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"#$%&'()(*+%(,-&%+(+ / - ;9KHULWDJHLV@WKDWZKLFKKDVEHHQRUPD\EH inherited; any property, and especially land, which devolves by right of inheritance. Land and similar property which devolves by law upon the heir and not on executors 63
RUDGPLQLVWUDWRUV KHULWDEOHHVWDWH´ 2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\ S 7KHH[SUHVVLRQ ³KHULWDJH´ KDV RWKHU V\QRQ\PV VXFK DV OHJDF\ DQG SDWULPRQ\ 7KH H[SUHVVLRQ ³OHJDF\´ LV OLQJXDOO\ GHILQHG DV ³WKH DFWLRQ RU DQ DFW RI EHqueathing. A sum of money, or a specific article, given to another by will: bequest. Anything handed down E\ DQ DQFHVWRU RU SUHGHFHVVRU´ 2[IRUG 8QLYHUVLW\ S 7KH H[SUHVVLRQ ³SDWULPRQ\´ZKLFKLVDQRWKHUV\QRQ\PRIKHULWDJHVHHPVWRVKDUHWKHVame lingual RULJLQRIWKH)UHQFKZRUG³SDWULPRLQH´7KHWHUP³SDWULPRQ\´LVGHILQHGOLQJXDOO\DV ³SURSHUW\RUDQHVWDWHLQKHULWHGIURPRQH¶VIDWKHURUDQFHVWRUVKHULWDJH7KHDQFLHQW estate or endowment of a church or religious body. The fact of inheriting from an DQFHVWRU´ 2[IRUG 8QLYHUVLW\ S 2Q WKH RWKHU KDQG WKH )UHQFK ZRUG ³SDWULPRLQH´LVGHILQHGOLJXDOO\DV³SRVVHVVLRQVKHULWHHV,QKHULWDQFHSDWULPRQ\DQG KHULWDJH´ &DUQH\ S 7KH )UHQFK ZRUG ³SDWULPRLQH´ LV PDGH XS RI WZR LDWLQZRUGV7KHILUVWRIWKHVHWZRZRUGVPHDQV³SDUHQW´RU³IDWKHU´ZKLOHWKHRWKHU ZRUGPHDQV³HGXFDWLRQ´RU³DGYLFH´7KHUHIRUHWKH)UHQFKZRUG³SDWULPRLQH´VHHPV to mean the things that are associated with our parents or ancestors in general. The French word seems also to focus on the meaning of respecting history, and the things DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK KLVWRU\ 2Q WKH RWKHU KDQG WKH (QJOLVK ZRUG ³KHULWDJH´ VHHPV WR focus on the meaning of devolving possessions from an older generation to their descendants. Therefore, the English word seems to focus on the notion of the responsibility of each generation towards the protection of their heritage (Lopez 2004).
The various definitions of heritage resources adopted by the international charters and conventions On WKHLQWHUQDWLRQDOOHYHOWKH³(XURSHDQ&KDUWHURIWKH$UFKLWHFWXUDO+HULWDJH´KDV adopted a number of definitions of the architectural heritage. The previous charter GHILQHV DUFKLWHFWXUDO KHULWDJH DV ³DQ LUUHSODFHDEOH H[SUHVVLRQ RI WKH ZHDOWK DQG diversit\RI(XURSHDQFXOWXUH´ (XURSHDQ&KDUWHURIWKH$UFKLWHFWXUDO+HULWDJH p1). The charter has also adopted another definition of architectural heritage, which 64
UHDGV ³WKH DUFKLWHFWXUDO KHULWDJH LV DQ H[SUHVVLRQ RI WKH KLVWRU\ DQG KHOSV XV WR understand WKH UHOHYDQFH RI WKH SDVW WR FRQWHPSRUDU\ OLIH « 7KH DUFKLWHFWXUDO KHULWDJHLVDFDSLWDORILUUHSODFHDEOHVSLULWXDOFXOWXUDOVRFLDODQGHFRQRPLFYDOXHV´ (European Charter of the Architectural Heritage 2011, p2). The previous charter has adopted a wider perception of architectural heritage. This perception involves patterns of architectural heritage, such as groups of lesser buildings and man-made settings (European Charter of the Architectural Heritage 2011). 7KH³&KDUWHUIRUWKH3UHVHUYDWLRQRI4XHEHF¶V +HULWDJH´KDVDGRSWHGDQRWKHU GHILQLWLRQRIKHULWDJHZKLFKUHDGV³>KHULWDJHLV@WKHFRPELQHGFUHDWLRQVDQGSURGXFWV of nature and man, in their entirety, that make up the environment in which we live in space and time. Heritage is a reality, a possession of the community, and a rich inheritance that may be passed on, which invites our recognition and our SDUWLFLSDWLRQ´ ,&2026 &DQDGD 'RFXPHQWV S 7KH SUHYLRXV FKDUWHU KDV adopted a wider notion of heritage that involves three major entities. These three key entities are the material culture, or what can be called the cultural properties, the geographic environment and the human environment. Cultural properties might involve all forms of material evidence; such as archaeological and ethnographical objects, written archives, furniture, art objects and the whole of the material environment in which all human beings live (ICOMOS Canada Documents 2011). The Venice Charter (Appendix 2) has addressed the meaning of a single pattern of heritage resources, which is referred to as historic monuments. Article 1 in the previous charter indicates that historic monuments not only involve the single architectural work but also its urban and rural setting (ICOMOS ___). The World Heritage Convention is concerned mainly with two groups of heritage resources, which are the cultural heritage and the natural heritage. Article 1 of the previous convention indicates that cultural heritage might involve three subsidiary patterns of heritage resources; which are monuments, groups of buildings and sites. Article 1 also provides the definition of each pattern of the previous three patterns of cultural heritage. Article 2 of the previous convention indicates that natural heritage might also involve three subsidiary patterns of heritage resources. These three subsidiary 65
patterns involve natural features, geological and physiographical formations and natural sites. Article 2 also provides the definition of each subsidiary pattern of the previous three patterns of the natural heritage (UNESCO 2005a).
The definitions adopted in the United Kingdom
The key British legislation concerned with heritage conservation seem to lack a clear GHILQLWLRQRIWKHH[SUHVVLRQ³KHULWDJH´1HYHUWKHOHVVWKHVHOHJLVODWLRQKDYHSURYLGHG definitions for the various patterns of heritage resources that are protected by means RI WKHVH ODZV 7KH ³$QFLHQW 0RQXPHQWV DQG $UFKDHRORJLFDO $UHDV $FW ´ KDV tried to provide a definition, or description, of what is meant by scheduled monuments. Article 1 in the previous law provides an explanation of what is meant E\ D VFKHGXOHG PRQXPHQW ZKLFK UHDGV ³LQ WKLV $FW ³VFKHGXOHG PRQXPHQW´ PHDQV DQ\ PRQXPHQW ZKLFK LV IRU WKH WLPH EHLQJ LQFOXGHG LQ WKH 6FKHGXOH´ HER 0$-(67DUHVRXUFHLV@DQ\EXLOGLQJVWUXFWXUHVLWHRUREMHFWWKDW LVSDUWRIRUFRQVWLWXWHVDKLVWRULFSURSHUW\´ ,ELGS
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The definitions adopted in Ireland, Malta and Egypt ,Q WKH 5HSXEOLF RI ,UHODQG WKH ³$UFKLWHFWXUDO +HULWDJH 1DWLRQDO ,QYHQWRUy) and +LVWRULF0RQXPHQWV 0LVFHOODQHRXV3UHVHUYDWLRQ $FW ´KDVDGRSWHGDGHILQLWLRQ RI WKH H[SUHVVLRQ ³DUFKLWHFWXUDO KHULWDJH´ 7KH GHILQLWLRQ RI DUFKLWHFWXUDO KHULWDJH UHDGV ³DUFKLWHFWXUDO KHULWDJH PHDQV DOO VWUXFWXUHV DQG EXLOGLQJV WRJHWKHU ZLWK WKeir settings and attendant grounds, fixtures and fittings, groups of such structures and buildings, and sites which are of architectural, historical, archaeological, artistic, FXOWXUDO
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ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE (NATIONAL INVENTORY) AND HISTORIC MONUMENTS (MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS) ACT, 1999 2011, p2). 7KH ³&XOWXUDO +HULWDJH $FW ´ LQ 0DOWD KDV DGRSWHG D GHILQLWLRQ RI WKH H[SUHVVLRQ ³FXOWXUDO KHULWDJH´ 7KH GHILQLWLRQ RI FXOWXUDO KHULWDJH UHDGV ³FXOtural heritage means movable or immovable objects of artistic, architectural, historical, archaeological, ethnographic, palaeontological and geological importance and includes information or data relative to cultural heritage pertaining to Malta or to any other country. This includes archaeological, palaeontological or geological sites and deposits, landscapes, groups of buildings, as well as scientific collections, collections of arts objects, manuscripts, books, published material, archives, audio-visual material and reproductions of any of the preceding, or collections of historical value, as well as intangible cultural assets comprising arts, traditions, customs and skills employed in the performing arts, in applied arts and in crafts and other intangible DVVHWV ZKLFK KDYH D KLVWRULFDO DUWLVWLF RU HWKQRJUDSKLF YDOXH´ Ministry for Justice and Home Affairs 2002, p2). In Egypt, tKH ³(J\SWLDQ $FW 1R RQ 6DIHJXDUGLQJ $QWLTXLWLHV´ KDV SURYLGHG WKH GHILQLWLRQ RI DQWLTXLWLHV 7KH SUHYLRXV definition UHDGV ³DQ DQWLTXLW\ is any real-estate or movable object produced by the various civilizations or evolved by fine arts, science, arts and religions from the prehistoric era and through the consecutive historic eras till prior to one hundred years ago, as long as it enjoys an outstanding archaeological or historical importance, as a feature of the various civilizations resided on the Egyptian land, or as an evidence of 68
a historic relationship with these civilizations, and also the remains of human strains oUDQ\FRQWHPSRUDQHRXVOLYLQJEHLQJV´ Department of the Legislative Affairs 2009a, p3).
The classification of the various patterns of heritage resources
The classification of heritage resources on the international level
Some of the international conservation charters have tried to address some patterns of heritage resources. The Athens Charter addresses some patterns of heritage resources, which are historic monuments and groups of monuments (Athens Charter for the Restoration of Historic Monuments 2002). The Venice Charter addresses some patterns of heritage resources, which are historic monuments and historic sites (ICOMOS ___). 7KH ³Resolutions of the International Symposium on the Conservation of 6PDOOHU+LVWRULF7RZQV´KDVWULHGWRSURYLGHDFODVVLIication of historic towns, as a pattern of heritage resources. The resolutions indicate that historic towns can be classified according to their common challenges and according to some common features. These common features might involve size, cultural context and economic function (Conservation of Smaller Historic Towns 2011). The Washington Charter, which is concerned with the conservation of historic towns, has also tried to provide a classification of heritage resources. The previous charter has classified urban communities as either communities developed gradually over time or communities that have been created deliberately. The charter classifies historic urban areas by size into either large or small historic urban areas. The charter also classifies historic urban areas into cities, towns, and historic centres or quarters. It also classifies the environment of these historic urban areas into either natural environments or manmade environments (ICOMOS ___). The World Heritage Convention classifies heritage resources into a group of categories. The key categories involve cultural sites, natural sites, and another new 69
FDWHJRU\RIKHULWDJHUHVRXUFHVWKDWLVFDOOHG³FXOWXUDOODQGVFDSHV´7KHODWWHUFDWHJRU\ ZKLFKLV³FXOWXUDOODQGVFDSHV´KDVEHHQDGRSWHGin 1993. Cultural sites also involve WKUHH RWKHU VXEVLGLDU\ FDWHJRULHV RI KHULWDJH UHVRXUFHV ZKLFK DUH ³PRQXPHQWV´ ³JURXSV RI EXLOGLQJV´ DQG ³VLWHV´ 7KH VHFRQG FDWHJRU\ ZKLFK LV ³JURXSV RI EXLOGLQJV´ LV FRQFHUQHG ZLWK KLVWRULF WRZQV )LJXUH 6KDFNley 1998). Historic towns, in turn, can be classified into a group of other subsidiary categories. These VXEVLGLDU\FDWHJRULHVLQYROYH³WRZQVWKDWDUHQRORQJHULQKDELWHG´, ³LQKDELWHGKLVWRULF WRZQV´ DQG ³QHZ WRZQV RI WKH WZHQWLHWK FHQWXU\´ ,QKDELWHG KLVtoric towns, which represent one of the previous three categories, involve other subsidiary categories, which are ³WRZQVZKLFKDUHW\SLFDORIDVSHFLILFSHULRGRUFXOWXUH´³WRZQVWKDWKDYH evolved along characteristic lines and have preserved spatial arrangements and VWUXFWXUHVWKDWDUHW\SLFDORIWKHVXFFHVVLYHVWDJHVLQWKHLUKLVWRU\´³KLVWRULFFHQWUHV´ DQG³VHFWRUVDUHDVRULVRODWHGXQLWV´ UNESCO 2008).
The classification of heritage resources in the United Kingdom
Protected heritage resources in the United Kingdom seem to be classified into two broad groups. These two broad groups are protected areas and protected individual resources. Protected areas might involve areas designated as conservation areas (Figure 15), while the protected individual heritage resources might involve historic buildings listed as listed buildings (Figure 16). In addition to conservation areas, protected areas might involve other designated areas; such as archaeological areas or areas of archaeological importance, registered battlefields, and historic parks and gardens (Mynors 1995). There are other patterns of protected urban areas; such as areas of archaeological interest, areas of great landscape value, and areas of outstanding natural beauty (THE CONSERVATION GLOSSARY Home Page 2011). Protected individual heritage resources can also be classified into two categories, which are listed buildings and scheduled monuments. Listed buildings might be defined as buildings of special architectural or historic interest (English Heritage 2001). Both Mynors (1995) and Ross (1991) discuss the controversy of the 70
Figure 14. Historic Centre (Old Town) of Tallinn World Heritage Site, in Tallinn in Estonia, which represents the historic towns and groups of buildings category of cultural World Heritage Sites.
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definition of listed buildings. The previous controversy is mainly associated with the PHDQLQJ RI WKH H[SUHVVLRQ ³EXLOGLQJ´ 5RVV FLWHV WKH GHILQLWLRQ RI WKH expreVVLRQ³EXLOGLQJ´WKDWKDVEHHQDGRSWHGE\WKH³7RZQDQG&RXQWU\3ODQQLQJ$FW ´7KHSUHYLRXVGHILQLWLRQUHDGV³>D@EXLOGLQJLQFOXGHVDQ\VWUXFWXUHRUHUHFWLRQ and any part of a building, as so defined, but does not include plant or machinery comprised LQDEXLOGLQJ´ 5RVV S 2QWKHRWKHUKDQG0\QRUVFLWHVRQHRI WKH HDUOLHVW GHILQLWLRQV RI WKH H[SUHVVLRQ ³EXLOGLQJ´ ZKLFK UHDGV ³>D EXLOGLQJ LV@ something that is artificial, the construction of man, put together of bricks and mortar, and used IRU D SDUWLFXODU SXUSRVH´ 0\QRUV S 0\QRUV DOVR FLWHV DQRWKHU GHILQLWLRQDOPRVWVLPLODUWR5RVV¶GHILQLWLRQZKLFKLV³>DEXLOGLQJ@E\WKHGHILQLWLRQ ... includes a structure, and therefore things which would not ordinarily be called buildings aUHLQFOXGHGLQWKDWWHUPZKHUHLWLVXVHGLQWKH$FW´ 0\QRUV S The previous controversy might be the reason why many landscape elements have been listed as listed buildings. The process of preparing inventories of listed buildings LVFDOOHG³OLVWLQJ´7KHOLVWRIOLVWHGEXLOGLQJVLVSUHSDUHGEDVHGRQDVXUYH\RIDOOWKH buildings that enjoy an architectural or historical interest carried out within the area of each planning authority. The prepared list of listed buildings is usually divided into smaller units. These smaller units involve districts, parishes and burghs (Historic Scotland ___). The address of any property listed as a listed building is the statutory element in the list. The list of listed buildings includes, in addition to the statutory addresses of the listed buildings, the grades or the categories of the listed buildings, a category map reference, the name of the architect who designed the listed building, a brief description of the listed building, and any relevant references. In addition to the official list of listed buildings, there is another list prepared by English Heritage in (QJODQGDQG+LVWRULF6FRWODQGLQ6FRWODQGZKLFKLVFDOOHGWKH³OLVWRIWKHEXLOGLQJVDW ULVN´ 7KH SUHYLRXV OLVW LQFOXGHV WKH OLVWHG EXLOGLQJV WKDW DUe considered seriously vulnerable. Listed buildings are also classified into three grades. Neither the classification of listed buildings into three grades nor the grades themselves are statutory. Despite the previous fact, it is very crucial to assign every listed building a grade of these 72
Figure 15. Montrose Conservation Area, in Montrose in Scotland, is an example of the many conservation areas designated in the United Kingdom.
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three grades to determine its priority for grant aids (Ross 1991). The three grades of listed buildings in England are grade I, grade II* and grade II. Grade I listed buildings are those buildings that enjoy an exceptional interest. Grade II* listed buildings are those important buildings that enjoy more than a special interest. Finally, the grade II listed buildings are the buildings that enjoy a special interest (English Heritage 2001). In Scotland, the grades are called categories and are different from those in England. The three categories in Scotland are category A, category B and category C(s). Category A is assigned to the listed buildings that enjoy a national or international importance. Category B is assigned to the listed buildings that enjoy a regional or more than a local importance. Finally, category C (s) is assigned to the listed buildings that enjoy a local importance (Historic Scotland ___). The selection of properties for listing as listed buildings is usually carried out depending on a set of criteria. The selection criteria adopted by PPG15 involve the architectural interest, the historic interest, the close historical association and the group value (Mynors 1995). On the other hand, Larkham (1996) cites another more detailed group of criteria, which are usually briefed as an acronym, which is B '$03 ),6+(6 7KH OHWWHU % VWDQGV IRU ³EXLOGLQJ W\SH´ WKH OHWWHU ' VWDQGV IRU ³GDWH´ WKH OHWWHU $ VWDQGV IRU ³DUFKLWHFWFUDIWVPDQSDWURQ´ WKH OHWWHU 0 VWDnds for ³PDWHULDOV´WKHOHWWHU3VWDQGVIRU³SODQVW\OH´WKHOHWWHU)VWDQGVIRU³IDoDGHV´WKH OHWWHU,VWDQGVIRU³LQWHULRU´WKHOHWWHU6VWDQGVIRU³VXEVLGLDU\IHDWXUHV´WKHOHWWHU+ VWDQGVIRU³KLVWRU\´WKHOHWWHU(VWDQGVIRU³H[WUDLQIRUPDWLRQ´ and the letter S stands IRU³VRXUFHV´ /DUNKDP Protected individual heritage resources involve another category concerned with scheduled monuments. The definition of monuments, which has been adopted E\ WKH ³$QFLHQW 0RQXPHQWV DQG $UFKDHRORJLFDO $UHDV $FW ´ UHDGV ³>D monument is] any building, structure or work, whether above or below the surface of WKHODQGDQGDQ\FDYHRUH[FDYDWLRQ´7KHGHILQLWLRQFRQWLQXHV³>$PRQXPHQWPLJKW also involve] any site comprising the remains of any such building, structure or work or of any cave or excavation; and any site comprising, or comprising the remain of, any vehicle, vessel, aircrafts, or other movable structure or part thereof which neither 74
Figure 16. Morgan Tower, in Dundee in Scotland, which is an A listed building (Historic Scotland Data Website - Listed Buildings 2012), is an example of the many listed buildings listed in the United Kingdom.
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constitutes nor forms part of any work which is a monument [according to the former VHFWLRQ RI WKH GHILQLWLRQ@´ 5RVV S 7KH ³$QFLHQW 0RQXPHQWV DQG $UFKDHRORJLFDO$UHDV$FW ´KDVDOVRDGRSWHGDGHILQLWLRQRIDQFLHQWPRQXPHQWV ZKLFKUHDGV³WKHGHILQLWLRQRIDQFLHQWPRQXPHQWVHPEUDFHVPRQXPHQWVZKich are in the opinion of the Secretary of State of public interest by reason of the historic, DUFKLWHFWXUDO WUDGLWLRQDO DUWLVWLF RU DUFKDHRORJLFDO LQWHUHVW DWWDFKHG WR WKHP´ 5RVV 1991, p139). Similar to listed buildings, scheduled monuments are compiled in inventories in a process similar to that of listed buildings except that it is called ³VFKHGXOLQJ´UDWKHUWKDQ³OLVWLQJ´ Ross (1991) has adopted a classification of scheduled monuments in the United Kingdom. The previous classification has been based on the historic era to which scheduled monuments belong. According to the previous classification, scheduled monuments might be classified as either prehistoric, Roman, early medieval, medieval, and post-medieval scheduled monuments. Ross (1991) has also listed a group of criteria based on which scheduled monuments can be selected for scheduling. These criteria involve the survival and the condition, the period, the rarity, the fragility and the vulnerability, the diversity, the availability of documentation records, the group value, and the potentiality of the potential scheduled monuments.
The French approach to classify the protected heritage resources
Heritage resources in France can also be classified into the same two broad categories that are relevant to the British experience. These two categories are the protected areas and the protected individual heritage resources. Protected urban areas in France involve various models, such as secteur sauvegardés (Kain 1981) and zones de protection du patrimoine architectural, urbain et paysager (Ballester 1996a). The French approach to classify the various protected individual heritage resources seems to be entirely different from the British approach. In the United Kingdom, protected individual heritage resources are classified as either listed buildings or scheduled 76
monuments. Unlike the British experience, the French approach to classify the protected individual heritage resources tends to compile all these individual resources under the single category of monuments. Monuments, in turn, are classified into three subsidiary categories. The criterion based on which monuments are classified is the level of significance of these monuments. The level of significance of some monuments might be limited to the regional level, while, for other monuments, the level of significance might reach the national level (Skea 2002). Rodwell (1975) points out that the French monuments were first classified into two categories, later a third category has been added to these two categories. The two early categories are monument classés, or what can be called classified monuments, and monument inscrits, or what can be called listed monuments (Skea 2002). Monument classés, which are considered as national monuments (Ibid) and as works of major architectural importance, might involve cathedrals, palaces, the most important churches, châteaux and hôtels (Rodwell 1975). On the other hand, monument inscrits, whose level of significance does not exceed the regional level (Skea 2002), are less important than monument classés (Rodwell 1975). The third category that has been recently added to the previous two categories is called agreed monuments. Monuments belonging to the previous third category are not eligible for grant aids (Ibid).
The classification of heritage resources in Malta and Egypt
In Malta, heritage resources can be classified into the previous two categories, which are either protected urban areas or protected individual heritage resources. The Maltese protected areas involve a number of models of conservation areas, such as the Maltese urban conservation areas (Figure 17), areas of ecological importance, sites of scientific importance, areas of archaeological importance and sites of archaeological importance (Buchanan and the Planning Services Division in the Government of Malta 1990). Individual heritage resources in Malta, particularly buildings, are provided an official protection by listing them as listed buildings. The 77
Figure 17. Valletta Urban Conservation Area, in Valletta in Malta, is an example of the Maltese designated urban conservation areas.
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Maltese listed buildings are classified into three groups. Each group is given a grade of three grades. The three grades are grade 1 listed buildings, grade 2 listed buildings and grade 3 listed buildings. The criterion based on which listed buildings are classified into any of the previous three groups is the provided level of protection. Grade 1 listed buildings are the buildings that enjoy an outstanding architectural or historical value. These buildings will be preserved in their entirety. Internal alterations to grade 1 listed buildings might be exceptionally consented if these alterations were found essential to keep the building in an active use. Grade 2 listed buildings are those buildings that enjoy some architectural or historical interest, or those buildings that contribute to the visual image of urban conservation areas. Applications to demolish grade 2 listed buildings will not be normally consented. Internal alterations to these buildings might be consented if it was found that they do not affect the character and the architectural homogeneity of the concerned listed building. Finally, grade 3 listed buildings are the buildings that do not enjoy any historical value and enjoy a minor architectural value. Demolition of these buildings might be consented as long as the new building that will replace the demolished one is in harmony with its surroundings (Ibid). The previous preview seems to emphasize a common approach to classify the various heritage resources. According to this common approach, heritage resources can be classified into two broad groups. These two broad groups are either the protected urban areas or the protected individual heritage resources. The previous approach seems to be relevant to all the previously previewed experiences in architectural and urban conservation; such as the British, the French and the Maltese experiences. Till 2008, the Egyptian experience in architectural and urban conservation has lacked such an approach towards the classification of heritage resources. Till that time, heritage resources in Egypt were classified under a single category, which can be called protected individual heritage resources. The previous category involved, in addition to antiquities, the properties that have been listed as buildings and structures enjoying a distinctive architectural style. The last category, which is buildings and structures enjoying a distinctive architectural style, has been 79
introduced under the "Egyptian Act No. 144 (2006) on the Control of the Demolition of Buildings and Stable Structures and the Conservation of the Architectural Heritage" (Department of the Legislative Affairs 2008). On the other hand, properties are selected for scheduling as antiquities based on a group of criteria. The key criterion, of these criteria, is the age of the property, or what can be called its historic value. The age of the selected property should be at least one hundred years old. The selected property should also enjoy other values, such as the archaeological value. Article 1 in the ³(J\SWLDQ $FW 1R RQ 6DIHJXDUGLQJ $QWLTXLWLHV´ addresses the various criteria based on which properties might be selected for scheduling as antiquities. While Article 2, in the same law, allows the scheduling of some properties as antiquities despite that their age is less than one hundred years old as long as they enjoy some values, such as the archaeological value and the historic value (Department of the Legislative Affairs 2009a). The Supreme Council of Antiquities has adopted a classification of the scheduled Egyptian antiquities that is based on the era to which antiquities belong. According to this classification, antiquities might be classified as either Egyptian, Greco-Roman, Coptic or Islamic antiquities (Eternal Egypt 2011). In 2008, a new category of heritage resources has been adopted in Egypt for the first time. This new category is the previously discussed category that can be called protected urban areas. Adopting a statutory model of conservation areas, almost similar to the British conservation areas, in Egypt has led to the introduction of this second category of heritage resources in Egypt. The Egyptian model of conservation areas has been called areas enjoying a distinctive value. The previous DUHDV KDYH EHHQ HVWDEOLVKHG XQGHU WKH ³(J\SWLDQ $FW 1R RQ %XLOGLQJ :RUNV´(Department of the Legislative Affairs 2009b).
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Chapter Five
Conservation Protective and Intervening Measures
One of the key challenges facing architectural and urban conservation practice worldwide is the lack of a common conception of the various conservation protective and intervening measures. Murtagh (1997) addresses the previous challenge, which is recognized on the national level in the United States of America. Murtagh indicates that the conception of the various conservation protective and intervening measures varies among conservation practitioners according to their professional backgrounds, and according to the disciplines to which they belong. These varying conceptions might take place among practitioners belonging to different disciplines; such as museum curators, historians and planners. Such varying conceptions might result in a confusion of the connotations of the various lingual expressions describing the various conservation protective measures. The previous problem seems to extend beyond the limited national level to the international level. The previous problem might also be attributed to the lack of an agreed-upon international glossary of the various conservation protective measures (Murtagh 1997). The previous problem might also be attributed to other cultural and lingual factors. The notions of the key conservation principles, such as authenticity and integrity, might vary from one culture to the other. The notion of authenticity adopted by eastern cultures is different from that adopted by western cultures (Cumming 2002). The notion of integrity officially adopted in the United States of America is similar to that of authenticity adopted elsewhere. 6NHD E KDVDGRSWHGDVLQJOHDFURQ\PZKLFKLV³35$6$&´WRUHSUHVHQW the various conservation protective and intervening measures. The acronym ³35$6$&´ LV PDGH XS RI WKH LQLWLDOV RI WKH ZRUGV SUHVHUYDWLRQ UHVWRUDWLRQ alterations, subtraction, addition and control. Grieve has adopted a definition of the ZRUG³FRQVHUYDWLRQ´DVZHll as definitions of the other conservation protective and 81
LQWHUYHQLQJPHDVXUHVLQKLV³8UEDQ&RQVHUYDWLRQ*ORVVDU\´*ULHYH¶VGHILQLWLRQRI WKHZRUG³FRQVHUYDWLRQ´KDVEHHQEDVHGRQ&ROLQ0FZLOOLDP¶VGHILQLWLRQFLWHGLQKLV ERRN ³6FRWWLVK 7RZQVFDSH´ 7+( CONSERVATION GLOSSARY b 2011). $FFRUGLQJ WR WKH SUHYLRXV GHILQLWLRQ FRQVHUYDWLRQ PHDQV ³WKH DFWLRQ QHFHVVDU\ WR SUHVHUYHDQ\WKLQJRIDFNQRZOHGJHGYDOXH´ ,ELGS ,QWKHSUHYLRXVGHILQLWLRQWKH WHUP ³SUHVHUYDWLRQ´ KDV EHHQ XVHG WR GHVFULEH ZKDW LV PHDnt by the word ³FRQVHUYDWLRQ´ &RQVHTXHQWO\ WKH SUHYLRXV GHILQLWLRQ GRHV QRW VHHP WR KHOS LQ resolving the ambiguity concerning the boundaries between the two expressions, ³FRQVHUYDWLRQ´DQG³SUHVHUYDWLRQ´*ULHYHKDVDOVRFLWHGRWKHUGHILQLWLRQVRIWKHRther conservation
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