Page 1 Innovative Metallized Formulations for Solid Rocket Propulsion ...

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Jul 28, 2010 - Abstract: Several metallized solid rocket propellants, AP/Metal/HTPB in the ratio ..... the rocket vehicle by the well-known Tsiolkovsky equation.
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I nnovat i veMet al l i zedFor mul at i onsf orSol i dRocketPr opul s i on

文章编号:1006 9941(2012)04 0465 10

I nnovat i veMet al l i zedFor mul at i onsf orSol i dRocketPr opul s i on L ui giTDeL UCA,L uci anoGAL F ET T I ,F i l i ppoMAGGI ,Gi ovanniCOL OMBO,Al i ceREI NA,St ef anoDOSSI ,Dani el eCONSONNI , Mel i s s aBRAMBI L L A (SPLab,Di par t i ment odiI ngegner i aAer os pazi al e,Pol i t ecni codiMi l ano,I  20156Mi l an,I t al y)

Abs t r act :Sever almet al l i zeds ol i dr ocketpr opel l ant s ,AP/ Met al / HTPBi nt her at i o68/ 18/ 14,wer eexper i ment al l yanal yzedatt heSpacePr opul s i on Labor at or yofPol i t ecni codiMi l ano.Ef f ect soft hemet al s(mi cr omet r i candnanomet r i cAl ,B,Mg,andavar i et yofdualmet al s )ont heper f or mance oft hepr opel l antwer es t udi edandcont r as t edt oaconvent i onalmi cr omet r i cal umi num (30μm aver agegr ai ns i ze)t akenasr ef er ence.I ti ss hown t hatt hepr opel l antmi cr os t r uct ur epl aysaf undament alr ol ei ncont r ol l i ngt hecr i t i calaggr egat i on/ aggl omer at i onphenomenaoccur r i ngbel ow andnear t hebur ni ngs ur f ace.Twos peci f i cef f ect sofmi cr os t r uct ur ei nt er msofs t eadybur ni ngr at eandaver ageaggl omer at es i zear ei l l us t r at ed. Keywor ds :s ol i dpr opel l ant s ;met alpowder s ;combus t i on;s peci f i ci mpul s e;bur ni ngr at e;aggl omer at i on CLCnumber :TJ 55    Documentcode:A DOI :10. 3969/ j .i s s n. 1006 9941. 2012. 04. 018

1 I nt r oduct i on     Hi gh ener gy s ol i d pr opel l antf or mul at i ons , bas ed on Ammoni um Per chl or at e(AP) and Al umi num (Al ) par t i cl es boundbyani ner tbi nder ,Hydr oxyl  Ter mi nat edPol yBut adi ene (HTPB), pl ay an es s ent i alr ol ei n pr i mar y pr opul s i on f or s paceexpl or at i on.I nves t i gat i onswer ecar r i ed outal lar ound t he wor l d dur i ng t he l as tdecadest oi mpr ove t he del i ver ed per f or manceofAP/ Al / HTPB compos i t i onscur r ent l yus ed f or [1, 2,3] s pacel auncher s .Thecr uci alf unct i onofmet alaggl omer  at i onwascl ar i f i edandt heneedwass ubs equent l yunder l i ned ofi mpr ovi ngcombus t i onef f i ci encyandt wo phas e(2P)l os s es as s oci at ed wi t h s uper s oni c expans i on i n gas dynami c [4, 5, 6] nozzl es .     Butt he endl es s ques tf or bet t er pr opul s i ve s ys t ems pr ompt sf orhi gherbal l i s t i c per f or mance whi l e mai nt ai ni ng accept abl el evel sofmechani calpr oper t i es ,agi ngchar act er i s  t i cs , cos t , and pr oces s abi l i t y. Per f or mance ofs ol i dr ocket pr opel l ant scan bei ncr eas ed i nt er msofgr avi met r i c(I s s) a wel las vol umet r i cs peci f i ci mpul s e (I yr es or t i ng t o v) b ener get i c addi t i ves whi ch i ncr eas e ener gy cont ent and compound dens i t y. Thus , i nt er nat i onal r es ear ch pr oj ect s cur r ent l yai m atdevel opi ngandt es t i ngi nnovat i vemet al l i zed f uel s ,al l owi ngatt hes amet i mean i ncr eas eofdens i t yand del i ver eds peci f i ci mpul s e,byenhanci ng t he i dealper f or m anceand/ ori t sef f i ci ency.     Thes ubmi t t ed paperexpandson pr evi ousi nves t i gat i ons byt hi sr es ear chgr oup[7,8,9,10,11] andpoi nt soutnew di r ect i ons us i ngi ner tbi nder sl oadedwi t hhi gh ener gyf uel scons i s t i ngof var i ousmet almi xt ur esf ors ol i dpr opel l ant s(AP/ HTPB bas ed) t ypi cal l yus ed i nr ocketpr opul s i on. Numer ousf or mul at i ons wer eexper i ment al l yanal yzedatt heSpacePr opul s i onLabor a t or y(SPLab) ofPol i t ecni co diMi l ano and cont r as t ed t ot he cor r es pondi ng f or mul at i onsus i ng a convent i onalpr opul s i on gr ademi cr omet r i c al umi num (30 μm aver age gr ai ns i ze) Recei vedDat e:2011 11 28;Revi s edDat e:2012 03 12 Cor r es pondi ngAut hor :Lui giTDeLUCA,e mai l :DeLuca@ aer o.pol i mi .i t

CHI NESE JOURNALOFENERGETI C MATERI ALS

t akenasr ef er ence. St eady bur ni ng r at esand t he as s oci at ed f l ame s t r uct ur e wer es t udi ed by a var i et y ofexper i ment al t echni quesr angi ngf r om hi gh s peedandhi gh r es ol ut i ondi gi t al vi deo r ecor di ng t o chemo phys i cal anal ys es of t he s ol i d combus t i onr es i dues .    Forr eader ′ sconveni ence,t hef ol l owi ngt echni calj ar gon i si mpl ement ed i nt hi s paper . The wor d aggl omer at i on i s r es er vedt os pher i caldr opsofl i qui dmet ali ncombus t i onwi t h an oxi de cap, whi l et he wor d aggr egat i on i sr es er ved t o par t i al l yoxi di zed obj ect sofi r r egul ars hapet ypi cal l ys een as pr ecur s or sofaggl omer at i on.Aggl omer at i onal waysi mpl i esa l os soft hei ni t i alpar t i cl ei ndi vi dual i t y,whi l eaggr egat i onmay keep s ome r emnantoft he i ni t i alpar t i cl ei ndi vi dual i t y. As def i ned, bot h aggl omer at i on and aggr egat i on ar et ypi cal l y mani f es t ed by Al umi num bur ni ng. The wor d cohes i on (or adhes i on)i sr es er ved t o “apor t i on ofas ubs t ancecl eavi ng t oget heri n at hi cknondes cr i ptmas s”,whi l e coagul at i on i s r es er vedt o a “vi s cousl ump ofa por t i on ofl i qui d” (f r om Mer r i am Webs t erDi ct i onar y).

2 I ngr edi ent sandPr opel l antFor mul at i ons   Thecompos i t es ol i dr ocketpr opel l antt akenasbas el i nei s anAP/ Met al / HTPBf or mul at i oni nt hemas sr at i os68/ 18/ 14. Al abor at or yr epr oduct i onofaf l i ghtcer t i f i edAl  bas edf or mul a t i on,cont ai ni ngasmet alonl ypr opul s i on gr adeAl(30 μm aver agegr ai ns i ze), wast aken asa s ui t abl er ef er ence. As s eenr es pect i vel yi n Tabl e1 and Tabl e2,t heoxi di zeri sa bi modalAPbl endwhi l et hebi nderi sas t andar dHTPBR 45. Exceptwher eot her wi s es t at ed,al lpr opel l ant swer emanuf ac t ur ed,pr oces s ed,andt es t edatSPLabofPol i t ecni codiMi l ano underi dent i calcondi t i onsandus i ngi dent i calpr ocedur es . Tabl e1 St andar ds ol i dpr opel l antcompos i t i onf oral lt es t edf or mul at i ons component

mas sf r act i on/ %

AP(160-200μm)

58. 00

AP(5-10μm)

10. 00

met alf uelpowder

18. 00

bi nder

14. 00

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2012年 第 20卷 第 4期 (465-474)

466

Lui giTDeLUCA,Luci anoGALFETTI ,Fi l i ppoMAGGI ,Gi ovanniCOLOMBO,Al i ceREI NA,St ef anoDOSSI ,Dani el eCONSONNI ,Mel i s s aBRAMBI LLA

Tabl e2 St andar dbi ndercompos i t i onf oral lt es t edf or mul at i ons component

mas sf r act i on/ %

HTPBR 45

79. 21

I s oPhor oneDi  I s ocyanat e(I PDI ) Di Oct ylAdi pat e(DOA)

7. 68 13. 11

2. 1 Tes t edMet al l i cI ngr edi ent s   Thechar act er i zat i onoft hemet alpowder swascar r i edout byBET(Br unauer  Emmet t  Tel l er ),XPS(X r ayPhot oel ect r on Spect r os copy), XRD (X Ray Di f f r act i on), SEM (Scanni ng El ect r onMi cr os copy),TEM (Tr ans mi s s i onEl ect r onMi cr os copy), andMal ver nMas t er s i zer2000 equi ppedwi t haSci r occouni t f ordr yanal ys es .   TheBETs ur f aceoft heAl  05a(30μm)t akenasi ndus t r i al whi l ef orAl  06(50μm) r ef er encewasmeas ur edas0. 1m2·g-1, h mi cr omet r i c f l akesi twasf ound <0.1 m2 · g-1.Forbot Al umi num (μAl )act i veAlcont enti sar ound99%. 2. 1. 1 nAl    Twonano s i zedAl umi num(nAl )powder sknownasAl exTM , wi t hnomi nals i zeof100 and50 nm,wer ei nves t i gat ed[12]; s eer es pect i vel y Tabl e 3 and Tabl e 4. Bot h oft hem wer e pr oducedbyExpl os i onofEl ect r i cWi r e(EEW )t echni queand t henpr oper l ycoat ed(s er i es07 and13).I ndus t r i alpowder s ar et ypi cal l ypas s i vat edi nacont r ol l eds l ow dr yai rs t r eam.An al t er nat i vecons i s t si ncoat i ngal r eady ai r  pas s i vat ed(APS)nAl atl abor at or ys cal e.Foral lnAlpowder s ,t hemuchl ar gerBET (byt woor der sofmagni t ude)wi t hr es pectt omi cr omet r i cAl as s ur esa s ubs t ant i al l yi ncr eas ed r eact i vi t y, i ns pi t e oft he l i mi t edact i veAlcont ent(atmos t90%). Tabl e3 BETs peci f i cs ur f acear eaandact i veAlcont entr es ul t sf or100nm s ampl es pr oper t i es

BET/ m2·g-1

act i veAl /%

ALEXTM  01i 07d L ALEXAPS

11. 8

89

9. 1

70

ALEXTM  13d

6. 9

78

Tabl e4 BETs peci f i cs ur f acear eaandact i veAlcont entr es ul t sf or50nm s ampl es pr oper t i es TM

ALEX  01h 07c L ALEXNPS

BET/ m2·g-1

act i veAl /%

15. 7

90

11. 3

89

coat i ngl ayers ur r oundi ngAlpar t i cl es ,i r r es pect i veofwhet her coat edoruncoat ednAlpar t i cl esar eexami ned. 2. 1. 2 MgxBy    Theexami nedMgxBy par t i cl espr oducedbyMACH Iar e char act er i zed by a di f f er entf r act i on ofMg coat i ng r angi ng f r om 10% t o60% andbyabor onpur i t yofei t her90% (wi t h t her emai ni ngmat er i aldet ect edbyXPSs ur f aceanal ys i st obe mai nl y Al umi num) or95% (wi t ht he r emai ni ng mat er i al det ect edbyXPSs ur f aceanal ys i st obemai nl yFl uor i ne).Al lof sar el i s t ed i n Tabl e 5, wi t ht he t he t es t ed MgxBy powder cor r es pondi ngBETs peci f i cs ur f acewhenavai l abl e. Tabl e5 Tes t edMgxBy compos i t emet alpowder s powderl abel Bpur i t y/ %

Mgmas sf r act i on/ %

BET/ m2·g-1

B90

90-92



18. 1

B95

95-97



13. 0

Mg 15B85a

90-92

15

NAv

Mg 20B80a

90-92

20

10. 5

Mg 25B75a

90-92

25

NAv

Mg 10B90b

95-97

10

NAv

Mg 20B80b

95-97

20

6. 8

Mg 60B40b

95-97

60

NAv

  Not e:ai sBor on90% pur i t y,bi sBor on95% pur i t y,NAv = NotAvai l abl e.

   Vi s uali ns pect i onsoft hecol l ect edSEM i magesoft het es t  edmet alpowder spr ovi dedt hef ol l owi nggener alt r ends : sappearl ar gert hant hecor r es pondi ng     MgxBy powder pur eBpowder s ;     95% pur i t yB powder sappearl ar gert han t hecor r e s pondi ng90% pur i t yBpowder s .   I naddi t i on,al loft het es t edBpowder spr es entani r r egul ar s hapedi f f er ent l yf r om t henears pher i calmi cr omet r i cAlus ed asar ef er encemet alf uel .Bpowder spr es entf i nepar t i cl eswi t h sf eat ur emonomodal nos i gni f i cantcohes i on;MgxBy powder t ht heexcept i onof di s t r i but i onswi t ht ypi cal l yd43≈ 5 μm,wi 9μm).Whi l eMgxBy wi t h90% Bpur i t y Mg 60B40(d43 =20. t h 95% B pur i t y pr es ent sno s i gni f i cantcohes i on,MgxBy wi mayoccas i onal l ydi s pl ayvi s i bl ecl ot s .    Par t i cl es i zedi s t r i but i onsobt ai nedatSPLabbyt heMal ver n Mas t er s i zer2000,dr yuni t(Sci r occo),ar er epor t edi nFi gur e 1.

   SEM andTEM i magess how al mos ts pher i calpar t i cl es ;t he f l ake s hapeds t r uct ur esr ecogni zabl ei ns omei magesmaybe i ndi cat i veofs omeor i gi nalaggr egat i onpr oces s es(cohes i on) bet weenpar t i cl es ,pr obabl yduet ot hemechani s msofmet al expl os i onandaer odynami csofpar t i cl esi nt heEEW machi ne. Dur i nganal ys esoff at t y aci d coat ed al r eady pas s i vat ed nAl eas L ALEXNPS i ndi cat es t he f at t y par t i cl es(L ALEXAPS, wher aci d coat ednon pas s i vat ed par t i cl es),decompos i t i on oft he s ubt l eor gani cl ayers ur r oundi ng t he met alcor e ofpar t i cl e coul dbeobs er vedduet ot hei nci dentbeam ener gy.Accor d i ngt oXRD dat a,peaksofAlar et heonl yr ecogni zabl ephas e oft hedi f f r act i onpat t er nf oral ls ampl es ,duet ot hever yt hi n

Fi g.1  Par t i cl es i zedi s t r i but i on f orcar ef ul l ypr es er ved MgxBy pow der s .Each cur ve r epr es ent st he mean of4 meas ur es . Red cur ve: Mg 15B85a;gr eencur ve:Mg 20B80a;bl uecur ve:Mg 25B75a.

Ch i n e s eJ o u r n a lo fEn e r g e t i cMa t e r i a l s ,Vol . 20,No. 4,2012(465-474)

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www.e ne r ge t i c  mat e r i al s .or g.c n

467

I nnovat i veMet al l i zedFor mul at i onsf orSol i dRocketPr opul s i on

par t l yt her ef er enceμAlf uel .

    Res ul t spoi ntoutt hatt het es t ed met alpowder st end t o packand s t i ck t oget heri nt o cl ot s . Thi sbehavi ori svi s i bl e whent hes ampl ei shandl ed atnor malambi entt emper at ur e andmoi s t ur e. The packsar e eas i l yr emoved by r ai s i ng t he s hears t r es s esaboves omet hr es hol dval ue.Thi st r endt opack ands t i ck t oget heri ncr eas eswi t ht i me,i fno pr opercar ei s t akendur i ngpowders t or age.

2. 2. 2 Dens i t y     Dens i t ymeas ur ement sf ors ever aloft hes ol i d pr opel l ant s undert es tar er epor t edi nTabl e7.Theor et i calMaxi mum Dens i t y (TMD)andpor os i t yoft hemanuf act ur edcompos i t i onswer eal s o cal cul at ed.Whi l eTMD val uesdependonl yont heaccur acyof t hei mpl ement eddat as et ,t hepor os i t yval uesar eaf f ect edbyt he s peci f i cmanuf act ur i ng t echni que,whi ch i nf ew cas esdevi at e f r om s t andar dpr oces s i ngf ors af et yorpr act i calr eas ons .     Bor oni snotf oundf r eei nnat ur ebuti savai l abl easan amor phous powder or cr ys t al l i ne powder under many pol ymor phs .Thus ,dat af orB l oadedpr opel l ant sar er es pec t i vel ydenot edbyt hel abel“am” and“cr ” accor di ngt ot he amor phousorcr ys t al l i nenat ur eofBor on.

2. 2 Tes t edSol i dRocketPr opel l ant s 2. 2. 1 For mul at i on   I ngener al ,t hef i nef r act i onofAPwaspr oducedatSPLab t hr oughami l l i ngands i evi ngpr oces sgr ant i ngad43≈10μm. Manyoft he pr opel l antf or mul at i onsundert es tar el i s t ed i n Tabl e6.Ther ef er encebas el i neonl ycont ai nsμAl .Bot hnAl swer e us ed t or epl ace ei t hert ot al l y or and MgxBy powder

Tabl e6 For mul at i onsofs el ect edt es t edmet al l i zeds ol i dpr opel l ant s(mas sf r act i ons ) Met al

/ % μAl

/ % Met al+μAl

18



18

0+18

18

B90

0. 00

18+0

14

18

B95

0. 00

18+0

10

14

18

Mg

0. 00

18+0

58

10

14

18

Zr

0. 00

18+0

P 18nAl13d

58

10

14

18

nAl13d

0. 00

18+0

P 3Mg 15B85a+Al

58

10

14

18

Mg 15B85a

15

3+15

P 3Mg 20B80a+Al

58

10

14

18

Mg 20B80a

15

3+15

P 3Mg 25B75a+Al

58

10

14

18

Mg 25B75a

15

3+15

P 18Mg 10B90b

58

10

14

18

Mg 10B90b



18+0

P 3Mg 10B90b+Al

58

10

14

18

Mg 10B90b

15

3+15

pr opel l antl abel

AP200μm/ %

AP < 20μm/ %

HTPB/ %

TotMet al / %

P 18AlBas el i ne

58

10

14

P 18B90

58

10

14

P 18B95

58

10

P 18Mg

58

P 18Zr

P 18Mg 60B40b

58

10

14

18

Mg 60B40b



18+0

P 3Mg 60B40b+Al

58

10

14

18

Mg 60B40b

15

3+15

  Not e:ai sBor on90% pur i t y;bi sBor on95% pur i t y.

Tabl e7 Dens i t yofs el ect edt es t edmet al l i zeds ol i dpr opel l ant s pr ope l l a ntl a be l

me a s ur e dde ns i t yTMD / g·c m-3

/ g·c m-3

por os i t y / %

P 1 8B9 0

1. 6 9 0±0. 1 3 0

1. 7 3 3a m/ 1. 7 3 0c r 2. 5a m/ 2. 3c r

P 1 8B9 5

1. 7 4 5±0. 0 3 0

1. 7 3 3a m/ 1. 7 3 0c r -0. 7a m/-0. 9c r

P 1 8nAl1 3d

1. 6 9 6±0. 0 0 5

1. 7 6 1

3. 6 9

P 3Mg 1 5B8 5a+Al 1. 7 3 7±0. 0 0 8

1. 7 5 4a m/ 1. 7 5 4c r 1. 0a m/ 1. 0c r

P 3Mg 2 0B8 0a+Al 1. 7 0 3±0. 0 2 2

1. 7 5 4a m/ 1. 7 5 3c r 2. 9a m/ 2. 9c r

P 3Mg 2 5B7 5a+Al 1. 7 4 9±0. 0 1 4

1. 7 5 3a m/ 1. 7 5 3c r 0. 2a m/ 0. 2c r

P 1 8Mg 1 0B9 0b

1. 6 8 5±0. 0 0 6

1. 7 2 6a m/ 1. 7 2 3c r 2. 4a m/ 2. 2c r

P 3Mg 1 0B9 0b+Al1. 7 3 6±0. 0 0 5

1. 7 5 5a m/ 1. 7 5 4c r 1. 1a m/ 1. 0c r

P 1 8Mg 6 0B4 0b

1. 6 2 2±0. 0 0 5

1. 6 9 0a m/ 1. 6 8 9c r 3. 4a m/ 3. 9c r

P 3Mg 6 0B4 0b+Al1. 6 8 3±0. 0 0 4

1. 7 4 9a m/ 1. 7 4 8c r 3. 8a m/ 3. 7c r

  Not e:a i sBor on 90% pur i t y; b i sBor on 95% pur i t y; am i samor phous Bor on;cri scr ys t al l i neBor on.

2. 2. 3 Mi cr os t r uct ur eandPocketCompos i t i on     Pocket s ar e pr i vi l eged zones f or t he occur r ence of aggl omer at i on pr oces s est hankst ot hepr es enceoff avor abl e condi t i ons ,s uch as t he l ocalhi gh concent r at i on ofmet al par t i cl es[13,14,15,16]. Pocketcompos i t i on s t r i ct l y dependson pr opel l antf or mul at i onandi sobt ai nedbycomput i ngt hemas s r at i obet weenmet al ,bi nder ,andAPf i nef r act i on;s eeTabl e 8.Whi l eAPcoar s epar t i cl esdef i net hepockets i ze,al lot her

CHI NESE JOURNALOFENERGETI C MATERI ALS

i ngr edi ent si dent i f yt hepocketcompos i t i on.Thus ,t hepocket mi cr os t r uct ur et ur nsoutt obeaf uelr i chmi xt ur ewi t hr es pect t ot heover al lpr opel l antnomi nalf or mul at i on.     Thepocketcompos i t i on di f f er saccor di ngt ot hel oaded met alnat ur e(Al ,Mg,B,Zr ),gr ai ns i zeofmet alpar t i cl es (μAlandnAl ),ands l i ght l yal s of ort heMgcont entandpur i t y oft heor i gi nalB powder .Asamat t erofs i mpl i ci t y,f orB of 90% pur i t yand95% pur i t y,s pur i ousf r act i onsofr es pect i vel y 10% or5% wer econveni ent l yappr oxi mat edt oAl umi num or Fl uor i neonl y.

3 I dealTher mochemi s t r y    I dealt her mochemi calf eat ur esoft he t es t ed met al l i zed pr opel l ant swer es ys t emat i cal l y anal yzed by means oft he aki ngi nt ocons i der at i onbot ht heover al l NASACEAcode[17],t pr opel l antf or mul at i onandi t sas s oci at edmi cr os t r uct ur e. 3. 1 Met al l i zedSol i dRocketPr opel l ant s    Thi st heor et i calanal ys i swasper f or medonAP/ Met al / HTPB compos i t i onsundert hef ol l owi ngoper at i ngcondi t i ons :    Combus t i onchamberpr es s ur e:70bar At= 40    Nozzl ear ear at i oAe/    Nozzl eexpans i oni nvacuum    Shi f t i ngequi l i br i um model

含能材料

2012年 第 20卷 第 4期 (465-474)

468

Lui giTDeLUCA,Luci anoGALFETTI ,Fi l i ppoMAGGI ,Gi ovanniCOLOMBO,Al i ceREI NA,St ef anoDOSSI ,Dani el eCONSONNI ,Mel i s s aBRAMBI LLA

    Theef f ect soft hemet al l i ci ngr edi entaddi t i on on i deal swel lasadi abat i cf l amet emper at ur e s peci f i ci mpul s eI s ,vacuum a es een i n Tabl e 9. A decr eas e ofi deal Tflame and CCP ar gr avi met r i cs peci f i ci mpul s eandadi abat i cf l amet emper at ur ei s vi s i bl e,t ovar yi ngext ent s ,wheneverAli sr epl acedbyanyof t het es t edmet al l i ci ngr edi ent s .    Ass howni nTabl e9,undert heexpl or edoper at i ngcondi  t i ons ,t hei dealgr avi met r i cs peci f i ci mpul s edecr eas eswhenever Ali sr epl aced,t ot al l yorpar t i al l y,byB,Mg,Zr ,andMgxBy compos i t emet al s .Si mi l ar l y,t hevol umet r i cs peci f i ci mpul s eI v, = d e n s i t y x I , d e c r e a s e s w h e n e v e r A l def i ned as I v s i t y)i sr epl aced,t ot al l yorpar t i al l y,byB (2. 702g·cm -3 dens i t yi fcr ys t al l i nebut2.370 g· cm -3 i f (2.340 g· cm -3 dens i t y), and MgxBy amor phous ), Mg (1.738 g· cm -3 dens compos i t emet al s ; onl y Zr(6.52 g· cm -3 dens i t y) hasa pos i t i veef f ecton t hecompound dens i t y and s ubs equent l yt he vol umet r i cs peci f i ci mpul s e.Thes amenegat i veef f ectt akespl ace f ort headi abat i cf l amet emper at ur ewhenAli sr epl aced.Att he s amet i me,however ,an encour agi ng r es ul ti snot i ced i nt he

r educt i onoft heCCPmas satl eas ti nt er msofgr amsofexhaus t CCPper100gofbur ntpr opel l ant .Thi spos i t i veef f ectcount er act s t henegat i veef f ect son i deals peci f i ci mpul s esand pr omi s esa gooddi vi dendont hes peci f i ci mpul s eef f i ci ency.Thi si st hemos t r el evantr es ul tf r om t hei dealt her mochemi calanal ys i s .However , i ti si mpor t antt or emembert hatr ealgai nsat t ai nabl ef r om t wo phas el os sr educt i ons houl dbei nt heor derof3% oft he i deals peci f i ci mpul s e,accor di ngt opas ti nves t i gat i ons[3].    I n par t i cul ar , whi l es t andar d al umi ni zed compos i t i ons have32.08gofCCPper100gofbur ntpr opel l ant ,s omeof bas edcompos i t i onper f or m asl ow as3.99 g/ 100 t heMgxBy g.Mol ef r act i onsf ol l ow adi f f er entt r endbecaus eoft hewi del y di f f er entmol armas s esoft he mai n pr oduct s ;f orexampl e, bor on ni t r i de BN wi t h 24.82 g/ moli smuch l i ght ert han O wi t h1 0 1 . 9 6 g / mo l .No t i c et h a ts o l i d B N i s al umi naAl 2 3 f ound att he t hr oats ect i on f oral lpr opel l ant sl oaded wi t h opel l ant15% Al+3% Mg 60B40; ot her MgxBy, exceptpr i nves t i gat edpr opel l ant shaveonl ys ol i dal umi naascondens ed pr oductatt het hr oats ect i on.

Tabl e8 Pocketcompos i t i onofs el ect edt es t edmet al l i zedpr opel l ant s(mas sf r act i onsr el at i vet ol ocalcompos i t i on) pr opel l antl abel

AP/ %

HTPB/ %

Al / %

Mg/ %

B/ %

a Al / %

Zr/ %

Fb/ %

P 18Al

23. 81

33. 33

42. 86

0. 00

0. 00

0. 00

0. 00

0. 00

P 18B90

23. 81

33. 33

0. 00

0. 00

38. 57

0. 00

4. 29

0. 00

P 18B95

23. 81

33. 33

0. 00

0. 00

40. 72

0. 00

0. 00

2. 14

P 18Mg

23. 81

33. 33

0. 00

42. 86

0. 00

0. 00

0. 00

0. 00

P 18Zr

23. 81

33. 33

0. 00

0. 00

0. 00

42. 86

0. 00

0. 00

P 3Mg 15B85a+Al

23. 81

33. 33

35. 71

1. 07

5. 46

0. 00

0. 61

0. 00

P 3Mg 20B80a+Al

23. 81

33. 33

35. 71

1. 43

5. 14

0. 00

0. 57

0. 00

P 3Mg 25B75a+Al

23. 81

33. 33

35. 71

1. 79

4. 82

0. 00

0. 54

0. 00

P 18Mg 10B90b

23. 81

33. 33

0. 00

4. 29

36. 65

0. 00

0. 00

1. 93

P 3Mg 10B90b+Al

23. 81

33. 33

35. 71

0. 72

6. 11

0. 00

0. 00

0. 32

P 18Mg 15B85b

23. 81

33. 33

0. 00

6. 43

34. 61

0. 00

0. 00

1. 82

P 18Mg 20B80b

23. 81

33. 33

0. 00

8. 57

32. 57

0. 00

0. 00

1. 71

P 18Mg 25B75b

23. 81

33. 33

0. 00

10. 72

30. 54

0. 00

0. 00

1. 61

P 18Mg 60B40b

23. 81

33. 33

0. 00

25. 72

16. 29

0. 00

0. 00

0. 86

P 3Mg 60B40b+Al

23. 81

33. 33

35. 71

4. 29

2. 72

0. 00

0. 00

0. 14

  Not e:ai sBor on90% pur i t yr emai ni ngbei ngAl umi num;bi sBor on95% pur i t yr emai ni ngbei ngFl uor i ne.

Tabl e9 Speci f i ci mpul s ei nvacuum,adi abat i cf l amet emper at ur e,mol armas sandcondens edcombus t i onpr oduct s .CCPdat ar ef ert onozzl et hr oat s ect i on.Mol armas si sf orgasonl ycombus t i onpr oduct s pr opel l ant

I (Ns/ kg) s p_vacuum /

Tflame/ K

mol armas s/ (g/ mol )

CCPt ype

CCP/ (g/ 100g)

CCP/ (mol / 100g)

18% Al  Bas el i ne

3092

3404

25. 8

Al 2O3

32. 08

0. 315

18% B

3008

2578

23. 0

BN

11. 31

0. 456

18% Mg

2875

3255

24. 4

12. 96

0. 322

18% Zr

2745

2983

26. 8

MgO Zr O2

25. 33

0. 206

18% Mg 10B90

2900

2558

23. 7

BN

8. 55

0. 345

18% Mg 15B85

2897

2546

23. 9

BN

7. 06

0. 284

18% Mg 20B80

2902

2531

24. 1

BN

5. 57

0. 225

18% Mg 25B75

2894

2514

24. 4

BN

3. 99

0. 161

18% Mg 60B40

2954

2845

24. 5

8. 83

0. 219

15% Al+3% Mg 10B90b

3056

3238

25. 5

MgO Al 2O3

26. 00

0. 255

15% Al+3% Mg 15B85a

3047

3248

25. 3

Al 2O3

26. 12

0. 256

15% Al+3% Mg 20B80a

3057

3255

25. 6

Al 2O3

26. 27

0. 258

15% Al+3% Mg 25B75a

3054

3261

25. 6

Al 2O3

26. 45

0. 259

15% Al+3% Mg 60B40b

3066

3316

25. 9

Al 2O3

22. 86

0. 224

  Not e:1)CCPi sCondens edCombus t i onPr oduct s ;2)I npr opel l ant sl oadedwi t hAl ,CCPcons i s t sofal umi naAl npr opel l ant sl oadedwi t hMgB,s ol i dBN i s 2O3;3)I pr es entatt het hr oats ect i on,exceptpr opel l ant15% Al+ 3% Mg60B40;4)Forpr opel l ant15% Al+3% Mg60B40,CCPcons i s t sofMgO.

Ch i n e s eJ o u r n a lo fEn e r g e t i cMa t e r i a l s ,Vol . 20,No. 4,2012(465-474)

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www.e ne r ge t i c  mat e r i al s .or g.c n

469

I nnovat i veMet al l i zedFor mul at i onsf orSol i dRocketPr opul s i on

    Des pi t et hes e encour agi ng ef f ect son condens ed mas s f r act i on,mol armas sdoesnotf eat ur eanydr amat i cmodi f i ca t i on.Ther ef or e, t he per f or mance degr adat i on due t ol ower adi abat i cf l ame t emper at ur es , becaus e ofdi f f er entchemi cal andt her mophys i calpr oper t i esoft hei ngr edi ent s ,l eadst ol ow eri deals peci f i ci mpul s esi nvacuum wheneverAli sr epl aced. On t he ot her hand, pot ent i al gai ns as s oci at ed wi t h t he i ncr eas eofs peci f i ci mpul s eef f i ci encyar eat t r act i vebecaus e t hecombi nedt wo di mens i onal(2D) /t wo phas e(2P)f l ow ef f ect spr omot es ubs t ant i als peci f i ci mpul s el os s es ,t ypi cal l yup ck l ook att he f i gur esi nt o pl ay t o2/ 3 oft he t ot al .[3] A qui di s cour agesat ot alAlr epl acement ,whi l eapar t i alr epl acement  s ay,oft heor derof3% ofAl(1/ 6 oft het ot alAll oad) s eemsmuchmor epr omi s i ng.Forr epl acement ss uchasnAl , t hi ss t r at egywor ksonl yi ft heCCP aver ages i zei spr oper l y ht he CCP r educed. Forr epl acement ss uch asMgxBy, bot f r act i onandaver ages i zecani npr i nci pl eber educed.     Thus ,i n gener al ,combi ni ngs mal l erCCP f r act i on and s mal l eraggl omer at es i zemaydr i ves peci f i cmet al l i caddi t i ves t oachi eve a f r ui t f ulr es ul tby l ower i ng2P f l ow l os s esand exceedt hes peci f i ci mpul s edel i ver edbypur eAlf or mul at i ons . Suchani deaneedsapr opers cr ut i nyt oquant i t at i vel yas s es sal l f act or s :whi l ei dealt her mochemi s t r yi si npr i nci pl eenought o eval uat et hepr oducedCCPf r act i onf oragi venf or mul at i on,an appr opr i at eexper i ment ali nves t i gat i on i sr equi r ed t o eval uat e t heaver ageaggl omer at es i ze.I ts houl d becl ear ,however , t hatki net i cr eas onsmays ubs t ant i al l yaf f ectt heabovegl obal pi ct ur ei nei t herdi r ect i on.     The obj ect i ve ofa gi ven pr opul s i ve mi s s i on i saccom pl i s hedbymaxi mi zi ngt hevel oci t yi ncr ementΔvi mpar t edt o t her ocketvehi cl ebyt hewel l  knownTs i ol kovs kyequat i on n(1+ ρ Vp/ Mf)   Δv = I sl he pr opel l ant     wher e ρi st he pr opel l antdens i t y, Vp t hef i nalvehi cl emas s(i ni t i alvehi cl emas s  vol umeand Mf t pr opel l antmas s ).Ther ef or e,t hepr opel l antdens i t yρmaypl ay anexceedi ngl yi mpor t antr ol eandt heus eofdens erener get i c compounds , s uch as Ti t ani um or Zi r coni um, becomes i nt er es t i ng.Thel es si st hepr opel l antmas sf r act i oni nt het ot al l aunchi ngmas s ,t hehi gheri st hepr opel l antdens i t yi nputi nt o t her es ul t i ng Δv val ue.Thus ,t he dens i t yr ol ei ncr eas esf or l owers t agesofl auncher sandot hervehi cl eswi t hr el at i vel yl ow Mf(s ay,about1. 0-1. 4L/ kg). r at i oVp/    Thef or mul at i onAl(20% mas s ) + Hydr ocar bonBi nder (20% vol ume) + AP (bal ance), char act er i zed by I s = aken as t he 2462Ns/ kg and ρ = 1.85 g· cm -3, was t ft hi scompos i t i on i sr epl aced by r ef er ence bas el i ne[18,19]. I nd ρ ne can anot herchar act er i zed by t he val ues I s 2 a 2, o ft hes econd cal cul at et hes o cal l ed ef f ect i vei mpul s e(I ef) o compos i t i onf ort hes amevehi cl e.Thi smeanst hat ,f oragi ven Mf,i fI efoft hes econd compos i t i on i shi ghert han r at i o Vp/ 2462Ns/ kg,t her epl acementwi l laugmentΔvandwi l lt hus bemor eef f ect i vet hant her ef er enceone;vi cever s a,i fI ef < 2462 Ns/ kg, t he f or mul at i on under i nves t i gat i on i sl es s ef f ect i vet hant her ef er enceone.Thi scompar i s onwascar r i ed Mf val ues . Ateach Vp/ Mf t he ef f ect i ve outf ors ever alVp/ i mpul s eI efwascomput edas 51l n(1+ 1. 85Vp/ Mf) / l n(1+ρiVp/ Mf)   I ef= 2     Thegener i ci t h compos i t i on,us ed i n avehi cl ewi t ha Mfr at i o,achi evest hes ameΔvval ueasanycompo gi venVp/

CHI NESE JOURNALOFENERGETI C MATERI ALS

s i t i onwi t hρ=1. 85g·cm -3 andI npar t i cul ar ,t heus e s =I ef.I i t y5. 61g·cm -3)i ns t eadofAl ofZrori t shydr i deZr H2(dens i ns ol i dcompos i t epr opel l ant smayi ncr eas et hebal l i s t i cef f ec t i venes soft hef or mul at i onbecaus eoft hecons i der abl yhi gher pr opel l antdens i t ynot wi t hs t andi ngt hel owers peci f i ci mpul s e (s ubs t ant i al l yl owert hant hatofbot hAlandMg);s eeFi gur e s oal l ows 2f orat ypi calt r end.Repl aci ngAlbyZrorZr H2al t hebi ndert ogr ow upt o30% vol ume.Thes amecompos i t i on achi eveshi gherbal l i s t i cef f ect i venes si fanact i vebi nderanda l ow oxygenexces soxi di zerar eus ed.     The maxi mum bal l i s t i c ef f ect i venes s ,i n compos i t i ons cont ai ni ngZrori t shydr i de,i sgener al l yachi evedwhenmet al per cent agei sabout37% -46%,muchhi ghert hanopt i malAl ever yf l ammabl e cont ent(18% -22%).Bot hZrandZr H2 ar i npowderf or m,andi fus ed i ns t ead ofAlal l ow t oi ncr eas e n as ol i d compos i t e combus t i onr at et oo.Us i ngZrorZr H2 i pr opel l antof f er st he oppor t uni t yt o choos e bet ween hi gh bal l i s t i cef f ect i venes sor , by i ncr eas i ng t he bi nderf r act i on, bet t erphys i cal  mechani calpr oper t i es .

Fi g. 2  Compar i ngt heef f ect i ves peci f i ci mpul s ef orZr andAl  bas ed f or mul at i onswi t hi ner tbi nder .

3. 2 Mi cr os t r uct ur eandLocalFl ameTemper at ur e    Localf l amet emper at ur ei nt hecompoundmi cr os t r uct ur e i scomput ed as s umi ng t he pocketf or mul at i on di s cus s ed i n Sec.2. 2. 3.Onl yf i neAPandHTPBar eas s umedt or eacti n t he pocket , pr oduci ng a pr i mar yf l ame t r i gger i ng a par t i al oxi dat i onoft hel oaded met al(nAl ,MgxBy,et c.) and t hus s ubs ur f aceaggr egat i on.   Forpr opel l ant sl oadedwi t ht heMgxBy compos i t emet al s , i dealt her mochemi s t r y oft he mi cr os t r uct ur e was eval uat ed t hr ought heNASA CEA codeovert hepr es s ur ei nt er val5 t o 25barand wi t h a Mg coat i ng r angi ng f r om 0 t o 25%. Ther mochemi cal anal ys i s was per f or med negl ect i ng t he pr es enceofMgi nt hepockets i ncei t sl ow mas sf r act i onhasa negl i gi bl ei nf l uenceon f i nalr es ul t sundert heas s umpt i on of nonr eact i vemet al(l es st han1Kf ort het emper at ur e).   Localadi abat i cf l amet emper at ur e(Tad)doesnotdepend sasl ongast heybehaveas ont hes peci f i cAlorMgxBy powder chemi cal l yi ner ti ngr edi ent s ;s eeTabl e10.I nt hecas eoff ul l combus t i on,met alpowder sr el eas et hei rchemi calent hal py ands t r ongl yr ai s et hecomput edadi abat i cf l amet emper at ur e, dependi ngont heenf or cedpr es s ur eandmet alnat ur e.

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470

Lui giTDeLUCA,Luci anoGALFETTI ,Fi l i ppoMAGGI ,Gi ovanniCOLOMBO,Al i ceREI NA,St ef anoDOSSI ,Dani el eCONSONNI ,Mel i s s aBRAMBI LLA

Tabl e10 Pocketadi abat i cf l amet emper at ur ef orbas el i neandMgxBy l oadedpr opel l ant s(asi ner tmet al s ) K Tad/

Tad/ K

Tad/ K

Tad/ K

at5bar

at10bar

at20bar

at25bar

0. 00

983. 33

1016. 12

1050. 02

1061. 11

6. 43

981. 65

1013. 93

1047. 22

1058. 08

pr opel l ant

AP/ %

HTPB/ %

Al / %

B/ %

18% Al  Bas el i ne

23. 81

33. 33

42. 86

18% MgxBy

23. 81

33. 33

36. 43

r 2. 48±0. 08)·p(0.40±0.01) P 3Mg 25B75a+Al b =(

Equat i on9

4 Combus t i onExper i ment alRes ul t s

4. 45±0. 23)·p(0.44±0.02) P 18Mg 10B90b r b =(

    The combus t i on f eat ur esoft he t es t ed met al l i zed s ol i d pr opel l ant sar ecompar edt ot hes t andar dAl  bas edonesi nt er ms ofs t eadybur ni ngr at es ,i gni t i on,andaggl omer at i onphenomena.

3. 07±0. 05)·p(0.41±0.01) P 3Mg 10B90b+Al Equat i on11 r b =(

4. 1 St eadySt at eBur ni ngRat e   Theexper i ment alr i gus edt omeas ur es t eadys t at ebur ni ng )i sawi n d o we ds t r a n db u r n e r p r e s s u r i z e dwi t hN r r at es(r b 2o Ar .Pr opel l ants ampl esar es i zed 4 ×4 ×30 mm, l at er al l y i nhi bi t ed and i gni t ed by means ofa hotwi r e. Chamber pr es s ur ei skeptwi t hi nadef i nedr angebymeansofacont r ol l er andas etofs er voval ves .Avi deocamer ar ecor dst hecombus  t i onal l owi ng f ordi gi t alpos tpr oces s i ng and r egr es s i on r at e meas ur ementwi t h a pr opr i et ar ys of t war e.Bur ni ng r at e dat a ar et hencor r el at edwi t ht heVi ei l l e′ sl aw.Thr eeval i dt es t sper pr es s ur ear eus ed.     Asan exampl e,f ort hei ndi cat ed B90 bas ed dual  met al f or mul at i ons , Fi gur e3 s hows t hatt he addi t i on ofMgxBy compos i t emet alpowder sl eadst o a meas ur abl ei ncr eas e of s t eadybur ni ngr at ewi t hr es pectt ot heμAl  bas el i ne,butnot t hepur eB90 bas el i ne.Fort hei ndi cat edB95 bas edf or mul a i t e t i ons ,Fi gur e4 s howst hatt headdi t i on ofMgxBy compos met alpowder sl eadst o an even mor eas s es s abl ei ncr eas eof s t eadybur ni ngr at ewi t hr es pectt obot ht heμAl bas el i neand al s ot hepur eB95 bas el i ne.I nbot hcas es ,t hepr eci s econt ent ofMgcoat i ngi nt her ange10% -25% hasami noref f ecton t hepr opel l antr egr es s i on r at e. However ,f ori ncr eas i ng Mg cont entt hebur ni ngr at egai n vani s hes ;s eef orexampl et he 60% Mgpl oti nFi gur e4.     Al loft he s t eady s t at e bur ni ng r at eswer e deduced by anal yzi ngt her ecor dedvi deoswi t hadedi cat eds of t war epack ageandt henf i t t edbyas t andar dVi ei l l eorSai ntRober tl aw. mos pher er angi ngf r om 1. 5t o Mos tt es t swer emadei naN2 at 40bar .A s ummar yoft hef i t t eds t eadys t at ebur ni ngr at esi n ormanyoft hepr opel l ant ss t udi edi nt hi swor k,i sr epor  N2,f t edi nEquat i ons1-14 her eaf t er .I ti ss eent hatt hepr es s ur e or mul at i ons ,eval uat edbyt hebal l i s t i cex s ens i t i vi t yofMgxBy f ponentnoft heVi ei l l e St .Rober tl aw,i sonl ys l i ght l yaf f ect ed wi t hr es pectt o bas el i ne(n=0.42),wi t ht heexcept i on of Mg 60B40b(n=0. 37)andpur eB(n=0. 37f orB90andn= 0.35 f orB95).On t he cont r ar y, P 18nAl13d exhi bi t san i ncr eas eofpr es s ur es ens i t i vi t y(n=0. 52). 1. 50±0. 03)·p(0.42±0.01) r ef er ence 18Al Equat i on1 r b =( 3. 05±0. 26)·p(0.37±0.03) P 18B90 r b =(

Equat i on2

2. 84±0. 22)·p(0.35±0.03) P 18B95 r b =(

Equat i on3

3. 97±0. 14)·p(0.44±0.02) P 18Mg 15B85a r b =(

Equat i on4

2. 53±0. 07)·p(0.42±0.01) P 3Mg 15B85a+Al r b =(

Equat i on5

3. 99±0. 13)·p(0.43±0.02) P 18Mg 20B80a r b =(

Equat i on6

2. 68±0. 05)·p(0.39±0.01) P 3Mg 20B80a+Al r b =(

Equat i on7

4. 16±0. 23)·p(0.43±0.03) P 18Mg 25B75a r b =(

Equat i on8

Ch i n e s eJ o u r n a lo fEn e r g e t i cMa t e r i a l s ,Vol . 20,No. 4,2012(465-474)

3. 41±0. 32)·p(0.37±0.04) P 18Mg 60B40b r b =(

Equat i on10 Equat i on12

2. 27±0. 04)·p(0.41±0.01) P 3Mg 60B40b+Al Equat i on13 r b =( 1. 61±0. 03)·p(0.52±0.01) P 18nAl13d r b =(

Equat i on14

Fi g.3 St eadybur ni ngr at esofB90 bas eddual  met als ol i dpr opel l ant s : MgxBy addi t i onpr oducesameas ur abl ei ncr eas eofbur ni ngr at ewi t h r es pectt ot heAl  bas el i nebutnotwi t hr es pectt ot he B90 bas el i ne, whi l et heexactMgcont enti nt her ange15% -25% i snoti nf l uent i al .

Fi g.4 Compar i ngs t eadybur ni ngr at esofB95 bas eds ol i dpr opel l ant s : MgxBy addi t i on wi t h 10% - 20% Mg coat i ng pr oduces a s t r ong i ncr eas eofbur ni ngr at ewi t hr es pectt obot ht heAl  bas el i neandal s o B95 bas el i ne,whi l eal ar gef r act i onofMgcoat i ng,f orexampl e60%, i sdet r i ment al .

4. 2 Aggr egat i on/ Aggl omer at i onPhenomena     Tes t st o eval uat et he aggl omer at i on phenomena wer e mos pher eat5,10,20,and25 bar ; per f or medunderN2 at s ome exper i ment s wer er epeat ed i n Arwi t houtnot i ceabl e changes . Combus t i on was per f or med i nas t r and bur ner , r ecor dedbyahi gh r es ol ut i onandhi gh s peedvi deocamer af or s l ow mot i onpos t  pr oces s i ngandl at eranal yzedwi t hgr aphi c

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I nnovat i veMet al l i zedFor mul at i onsf orSol i dRocketPr opul s i on

s of t war e.Foreach t es t ,t he i nci pi entaggl omer at es i ze was manual l ymeas ur edf or200par t i cl esass howni nFi gur e5,and amet erwasf i nal l ycal cul at ed.Foral lexper i  t hed43 meandi ment alt es t s , wi t ht he cur r entopt i cals et up t he mi ni mum di amet erdi s t i nct l y obs er vabl e was ar ound 30 μm. As an exampl e, t he r es ul t s obt ai ned f ort he i ndi cat ed B90 bas ed dual  met alf or mul at i ons , as s umi ng f orconveni ence a l i near dependence on pr es s ur e, ar ei l l us t r at ed i n Fi gur e 6 and r epor t ed i n Tabl e 11, t es t i f yi ng a gener aldecr eas e oft he aver ageaggl omer at es i zees peci al l yf or25% Mgcoat i ng.

cap),nocl earaggl omer at i onphenomenacoul dbedet ect ed f orpr opel l antf or mul at i onscont ai ni ngonl yt heB compounds underexami nat i on.Even i faggl omer at i on occur sgener at i ng bur ni ngdr opsbel ow t heopt i cals ys t em r es ol ut i on orout s i de t heopt i cals ys t em f i el dofvi ew,t hecombus t i onpr oces sofB compoundsi ses s ent i al l ychar act er i zedbyt hef or mat i onoft hi n f l akes(s i nt er edf r act alaggr egat esi nt hedes cr i pt i onofRef .20).     Forpr opel l antmi cr os t r uct ur esus i ng nAlorMgxBy as met al l i ci ngr edi ent s , vi s uali ns pect i onsoft he nearbur ni ng s ur f acer egi onpoi ntt oaggr egat i onphenomena(pr omptoxi da t i on) wi t houtt he t r ans i t i on t o aggl omer at i on.Thi sef f ecti s accompani ed and pr obabl y augment ed by t he s i mul t aneous l ar gebur ni ngr at esoft her el evantf or mul at i ons .I nt ur n,bot h phenomenacan be as cr i bed t ot he l ar ge BET s ur f ace oft he met alf uelandi t sl ow i gni t i ont emper at ur e.Heat i ngi spr ovi ded byt heconduct i vet her malwavepr ecedi ngt hebur ni ngs ur f ace wi t ht hepos s i bl eaugment at i onbyexot her mi cr eact i onsoft he l ocalpr emi xedf l ame. 4. 3 Met alPowderI gni t i onTemper at ur e uat ed t hr ough a    I gni t i on t emper at ur e (Tign ) was eval

Fi g. 5 Exampl eofmanualmeas ur ementofi nci pi entaggl omer at es i ze

dedi cat ed exper i ment al r i g. I nves t i gat ed powder s wer e pos i t i onedonamet alpl at eheat edupbyal as erbeam pr oper l y def l ect edt hr ough beam bender s .Thepowderi snotdi r ect l y heat ed,buti ti swar medt hr oughconduct i onf r om t hehol der pl at e. Temper at ur e, l as er r adi at i on, and i gni t i on wer e moni t or ed by a mul t i channel os ci l l os cope. The powder i gni t i onwaspr ompt l y det ect ed by a phot odi ode, whi l et he i gni t i ont emper at ur ewasdeducedt hr oughami cr ot her mocoupl e. The os ci l l os cope was al s o abl et ot r ace t he l as er s hut t er openi ngt i me.Al lpowder swer et es t edi nai rat1or5barf or atl eas t5t i mes .Res ul t swer es t at i s t i cal l ymanagedass howni n Tabl e12.Foral lt es t ednAlpowder s ,t hei gni t i ont emper at ur e (atmos t875K at1 bar )t ur nsoutmuchl owert hant hatof mi cr omet r i cAl(atl eas t1150K)t hankst ot hei rmuchl ar ger BETs ur f ace(s eeTabl e3andTabl e4). Tabl e12 Ti gnf ors el ect edt es t edmet al l i cpowder s

Fi g.6  Aver age aggl omer at es i ze d43 vs . pr es s ur e oft he i ndi cat ed B90 bas eddual  met als ol i dpr opel l ant s :MgxBy addi t i onwi t h15% - 25% Mgcoat i ngcaus esagener aldecr eas eoft heaver ageaggl omer at e s i ze,es peci al l yf or25% Mgcoat i ng amet er sofi nci pi entaggl omer at esf ors el ect ed Tabl e11  d43 meandi t es t edpr opel l ant s μm pr opel l ant s

pr es s ur e/bar

met alpowder

Tign/ K (at1bar )

Tign/ K (at5bar )

nAl01i

875±17

NAv

nAl01h

865±15

NAv

nAl07c

791±51

NAv

nAl07d

823±48

NAv

nAl13d

732±27

NAv

B90

1005±31

880±105

Mg 15B85a

949±40

845±70

Mg 20B80a

907±61

897±37

Mg 25B75a

893±25

843±53

Mg 10B90b

835±20

NAv



10

20

25

Mg 15B85b

842±22

NAv

P 18Albas el i ne

315

282

259

252

Mg 25B75b

854±22

NAv

P 3Mg 15B85a+Al

229

240

221

206

Mg 60B40b

1023±69

NAv

P 3Mg 20B80a+Al

206

209

181

190

P 3Mg 25B75a+Al

106

97

81

70

  Wher easal loft het es t edpr opel l antf or mul at i onscont ai ni ng mi cr omet r i c Alpr oduce aggl omer at es (s pher i caldr ops of l i qui dmet alandal umi nai ncombus t i onwi t hadi s t i nctoxi de

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    Compar i ng i gni t i on t emper at ur esoft he met alpowder s t es t ed i n Tabl e 12 wi t ht he cor r es pondi ng adi abat i cf l ame t emper at ur eoft hepocketatt hes amepr es s ur e(s eeexampl es i nTabl e10),keepi ngt hemet all oad chemi cal l yi ner t ,one obs er vest hatt hepr opel l antmi cr os t r uct ur et emper at ur ecanbe

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appr eci abl y hi ghert han t hatoft he met alpowderi gni t i on. Localexot her mi ci t yi st hens uf f i ci ent l yhi ght opr omot ei gni t i on oft hemet al l i cpowder sandi nduceatl eas tapar t i alpar t i ci pa t i on i nt he combus t i on pr oces s ,t husi ncr eas i ng t he pocket adi abat i cf l ame t emper at ur e and f avor i ng t he gener at i on of s mal l eraggl omer at es . swi t hahi ghMgcont ent    I nt hi sr es pect ,MgxBy powder ar echar act er i zedbyamor evi gor ouscombus t i onofBl eadi ng t oahi ghert emper at ur eoft hei nci pi entaggl omer at er egi on. Thi sbehavi ori sconf i r medbyexper i ment alr es ul t si ndi cat i nga t ht hei ncr eas eofMg cont ent pr ogr es s i vedecr eas eofd43 wi t i veas s ur esa (s eeFi gur e6).Ther ef or eus i ngMgxBy asaddi s t r ongr educt i onofaggl omer at emeans i zewi t hr es pectt ot he Al  bas el i ne,upt o72% at25bar ;s eeFi gur e6.

5 I nci pi entAggl omer at i onasaSt at i s t i cal Mi cr os t r uct ur eEf f ect   Thepr oces sofCCPf or mat i oni st her es ul tofi nt er mi ngl ed f act or scor r el at edt opr opel l antcompos i t i onandmi cr os t r uct ur e, asdemons t r at ed byear l ywor ksofPovi nel l iand Ros ens t ei n[21] andmor er ecent l ybyBabuk[22].Ast hel oadedmet alpowder get scl os ert ot hebur ni ngs ur f acedur i ngcombus t i on,i tf i r s t i nt er act swi t ht hel ocalpr opel l antcompos i t i on.I nt hi sr es pect , het er ogenei t ypl aysaf undament alr ol e,becaus et hepr opel l ant i sami xt ur eofcoar s eandf i neoxi di zerpar t i cl es ,met alf uel , and bi ndermat r i x. Asa cons equence, t he bur ni ng s ur f ace compos i t i ondur i ng combus t i on cont i nuest o evol ve i n bot h t i meandi ns pace.I nt hes ear chf oranaggl omer at i onmodel capabl e of account i ng f or t he s pat i al nonhomogeneous di s pl acementofi ngr edi ent s , Cohen pr opos ed a pi oneer i ng t heor et i calf r amewor k, cal l ed pocketmodel , wher e coar s e oxi di zerpar t i cl esencaps ul at ef uelr i ch r egi onsmadebyf i ne [13] .Rel yi ngon t hi sf r ame oxi di zer ,met alf uel ,and bi nder wor kand ext endi ng t he anal ys i st or andom mi cr os t r uct ur e, SPLab r ecent l yf ocus ed on a j oi ntef f or tofmodel i ng and exper i ment alact i vi t i est oel uci dat emor es ubt l emi cr os t r uct ur e andl ocalchemi s t r yef f ect s .    Speci f i cal l y,SPLabi si nves t i gat i nghow aggl omer at i oni s connect edt ohet er ogenei t yandpockets t r uct ur e,andi st r yi ng t ocor r el at es t at i s t i calmi cr os t r uct ur edat af r om packi ngcodes , [23,14, 15, 16] .A 2D bur ni ngr at es ,and mean aggl omer at es i zes r out i nef ort hegener at i onofmodelcombus t i on s ur f aceswas i mpl ement ed,al ongwi t has etofs pat i als t at i s t i calt ool sf ort he i dent i f i cat i on ofmean pockets i zes .I n par t i cul ar , 2 Poi nt s Pr obabi l i t yFunct i onswer ei mpl ement edgi vi ngt hepr obabi l i t y off i ndi ng2phas esi nt heexami neds ect i on,asaf unct i onof di s t anceandangl e;t hi sal l owst hedef i ni t i onoft hemaxi mum pr obabi l i t yofaphas eexchange(t hati s ,s t ar t i ngf r om abi nder zonet of i ndanAPzoneandvi cever s a).Thel ocat i onoft he maxi mum pr obabi l i t yi scons i der edt ober epr es ent at i veoft he pockets i ze,event houghi tdoesnotcoi nci dewi t hi t sphys i cal s i ze.Thepocketmodelf r amewor ks ugges t si ncl udi ngmet al , bi nderand pos s i bl ef i ne AP (5 -10 μm) i nt he s o cal l ed mat r i xphas e,whi l emedi um and coar s eAP gr ai nscompos e t heAP phas e. Det ai l soft he s ect i onscr eat i on and oft he 2 Poi nt sPr obabi l i t yFunct i onscal cul at i onal gor i t hmsar ef ul l y di s cus s ed i nr ef er ences[23, 24]. Exampl esofs ect i onsand 2 Poi nt sPr obabi l i t yFunct i onsar er epor t edi nFi gur e7.

Ch i n e s eJ o u r n a lo fEn e r g e t i cMa t e r i a l s ,Vol . 20,No. 4,2012(465-474)

Fi g. 7 Exampl eof2D s ect i on(up)andas s oci at ed2 Poi nt sPr obabi l i t y Funct i ons(down).Fors ymmet r yr eas ons ,AP Mat r i xand Mat r i x AP cur vesover l ap.

  Thi ss t at i s t i calappr oachal l owsdef i ni ngofachar act er i s t i c l engt hoft hepr opel l antmi cr os t r uct ur east hel ocat i on oft he maxi mum pr obabi l i t y ofa phas e exchange. However ,t he combus t i onofener get i cmat er i al si mpl i est hatt hemi cr os t r uc t ur ehasal i mi t edl i f e t i me,whi chi st het i meavai l abl ef ort he i nci pi entmet alaggr egat i oni nt hepocket .Thi sl eadst ot hef ur  t herdef i ni t i onofachar act er i s t i ct i meast wi cet hechar act er i s  t i cl engt hdi vi dedbyt hes t eadybur ni ngr at e.Foragi venpr o pel l antf or mul at i on, whi l et he char act er i s t i cl engt h depends s ol el yongeomet r i calf act or s ,t heas s oci at edchar act er i s t i ct i me i sal s o af unct i on ofpr es s ur et hr ough t he pr opel l ants t eady bur ni ngr at e.     Themi cr os t r uct ur echar act er i s t i cl engt hhaspr oven[15,16] t of i tadequat el y, al mos tl i near l y, t he d43 mean di amet er s exper i ment al l yobs er vedatt hebur ni ngs ur f aceofanumberof i ndus t r i als ol i dpr opel l ant sbas edons t andar dmi cr omet r i cAl par t i cl es ;s ee Fi gur e 8. However ,t he expr es s i on obt ai ned onl ypar t i al l yr epr oducest her es ul t sf oral abor at or yr epl i caof t he r ef er ence pr opel l ant sand f ai l st o pr edi ctt he aggr egat i on ef f ect sobs er vedf ors omes peci f i cmet al s .Over al l ,t hi ss t at i s t i cal anal ys i sdemons t r at edt hatapur el ygeomet r i cappr oachf ort he pr edi ct i onofaggl omer at i on i snotauni ver s alt ool ,not wi t h s t andi ng t he f ai r l y good r es ul t s achi eved f or al umi ni zed compos i t i ons .Bur ni ng r at e and aggl omer at er es i dence t i me r epr es entonl yt woi nt er mi ngl edpar amet er soutofacompl ex s cenar i o.I nf act ,t hepocketr epr es ent sar egi onwi t hi t sl ocal chemi calcompos i t i on and r eact i vi t y. Sur r ounded by coar s e

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I nnovat i veMet al l i zedFor mul at i onsf orSol i dRocketPr opul s i on

oxi di zerpar t i cl es ,f uelvapor saswel lass mal loxi di zerdecom pos i t i onpr oduct smi xuppr ompt l yasi napr emi xedf l ame,by vi r t ueoft hes mal ls i zeoff i neAP.

t husl eadi ngt owar mermet alont hes ur f ace,mor epr onet o aggr egat i on.However , hi gherf r act i onsoff i ne AP i ncr eas e bur ni ngr at e,aswel l .Ther es ul t i ngt r end i sacompr omi s e. Forl ow f i neAPf r act i ons(5% t o10%),t her egr es s i onr at e i ncr eas e doesnotover come t he ef f ectofl ocalt emper at ur e i ncr eas e, t husf avor i ng l ar ge aggl omer at es i ze. Det ai l sar e r epor t edi npr evi ouswor ks .[25]

Fi g.8 Meanaggl omer at es i zedependenceonchar act er i s t i ct i mef ora l umi ni zedpr opel l ant s

   Exper i ment alanal ys esconf i r mt hedependenceofaggl om er at i on on pocketf l ame pr oper t i es .A s er i es ofl ab s cal e pr opel l ant s , wi t h t he s ame nomi nal compos i t i ons , wer e pr oduced var yi ng t he r at i o bet ween t he f i ne and coar s e f r act i onofAP.Thef i neAPcont entwaschangedi nt her ange 0t o40% asdet ai l edi nTabl e13.Si zesofaggl omer at esgener  at eddur i ngpr opel l antcombus t i onf orpr es s ur ess panni ngf r om 5t o30 barwer eobt ai ned t hr ough SPLab pr opr i et ar yopt i cal t echni queal r eadydepi ct edbyFi gur e5.Mas smeanaggl omer  unct i onoff i neAPmas sf r act i onar er epor  at es i zes(d43)asaf t edi nFi gur e9andcor r el at edt hr oughs pl i neandexponent i al f i t t i ngi nt er pol at i onsf ormaxi ma f i ndi ngs . Asexpect ed, t he i ncr eas e ofpr es s ur el eads t os mal l er aggl omer at es f or al l pr opel l ant s .Ont heot herhand,i ft hecombus t i onpr es s ur ei s f i xed,t her eadercanr ecogni zeamaxi mum f orCCPs i zei nt he r ange5% t o10% off i neAPf r act i on,wi t hadecr eas i ngt r end wi t hi ncr eas i ngpr es s ur e.Upperpr es s ur el i mi ti si mpos edby t heopt i calanal ys i sanddoesnotal l ow as s es s menti ft hi sef f ect i sdi s appear i ngf oras peci f i ccombus t i oncondi t i on. Tabl e13  Exper i ment alpr opel l ant sbas ed on di f f er entAP f r act i ons us edf orFi gur e9 pr opel l antl abel APcoar s e/ %

APf i ne/ %

Al / %

% HTPB/

AP00

68



18

14

AP05

63



18

14

AP10

58

10

18

14

AP20

48

20

18

14

AP40

28

40

18

14

  Theobs er vedbehavi orcanbeexpl ai nedbyt hepr es ence oft woconcur r entef f ect scont r i but i ngt ot hes i zeofaggr egat es/ aggl omer at esi ns i det hepocket .Bur ni ngr at es et st her es i dence t i meofmet alpar t i cl es .Wi t h af i xed f or mul at i on,aggl omer  at esar es mal l erast hepr opel l antbur nsf as t er(hi ghpr es s ur e). Att hes amet i me,f i xi ngt hecombus t i on pr es s ur e,t hel ocal t emper at ur ei nt hepocketi scor r el at edt opr opel l antf or mul a t i on,dr i venbyt hef i neAP/ HTPBmi xt ur eencl os edwi t hi nt he coar s eAPs ur r oundi ngs t r uct ur e.Asacons equence,bei ngt he r el evantt emper at ur escl os et ot he Almel t i ng poi nt , hi gher f r act i onsoff i ne AP i ncr eas et he l ocals ur f ace t emper at ur e,

CHI NESE JOURNALOFENERGETI C MATERI ALS

Fi g.9  Mas swei ght ed mean di amet er sofCCP vs .f i ne AP mas s f r act i onandbes t  f i texponent i ali nt er pol at i onofmaxi ma

6 Concl us i onsandFut ur eWor k 6. 1 Met al l i zedSol i dPr opel l ant s   I ngener al ,anopt i mum exi s t sofdualmet alf or mul at i ons eadi ng t o i mpr oved bal l i s t i c (μAl  nAl and μAl  MgxBy ) l pr oper t i es underr ealoper at i ng condi t i ons . ForμAl  MgxBy f or mul at i ons ,bes tr es ul t si nt er msofr educedaver ageaggl om er at es i zear eobt ai nedwi t h25% Mgcoat i ng,whi l e60% Mg coat i ngl eadst oameas ur abl edecr eas eofs t eadybur ni ngr at e.   Abas i cr ol ei spl ayedbyt hepr opel l antmi cr os t r uct ur e.I n [26] ,t hei nt i mat emi xi ngwi t h agr eementwi t hpr evi ousf i ndi ngs t hes ur r oundi ngdecompos i t i onpr oduct soft hef i neAPf r act i ons andbi nderpr omot est hef or mat i on ofpar t i al l yoxi di zed and i nt er medi at emet al l i zedt hi nf l akes(pr omptmet aloxi dat i on). Thei gni t i ont emper at ur ehasbeenr epor t edt obeabout900K [27,28] ,whi l ef orB i ti ses t i mat ed ar ound1900 K f or f ornAl [25] [29] anddownt o1200 K f oraggl omer at es . s i ngl epar t i cl es Theexper i ment aldat aofTabl e12 conf i r m t heval ueofnAl andal s opoi ntoutt hebenef i ci alef f ectofMgi nl ower i ngt he gni t i ont emper at ur et ot hes amel evelofnAl . MgxBy i    Dependi ngons t eadys t at ebur ni ngr at e(i .e.,pr es s ur e), t ypeofbi nder ,f i neoxi di zers i zeandf r act i on,met alaver age s i zeanddi s t r i but i on,unbur nedmet almayal s ocont r i but et o t het hi nf l akef or mat i on.Pecul i aref f ect ss howni nFi gur e3and Fi gur e9conf i r mt hatnotonl ygeomet r ybutal s ot hechemi s t r y andphys i csoft hemi cr os t r uct ur ear ei mpor t anti ncont r ol l i ng t hepr opel l antcombus t i onandper f or mance. 6. 2 Fut ur eWor k     Formet al l i zed f or mul at i ons ,f ul lcont r olofnano s i zed i ngr edi entdi s per s i onandcompoundr heol ogyi ss t i l lanopen i s s ue.Atanyr at e,dual  met alf or mul at i onsi st her ecommen ded s t r at egy t o opt i mi ze per f or mance and pr oper l yt ai l or bal l i s t i c aswel lasmechani calpr oper t i es .Fut ur e wor k wi l l

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Lui giTDeLUCA,Luci anoGALFETTI ,Fi l i ppoMAGGI ,Gi ovanniCOLOMBO,Al i ceREI NA,St ef anoDOSSI ,Dani el eCONSONNI ,Mel i s s aBRAMBI LLA

cont i nueon opt i mi zat i on oft heB compound,Alhydr i des , anddualmet alf or mul at i onsf orpr act i calappl i cat i onsi nr ocket pr opul s i on. Acknowl edgement :Theaut hor swi s ht ot hankMr .HughMcSpadden f orhi scar ef ulr evi ew oft hemanus cr i ptandPr of .Davi dLemper tf or cl ar i f yi ngdi s cus s i ons .Theaut hor sal s owi s ht ot hankMs .El i s aMar  ches iandDr .Al es s i oBander af orpr ovi di nganumberofexper i ment al dat a.Theaut hor sf i nal l ywi s ht ot hankAVI O,I t al yf orpr ovi di ngμAl s ampl es ;MACH I ,USAf orpr ovi di ngMgxBy s ampl es ;andSTK,Rus  s i af orpr ovi di ngnAls ampl es . Thi swor kwaspar t i al l ys uppor t ed byCNES(underCommandeNo. 4700024752/ DLA090andNo.4700028003/ DLA094). Ref er ences : [1]Pr i ceEW.Combus t i onofMet al l i zedPr opel l ant s ,Fundament al s ofSol i dPr opel l ant sCombus t i on[M].edi t edbyKKKuoandM Summer f i el d,Vol .90,Chapt er9,AI AAPr ogr es si nAer onaut i cs andAs t r onaut i cs ,1984. [2] BabukV A,Vas i l yevV A,Svi r i dovV V.For mat i on ofCon dens ed Combus t i on Pr oduct satt he Bur ni ng Sur f ace ofSol i d RocketPr opel l ant ,Sol i dPr opel l antChemi s t r y,Combus t i on,and Mot orI nt er i orBal l i s t i cs[M].edi t edbyV Yang,TBBr i l l ,and W ZRen,Pr ogr es si nAs t r onaut i csandAer onaut i cs ,AI AA,Re s t on,VA,2000,pp.749-776. [3] Reydel l etD,etal .Per f or manceofRocketMot or swi t hMet al  l i zedPr opel l ant si nAGARD Advi s or yRepor tAR 230.AGARD, Par i s ,Fr ance,1986.AGARD PEPWG 17. [4] Sar nerS F.Pr opel l antChemi s t r y,[M].Rei nhol d Publ i s hi ng Cor por at i on,New Yor k,NY,USA,1966. [5]Mi l l erW H.Sol i dRocketMot orPer f or manceAnal ys i sandPr e di ct i on,Techni calRepor tNASA SP 8039,NASA,1971. [6]Coat sD E,etal .AComput erPr ogr am f ort hePr edi ct i onofSol i d Pr opel l antRocketMot orPer f or mance,Techni calRepor tAFRPL TR 75 36Vol .I  I I I ,Ai rFor ceRocketPr opul s i onLabor at or y,Ed war dsAFB,CA,USA,1975. [7]DeLucaLT,Gal f et t iL,Sever i niF,etal .Phys i calandBal l i s t i c Char act er i zat i onofAl H3 bas edSpacePr opel l ant s [J ].Aer os pSci Technol ,2007, 11(1):18-25. [8]DeLucaLT,Gal f et t iL.Bur ni ngofMet al l i zedCompos i t eSol i d RocketPr opel l ant s :f r om Mi cr omet r i ct oNanomet r i cAl umi num Si ze.[C]∥Pr oc..3r dAJ CPP,Gyeongj u,Kor ea,2008. [9]BabukVA,Dol ot kazi nI ,Gams ovA,etal .Nanoal umi num asa Sol i dPr opel l antFuel[J ].JPr opPower ,2009,25(2):482- 489. [10] DeLucaLT,Mar ches iE,Spr eaf i co M,etal .Aggl omer at i on Ef f ect si nMet al l i zedSol i dRocketPr opel l ant s,Theor yandPr ac t i ce ofEner get i c Mat er i al s , Vol . VI I I , Pr oceedi ng ofI ASPEP [M].LIShengcai ,WANG Yaj un,CAO Fengxi a,ZHAO Shans  han,and ZHOU Shuqi ong,Sci encePr es s ,2009,pp.258 - 270. [11]DeLucaLT,Gal f et t iL,Col omboG,etal .Mi cr os t r uct ur eEf f ect s i n Al umi ni zed Sol i d RocketPr opel l ant s[J ]. JPr op Power , 2010,26: 4,pp. 724-33. [12]Sos s iA,Dur ant iE,Par avanC,etal .Coat ednano s i zedAl umi 

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num powder s :phys i calanal ys esandper f or mancet es t si nhybr i d pr opul s i on[C]∥4t hEUCASS,St .Pet er s bur g,Rus s i a,2011. [13] Cohen N S.A PocketModelf orAl umi num Aggl omer at i on i n Compos i t ePr opel l ant s [J ].AI AAJ , 1983,21(5):720-725. [14]MaggiF,St af f or dS,J acks onTL,etal .Nat ur eofPacksUs edi n Pr opel l antModel i ng[J ].Phys i calRevi ew, 2008,77:1-17. [15]MaggiF,Bander aA,Gal f et t iL,etal .Ef f i ci entSol i dPr opul s i on f orAcces st o Space[J ].Act a As t r onaut ,2010,66:1563 - 1573. [16]MaggiF,Bander aA,DeLucaLT.Appr oachi ngSol i dPr opel l ant Het er ogenei t yf orAggl omer at eSi zePr edi ct i on[C]∥46t hAI AA/ ASME/SAE/ ASEE J PC & Exhi bi t , Nas hvi l l e, TN,25 -28 J ul 2010. [17]SGor don,B SMcBr i de.Comput erpr ogr am f orcal cul at i onof compl ex chemi calequi l i br i um compos i t i onsand appl i cat i ons , Techni calRepor tRP 1311,NASARef er encePubl i cat i on,1994. [18]Lemper tD B,Manel i sG,Nechi por enkoG.Super dens eZr  con t ai ni ngpr opel l ant swi t hdens i t yhi ghert han2.1kg/ l[C]∥ XX AI DAACongr .,Mi l an,I t al y,J une2009. [19]Br ambi l l aM,Lemper tD B,DeLucaLT.Bal l i s t i cef f ect i venes sof Zr  cont ai ni ngSol i dCompos i t ePr opel l ant sasf unct i onofbi nder nat ur eandmas sf r act i on[C]∥ 4t hEUCASS,Sai ntPet er s bur g, Rus s i a,2011. [20]ChanM L,Par rT,Hans on Par rD,etal .Char act er i zat i onofa Bor onCont ai ni ngPr opel l ant ,I WCPVol ume9,NovelEner get i c Mat er i al sandAppl i cat i ons [M].L.T.DeLuca,L.Gal f et t i ,and R.A.Pes ce Rodr i guez,Paper07.Gr af i cheGSS,Ber gamo,I t a l y,2004. [21] Povi nel l iLA,Ros ens t ei nR A.Al umi nas i zedi s t r i but i onsf r om hi gh pr es s ur ecompos i t es ol i d pr opel l antcombus t i on[J ].AI AA J ,1964,2(10):1754-1760. [22]BabukVA,Vas i l yevV A,Mal akhovM S.Condens edcombus  t i onpr oduct satt hebur ni ngs ur f aceofal umi ni zeds ol i dpr opel l ant [J ].JPr opPower ,1999,15(6):783-793. [23]Bander aA.Combus t i onofMet al l i zedSol i dRocketPr opel l ant s andMot orPer f or mance[D].PhD Thes i si nEner get i cs ,Pol i t ec ni codiMi l ano,Mi l ano,I t al y,Apr i l2009. [24]MaggiF,Bander aA,DeLucaLT,etal .Aggl omer at i oni nSol i d RocketPr opel l ant s :NovelExper i ment alandModel i ngMet hods [J ].Pr ogPr opPhys ,2011,2:81-98. [25]MaggiF,Dos s iS,DeLucaLT.Aggl omer at i onandpockets t r uc t ur esi ncompos i t es ol i dr ocketpr opel l ant s[C]∥ 4t hEUCASS, St .Pet er s bur g,Rus s i a,2011. [26]Mi t aniT,I zumi kawatM.Combus t i onEf f i ci enci esofAl umi num andBor oni nSol i dPr opel l ant s [J ].JSpacecr af tRocket s ,1991, 28: 1,pp.79-84. [27]Becks t eadM W.A Summar yofAl umi num Combus t i on,NATO RTO EN 023,2004. [28]Tr unovM A,etal .I gni t i onofAl umi num Powder sUnderDi f f er  entExper i ment alCondi t i ons[J ].Pr opel lExpl osPyr ot ,2005,30 (1):36-43. [29]ShevchukVG,Zol ot koAN,Pol i s hchukD I .I gni t i onofPacked Bor onPar t i cl es[J ].Combus tExpl o Shock,1975,11:189- 192.

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