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I would like to thank my supervisor, Professor Dr. Luo XiaoYGuang, for his ..... 5.1 The Counter Measures to Improve the Environment of Trade Credit . .... It is fascinating to see and gave empirical support for the research as in the ... discrimination, and inventory and sale growth of the firms and found them positive and.
                  

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