoea batatus L. Ipomoea fistulosa Mart. Ex Choisy Ipomoea quamoclit L. Ixora coccinea L. Jasminum sambac (L.) Ait. Justicia gendarussa L. Kalanchoe blossfeldiana Poelln. Kalanchoe pinnata (L.) Pers. Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet. Lagenaria siceraria (Mol.) Stan. Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers. Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr. Lawsonia inermis L. Lemna perpusilla Torr. Lens esculenta Moen. Leucas cephalotes (Roth.)

Tamal Kochuripana

Ebenaceae Pontedariaceae

Tree Herb

AD 71 AD 140

Jalpai

Elaeocarpaceae

Tree

AD 79

Dudhiya Kothbel Bot Pakur Gandharaj

Euphorbiaceae Rutaceae Moraceae Moraceae Rubiaceae

Herb Tree Tree Tree Shrub

AD 103 AD 03 AD 75 AD 76 AD 126

Karpas Surjamukhi Hatisur Bhindi Sthalpadma Jaba Not known Kalmi Mistialu Dholkalmi

Malvaceae Asteraceae Boraginaceae Malvaceae Malvaceae Malvaceae Convolvulaceae Convolvulaceae Convolvulaceae Convolvulaceae

Shrub Herb Herb Herb Shrub Shrub Climber Climber Climber Shrub

AD 81 AD 129 AD 121 AD 82 AD 83 AD 11 AD 157 AD 36 AD 39 AD 32

Gatephul Rangan Beli Jagthmadan Lal Pathorkuchi Pathorkuchi

Convolvulaceae Rubiaceae Oleaceae Acanthaceae Crassulaceae

Climber Shrub Shrub Shrub Herb

AD 144 AD 06 AD 09 AD 124 AD 91

Crassulaceae

Herb

AD 30

Sim

Fabaceae

Climber

AD 97

Lau

Cucurbitaceae

Climber

AD 86

Jarul

Lythraceae

Tree

AD 55

Jiga

Anacardiaceae

Tree

AD 106

Mehedi Khudipana Masur Dandakolos

Lythraceae Lemnaceae Fabaceae Lamiaceae

Shrub Herb Herb Herb

AD 21 AD 135 AD 69 AD 68

ϭϯϴ

108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137

Spreng. Litchi chinensis Sonn. Ludwigia adscendens (L.) Hara. Lycopersicon lycopersicum (L.) Karst. Mangifera indica L. Manilkara achras (Mill.) Per. Mentha arvensis L. Microcos paniculata L. Mikania cordata (Burm.f.) Roxb. Mimosa pudica L. Mimuspos elengi L. Mirabilis jalapa L. Momordica charantea L. Moringa oleifera Lamk. Murraya paniculata (L.) Jacq. Musa paradisiaca L. Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. Nyctanthes arbortristis L. Nymphaea nouchali Burm.f. Ocimum sanctum L. Oryza sativa L. Paederia foetida L. Peperomia pellucida Kunth. Phoenix sylvestris (L.) Roxb. Phyllanthus emblica L. Physalis minima L. Pistia strateotes L. Plumeria acutifolia L. Polyalthia longifolia (Sonn.) Thw. Polygonum hydropiper L. Psidium guajava (L.) Bat.

Lichu Kesordam

Sapindaceae Onagraceae

Tree Herb

AD 54 AD 100

Tomato

Solanaceae

Herb

AD 56

Am Sofeda

Anacardiaceae Sapotaceae

Tree Tree

AD 04 AD 42

Pudina Pisla Asamlata

Lamiaceae

Herb

Asteraceae

Climber

AD 154 AD 41 AD 64

Lajjabati Bokul Sandhamoni Korola Sajna Kamini

Mimosaceae Sapotaceae Nyctaginaceae Cucurbitaceae Moringaceae Rutaceae

Climber Tree Herb Climber Tree Shrub

AD 49 AD 89 AD 38 AD 27 AD 87 AD 112

Kala Padma

Musaceae Nelumbonaceae

Shrub Herb

AD 70 AD 61

Sheuli Shapla

Verbenaceae Nymphaeaceae

Shrub Herb

AD 37 AD 48

Tulsi Dhan Gandhavadul i Peperomia

Lamiaceae Poaceae Rubiaceae

Shrub Herb Shrub

AD 31 AD 20 AD 127

Piperaceae

Herb

AD 29

Khejur

Arecaceae

Tree

AD 19

Amloki Kapalphutki Topapana Kathgolap Raganigandh a Panimorich Piyara

Euphorbiaceae Solanaceae Araceae Apocynaceae Annonaceae

Tree Herb Herb Tree Herb

AD 104 AD 119 AD 156 AD 116 AD 14

Polygonaceae Myrtaceae

Herb Tree

AD 161 AD 98

ϭϯϵ

138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162

Punica granatum L. Quisqualis indica L. Rauvolfia serpentina Benth. Ricinus communis L. Rosa centifolia L. Saccharum officinarum L. Scirpus articulatus (L.) Palla. Sesamum indicum L. Solanum filisifolium Ort. Solanum melongena Wall. Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq. Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeel. Syzygium samarangense (Bl.) Merr. & Perry. Tabernaemontana coronaria (Jacq.) Willd. Tagetes erecta L. Tagetes patula L. Tamarindus indica L. Tectona grandis L.f. Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) Wt.& Arn. Terminalia chebula (Gaertn.) Retz. Tridax procumbens L. Triticum aestivum L. Wedelia chinensis (Osb.) Merr. Zingiber officinale Rosc. Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk.

Dalim Madhabilata Sarpagandha

Punicaceae Combretaceae Apocynaceae

Tree Shrub Herb

AD 40 AD 05 AD 51

Bherenda Golap Akh Chechur

Euphorbiaceae Rosaceae Poaceae Cyperaceae

Shrub Shrub Shrub Herb

AD 105 AD 26 AD 160 AD 136

Til Titbegun Begun Mahagoni

Pedaliaceae Solanaceae Solanaceae Meliaceae

Herb Shrub Shrub Tree

AD 18 AD 120 AD 35 AD 108

Jam

Myrtaceae

Tree

AD 46

Jamrul

Myrtaceae

Tree

AD 99

Kathmaloti

Apocynaceae

Gadaphul Genda Tentul Segun Arjun

Asteraceae Asteraceae Caesalpiniaceae Verbenaceae Combretaceae

Herb Herb Tree Tree Tree

AD 162 AD 02 AD 23 AD 123 AD 16

Haritaki

Combretaceae

Tree

AD 101

Tridhara Gom Mohavringar aj Ada Kul, Boroi

Asteraceae Poaceae Asteraceae

Herb Herb Herb

AD 130 AD 138 AD 155

Zingiberaceae Rhamnaceae

Herb Tree

AD 139 AD 62

ϭϰϬ

AD 153

Chapter-7 ETHNOBOTANY 7.1. Introduction In 1895, at a lecture in Pennsylvania, Dr. John Harshberger first used the term "ethnobotany" to describe his field of inquiry, which he defined as the study of "plants used by primitive and aboriginal people." In 1896, Harshberger published the term and suggested "ethnobotany" be a field which elucidates the "cultural position of the tribes who used the plants for food, shelter or clothing" (Harshberger, 1896).

The concept of Ethnobotany developed gradually by different workers is given bellow:

•

“Ethnobotany is sharply differentiated from economic botany in that it is vitally concerned with the fundamental Culture; aspects of plants utilization, while economic botany practically ignores the cultural expects in a very general way” (Castetter, 1944).

•

“Ethnobotany is defined as the study of the relationships, which exist between people of a primitive society and their plant environment” (Schultes, 1983).

•

“The study of the direct relationships between humans and plants” (Ford, 1978).

•

“Ethnobotany deals with the direct relationship of plants with man” (Jain, 1996).

•

“The study of useful plants prior to their commercial exploitation and eventual domestication. It includes the use of plants by both tribal and non-tribal communities without any implication of primitive or developed societies” (Wickens, 1990).

•

“Ethnobotany is the Science of people’s interactions with plants” (Turner, 1996)

Present Concepts of Ethnobotany: Today, ethnobotany is mentioned as a broad field of science of human interactions with plants and the ecosystem. It is a multidisciplinary science, which incorporates biology, plant science, forestry, ecology, agriculture, medicinal sciences, phytochemistry, pharmacology, history, anthropology, culture, literature, linguistics etc. (Jain, 1989). It depends on many varied approaches. It is a reflection of the floral type of a particular region, the culture of the people living in that region and their relationship. It includes all aspects of aboriginal and traditional use including food, clothing, fuel, poisons, narcotics, stimulants, perfumes, dyes, medicines and so on. The concept of ethnobotany has ϭϰϭ

undergone several changes.

“Ethnobotany is a term used to refer to the academic discipline

that deals with people's interaction with plants. As an academic discipline, the definition of Ethnobotany is varied but there are some common elements in the concept. It is broadly defined as the study of the total relationships between plants and people (Cox and Balick, 1996). “Most ethnobotanical studies have been restricted to studies of tribal and rural people to record their knowledge and use of plants and to search for new sources of herbal drugs, edible plants and other properties of plants of value to man” .“Ethnobotany is the study of the relationship between plants and people: From” "ethno" - study of people and "botany" study of plants. Ethnobotany is considered a branch of ethnobiology. Ethnobotany studies the complex relationships between (uses of) plants and human cultures. The focus of ethnobotany is on how plants have been or are used, managed and perceived in human societies and includes plants used for food, medicine, divination, cosmetics, dyeing, textiles, for building, tools, currency, clothing, rituals, social life and music” “Ethnobotanical knowledge is important for development planners and policy-makers who devise solutions to local and regional problems (Alcorn, 1995).” So, ethnobotany is a multidisciplinary subject deals with the total relationships between plants and people in context to their culture (Jain, 1996). History of Ethnobotany: The term Ethnobotany was first used by US botanist John W. Harshberger in a lecture he delivered to the University of Pennsylvania on 4 December 1895 (Cotton, 1996). But the history of the field begins long before that. Ethnobotanical knowledge is a very ancient discipline in the Indian subcontinent. "The ancient Indians should be given the credit for cultivating what is now called ethnobotany" (Kirtikar and Basu,1987). In that period the curative properties of some herbs were documented in Rigveda, Atharvaveda, Upanishads, Mahabharata and Puranas; written between 4500-1600 BC. (Jain, 1996). It was followed by Atharvaveda, wherein the magico-religious aspects and utility of medicinal herbs were recorded. Later, eight division of Auurveda, written probably between 2500 and 900 BC were the real foundation of ancient medicine. Detailed accounts of medicinal plants are also found in Chikitsa Sthanam of Sushruta Samhita, written between 600 BC and 300AD. ( Jain, 1996). In AD 77, the Greek surgeon Dioscorides published "De Materia Medica", which was a catalog of about 600 plants in the Mediterranean region. It also included information on how the Greeks used the plants, especially for medicinal purposes. Dioscorides stressed the economic potential of plants. For generations, scholars learned from this herbal, but did not actually venture into the field until after the Middle Ages. In 1492, the discovery of the New world initiates the identification of several plants of considerable economic value and is ϭϰϮ

based on observation of native people (Cotton, 1996). Christopher Columbus discovered tobacco (Nicotiana sp.) in Cuba in 1492 and about 350 years later Richard Spruce, a British explorer, documented the psychoactive properties of Bristeriopsis cappi, a vine of South America (Simpson and Conner-Ogorzaly, 1986; Schultes, 1983). All traditional systems of medicine have their roots in ethnobotany. In 1663, John Josselyn began his study of the natural history of New England, later publishing his text on native herbal medicine, New England realities discovered (Cotton, 1996). One of these reports was on the use of the herbs by the Indians published by John Josselyn in 1672 in England, which was the outcome of his eight years field experience (Griggs, 1981). During the 17th century Georg Eberhard Rumphius benefited from local biological knowledge in producing his catalogue, Herbarium Amboinense, covering more than 1200 species of the plants of Indonesia. During the 19th century, Charles Darwin, the father of evolutionary theory, on his Voyage of the Beagle took interest in the local biological knowledge of peoples he encountered. He started the collection of exotic plants from several museum and garden of London at 1831 (Cotton, 1996). Richard Spruce, a British scientist explorer of the north-west Amazon and northern Andes, explored much of the Rio Negro and its tributaries in 1851 and 1854. At the same period other botanists also documented the useful plants of New England (Ford, 1978). For centuries information on ethnobotanical study was scattered in chronicles of sixteenth century Spanish missionaries, the diaries of European adventurers and in many works on native American herbal medicine. In 1870, all this scattered information was brought together by an American Botanist, Edward Palmer, who published a book entitled "Food Products of the North American Indians" (Castetter, 1944). In the later part of the nineteenth century, particularly during preparations for the 1893 World Fair, a close interest in aboriginal botany began to become established. This involved both anthropologists and archaeologists in the collection of traditionally useful plant products (Ford, 1978). Significantly, this exhibition included the Hazard Collection, a range of preserved plant products used by the ancestors of the Pueblo Indians in Mancos Canon in Colorado, and which was later sent to the University of Pennsylvania for analysis. There botanist John Harshberger examined the collection, and in December 1895 he finally delivered a lecture in which he described items of food, dress, household utensils and agricultural tools of plant origin preserved in the Hazard Collection; it was during this lecture that the term ethnobotany was first used (Cotton, 1996). Organized studies in ethnobotany in this subcontinent are very recent. During the British rule (17551947) many new medicinal plants were introduced to the subcontinent. In 1898 Ethnology ϭϰϯ

Department of US National Museum endeavors to document all useful plants of North American Indians and in 1900 the first Ph.D. in Ethnobotany is awarded to David Barrow a student of University of Chicago for his doctoral dissertation in ethnobotany (Cotton, 1996). During the 19th century, knowledge on ethnobotany expanded rapidly. The American ethnologist Gilmore (1932) later expanded this last point and argued both the need to interpret ethnobotanical data within its cultural context and that account was taken of the important role of linguistics in ethnobotanical study. By the turn of the 20th century ethnobiological practices, research, and findings have had a significant impact and influence across a number of fields of biological inquiry including ecology, conservation biology, development studies, and political ecology. The establishment of masters programme in ethnobotany at the University of New Mexico by Castetter in 1930 (Cotton, 1996). The Society of ethnobiology published the first issue of its journal of Ethno biology in 1981 (Cotton, 1996). Both post graduate and undergraduate programmes in ethnobotany become increasingly available, while many research projects focus on practical applications of plant knowledge by 1990 (Cotton, 1996). During the middle of the 20th century, when it seemed that the worlds indigenous peoples were about to disappear, traditional societies and their knowledge attracted widespread scholarly attention, primarily as part of an anthropological rescue operation (Burch and Ellanna, 1994). Many scientists have begun to realize the practical and academic value of ethnobotanical data and are beginning to acknowledge that traditional peoples have much to teach science.

Aims and Objectives of the Study: Ethnobotany as an interdisciplinary science is, therefore, in a position to contribute to development, the wealth of traditional knowledge that the indigenous people possess concerning their natural systems and environment, including their knowledge on utilization and maintenance of different type of plant resources on a long term basis without damaging or destroying their habitats. The aboriginal or tribal community living in the harmony with surrounding vegetation. These aboriginals or tribal have their own culture, customs, religion, legends, food habits and a rich knowledge in traditional medicine. But lack of consciousness, gross mismanagement and without proper documentation these knowledge may be disappeared. So, an urgent need to proper documentation or update this study was felt because, the tribes and many ethnic societies are rapidly being assimilated into modern societies and the treasure of their knowledge is fast disappearing. The main objectives of the present study are, therefore as follows: ϭϰϰ

•

To proper documentation and preservation of unwritten traditional knowledge of plants used by the tribal communities for various purposes such as medicine, food, household articles and handicrafts before their disappearing.

•

To gain knowledge and develop appropriate scientific base for their economic development without disturbing their natural habitat and culture.

•

To document the conservation strategy followed by the tribal communities.

•

To analyze the medicinal value of the selected plants used by them as herbal medicine.

•

To prepare an ethnobotanical data-base. According to Davis critics of the practice of ethnobotany usually overlook two

important considerations, the act and of compiling raw information provides the foundation of any natural science and without a basic inventory theoretical formulations are not possible and second ethnobotany is a science of discovery. Nevertheless, as pointed out by Phillips & Gentry (1993a, 1993b), there has been an overemphasis on data compilation and relative scarcity of hypothesis testing. Many drugs that are on the market have come to us from folk use of plants by indigenous cultures (Prance, 1995). This thesis aims to develop our fundamental knowledge of the use of plants by a local ethnic community of some area in Cox’s Bazar district.

Importance of Ethnobotany: The tribal and rural people live in the area where plants are naturally growing. They have remarkable knowledge of plant use growing around them. They know the usefulness of this plant. Their livelihood depends on plant availability and their plant use knowledge which they gain from their previous generation. In recent centuries, industrialized cultures have relentlessly exploited and assimilated the indigenous cultures of the world. This has led to an unfathomable loss of our collective human heritage. But, without proper documentation these information may be lost forever. So, ethnobotany has great importance such as: •

The knowledge of origin, evolution and migration of several ethnic communities can be gathered by Ethnobotany.

• •

It has a great important for the documentation of culture of several communities. It provides systemic recording and documentation of indigenous knowledge of plant use in relation with culture before their extinction. ϭϰϱ

•

It helps to find out new useful plant resource for various purposes and their proper domestication.

•

The recent increase in the manufacture of herbal drugs has created a large demand for medicinal plants (Balick, 1994). So, it plays an important role in the establishment of pharmaceutical industries and identifying new and alternative drug.

•

It helps to know about the geographical distribution of plant community.

•

Documentation of indigenous technology and management system for preservation of plant resources.

•

The knowledge of conservation of biodiversity by several communities can be gathered. Ethnobotanical data can be utilized by economic botanists to discover new plant

resources, to provide fresh ideas for environment planners, as a tool for basic selection of plant species for development of drugs by pharmacologists, phytochemists and clinicians, as a new source of history through the study of plant names by linguists, as a source for locating new germplasm for agriculturists, etc. In the last century the dynamic science of ethnobotany has emerged as a powerful force for the preservation and revitalization of indigenous cultures through the study of their essential relationship with the plant kingdom. Ethnobotany also holds tremendous importance for the future of industrialized cultures, not only in the "new" medicines it continues to "discover" but in recovering the aboriginal paradigm of deep interrelationship with the natural world that is integral for the preservation of the earths biosystems and the survival of the human race (Schultes, 1983). Ethnobotanical Works in Bangladesh: The work on ethnobotany in Bangladesh is very recent. Several medicinal plants and ethno-botanical studies in Bangladesh have been carried out. Alam (1992, 1996) documented the ehtnobotanical information and medicinal plant use by Marma. Several work also done by Chakma (2003), Khan (1998), Khan and Huq (1975), Hasan and Huq (1993), Tripura (1994), Yusuf et. al. (1994, 2006, 2009), Ghani (1998), Hassan (1988), Choudhury and Rahmatullah (2012), Faruque and Uddin (2014), Uddin et al. (2004, 2006, 2008, 2012), Khisha (1996), Rahman et. al. (2008), Rahman et al. (2010), Rahman et. al. (2012), Rahman (2013a, 2013b, 2013c, 2013d, 2013e, 2013f, 2013g, 2013h, 2013i), Rahman et. al. (2013a, 2013b, 2013c, 2013d), Rahman (2014) and Anisuzzaman et al. (2007).

ϭϰϲ

7.2. Materials and Methods In the present ethno-medicinal survey, a total of 68 species belonging to 60 genera and 41 families were collected and identified. Data of medicinal use of plants were collected through interview with local herbal practitioners (kabiraj/Boidya), headmen and elderly persons in the community using, semi structured

questionnaire at different locations (Alexiades, 1996).

Data collections from one person were verified with others by asking the same questions. Most of the medicinal plants were identified in the field and in case of unknown, plant specimens were collected. These specimens were brought to Rajshahi University Herbarium and processed by traditional herbarium techniques. These were examined and identified by comparing herbarium specimens and also consulting literatures. Threats to medicinal plants and their habitats were also noted from the field observations. Herbal plants referred by these people were authentically identified with the help of Hooker (1961), Prain (1963), Khan and Huq (1975), Kirtikar and Basu (1987), Rahman et al. (2012, 2013) and Ahmed et al. (2007). The voucher specimens are stored at Rajshahi University Herbarium (RUH) for future reference. 7.3. Ethnobotanical Enumeration By applying survey, interview, collection and identification methods, different ethnobotanical and ethnomedicinal information were accumulated. The check listed information about the plant materials collected from the study area are described below. 1. Ethno-botanical information Collection number

: AD 52

Date of collection

: 14.06. 2013

House number

: 15

House holder’s name

: Shailan Debnath

House holder’s age

: 45 years

Local name of plant

: Ata

Scientific name

: Annona squamosa L.

Family name

: Annonaceae

Habit

: Tree

Part(s) used

: Leaves, Bark, Fruits, Seeds.

Ethno-medicinal uses

: The juce of bark is given in one teaspoonful doses in ϭϰϳ

diarrhea. Ripe fruit is a good tonic, cooling, maturant, laxative and anthelmintic; lessens burning sensation and sedative to the heart Other uses

: The seeds and leaves are used as insecticide, fish poison and to kill lice of head.

2. Ethno-botanical information Collection number

: AD 34

Date of collection

: 14.06.2013

House number

: 15


: Shailan Debnath


: 45

Local name of plant

: Tejpata

Scientific name

: Cinnamomum tamala Nees.

Family name

: Lauraceae

Habit

: Tree

Part(s) used

: Leaves, Barks


: Leaves and bark mixed with tea cures cough and colds. Leaf paste is made into pills, and is given twice daily for long time to cure diabetes. Bark is carminative and useful in gonorrhoea.


: AD 61

Date of collection

: 14.06.2013

House number

: 14


: Anima Debnath


: 42

Local name of plant

: Padma

Scientific name

: Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.

Family name

: Nelumbonaceae

Habit

: Aquatic Herb

Part(s) used

: Roots, Leaves, Seeds.


: Roots paste is used in ringworms and other cutaneous ϭϰϴ

affections. The tender leaves are cooling; useful in burning sensation of the body. Seeds are given to children as diuretic and to check vomiting. 4. Ethno-botanical information Collection number

: AD 48

Date of collection

: 14.06.2013

House number

: 14


: Anima Debnath


: 42

Local name of plant

: Sapla

Scientific name

: Nymphaea nouchali Burm.f.

Family name

: Nymphaeaceae

Habit

: Herb

Part(s) used

: Flowers, Seeds.


: Flowers are used in vomiting, giddiness, worms and burning of the skin. Seeds are used as a cooling medicine in cutaneous diseases.


: AD 17

Date of collection

: 14.06.2013

House number

: 11


: Gita Rani


: 56

Local name of plant

: Kathal

Scientific name

: Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk.

Family name

: Moraceae

Habit

: Tree

Part(s) used

: Young leaves, Seeds, Roots


: The young leaves are used in skin diseases. The seeds are diuretic, aphrodisiac and constipating. Roots are used in diarrhoea.

Other uses

: Unripe fruits are used as vegetables. ϭϰϵ


: AD 74

Date of collection

: 06.08.2013

House number

: 16


: Jarna Datta


: 48

Local name of plant

: Deua

Scientific name

: Artocarpus lacucha Buch.-Ham

Family name

: Moraceae

Habit

: Tree

Part(s) used

: Seeds, Bark


: Seeds are popular as a purge. In case of breast-feeding babies, 3-4 seeds are made into paste and mixed with mother’s milk, and administered to cure constipation. An infusion of the bark is applied for small pimples and cracked skin. The bark finely powdered is applied to sores to drawout the purulent matter.


: AD 75

Date of collection

: 06.08.2013

House number

: 16


: Jorna Datto


: 48

Local name of plant

: Bot

Scientific name

: Ficus benghalensis L.

Family name

: Moraceae

Habit

: Tree

Part(s) used

: Young buds, arial roots.


: An infusion of the young buds is useful in diarrhoea and dysentery. Tips of the hanging roots are given for obstinate vomiting.

ϭϱϬ


: AD 76

Date of collection

: 06.08.2013

House number

: 11


: Gita Rani


: 56

Local name of plant

: Pakur

Scientific name

: Ficus religiosa L.

Family name

: Moraceae

Habit

: Tree

Part(s) used

: Fruits


: The dried fruit, pulverized and taken in water for a fortnight removes asthma.


: AD 77

Date of collection

: 06.08.2013

House number

: 23


: Ashor Ali


: 67

Local name of plant

: Batuashak

Scientific name

: Chenopodium album L.

Family name

: Chenopodiaceae

Habit

: Herb

Part(s) used

: Leaves, Flowers


: Leaves are anthelmintic; given in hepatic disorders and in splenic enlargement; infusion is used for curing intestinal ulcers. Flowers and buds are used in stomach trouble, weakness in children and for fattening.

Other uses

: The leaves and the young twigs are cooked as vegetable.


: AD 78

Date of collection

: 06.08.2013 ϭϱϭ

House number

: Ashor Ali


: 23


: 67

Local name of plant

: Helencha

Scientific name

: Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb.

Family name

: Amaranthaceae

Habit

: Herb

Part(s) used

: Whole plant.


: Plant is used for hazy vision, night blindness, malaria, post natal complaints, prolapsus ani, fistulas ani, diarrhoea, dysentery and puerperal fever.

Other uses

: The leaves and the young twigs are cooked as vegetable.


: AD 50

Date of collection

:14.06.2013

House number

: Shailan Debnath


: 15


: 45

Local name of plant

: Puishak

Scientific name

: Basella alba L.

Family name

: Basellaceae

Habit

: Herb

Part(s) used

: Leaves, Roots


: The juice of the leaves is used in constipation, particularly in children and pregnant women. Root chewed for toothache.


: AD 15

Date of collection

: 14.06.2013

House number

: 13


: Narayan Debnath


: 50 ϭϱϮ

Local name of plant

: Chalta

Scientific name

: Dillenia indica L.

Family name

: Dilleniaceae

Habit

: Tree

Part(s) used

: Fruits


: The fruit juice is used as a cooling beverage in fevers and as an expectorant in cough mixture.

13. Ethno-botanical information Collection number Date of collection

: AD 41 :14.06.2013

House number House holder’s name House holder’s age Local name of plant Scientific name Family name Habit Part(s) used Ethno-medicinal uses

: Asor ali : 23 : 67 : Pisla : Microcos paniculata L. : Tiliaceae : Shurb : Leaves : Leave is used in indigestion, eczema, itch, small-pox, typhoid fever, dysentery and syphilitic ulceration of the mouth.

Other uses

: Stem is used as tooth brush.


: AD 42

Date of collection

: 14.06.2013

House number

: 15


: Shailan Debnath


: 45

Local name of plant

: Bhandi

Scientific name

: Hibiscus esculentus L.

Family name

: Malvaceae

Habit

: Herb

Part(s) used

: Fruits


: Fruits are cooling, stomachic, astringent and aphrodisiac; ϭϱϯ

used in chronic dysentery; useful in gonorrhoea, urinary discharges, strangury and diarrhoea. 15. Ethno-botanical information Collection number

: AD 11

Date of collection

: 14.06.2013

House number

: 03


: Promila Rani


: 78

Local name of plant

: Java

Scientific name

: Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.

Family name

: Malvaceae

Habit

: Shurb

Part(s) used

: Flowers


: The flower buds are cooling and astringent; remove burning of the body, urinary discharges, seminal weakness and piles. Juice of the flower with juice of banana inflorescence cures acute dysentery. 16. Ethno-botanical information

Collection number

: AD 10

Date of collection

: 14.06.2013

House number

: 04


: Joshna Rani


: 72

Local name of plant

: Pepe

Scientific name

: Carica papaya L.

Family name

: Caricaceae

Habit

: Shrub

Part(s) used

: Latex


: Milky juice of the fruit and plant contains 'Papain' which is digestive and anthelmintic; used in dyspepsia, intestinal irritation and ringworm. The latex is applied externally to speed the healing of wounds, ulcers, boils, warts and cancerous tumours. Latex of green fruit induces abortion. ϭϱϰ


: AD 84

Date of collection

: 06.08.2013

House number

: 15


: Shailan Debnath


: 56

Local name of plant

: Chalkumra

Scientific name

: Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn.

Family name

: Cucurbitaceae

Habit

: Climber

Part(s) used

: Fruits, Seeds


: Curry made from fruit is used in tonic, nutritive, diuretic, antiperiodic, constipation, heart disease, tuberculosis, colic pain and aphrodisiac. Fried seeds are used in tapeworm, lumbrici and diuretic.


: AD 147

Date of collection

: 11.08.2013

House number

: 23


: Ashor Ali


: 67

Local name of plant

: Telakucha

Scientific name

: Coccinia cordifolia (L.) Cogn.

Family name

: Cucurbitaceae

Habit

: Climber

Part(s) used

: Whole plant, fruit, leaves, roots, stem


: Curry made from young fruits is used in diabetes, aphrodisiac, biliousness and disease of the blood. Juice of whole plant is used in diabetes, anorexia, asthma, fever, dropsy, catarrh, epilepsy and gonorrhea. The whole plant has the reputation effect in reducing the among of sugar in the urine of patients suffering from diabetes mellitus. Fresh ϭϱϱ

juice of leaves, stem and root produces no reduction sugar in the blood or urine of patients suffering from glycosuria. The fruit and leaves are prescribed in the treatment of snake-bite. Other uses

: Not known.


: AD 47

Date of collection

:14.06.2013

House number

:15


: Shailan Debnath


: 45

Local name of plant

: Bangi

Scientific name

: Cucumis melo L.

Family name

: Cucurbitaceae

Habit

: Climber

Part(s) used

: Fruits, seeds


: The ripe fruit is used in kidney diseases, cooling, flattening, tonic, laxative, aphrodisiac, biliousness and diuretic and acute eczema. The seeds are diuretic, cooling, nutritive, and beneficial to the enlargement to prostate gland.

Other uses

: As a fruit.


: AD 53

Date of collection

: 14.06.2013

House number

:15


: Shailan Debnath


: 45

Local name of plant

: Sasha

Scientific name

: Cucumis sativus L.

Family name

: Cucurbitaceae

Habit

: Climber ϭϱϲ

Part(s) used Ethno-medicinal uses

: Leaves, fruits, seeds : Fruit is direct used in demulcent. Fried seeds are used in cooling, tonic, diuretic and anthelmintic. Leaves along with cumin seeds administrated in throat affections.

Other uses

: As a fruit and vegetable.

21.Ethno-botanical information Collection number

: AD 86

Date of collection

: 06.08.2013

House number

: 23


: Ashor Ali


: 67

Local name of plant

: Lau

Scientific name

: Lagenaria siceraria (Mol.) Stan.

Family name

: Cucurbitaceae

Habit

: Climber

Part(s) used

: Leaves, fruits, roots, stem, seeds


: White pulp of fruit is cooling, emetic, purgative, diuretic and antibilious. Oil from the seeds is cooling and used to relieve headache. Seeds are nutritive and diuretic. Decoction of leaves mixed with sugar given in jaundice. Warm of tender stem relieves earache. Curry made from fruit is used in cholera.

Other uses

: Not known.


: AD 27

Date of collection

:14.06.2013

House number

: 23


: Ashor ali


: 67

Local name of plant

: Korola

Scientific name

: Momordica charantia L.

Family name

: Cucurbitaceae ϭϱϳ

Habit

: Climber

Part(s) used

: Fruit, root, leaves, seeds, whole plant


: The fruit are considered tonic, stomachic, febrifuge, carminative and cooling, they are used in rheumatism, gout and disease of liver and spleen. The seeds are used in anthelmintic. An alcoholic extract of the whole plant is used in stomachic against colic and fever. Juice of whole plant is used in diabetes. The fruits, leaves and roots have long been as a folk remedy for diabetes mellitus. The fruits and leaves are anthelmintic, useful in piles, leprosy, and jaundice and as vermifuge.

Other uses

: Not known.


: AD 42

Date of collection

:14.06.2013

House number

:11


: Gita Rani


: 56

Local name of plant

: Sofeda

Scientific name

: Manilkara achras (Mill.) Per.

Family name

: Sapotaceae

Habit

: Tree

Part(s) used

: Leaves, Fruits, Whole plants.


: Juice prepared from guava (Pisdium guajava) leaf & sofeda's leaf, in addition nut meg (Myristica fragrans) is taken one spoonful twice daily for seven days to treat diarrhoea. Paste prepared from whole plant and mixed with hot water taken one cupfuls twice daily for three days for the treatment of asthma and cough.

Other uses

: The ripe fruit is eaten directly as fresh. A delicious Shrubot (beverage) is also made from the fruits.

ϭϱϴ


: AD 90

Date of collection

: 06.08.2013

House number

: 23


: Ashor Ali


: 67

Local name of plant

: Gab

Scientific name

: Dyospyros perigrina (Gaertn.) Gur.

Family name

: Ebenaceae

Habit

: Tree

Part(s) used

: Fruits, Seeds, Clayx, Peduncle.


: The juice of the fruit is used as an application to wounds, ulcers and diarrhoea; infusion is used as a gargle in aphthae and sore throat. Seeds are given as an astringent in diarrhoea and dysentery. Clayx and peduncle of fruit is used in the treatment of coughs and dyspnoea.

Other uses

: Not known.


: AD 30

Date of collection

:14.06.2013

House number

: 15


: Jagabandhu Debnath


: 56

Local name of plant

: Himsagor

Scientific name

: Kalanchoe pinnata (L.) Pers.

Family name

: Crassulaceae

Habit

: Herb

Part(s) used

: Leaves


: Leaf juice is given orally in jaundice. It is also given for indigestion and stomach pain. Pounded leaves soaked in water overnight and the mucilaginous water thus obtained is taken in the next morning in empty stomach for blood ϭϱϵ

dysentery. Juice of the leaves along with sugar is given in gonorrhea. Other uses

: Not known.


: AD 94

Date of collection

: 06.08.2013

House number House holder’s name

: 15 : Shailan Debnath

House holder’s age Local name of plant

: 45 : Koroi

Scientific name Family name

: Albizia procera Benth. : Mimosaceae

Habit Part(s) used

: Tree : Leaves, Bark, : The leaves are insecticidal; made into poultice they are applied to ulcer. Bark-boiled water with table salt is prescribed to expel threadworms; bath with the same is given for scabies. Barks are used in toothache.


Other uses

: Not known.


: AD 49

Date of collection

:14.06.2013

House number

:15


: Shailan Debnath


: 45

Local name of plant

: Lajjaboti

Scientific name

: Mimosa pudica L.

Family name

: Mimosaceae

Habit

: Shrub

Part(s) used

: Leaves, Roots, Whole plants.


: Whole plant boiled is in water and the extract is taken to treat body inflammation and pain during urination. Paste prepared from root is taken for the treatment of diarrhea. A paste of the roots is applied to boils; a root extract is taken ϭϲϬ

for dysentery, a paste of the leaves is applied to infected areas to treat insect bites and a paste of the whole plant with Limnophila repens is applied to affected areas for the treatment of leucoderma. Extract prepared from root is taken twice a day for one month to treat piles. Other uses

: Root tied in broken leg to treat leg fracture in hen and paste prepared from root applied to boils


: AD 66

Date of collection

:14.06.2013

House number

: 15


: Shailan Debnath


: 45

Local name of plant

: Kanchan

Scientific name

: Bauhinia acuminata L.

Family name

: Caesalpiniaceae

Habit

: Tree

Part(s) used

: Leaves, Barks


: Decoction of the bark or leaves is used in biliousness, bladder stone, leprosy and asthma. It improves digestion. Decoction of root boiled with oil and applied to burns. Barks and leaves are used in dropsy.

Other uses

: Ornamental plants.


: AD 23

Date of collection

:14.06.2013

House number

:11


: Gita Rani


: 56

Local name of plant

: Tetul

Scientific name

: Tamarindus indica L.

Family name

: Caesalpiniaceae ϭϲϭ

Habit

: Tree

Part(s) used

: Leaves, Barks, Pulps


: Drink of pulp lowers blood cholesterol. Gargle with tamarind water is useful in sore throat. Seeds are astringent; used for diarrhoea. The poultice of the pounded leaves is applied to reduce inflammatory swellings, sprains, tumours and ringworms. A poultice of the flower is used in inflammatory affections of the conjunctiva; their juice is given internally for bleeding piles. Stem bark is astringent and tonic; used in asthma, amenorrhoea, fever, diarrhoea and topically for loss of sensation in paralysis.

Other uses

: Washing of hairs with pulp-soaked water removes dandruff.


: AD 95

Date of collection

: 06.08.2013

House number

:17


: Hasina Begom


: 60

Local name of plant

: Badarlathi

Scientific name

: Cassia fistula L.

Family name

: Caesalpiniaceae

Habit

:Tree

Part(s) used

: Leaves, Pulps, Barks


: Juice of the young leaves is used to cure ringworms. Pulp of the fruit is an agreable laxative, safe for children and pregnant women; given in liver disorder. Externally the pulp is considered good application for gout, rheumatism and ringworm.

Other uses

: Bark juice are given against dysentery of cattle.

ϭϲϮ


: AD 45

Date of collection

: 14.06.2013

House number

: 15




: 56

Local name of plant

: Arhar

Scientific name

: Cajanus cajan (L.) Huth.

Family name

: Fabaceae

Habit

: Shrub

Part(s) used

: Leaves, Seeds


: Leaves are used in diseases of the mouth and piles; . Juice of leaves is laxative; given in jaundice and pneumonia. Leaves and seeds are also useful in cough, and to check secretion of mother’s milk. Infusion of the buds, flowers and the green pods are considered pectoral. Leaf juice is prescribed in jaundice

Other uses

: Not known.


: AD 44

Date of collection

:14.06.2013

House number

:11


: Gita Rani


: 56

Local name of plant

: Aprajita

Scientific name

: Clitoria tarnetea L.

Family name

: Fabaceae

Habit

: Climber

Part(s) used

: Leaves, Flowers, Roots


: Leaf juice mixed with the juice of fresh ginger is administered in cases of colliquative sweating in hectic ϭϲϯ

fever and mixed with common salt is applied warm all around the ear in earaches. Flower juice mixed with mother's milk or honey is given for three days to alleviate cough of children. . Roots are used as a contraceptive (White Flowered Variety) Other uses

: Not known.


: AD 97

Date of collection

: 06.08.2013

House number

:12

House holder’s name House holder’s age

: Bokul Rani : 49

Local name of plant Scientific name Family name Habit Part(s) used Ethno-medicinal uses

: Sim : Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet. : Fabaceae : Climber : Leaves : Fresh leaves pounded and mixed with lime are rubbed over ringworms to cure. : Not known.

Other uses


: AD 21

Date of collection

: 14.06.2013

House number

: 11


: Nandita Rani


: 31

Local name of plant

: Mehedi

Scientific name

: Lawsonia inermis L.

Family name

: Lythraceae

Habit

: Shrub

Part(s) used

: Leaves


: Leaves paste is a valuable external application in ϭϲϰ

headache, skin diseases, eczema, leprosy, dandruff and buring of the feet as an emollient poultice. The leaf juice mixed with water and sugar is given as a remedy for spermatorrhoea. Other uses

: Not known.


: AD 98

Date of collection

: 06.08.2013

House number

: 11


: Nandita Rani


: 31

Local name of plant

: Piyara

Scientific name

: Psidium guajava (L.) Bat.

Family name

: Myrtaceae

Habit

: Tree

Part(s) used

: Roots, Leaves


: Decoction of the root bark is astringent and employed in diarrhoea; root paste mixed with water is also used to treat diarrhoea and dysentery. Flowers are used in bronchitis and eye sores. Fruits are tonic, cooling and laxative; good for colic and bleeding gums. Leaves are used for wounds, ulcers, worms and as an astringent to bowels; said to relieve toothache when chewed; decoction is used in cholera. Juice of the young leaves is drunk to cure diarrhea.

Other uses

: Used as a Fruit.


: AD 46

Date of collection

:14.06.2013

House number

:13


: Narayan Debnath


: 48 ϭϲϱ

Local name of plant

: Jam

Scientific name

: Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeel.

Family name

: Myrtaceae

Habit

: Tree

Part(s) used

: Leaves, Barks, Seeds, Ripe Fruits.


: Bark juice along with equal amount of fresh milk is taken in the early morning for three days to cure dysentery. The fresh bark juice is taken for stomach pain. Leaves are astringent; juice along with other astringents cures dysentery. Juice of the ripe fruit is general tonic, tonic to the liver, stomachic, carminative and diuretic. Seeds are astringent to the bowels and diuretic; good for diabetes; it is also used for Jaundice

Other uses

: Vinegar, prepared from the juice of ripe fruit.


: AD 40

Date of collection

:14.06.2013

House number

:15




: 56

Local name of plant

: Dalim

Scientific name

: Punica granatum L.

Family name

: Punicaceae

Habit

: Shrub

Part(s) used

: Fruits, Root barks.


: A decoction of the dried fruit rind is drunk for the relief of stomachache and dysentery. Root bark is very astringent; decoction is used specifically for tapeworm.

Other uses

: Not known.

ϭϲϲ


: AD 05

Date of collection

:14.06.2013

House number

:13


: Narayan Debnath


: 49

Local name of plant

: Madhabilata

Scientific name

: Quisqualis indica L.

Family name

: Combretaceae

Habit

: Climber

Part(s) used

: Seeds


: Seeds are anthelmintic; given to children to expel the worms.

Other uses

: Not known.


: AD 16

Date of collection

:14.06.2013

House number

:14


: Anima Debnath


: 58

Local name of plant

: Arjun

Scientific name

: Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) Wt.& Arn.

Family name

: Combretaceae

Habit

: Tree

Part(s) used

: Barks


: Bark is cardiac tonic, astringent, diuretic and febrifuge; useful in diseases of the heart, anaemia, excessive perspiration, dysentery, asthma, hypertension, wounds, skin eruptions, menstrual problems, pains and leucorrhoea. It is also used in the treatment of red and swollen mouth, tongue and gums. It stops bleeding and pus formation in the gums. ϭϲϳ

Other uses

: Not known.


: AD 101

Date of collection

: 06.08.2013

House number

: 23


: Ashor Ali


: 67

Local name of plant

: Haritaki

Scientific name

: Terminalia chebula (Gaertn.) Retz

Family name

: Combretaceae

Habit

: Tree

Part(s) used

: Fruits


Powdered seeds mixed with honey are used in curing vomiting. Powder is used as a toothpaste ingredient. Powdered seed with amla and bahera (Trifla Churna) useful in gastrointestinal disorders. Powdered seed mixed with ghee and honey is beneficial in dysentery.

Other uses

: Not known.


: AD 102

Date of collection

: 06.08.2013

House number

: 23


: Ashor Ali


: 67

Local name of plant

: Croton

Scientific name

: Croton bonplandianum Bail.

Family name

: Euphorbiaceae

Habit

: Tree

Part(s) used

: Leaves, Seeds, Latex


: Juice of 3-4 leaves is given for 3-4 days to cure cough. Seed paste is applied locally on eczema and ringworm to

ϭϲϴ

cure. Latex is used to heal cuts and wounds. Other uses

: Not known.


: AD 104

Date of collection

: 06.08.2013

House number

: 23


: Ashor Ali


: 67

Local name of plant

: Amloki

Scientific name

: Phyllanthus emblica L.

Family name

: Euphorbiaceae

Habit

: Tree

Part(s) used

: Fruits


: The fruits are also said to be beneficial in insomnia, skin problems, gall pain, leucorrhoea and tympanites. Sherbet prepared from the fruit along with lemon juice is used for arresting acute bacillary dysentery. Fruits are a valuable component of "Trifala" used in different Ayurvedic preparations.

Other uses

: Not known.


: AD 105

Date of collection

: 06.08.2013

House number

: 23


: Ashor Ali


: 67

Local name of plant

: Bherenda

Scientific name

: Ricinus communis L.

Family name

: Euphorbiaceae

Habit

: Shrub

Part(s) used

: Seed, Root, Leaves.


: Seed oil is a strong purgative; used externally as a ϭϲϵ

massage for rheumatic pains, joint pain, paralysis and internally for the treatment of constipation. Root bark and leaf also have purgative properties; decoction is used for rheumatism, inflammations and nervous disorders. . Juice of tender leaves is given with sugar or sugar candy in dysentery. Other uses

: Not known.


: AD 62

Date of collection

:14.06.2013

House number

: 04


: Joshna Rani


: 72

Local name of plant

: Barai

Scientific name

: Zizyphus mauritiana Lam.

Family name

: Rhamnaceae

Habit

: Tree

Part(s) used

: Bark, Roots


: Bark is astringent; used as a remedy in diarrhoea; powder of the bark is a domestic dressing to wounds and ulcers. Roots are useful in fever.

Other uses

: Not known.


: AD 54

Date of collection

:14.06.2013

House number

:15


: Padma Rani


: 66

Local name of plant

: Litchi

Scientific name

: Litchi chinensis Sonn.

Family name

: Sapindaceae

Habit

: Tree ϭϳϬ


: Roots, Barks, Flowers, Leaves. : The root, bark and flowers, in the form of decoction are used as a gargle for throat affections. The leaves are used as a cure for the bites of animals.

Other uses

: Not known.


: AD 04

Date of collection

:14.06.2013

House number

:15


: Padma Rani


: 66

Local name of plant

: Am

Scientific name

: Mangifera indica L.

Family name

: Anacardiaceae

Habit

: Tree

Part(s) used

: Leaves, Ripe Fruits


: Decoction of the leaves is used in fever, diarrhea and toothache. Young leaves are given in diarrhea. The ripe fruit is astringent and laxative, and therefore very much useful in habitual constipation.

Other uses

Not known.


: AD 107

Date of collection

: 06.08.2013

House number

: 23


: Ashor Ali


: 67

Local name of plant

: Neem

Scientific name

: Azadirachta indica A. Juss

Family name

: Meliaceae

Habit

: Tree

Part(s) used

: Leaves, Fruits, Dry Nuts, Kernels ϭϳϭ


: The strong decoction of the fresh leaves is a slight antiseptic and is used in ulcers and eczema. Fruit is purgative and anthelmintic; cures urinary discharges, skin diseases, tumours, piles, and toothache. The dry nuts possess, almost the same medicinal properties as the oil, but they require being bruished and mixing with water or some other liquid before use. About 250 gm of leaves are boiled in 1 litre of water until reduced to 250 ml and is used as a gargle which cures swollen gums, pain and pyorrhea. Pills made from the leaf paste are given to cure scabies along with bath with the leaf boiled water. The leaf juice is given in jaundice.

Other uses

: Kernel powder of seeds is repellent against various insects; hence used as protectant against stored grain pests. Karnel is one of the constituents in hair composition useful in preventing hair loss and treatment of dandruff.


: AD 109

Date of collection

: 06.08.2013

House number

: 23


: Ashor Ali


: 67

Local name of plant

: Bel

Scientific name

: Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa

Family name

: Rutaceae

Habit

: Tree

Part(s) used

: Ripe fruits, Unripe fruits


: Fruits are digestive, tonic

and is believed to be an

invaluable remedy in obstinate cases of chronic diarrhea and dysentery and in loss of appetite. Unripe fruit is used in diarrhea, dysentery and ripe fruit for constipation. Dried slice of unripe fruit is regarded as astringent, digestive and stomachic, and is prescribed in diarrhea and dysentery. ϭϳϮ

Other uses

: Not known.


: AD 110

Date of collection

: 06.08.2013

House number

:15


: Padma Rani


: 66

Local name of plant

: Kagochilebu

Scientific name

: Citrus aurantifolia Sw.

Family name

: Rutaceae

Habit

: Shrub

Part(s) used

: Fruit


: Fruits are used against skin irritation and nausea. Salted peel is recommended for indigestion. A glass of warm water with two tea spoonful of honey and juice of the fruit is taken as a remedy of catarrhal fever.

Other uses

: Not known.


: AD 111

Date of collection

: 06.08.2013

House number

: 23


: Ashor Ali


: 67

Local name of plant

: Jambura

Scientific name

: Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck.

Family name

: Rutaceae

Habit

: Tree

Part(s) used

: Leaves, fruits, Seeds


: Juice prepared from fruit is taken for the treatment of jaundice and fever. Leave smell is sniff to reduce vomiting tendency. Seeds taken against vomiting.

ϭϳϯ

Other uses

: Not known.


: AD 03

Date of collection

:14.06.2013

House number

: 23


: Ashor ali


: 67

Local name of plant

: Kothbel

Scientific name

: Feronia limonia (L.) Sw.

Family name

: Rutaceae

Habit

: Tree

Part(s) used

: Fruits, Seeds, Leaves


: The unripe fruit is astringent and is used in diarrhoea and dysentery. Seeds are used in heart diseases. The leaves are astringent and carminative; good for vomiting.

Other uses

: Not known.


: AD 43

Date of collection

:14.06.2013

House number

:13


: Narayan Debnath


: 52

Local name of plant

: Kamranga

Scientific name

: Averrhoa carambola L.

Family name

: Oxalidaceae

Habit

: Tree

Part(s) used

: Fruit


: Fruits are tonic, refrigerant and antiscorbutic; eaten for jaundice. Green fruits are astringent to the bowels. The ripe fruit is a good remedy for bleeding piles, particularly for internal piles.

Other uses

: Not known. ϭϳϰ


: AD 113

Date of collection

: 06.08.2013

House number

: 23


: Ashor Ali


: 67

Local name of plant

: Thankuni

Scientific name

: Centella asiatica (L.) Urban.

Family name

: Apiaceae

Habit

: Herb

Part(s) used

: Leaves, whole plants


: Leaf boiled in water and the extract is taken for the treatment of conjunctivitis. Extract from whole plant taken four tea spoonfuls twice a daily for two days for the treatment of dysentery, flatulence and tuberculosis. The paste of the whole plant is taken with boiled rice as a remedy for diarrhea, dysentery, and stomach pain. Leaves are used as a memory tonic.

Other uses

: Leaves are taken as salad.


: AD 132

Date of collection

: 08.08.2013

House number

: 23


: Ashor Ali


: 67

Local name of plant

: Kachu

Scientific name

: Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott.

Family name

: Araceae

Habit

: Herb

Part(s) used

: Petioles, Leafs


: The pressed juice of the petioles is styptic, stimulant and rubefacient; used in athlet's foot and to stop bleeding from ϭϳϱ

cuts. Leaf juice is used in tumours, ulcerated polyp, cancer of nose and warts. Corm juice is laxative; used in cases of piles, congestion of the portal system and alopecia. Other uses

: Not known.


: AD 133

Date of collection House number House holder’s name House holder’s age Local name of plant Scientific name

: 08.08.2013 : 23 : Ashor Ali : 67 : Tal : Borassus flabellifer L.

Family name Habit

: Arecaceae : Tree


: Leaves : The juice of the young leaves mixed with water is given in cases of dysentery. : Not known.

Other uses


: AD 146

Date of collection

: 08.08.2013

House number

:15


: Shailan Debnath


: 45

Local name of plant

: Bash

Scientific name

: Bambusa balcooa Roxb.

Family name

: Poaceae

Habit

: Herb

Part(s) used

: Batks, Leaf bud


: Thin green layer of the bark is used to arrest bleeding. The roots are used to treat joint pains and general debility. Decoction of the leaf bud is administered to encourage free discharge of menses or lochia after delivery.

Other uses

: Not known. ϭϳϲ


: AD 67

Date of collection

:14.06.2013

House number

:15


: Shailan Debnath


: 45

Local name of plant

: Durba

Scientific name

: Cynodon dactylon Pers.

Family name

: Poaceae

Habit

: Climber

Part(s) used

: Whole plants, Roots


: Fresh plant juice used in fresh cuts and wounds to stop bleeding. Decoction of the roots is valuable in case of vesical calculus and in secondary syphilis. It is also useful in irritation of the urinary organs. : Not known.

Other uses


: AD 137

Date of collection

: 08.08.2013

House number

: 23


: Ashor ali


: 67

Local name of plant

: Anaras

Scientific name

: Annanas sativus Schult. f.

Family name

: Bromeliaceae

Habit

: Herb

Part(s) used

: Leaves, Flowers, Fruits.


: Extract prepared from young leaf is taken to stop of vomiting. Young flower extract is taken for the abortion of women.

Other uses

: Ripe pineapples are eaten as fruit.

ϭϳϳ


: AD 70

Date of collection

: 06.08.2013

House number

: 23


: Ashor Ali


: 67

Local name of plant

: Kola

Scientific name

: Musa paradisiaca L.

Family name

: Musaceae

Habit

: Tree

Part(s) used

: Fruits


: Ash prepared from the dried banana fruit shell and ceived, the fine ash mixed with lemon extract and taken single tea spoonful twice daily until cured from splenomegaly of children.

Other uses

: Green fruits are cooked as vegetable. Stem and spike also cooked.


: AD 138

Date of collection

: 08.08.2013

House number

:15


: Padma Rani


: 66

Local name of plant

: Holud

Scientific name

: Curcuma longa L.

Family name

: Zingiberaceae

Habit

: Herb

Part(s) used

: Rhizome, Flowers


: Rhizome paste or powder mixed with hot rice, mustard oil and table salt is taken for 3-4 days to cure dysentery. Rhizome paste mixed with lime is applied as a poultice to get relief from pain of the sprain. Fresh rhizome juice ϭϳϴ

along with salt is prescribed for intestinal worms. Rhizome oil acts as antacid, carminative, stomachic and tonic. Flower paste is used in ringworm and other parasitic skin diseases and also in the gonorrhoea. Other uses

: Not known.


: AD 13

Date of collection

:14.06.2013

House number

:11


: Gita Rani


: 56

Local name of plant

: Shathi

Scientific name

: Curcuma zeoderia Rosc.

Family name

: Zingiberaceae

Habit

: Herb

Part(s) used

: Rhizome, Leaves


: Decoction of the rhizome is given in diarrhoea; together with long pepper, cinnamon and honey is given to relieve cough cold, fever and bronchitis. Fresh rhizome checks leucorrhoeal and gonorrhoeal discharges. Juice of the leaves is given in dropsy.

Other uses

: Not known.


: AD 139

Date of collection

: 08.08.2013

House number

: 23


: Ashor Ali


: 67

Local name of plant

: Ada

Scientific name

: Zingiber officinale Rosc.

Family name

: Zingiberaceae

Habit

: Herb ϭϳϵ

Part(s) used

: Rhizome


: Pieces from zinger boil in water and make extract. This extract is mixed with honey taken half cup twice daily for five to seven days for the treatment of indigestion and cough. Juice prepared from rhizome is taken with salt for the treatment of flatulence, cold fever and as carminative and digestive. Dry rhizome are also used as mouth wash.

Other uses

: Rhizome is used as spices


: AD 25

Date of collection

:14.06.2013

House number

: 23


: Ashor Ali


: 67

Local name of plant

: Kolaboti

Scientific name

: Canna indica L.

Family name

: Cannaceae

Habit

: Herb

Part(s) used

: Seed, Rhizome, Root


: Seed juice relieves earaches.

Rhizome is used in

ringworm Other uses

: Root bark and stalks are used to the cattle suffering from poisoning.


: AD 140

Date of collection

: 08.08.2013

House number

: 23


: Ashor Ali


: 67

Local name of plant

: Kochuripana

Scientific name

: Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Sol.-Lau.

Family name

: Pontederiaceae ϭϴϬ

Habit

: Herb

Part(s) used

: Whole plant


: Paste of totri and dorear fena mixed with sap of posari taken half cupful twice a day untill cured from Asthma. For the treatment of goiter the plant juice is given orally and poultice of the plant pulp externally for three months.

Other uses

: Not known.


: AD 141

Date of collection

: 08.08.2013

House number

: 04


: Joshna Rani


: 72

Local name of plant

: Piaj

Scientific name

: Allium cepa L.

Family name

: Liliaceae

Habit

: Herb

Part(s) used

: Bulbs, Leaves


: Regular use of onion (50g/day) reduces insulin requirement of a diabetic patient from 40 to 20 units a day. Continuous consumption of onion for 5 months (80g/day) decreased serum cholesterol below normal in healthy human.

Other uses

: The leaves with the peduncles used as leafy vegetables, flavoring agent in curry and as salad ingredients. Paste prepared from bulb is applied to boils to remove flies. It is also used as antiseptic.


: AD 142

Date of collection

: 08.08.2013

House number

: 23


: Asor Ali ϭϴϭ


: 67

Local name of plant

: Rosun

Scientific name

: Allium sativum L.

Family name

: Liliaceae

Habit

: Herb

Part(s) used

: Bulb, Leaves


: Bulb extract is taken for the treatment of abdominal flatulence. Paste prepared from bulb is applied to forehead for the treatment of headache. Paste prepared from leaf mixed with cow or goat's milk, slightly heated in a steel plate and taken one tea spoonful twice daily for four-five days to treat cough in children.

Other uses

: Not known.


: AD 01

Date of collection

:14.06.2013

House number

: 15


: Shailan Debnath


: 45

Local name of plant

: Satamuli

Scientific name

: Asparagus racemosus L.

Family name

: Liliaceae

Habit

: Climber

Part(s) used

: Whole plant


: It improves appetite of the children. It is used in the treatment of impotency and acidity; with sesame oil as hair tonic and cooling.

Other uses

: Not known.


: AD 143

Date of collection

: 08.08.2013

House number

: 23 ϭϴϮ


: Ashor Ali


: 67

Local name of plant

: Gritakumari

Scientific name

: Aloe vera (L) Burm. f.

Family name

: Aloeaceae

Habit

: Herb

Part(s) used

: Leaves


: Warmed leaf is applied in affected area for the treatment of rheumatism, swelling and paralysis. Extract prepared from boiled leaf is taken to treat paralysis.

Other uses

: Paste prepared from leaf is used to beautifying agent.

7.4. Results and Discussion In the present ethno-botanical survey, a total of 68 species belonging to 60 genera and 41 families were recorded. For each species scientific name, local name, habit, family, ailments to be treated, mode of treatment and part(s) used are provided (Ethno-botanical information 1-68). Analysis of the data based on habits showed that leading medicinal plant species 39.70% belonged to trees, 35.29% herbs, 11.76% shrubs and 13.23% climbers (Table 1). Giday (2001) reported that herb is the leading to medicinal species in his article on Zay people of Ethiopia whereas Teklehamymanot and Giday (2007) reported same result among the people of Zegie Peninsula, Northwestern Ethiopia. The present report on leading medicinal species as herb, is similar to the above findings. Use of plant parts as medicine shows variation. Leaves (60.29%) are the leading part used in a majority of medicinal plants followed by 39.71% fruits, 25.00% roots, 19.12% bark, 13.24% whole plant, 2.94% stem, 2.94% latex, 4.41% bulb, 5.88% rhizomes, 30.88% seed, 4.41% pulp, 4.41% leaf bud, petiole, 11.74% flower, 1.47% calyx and 1.47% peduncle (Table 2). Harvesting leaves for medicinal use has also been reported from Southern Ethiopia (Yirga, 2010). Herbal preparation that involves roots, rhizomes, bulbs, barks, stems or whole plants affects mother plants (Dawit and Ahadu, 1993). In the present study area this threat was minimal as leaves were the leading plants parts used for medicinal purposes.

ϭϴϯ

Distribution of medicinal plant species in the families shows variation (Table 3). Cucurbitaceae is represented by 6 species, Each of Moraceae and Rutaceae is represented by four species. Three species in each was recorded by six families. A single species in each was recorded by 28 families while two species in each was recorded by four families. The survey indicated that the common medicinal plant families in the study area are Amaranthaceae, Apocynaceae, Araceae, Acanthaceae, Caricaceae, Combretaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Liliaceae, Meliaceae, Moringaceae, Moraceae, Rutaceae and Solanaceae. These findings of common medicinal plant families in the study is in agreement with Yusuf et al. (2009) and Ghani (1998). The survey has also recorded 78 categories of uses of 68 medicinal plants (Table 4). This is the indication of rich knowledge of medicinal uses of plants by the local people in the study area. Among them, 19 species were used to cure dysentery, 16 species for each of diarrhea, 15 species for anthelmintic, 12 species for laxative, 11 species for each of fever and tonic, 10 species for each of diuretic and cough, 9 species for each of skin disease, piles, constipation, digestive and ring worm. Fifty two categories of ailments were treated by two to eight species and other thirteen categories of ailments were treated by only one species. Use of species in different ailments showed also variations. Momordica charantia L., Psidium guajava (L.) Bat., Tamarindus indica L. and Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) Wt.& Arn. has been used for treatment of 15 ailments in each, Coccinia cordifolia (L.) Cogn. has been used for treatment of 13 ailments, Azadirachta indica A. Juss and Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeel. has been used for treatment of 12 ailments in each, Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn. and Cucumis melo L.has been used for treatment of 11 ailments in each and each of Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott., Ricinus communis L., Dyospyros perigrina (Gaertn.) Gur. and Lagenaria siceraria for 9 ailments. For treating two to eight ailments 49 species were used. The remaining 6 species of the total were used for the treatment of a single ailment. Among the medicinal use of plants, the survey reported a good number of new uses those were not mentioned in the previous literatures (Yusuf et al., 2009 and Ghani, 1998). The present findings are probably the new record of ethno-medicinal knowledge for the study area using standard research protocols. The present study may be a preliminary contribution to the ethno-medicine of this area using standard research methods, focusing on medicinal plants and their local uses for the healthcare. This healthcare knowledge transmitted orally from one generation to generation. The study also suggested that the ϭϴϰ

present information on mediccinal use of plants by local and ethnic comm munity may be used for botanical and pharmacoloogical research in future for the discovery of new sources of drugs. Table 1. Analysis of the data d based on habit showed that leadingg medicinal plants species. S/N

Habit

Number of o species

Percentage (%)

Total number of o species

1

Herbs

24

35.29%

68

2

Shrubs

8

11.76%

68

3

Climbers

9

13.23%

68

4

Trees

27

39.70%

68

EƵŵďĞƌŽĨƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ

ϯϱ͘Ϯϵй

ϯϵ͘ϳϬй

,ĞƌďƐ ^ŚƌƵďƐ ůŝŵďĞƌƐ ϭϭ͘ϳϲй

ϭϯ͘Ϯϯй

dƌĞĞƐ

Figure-1: Analysis of the data d based on habit showed that leadingg medicinal plants species in Pie Chart.

ϭϴϱ

Table 2. Number of plant parts used for medicinal purpose. S/N

Name of plant parts

Use of plant parts

Percentage

Total

(%)

species

1

Leaf

41

60.29%

68

2

Whole plant

9

13.24%

68

3

Root

17

25%

68

4

Stem

2

2.94%

68

5

Bark

13

19.12%

68

6

Fruit

27

39.71%

68

7

Rhizome

4

5.88%

68

8

Leave bud

3

4.41%

68

9

Flower

8

11.74%

68

10

Seed

21

30.88%

68

11

Bulb

3

4.41%

68

12

Latex

2

2.94%

68

13

Pulp

3

4.41%

68

14

Petiole

1

1.47%

68

15

Calyx

1

1.47%

68

16

Peduncle

1

1.47%

68

ϭϴϲ

number

of

hƐĞŽĨƉůĂŶƚƉĂƌƚƐ >ĞĂĂĨ tŚ ŚŽůĞƉůĂŶƚ ZŽŽ Žƚ ^ƚĞŵ ĂƌƌŬ &ƌƵŝƚ ZŚŝǌŽŵĞ >ĞĂĂǀĞďƵĚ &ůŽǁ ǁĞƌ

Fig-2: Number of plant partts used for medicinal purpose showed in Pie Chart. Table 3. Distribution of speccies among different families. S/N

Family name

Number

of Percentage (%) Total

species

speciees

1

Aloeaceae

1

1.47%

68

2

Amaranthaceae

1

1.47%

68

3

Apiaceae

1

1.47%

68

4

Araceae

1

1.47%

68

5

Anacardiaceae

1

1.47%

68

6

Annonaceae

1

1.47%

68

7

Arecaceae

1

1.47%

68

8

Basellaceae

1

1.47%

68

9

Bromeliaceae

1

1.47%

68

10

Caesalpiniaceae

3

4.41%

68

ϭϴϳ

number

of

11

Caricaceae

1

1.47%

68

12

Crassulaceae

1

1.47%

68

13

Chenopodiaceae

1

1.47%

68

14

Cannaceae

1

1.47%

68

15

Cucurbitaceae

6

8.82%

68

16

Combretaceae

3

4.41%

68

17

Dilleniaceae

1

1.47%

68

18

Ebenaceae

1

1.47%

68

19

Euphorbiaceae

3

4.41%

68

20

Fabaceae

3

4.41%

68

21

Lauraceae

1

1.47%

68

22

Liliaceae

3

4.41%

68

23

Lythraceae

1

1.47%

68

24

Malvaceae

2

2.94%

68

25

Meliaceae

1

1.47%

68

26

Mimosaceae

2

2.94%

68

27

Moraceae

4

5.88%

68

28

Musaceae

1

1.47%

68

29

Myrtaceae

2

2.94%

68

30

Nelumbonaceae

1

1.47%

68

31

Nymphaeaceae

1

1.47%

68

32

Oxalidaceae

1

1.47%

68

ϭϴϴ

33

Pontederiaceae

1

1.47%

68

34

Poaceae

2

2.94%

68

35

Punicaceae

1

1.47%

68

36

Rhmnaceae

1

1.47%

68

37

Rutaceae

4

5.88%

68

38

Sapindaceae

1

1.47%

68

39

Sapotaceae

1

1.47%

68

40

Tiliaceae

1

1.47%

68

41

Zingiberaceae

3

4.41%

68

Table 4. Number of medicinal plants used in different categories of ailments. S/N

Categories

of Number

of Percentage

ailments

species

(%)

species

1

Abortion

2

2.94%

68

2

Acidity

2

2.94%

68

3

Alopecia

2

2.94%

68

4

Aphrodisiac

5

7.35%

68

5

Asthma

7

10.29%

68

6

Anthelmintic

15

22.06%

68

7

Astringent

8

11.76

68

8

Anaemia

2

2.94%

68

9

Anorexia

2

2.94%

68

ϭϴϵ

Total

number

of

10

Bone fracture

1

1.47%

68

11

Biliousness

4

5.88%

68

12

Bladder Stone

1

1.47%

68

13

Blood Cholesterol

2

2.94%

68

14

Bleeding gum

3

4.41%

68

15

Burning sensation

6

8.82%

68

16

Bronchitis

2

2.94%

68

17

Boils

7

10.29%

68

18

Cancer

2

2.94%

68

19

Contraceptive

1

1.47%

68

20

Cough

10

14.71%

68

21

Constipation

9

13.24%

68

22

Cholera

2

2.94%

68

23

Colic

3

4.41%

68

24

Chicken

pox/small 1

1.47%

68

25

Dandruff

2

2.94%

68

26

Dysentery

19

27.94%

68

27

Diarrhoea

16

23.53%

68

28

Diuretic

10

14.71%

68

29

Demulcent

1

1.47%

68

30

Diabetes

6

8.82%

68

pox

ϭϵϬ

31

Dropsy

3

4.41%

68

32

Digestive

9

13.24%

68

33

Dyspepsia

2

2.94%

68

34

Eczema

5

7.35%

68

35

Epilepsy

1

1.47%

68

36

Erache

3

4.41%

68

37

Emetic

1

1.47%

68

38

Fever

11

16.18%

68

39

Gonorrhoea

5

7.35%

68

40

Gout

2

2.94%

68

41

Headache

4

5.88%

68

42

Heart disease

5

7.35%

68

43

Hypertension

3

4.41%

68

44

Itches

1

1.47%

68

45

Infammations

7

10.29%

68

46

Injury

8

11.77%

68

47

Insect-bite

2

2.94%

68

48

Indigestion

6

8.82%

68

49

Jaundice

8

11.77%

68

50

Kidney disease

1

1.47%

68

51

Leucuriea

3

4.41%

68

52

Leprosy

3

4.41%

68

ϭϵϭ

53

Liver disease

4

5.88%

68

54

Laxative

12

17.65%

68

55

Leucoderma

1

1.47%

68

56

Lumbrici

2

2.94%

68

57

Menstrual disease

2

2.94%

68

58

Opthalmia

1

1.47%

68

59

Piles

9

13.24%

68

60

Paralysis

3

4.41%

68

61

Pnumonia

2

2.94%

68

62

Rheumatism

5

7.35%

68

63

Scabies

2

2.94%

68

64

Snake-bite

1

1.47%

68

65

Skin disease

9

13.24%

68

66

Sore throat

4

5.88%

68

67

Stomachic

6

8.82%

68

68

Stop bleeding

5

7.35%

68

69

Sex problems

1

1.47%

68

70

Tonic

11

16.18%

68

71

Tumour

4

5.88%

68

72

Toothache

4

5.88%

68

73

Tuberculosis

2

2.94%

68

74

Ulcers

7

10.29%

68

75

Urinary disease

6

8.82%

68

76

Vomiting

7

10.29%

68

77

Wound

8

11.77%

68

78

Ring Worm

9

13.24%

68

ϭϵϮ

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Khan, M.S. 1998. Prospects of Ethnobotany and Ethnobotanical Research in Bangladesh. In:R.L. Banik, M.K. Alam, S.J. Pei and A. Rastogi (eds.), Applied Ethnobotany, BFRI, Chittagong, Bangladesh. Pp. 24-27. Khan, M.S. and Huq, A.M. 1975. Medicinal Plants of Bangladesh, BARC, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Khan, M.S. and Halim, M. 1987. Acquatic Angiosperms of Bangladesh. Bangladesh National Herbarium, BARC, Dhaka. Khan, M.S., Hassan, M.A. and Huq, A.M. 1982. A taxonomic report on the Angiospermic wall Flora of Dhaka city. Dhaka Univer. Stud. B. 30(2):131-143. Khan, M.S., Hassan, M. A., Huq, A.M. and Rahman, M. 1984. Taxonomic report of the Angiospermic Flora of St. Martin’s Island. Dac. Univ. Stud. B. 30 (1): 71-84. Khan, M.S. and Afza, S.K. 1968. A taxonomic report on the angiospermic flora of Teknaf and St. Martin’s Island. Dhaka Univ. Studies, Part B. 16: 35-37. Khan, M.S. and Banu, F. 1972. A taxonomic report on the angiospermic flora of Chittagong Hill Tracts-2. J. Asiat. Soc. Bangladesh. 17(2): 63-68. Khan, M.S. and Hassan, M.A. 1984. A taxonomic report on the angiospermic flora of St. Martin’s Island. Dhaka Univ. Studies, Part B. 32(1): 76-78. Khan, M.S. and Huq, A.M. 2001. The vascular flora of Chunati Wildlife Sanctuary in south Chittagong, Bangladesh. Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 8(1): 47-64. Khatun, R. 2002. Plant Taxonomy. Eureka Book Agency, New Market, Rajshahi, Bangladesh. Khisha, B. 1996. Chakma Talik Chikitsa. Herbal Medicine Centre Committee, Rajban Bihar, Rajbari, Rangamati. Pp.1-136. King, S.R. and Tempesta, M.S. 1994. From shaman to human clinical trials: the role of industry in ethnobotany, conservation and community reciprocity. In: Chadwick, D.J., Marsh ,J. (eds.) Ethnobotany and the Search for New Drugs (Ciba Foundation Symposium 185). Wiley Chichester. pp. 197-206. Kirtikar, K.R. and Basu, B.D. 1987. Indian Medicinal Plants. Vols. 1-4. Lalit Mohan Basu, Allahabad, Jayyed Press, New Delhi, India.

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Koche, D.K., Shirsat, R.P., Imran, S., M. Nafees, N., Zingare, A.K. and Donode, K.A.. 2008. Ethnobotanical and Etnnomedicinal Survey of Nagzira Wild Life Sanctuary, District Gondia (M.S.) India-Part I. Ethnobotanical Leaflets 12:56-69. Lawrence, G.H.M. 1973. Taxonomy of Vascular Plants. Oxford and IBM Publishing Co., Rakes Press, New Delhi, India. Lindley, J. 1830. Introduction to the Natural System of Botany. Longman. London, UK. Linnaeus, C. 1753. Species Plantarum. ed. 1. Vols. I and II. (Facs. ed.) London, U.K. Martin, G.J. 1995. Ethnobotany: A methods Manual, Chapman & Hall. London. Ming, L.C. 1999. Ageratum conyzoides: A tropical source of medicinal and agricultural products. p.469-473. In: J. Janick (ed) Perspectives on new crops and new uses. ASHS Press, Alexandria, VA. Moniruzzaman, M., Hassan, M.A., Rahman, M.M., Layla, S. and Islam, M.R. 2012. A Preliminary Checklist of the Angiospermic Flora of Daulotpur Upazilla in Kushtia District, Bangladesh. J. Asiat. Soc. Bangladesh, Sci. 38(1): 53-65. Naderuzzaman, A.T.M. and M. Tareque, M. 1993. Study on the weed flora of Rajshahi, Bangladesh. The Rajshahi University Studies, Part- B, 21:75-88. Naik, V.N. 2003. Taxonomy of Angiosperms. Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi. India. Oudhia, P. and Tripathi, R.S. 1996. A useful weed Blumea lacera L.: A review. Indian Jour. Weed Sci. 31:(1& 2):108-109. Pandey, B.P. 1969. Taxonomy of Angiosperms. S.Chand and Company Ltd. New Delhi, India. Pasha, M.K. and Zaman, M.B. 1988. Name Changes in Plants of Bangladesh. Chittagong University Studies, Part-II, Science Vol. 12(1). Pasha, M. K. and Uddin, S. B. 2013. Dictionary of Plant Names of Bangladesh (Vascular Plants). Janokalyan Prokashani. Chittagong, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Phillips, O. and Gentry, A.H. 1993a. The useful plants of Tambopata, Peru: I. Statistical hypotheses tests with a new quantitative technique. Economic Botany. 44: 252-271.

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Phillips, O. and Gentry, A.H. 1993b. The useful plants of Tambopata, Peru: II. Statistical hypothesis testing with a new quantitative ethnobotany. Economic Botany. 47: 15-32. Prain, D. 1903 (rep. ed. 1963). Bengal Plants. Vols.1-2. Botanical Survey of India. Calcutta, India. Prance, G.T. 1995. Fruits of the rainforest, New Scientist 13 January: 42-45. Purseglove, J. W. 1968a. Tropical Crops Dicotyledons. Longman Group Limited, London, U.K. Purseglove, J. W. 1968b. Tropical Crops Monocotyledones. Longman Group Limited, London, U.K. Rahman, A. H. M. M., Gulsan, J. E., Alam, M. S., Ahmad, S., Naderuzzaman, A. T. M. and Islam, A. K. M. R. 2012. An Ethnobotanical Portrait of a Village: Koikuri, Dinajpur with Reference to Medicinal Plants. Int. Jour. Biosci. 2(7): 1-10. Rahman, A. H. M. M., Anisuzzaman, M., Haider, S. A., Ahmed, F., Islam, A. K. M. R. and Naderuzzaman, A. T. M. 2008. Study of Medicinal Plants in the Graveyards of Rajshahi City. Res. Jour. Agri. Bio. Sci. 4(1): 70-74. Rahman, A.H.M.M, Anisuzzaman, M., Ahmed, F., Zaman, A.T.M.N. and Islam, A.K.M.R. 2007. A Floristic Study in the Graveyards of Rajshahi City. Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences. 3(6): 670-675. Rahman, A.H.M.M. 2013. A Checklist of Common Angiosperm Weeds of Rajshahi District, Bangladesh. International Journal of Agricultural and Soil Science. 1(1): 1-6. Rahman, A.H.M.M. 2013. Assessment of Angiosperm Weeds of Rajshahi, Bangladesh with emphasis on medicinal plants. Research in Plant Sciences. 1(3): 62-67. Rahman, A.H.M.M. 2013a. An Ethno-botanical investigation on Asteraceae family at Rajshahi, Bangladesh. Academia Journal of Medicinal Plants. 1(5): 92-100. Rahman, A.H.M.M. 2013. Angiospermic flora of Rajshahi district, Bangladesh. American Journal of Life Sciences. 1(3): 105-112. Rahman, A.H.M.M. 2013b. Ethno-botanical Survey of Traditional Medicine Practice for the Treatment of Cough, Diabetes, Diarrhea, Dysentery and Fever of Santals at Abdullahpur Village under Akkelpur Upazilla of Joypurhat District, Bangladesh. Biomedicine and Biotechnology. 1(2): 27-30. ϭϵϵ

Rahman, A.H.M.M. 2013c. Ethno-medicinal investigation on ethnic community in the northern region of Bangladesh. American Journal of Life Sciences. 1(2): 77-81. Rahman, A.H.M.M. 2013d. Ethno-medico-botanical investigation on cucurbits of the Rajshahi Division, Bangladesh. Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies. 1(3): 118-125. Rahman, A.H.M.M. 2013e. Graveyards angiosperm diversity of Rajshahi city, Bangladesh with emphasis on medicinal plants.

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Rahman, A.H.M.M., Islam, A. K. M. R. and Naderuzzaman, A. T. M. 2007. Studies on the herbaceous plant species in the graveyard areas of Rajshahi city. Plant Environment Development. 1(1): 57-60. Rahman, A.H.M.M. and Parvin, I.A. 2014. Study of Medicinal Uses on Fabaceae Family at Rajshahi, Bangladesh. Research in Plant Sciences. 2(1): 6-8. Rahman, A.H.M.M., Kabir, E. Z. M. F., Sima, S. N., Sultana, R. S., Nasiruddin, M. and Naderuzzaman, A. T. M. 2010. Study of an Ethnobotany at the Village Dohanagar, Naogaon. Journal of Applied Sciences Research. 6(9): 1466-1473. Rahman, A.H.M.M. and Gulshana, M.F.A. 2014. Taxonomy and Medicinal Uses on Amaranthaceae Family of Rajshahi, Bangladesh. Applied Ecology and Environmental Sciences. 2(2): 54-59. Rahman, A.H.M.M. and Rahman, M.M. 2014. An Enumeration of Angiosperm weeds in the Paddy field of Rajshahi, Bangladesh with emphasis on medicinal Plants. Journal of Applied Science And Research. 2(2): 36-42. Rahman, A.H.M.M., Hossain, M. M. and Islam, A.K.M.R. 2014. Taxonomy and Medicinal Uses of Angiosperm weeds in the wheat field of Rajshahi, Bangladesh. Frontiers of Biological and Life Sciences. 2(1): 8-11. Rahman, A.H.M.M., Afsana, M.W. and Islam, A.K.M.R. 2014. Taxonomy and Medicinal Uses on Acanthaceae Family of Rajshahi, Bangladesh. Journal of Applied Science And Research. 2(1): 82-93. Rahman, A.H.M.M., Biswas, M.C., Islam, A. K. M. R. and Zaman, A. T. M. N. 2013b. Assessment of Traditional Medicinal Plants Used by Local People of Monirampur Thana under Jessore District of Bangladesh. Wudpecker Journal of Medicinal Plants. 2(6): 099-109. Rahman, A.H.M.M. and Akter, M. 2013. Taxonomy and Medicinal Uses of Euphorbiaceae (Spurge) Family of Rajshahi, Bangladesh. Research in Plant Sciences. 1(3): 74-80. Rahman, A.H.M.M., Sultana, N., Islam, A. K. M. R. and Zaman, A. T. M. N. 2013c. Study of Medical Ethno-botany of traditional medicinal plants used by local people at the village Genda under Savar Upazilla of district Dhaka, Bangladesh. Online International Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 2(1): 18-31.

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Sambamurty, A.V.S.S. 2005. Taxonomy of Angiosperms. I.K. International Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi. India. Schultes, R.E. 1983. Richard Spruce: an early ethnobotanist and explore of the northwest Amazon and northern Andes. Journal of Ethnobotany 3: 139-147. Sharma, O.P. 2004. Plant Taxonomy. Tata Mc Grow Hill Publishing Co. Ltd. New Delhi, India. pp.312-318. Simpson, B.B. and Conner-Ogorzaly, M.C. 1986. Economic Botany. McGraw Hill, London. Sinclair, J. 1955. Flora of Cox’s Bazar. East Pakistan. Bull. Bot. Soc. Bangal. Vol. 9(2):84116. Sing, A.P. 1998-2001. Ethnobotanical Studies of Chandigarh Region. Mohali, India. Tanziman, A, Islam, A. K. M. R. and Rahman, A.H.M.M. 2013. Taxonomy of Solanaceae: Taxonomic Enumeration of the family Solanaceae in the Rajshahi University Campus, Bangladesh. Lambert Academic Publishing AG & CO KG. Germany. 104 pages, ISBN 978-3-659-31315-8. Teklehamymanot, T. and Giday, M. 2007. An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by the people in Zegie Peninsula Northwestern Ethiopia. J. Ethnobiol. And Ethnomed. 3, 12 doi 10.1186/1746-4269-3-12. Tripura, S.L. 1994. Nature and Culture of the Chittagong Hill Tracts. Tribal Culture Institute. Rangamati Hill District. Pp. 1-192. Turner, N.J. 1996. Ethnobotany of coniferous trees in Thompsons and Lillooet Interior Salish of British Columbia. Economic Botany. 46: 177-194. Tutul, E., Uddin, M.Z., Rahman, M.O. and Hassan, M.A. 2009. Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 16(1): 83-90. Tutul, E., Uddin, M.Z., Rahman, M.O. and Hassan, M.A. 2010. Angiospermic Flora of Runctia Sal Forest, Bangladesh. II. Magnoliopsida (Dicots). Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 17(1): 33-54. Uddin, M. Z., Hassan, M. A., Rahman, M. and Arefin, K. 2012. Ethno-medico-botanical study in Lawachara National Park, Bangladesh. Bangladesh J.Bot. 41(1): 97-104.

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CHAPTER-9 INDEX

Acacia auriculiformis Benth. (Akashmoni), 59

Argemone maxicana L. ( Shialkanta), 34 Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk.(Kathal), 35, 149

Acacia nilotica (L.) Del. (Babla), 59

Artocarpus lacucha Buch.-Ham (Deua), 36, 150

Acalypha indica L. (Muktajuri), 72 Adhatoda vasica Nees.(Basak), 98

Asparagus racemosus L. (Satamuli), 121, 182

Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa (Bel), 80, 172

Averrhoa carambola L. (Kamranga), 82, 174

Albizia lucida Benth. (Silkoroi), 59 Albizia procera Benth. (Koroi), 60, 160

Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Neem), 78, 171

Allium cepa L.(Piaj), 120, 181 Allium sativum L.(Rosun), 120, 182

Bambusa balcooa Roxb. (Bash), 111, 176

Alocasia indica (Roxb.) Schott.(Mankachu), 108

Basella alba L. (Puishak.), 41, 152 Bauhinia acuminata L.(Kanchan), 61, 161

Aloe vera (L) Burm. f.(Gritakumari), 122, 183

Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn. (Chalkumra), 49, 155

Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. (Helencha), 39, 152

Bombax ceiba Linn. (Simul), 46

Amaranthus dubius L. (Datashak), 39

Borassus flabellifer L.(Tal), 106, 176

Amaranthus spinosus L. (Katanote), 40

Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub. (Palash), 62

Amaranthus tricolor L. (Lalshak), 40 Andrographis paniculata Wall ex Nees (Kalomegh), 98

Cajanus cajan (L.) Huth. (Arhar), 63, 163

Annanas sativus Schult. f. (Anaras), 114, 177

Callistemon citrinus Stapf. (Bottlebrass), 66

Annona reticulata L. (Nona), 30

Canna indica L. (Kolaboti), 118, 180

Annona squamosa L. (Ata), 29, 147

Capsicum frutescens L. (Morich), 87

Anthocephalus chinensis (Lamk.) Rich. ex Walp. (Kadam), 100

Carica papaya L.(Pepe), 48, 154 Carissa carandas L. (Karamcha), 84

Areca catechu L. (Supari), 105 ϮϬϲ

Crysopogon aciculatus (Retz.) Trin. (Premkanta), 112

Cassia fistula L. (Badarlathi), 62, 162 Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don (Nayantara), 85

Cucumis melo L. (Bangi), 50, 156

Celosia argentea L. (Morog ful), 40

Cucumis sativus L. (Sasha), 50, 156

Centella asiatica (L.) Urban. (Thankuni), 83, 175

Cucurbita maxima Duch. (Mistikumra), 51

Cestrum nocturnum L. (Hasnahena), 87

Curcuma longa L.(Holud), 116, 178

Chenopodium album L. ( Botuashak), 38, 151

Curcuma zeoderia Rosc.(Shathi), 117, 179

Chrysanthamum coronarium L. (Chandramollica), 102

Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. (Sornolota), 93 Cynodon dactylon Pers.(Durbaghas), 112, 177

Cinnamomum tamala Nees. (Tejpata), 31, 148

Datura metel L.(Dhutra), 87

Cinnamomum verum J.Presl. (Darchini), 31

Delonix regia (Boj.) Raf. (Krisnachura), 61

Citrus aurantifolia Sw. (Kagochilebu), 80, 173

Dendrophthoe falcata (L.f.)Ett. (Loranthus), 72

Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck. (Jambura), 80, 173

Dillenia indica L. (Chalta), 43, 153 Diospyros montana Roxb (Tamal), 56

Citrus reticulata Blanco (Kamlalebu), 81

Dyospyros perigrina (Gaertn.) Gur. (Gab), 54, 159

Clerodendrum viscosum Vent. (Bhat), 94 Clitoria tarnetea L. (Aprajita), 63, 163

Dyospyros philippensis (Des.) Gam. (Bilatigub), 55

Coccinia cordifolia (L.) Cogn. (Telakucha), 50, 155

Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Sol.Lau.(Kochuripana), 119, 180

Cocos nucifera L. (Narikel), 106

Elaeocarpus robustus Roxb.(Jalpai), 44

Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott. (Kochu), 108, 175

Euphorbia hirta L.(Dudhia), 73

Corchorus capsularis L. (Deshi pat), 44

Feronia limonia (L.) Sw. (Kothbel), 81, 174

Coriandrum sativum L.(Dhania), 84

Ficus benghalensis L. (Bot), 36, 150

Crotalaria retusa L. (Atoshi), 63

Ficus religiosa L. (Pakur), 37, 151

Croton bonplandianum Bail.(Croton), 73, 168

Gardenia jasminoides Ellis. (Gandharaj), 101 Gossypium herbaceum L. (Karpas), 47 ϮϬϳ

Ludwigia adscendens (L.) Hara.(Kesordam), 69

Helianthus annuus L.(Surjamukhi), 103 Heliotropium indicum L.(Hatisur), 93 Hibiscus esculentus L. (Bhindi), 47, 153

Lycopersicon lycopersicum (L.) Karst.(Tomato), 88

Hibiscus mutabilis L. (Sthalpadma), 47

Mangifera indica L.(Am), 77, 171

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. (Jaba), 48, 154

Manilkara achras (Mill.) Per.(Sofeda), 53, 158

Ipomoea alba L., 90

Mentha viridis L. (Pudina), 96

Ipomoea aquatica Forssk. (Kalmi), 91

Microcos paniculata L. (Pisla), 45, 153

Ipomoea batatus L. (Mistialo), 91

Mikania cordata (Burm.f.) Roxb(Asamlata), 103

Ipomoea fistulosa Mart. Ex Choisy (Dholkalmi), 91

Mimosa pudica L. (Lajjaboti), 60, 160

Ipomoea quamoclit L. (gate ful), 92

Mimuspos elengi L. (Bokul), 54

Ixora coccinea L. (Rangan), 101

Mirabilis jalapa L.( Sandhamoni), 37

Jasminum sambac (L.) Ait.(Beli), 97 Justicia gendarussa L.(Jagthmadan), 99

Momordica charantia L. (Korola), 51, 157

Kalanchoe blossfeldiana Poelln.(Lal pathorkuchi), 56

Moringa oleifera Lam. (Sajna), 52 Murraya paniculata (L.) Jacq.(Kamini), 82

Kalanchoe pinnata (L.)Pers. (Himsagar), 57, 159

Musa paradisiaca L. (Kola), 115, 178

Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet.(Sim), 64, 164

Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.(Padma), 33, 148

Lagenaria siceraria (Mol.) Stan. (Lau), 51, 157

Nyctanthes arbortristis L.(Shuli), 94

Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers.(Jarul), 65

Nymphaea nouchali Burm.f. (Sapla), 34, 149

Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr.(Jiga), 77

Ocimum tenuifolium Linn. (Tulshi), 96 Oryza sativa L. (Dhan), 112

Lawsonia inermis L.(Mehedi), 65, 164

Paederia foetida L.(Gandhavaduli), 101

Lemna perpusilla Torrey.(khudipana), 109

Peperomia pellucida Kunth. (Peperomia), 32

Lens esculenta Moench. (Mushor), 64

Phoenix sylvestris (L.) Roxb.(Khejur), 107

Leucas cephalotes (Roth.) Spreng.(Dandakolos), 96

Phyllanthus emblica L.(Amloki), 74, 169

Litchi chinensis Sonn.(Lichu), 76, 170 ϮϬϴ

Physalis minima L.(Kapalphutki), 88

Tectona grandis L.f.(Segun), 95

Pistia stratiotes L. (Topa pana), 108

Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) Wt.& Arn. (Arjun), 70, 167

Plumeria acutifolia L. (Kathgolap), 85 Polyalthia longifolia (Debdaru), 30

Terminalia chebula (Gaertn.) Retz (Haritaki), 71, 168

Polygunum hydropiper L.(Panimorich), 42

Tridax procumbens L.(Tridhara), 104 Triticum aestivum L. (Gom), 113

Psidium guajava (L.) Bat.(Piyara), 67, 165

Wedelia chinensis (Osbeck) Merr. (Mahavingoraj), 104

Punica granatum L.(Dalim), 68, 166

Zingiber officinale Rosc. (Ada), 117, 179

Quisqualis indica L. (Madhabilata), 70, 167

Zizyphus mauritiana (Barai), 75, 170

Rauvolfia serpentina Benth. (Sarpagandha), 85

Ricinus communis L.(Bherenda), 74, 169

Rosa centifolia L.(Golap), 58 Saccharum officinarum L. (Akh), 113 Scirpus articulatus (L.) Palla.(Chechur), 110 Sesamum indicum L. (Til), 99 Solanum filisifolium Ort.(Titbegun), 89 Solanum melongena Wall.(Begun), 89 Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq. (Mehagoni), 79 Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeel.(Jam), 67, 166 Syzygium samarangense (Bl.) Merr. & Perry.(Jamrul), 67 Tabernaemontana coronaria (Jacq.) Willd. (Kathmaloti), 86 Tagetes erecta L. (Gadaphul), 103 Tagetes patula L. (Pora gada), 104 Tamarindus indica L.( Tetul), 61, 161 ϮϬϵ

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