1 Dr. Jameel Jalibi, Tareekh-e-Adab-e-Urdu, Vol.I, Educational Publishing House, New Delhi,. Page-08. 2 Mahmood Shirani, Panjab mein Urdu, Lahore, ...
URDU: ALANGUAGE, ACULTURE ( ANI NDI ANPERSPECTI VE)
DR.SALEEM MOHI UDDI N Associ at ePr of essorandHead, Depar t mentofUr du, Shr i Shi v aj i Col l ege, Par bhani 431401( M. S. )I NDI A
Thepr esentpaperai mst ohi ghl i ghtt heemer genceanddev el opmentof Ur dui nI ndi ansubcont i nent ,i t scul t ur alf eat ur esandal soapassi ngr emar kon t hecont empor ar yscenar i oofUr dui nI ndi a. Ev er yl anguage has i t s own cul t ur e and ev er ycul t ur e has i t s own l anguage.Thel anguageandt hecul t ur ehasanev er l ast i ngbondbet weent hem. Wecannotsepar at eal anguagef r om i t scul t ur eandwecannotdi sassoci at ea cul t ur ef r om i t sl anguage.I fat t empt edso, i tcr eat esat hr eatt ot hei ri dent i t i es. Whenf ol l ower sofI sl am ent er edt heI ndi ansubcont i nent ,t heybr ought Ar abi c, Per si anandTur ki shal ongwi t ht hem 1.Tr uet ot hehi st or i cal f actt hatt he conquer or s al way s br i ng al ong wi t ht hem t hei rl anguage and cul t ur e,t he def eat edar ebutl ef tt oacceptt hem ast heyl ooset hei rcul t ur alandcr eat i v e power s.Thedef eat edaccept swi l l i ngl yorunwi l l i ngl yt heconquer or sl anguage andcul t ur esoast oopenupnewdi mensi ons, newhopesandnewv i si ons. MohammedBi nQasi m knockedt hedoor soft heI ndi ansubcont i nenti n 712A. D. ,andl ef tbehi ndhi mt heAr abi cPer si ani nf l uence.I nt hebegi nni ngof 11t hcent ur yMahmoodGhaznawi at t ackedsev ent eent i mesi nt went yf i v ey ear s, ev er yt i mel i v i ngbehi ndhi mt heTur ki shcol our sandessence2.Thi swast he per i odwhenaf t ert hef al lofGupt a’ s( t hel astnat i v edy nast yofI ndi a)t he 1
Dr .Jameel Jal i bi , Tar eekheAdabeUr du, Vol . I , Educat i onal Publ i shi ngHouse, NewDel hi , Page08. 2 MahmoodShi r ani , Panj abmei nUr du, Lahor e, Page48.
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f r agment at i onofpowerwor kedasani mpet usf ort hel ocaldi al ect st ospr i ng outast heModer nI ndi aLanguages.Thenewent r ant swor kedascat al y sti nt he f or mat i onofModer nI ndi anLanguagesespeci al l yUr duAccor di ngt oDr .Al i JawadZai di . “ Li ngui st i cal l yahet er ogeneousgr oup, t henewcomer swher euni nhi bi t ed i nt hemat t er sofl anguage.TheyspokePer si an,Pusht oorTur ki sh.Fort hem l anguagewasonl yameansandnotanendandt heyf ondl yembr acedwhat ev er t hel ocall anguage.Thei rmai nr el i gi onI sl am wasuni v er sali nout l ookand sweep.Theywer ei nher i t or ’ sofaci v i l i zat i onwhi chhadcr adl edChr i st i ani t yand Judai sm i nWestAsi a. ”3 I n1296A. D.Al l auddi nKhi l j iwast hef i r stf r om t heDel hiSul t anat et o cr osst heSahy adar iHi l l sandconquert heSout hI ndi a.Whi l el eav i ngbackt o Del hiheappoi nt edal ar genumberof“ TheAmeer aNeSaddah”( oneAmeerf or hundr edv i l l ages)t or egul ar i set het axat i onandadmi ni st r at i oni nt her egi on. TheseAmeer aNeSaddahwer eal lTur ki shbydescent .Theywer eexpect edt o st ayatt hei rheadquar t er sf oref f i ci entadmi ni st r at i on.Nat ur al l yt heyhadt omi x andmi ngl eupwi t ht henat i v essoci al l y ,cul t ur al l yandofcour sel i ngui st i cal l y . Lat ert heypr ov edt hemsel v esast hel ov eroft hi sl andandnotmer er ul er s. I nt her ei gnofMuhammadShahTughl aqwheni nj ust i cei ncr easedon commonmen,t heAmeer aNeSaddahuni t edt hemsel v esandr ev ol t edagai nst t he Del hiSul t anat e and decl ar ed Hassan Gangu Bahmanias t hei rKi ng, t her eaf t ert heyst ar t edcal l i ngt hemsel v esas“ Dakhni Tur k” .4 Duet ot hi s,t hepr ocessofamal gamat i onbet weent wol anguagesand t wocul t ur esgotar emar kabl emoment um.I ti sonl ybecauseoft hi st hatt he DakhniUr dugott hel i t er ar yst at usmor eear l i ert hant heUr duofot herr egi ons. DakhniUr du, ev ent oday , hasadi f f er entdi al ectandf eat ur est hanot herr egi ons ofI ndi a.Dakhnihasmor eTur ki shwor dsi ni t sv ocabul ar yt hanot herpar t sof I ndi a.Fort hef i r stt i meUr du( i nt henameofDakhni )gott hest at usofof f i ci al
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Al i JawadZai di , AHi st or yofUr duLi t er at ur e, Sahi t y aAkademi , Del hi , 2006, Page08. Dr .Jameel Jal i bi , Tar eekheAdabeUr du, Vol . I , Educat i onal Publ i shi ngHouse, NewDel hi , Page08, 4
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l anguagei nBahmani Sul t anat e.5 Byr eachi ngt heageofAkbart hegr eat , Ur du( whi chwast hencal l edHi ndi , Hi ndawi orHi ndust ani )goti t sr oot sdeepl ypr enet r at edi nt hi ssoi l .Akbarwhose f or ef at her swr ot et hei rmemoi r si nTur ki sh( e. g. “ TuzkeBabar i ”byBabar )and pr act i cedt hi snew l anguagei nhi s“ Dar bar ”( Roy alCour t )andwi t hhi sHi ndu Queensi nsi det hepal ace.Thi swast het i mewhent hel anguage,t hepat t er nof cl ot hi ng,t hest y l eofl i v i ng,t hemusi c,t hepai nt i ngandt hear chi t ect ur eal lof t hem becameani dealamal gamat i onofHi ndi ,Ar abi candI r anicul t ur epav i ng t hewayt ot hef or mat i onofanew cul t ur e.Thi snew cul t ur ewhi chcamei nt o exi st encewasnot hi ngbutt hebegi nni ngoft heUr ducul t ur e. Akbart hegr eatwor kedwi t hav i si ont odev el opsuchanewcul t ur ewhi ch peopl ebel ongi ngt oanyr el i gi onshoul df eel t hei rown.Ther ebeganamov ement t ogi v enew namest ot hef r ui t s,peopl es,pl aces,t hi ngsandev enani mal s. Thesenew nameswer edev el opedbymi xi ngUr duandPer si anwor ds.For exampl ecour t i er sdr esswasnamedSav abGat i ,Bur qaorHi j abwasnamedas Chi t r agupt ,t hescar fwascal l edas“ KesGahan”andt heshoesas“ Char an Dhar an” .6 Akbarhadpeopl ef r om ev er yst at eofI ndi ai nhi s“ Dar bar ”( cour t ) .Ther e wer epeopl esf r om Punj ab,Si ndh,Guj r at ,Bengal ,Bi harandDeccan.Besi des t hem t her e wer e peopl ef r om Moghal ,I r ani ,Toor ani ,Ar abiand Af ghani descendsal so.Theyal lneededal anguagef oref f ect i v ecommuni cat i on.Thei r needbecamet her easonf ort hedev el opmentanewmi xedandcol our f ul cul t ur e i ncont extt ot henewl anguageHi ndi , Hi ndawiorHi ndust aniwhi chl at erbecome popul arasUr du. Thi snewcul t ur el ef tanev erl ast i ngi mpr essi onanev er ywal kofl i f e.I t s i nf l uencei sev i dentonAr t s,Ar chi t ect ur e,Musi c,Pai nt i ngandi nmanyot her f i el ds, f r om acust omar ydr essSher wani t oadel i ci ousdi shofBi r y ani . Jehanger( 16051627)wasf l uenti nUr du( t henHi ndiorHi ndawi )ashewas bor nf r om aHi nduQueen.Heal sowr ot eahi smemoi rnamel y“ TuzkeJehangi r i ” 5
Naseer uddi nHashmi , DeccanmenUr duHy der abad, 1975, Page321. Dr .Jameel Jal i bi , Tar eekheAdabeUr du, Vol . I , Educat i onal Publ i shi ngHouse, NewDel hi , Page57, 6
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wef i nd pl ent yofUr duwor dswhi char epr ev al enti npr esentdayUr dual sof or exampl e; Tal ab, Ghadi , Thana, Boot a, Kat or i , Khi chdi , Baj r a, Chwoki dar , Chabut r a, Gol i , Magar mach, DakChowki , Jhar oka.7 Thi st r adi t i ondev el opedf ur t herandi nt heper i odofShahJahan( 16271657)i twasobl i gat or yf oronet oknow Ur du( Hi ndiorHi ndust ani )f orget t i ng empl oy ment .8TheRoy al ar myt r oopswer ecal l ed“ Ur du”or“ Or du” .Whi chwasa Tur ki sh wor df or ar my .As t hi sl anguage was a common medi um of communi cat i onamongt het r oopswhi chconsi st edofPunj abi ,Si ndhi ,Guj r at hi , Mar at hi ,Bengal iand ot herI ndi an r egi ons,and l ed byI r ani ,Ar abi ,Toor ani , Tur ki shandAf ghani ’ s.Thi scommonl anguagewasunknowi ngl ygetpopul aras “ Ur du”i nst eadofHi ndi , Hi ndawi orHi ndust ani . I ti st hecul t ur alaur at hatmakesUr dut hesweet estl anguageamongst i t ssi st erl anguages.Pr obabl ynoot herl anguaget hanUr duhast hr eewor dsf or apr onoun“ You”onl y .Ur duhast hr eewor dsf ort hepr onoun“ You”andt heyar e ( 1)Tu,( 2)Tum and ( 3)Aap.Amongstt hem t hef i r st“ Tu”i susedf orf r eeand f r ankconv er sat i on,secondone“ Tum”usedf orsemif or maldi al ogueandt he t hi r done“ Aap”i susedf ort hemostf or malandr espectf ul lconv er sat i on. Accor di ng t ot he
r enowned Ur du poet
Zubai rRi zv i
( Ghal i bkekhat onj ai si t ahzeebnahi nmi l t i Aadabbadonkoaurchot onkodual i khna)9 ( Ther edoesnotexi stanycul t ur el i keGhal i b’ sl et t er s,whi cht eacheswr i t i ng “ Aadab”t oel der sand“ Dua”( bl essi ngs)t oy ounger ’ s. ) Ur duhasast r ongsecul archar act erf r om i t sbegi nni ng.I tder i v edi t s namef r om Tur ki shwor d“ Or du”whi chmeansar my , v ocabul ar yandsy nt axf r om 7
Dr .Jameel Jal i bi , Tar eekheAdabeUr du, Vol . I , Educat i onal Publ i shi ngHouse, NewDel hi , Page61. 8 Dr .Jameel Jal i bi , Tar eekheAdabeUr du, Vol . I , Educat i onal Publ i shi ngHouse, NewDel hi , Page70. 9 Zubai rRi zv i , LaherLaherNadi y aGahr i , Del hi , 1980,Page124.
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Ar abi c,Per si an,Tur keyandPusht o.I thasshower edherl ov euponev er y one whol ov edher .Onecomesacr ossmanynamesofHi ndus,Chr i st i ans,Par si s, Si khsandmanyot hercommuni t i es,whoser v edandl ov edUr dul anguageand l i t er at ur et hr oughoutt hei rl i v es.Thef i r stUr dushor tst or ywr i t erwasPr emchand. Ur dupoet r yandpr osei sf i l l edwi t ht heHi ndumy t hol ogi calr ef er encesev en t oday .10 11
Al t houghUr duhasacqui r edmostofi t sl i t er ar yf or msf r om Ar abi cand
Per si an, ButGazali st hemostf av our i t eandf amousf or m ofUr dupoet r y .At wo l i neuni tofexpr essi oni scal l eda“ sher ”andaGazali sgener al l ycompr i sedof5, 7,9 “ asha’ r s” .The asha’ r s ar e gener al l yi n odd number s.Apar tf r om t he descr i pt i onofphy si calchar m oft hebel ov ed,Gazalbear sadi dact i candl i ght phi l osophi calel emental so.Thephy si calchar m andt hephi l osophi calel ement bot har ei ndi cat i v eoft hesoci ocul t ur albackgr oundoft hel anguage.I fkeenl y obser v edonecannot i cet hatGazalhasunknowi ngl ybecamet hemi r r orof t hi nki ng,consci ousness,bel i ef s,i magi nat i onsandemot i onsofaper sonanda soci et yaswel l . Thef i r stev erUr dupoetAmeerKhusr owhowr ot eGazalwasal soa Tur ki shbydescent12.Thef i r stUr duGazalwaswr i t t eni nt wol anguages, mai nl y i nUr duandPer si anher ei ti s;
( Thyi gnor ancet owar dsme, br i ngst ear st omyey es, r ev eal smi neagony Unbear abl ei st hegr i efoft hypar t i ng, Obel ov ed, l etmer esi dei nt hyhear t )
10
Shamsul l ahQadr i , Ur dueQadeem, Lucknow, 1926, Page21.
12
Dr .Sal eem Akht ar , Ur duAdabKiMukht asarTar eenTar eekh, Ki t abi Duny a, Del hi , 2005, Page47.
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( Longast r esses, t heni ght sofpar t i ng, Thedayofl ov ei sshor tasl i f e; I fIseenotmyl ov e, howcanIspenddar kni ght sofgr i ef ) AmeerKhusr o( 12531325)wast hef i r stUr duGazalwr i t erwhosett he 13
t r end. Thebel ov edi nabov ecoupl et swashav i ngaphy si cali dent i t ywi t hhi m butAmeer sabi di ngl ov ewasdi f f er ent .I tdef l ect si nt hecoupl et st hathewr ot e af t ert hesaddemi seofhi speerHazr atNi zamuddi n.Thi scoupl etofhi mi s engr av edatt heshr i neofHaz.Ni zamuddi n.
( Ther el i esmybeaut yonbed, cov er i ngherf acewi t ht r esses Mov ehomewar ds, OKhusr o, asdescendsal l ar ounddar kness) Gazali st hemostpopul arf or m ofUr dupoet r yandi sser v i ngsi gni f i cant l y t ot hecauseofcul t ur alconser v at i onandexpansi on.Thi st r endhasf l our i shed t hr oughcent ur i esandi sobv i ousi nt hecont empor ar y“ Gazal ”al so.Thenew gener at i onofpoet sar emor eopenandobj ect i v ei nt hei rexpr essi ons. Oneanot herdi st i nctf eat ur eofUr dui si t sscr i pt .Apar tf r om mostoft he l anguagesf r om I ndo Ar y an f ami l ywhi ch hav e“ Dev nagi r i ”scr i pt ,Ur du has Ar abi corPer si anscr i pt .Icansayt hat , Ur dui sst i l l wai t i ngf ori t sAt at ur k. I ndi ansubcont i nentf r om 1500B. C.hadi t sownr i chsoci ocul t ur aland l i ngui st i chi st or y .I t sexi st encef r om dayonei st hatofamul t i l i ngualand mul t i cul t ur all and.Ev en t oday i nI ndi a,“ educat ed” means bi l i ngualor mul t i l i ngual .Becauseoft het r i l i ngualf or mul aoft hegov er nmentev er yst udent l ear nshi sorherown mot hert ongue,a st at el anguageand Engl i sh asa compul sor yl anguage.I fanyonesmot hert ongueandt hest at el anguagei s samehewi l l hav et ol ear nt wol anguagesonl y , andi fi ti snotso.Hehast ol ear n t hr eel anguages.
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Dr .Sal eem Akht ar , Ur duAdabKiMukht asarTar eenTar eekh, Ki t abi Duny a, Del hi , 2005, Page47.
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Accor di ngt oNat i onalCensusRepor tofI ndi a2001,t her ewer et went y t wo( 22)of f i ci all anguagesandt wohundr edandsi xt een( 216)ot herl anguages hav i ngami ni mum quant i t yof10, 00, 000speaker seach.Ther ear et hi r t yf our ( 34)l anguagesi nwhi chnewspaper sar ebei ngpubl i shed.Sahi t y aAkademy , t he Cent r alLi t er ar yGov er nment alOr gani sat i onaccept st went yt wo( 22)l anguages f orawar dsandei t herl i t er ar ypur pose.Al lI ndi aRadi o,TheNat i onalRadi o br oadcast spr ogr ammesi n104l anguages.Ther eexi st sat ot alnumberof1652 l anguagesanddi al ect s.14 Tr ue,Ur du i s as f amous as ev eri nt he masses ev ert odaybuti t wi t nessedast eepdownf al li nt hequant i t yoff r eshl ear ner soft hel anguageand l i t er at ur e.I nt hepr esentcont extUr dui snotv er yusef uli nt hecompet i t i v e empl oy mentscenar i o.Consi der i ngt hegr av i t yoft hesi t uat i ont heI ndi anGov t . hasest abl i shedaNat i onalCommi ssi onf orRel i gi ousandLi ngui st i cMi nor i t i es ( NCRLM)i n200415.TheCommi ssi onhassubmi t t edi t sr epor ti nMay2007. Var i ousschemesf orpr omot i onofUr dueducat i onar ebei ngi mpl ement edby t heGov t .andt her esul t sar eawai t ed. TheUr du Cul t ur ei nI ndi ai sobv i ousand depi ct ed wel lt hr ough t he l i f est y l e,ar chi t ect ur e,dr essi ngpat t er n,musi c,ar t s,pai nt i ngs,cal l i gr aphyand many mor e.And bei ng a l i ngui st i c mi nor i t yt he Ur du Communi t yi st oo consci ousf orpr eser v at i onofi t .Hope,ast hewor l dbel i ev esi nt hehopes,Ur du i nI ndi awi l lagai nr egai ni t spastdi gni t yandgl amourandwi l lser v et hecauseof conser v at i onandexpansi onofawonder f ulandcol our f ulcul t ur e,t heUr du Cul t ur e. Ur dui sgoi ngt hr oughhar dt i mesi ni t smot her l andbutont heot herhand i ti sgoi nggl obalt oo.Ont hi s,Iwoul dl i ket oconcl udemyt r eat i sewi t ht hi s beaut i f ul Ur ducoupl et .
14 15
WWW: censusi ndi a. net WWW: mi nor i t y af f ai r s. gov . i n
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( Wher ei ti s, wi l l spr eadt hel i ghtal one; Fornol amphasahouseofi t sown) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ref er ences: 1) Al i JawadZai di , AHi st or yofUr duLi t er at ur e, Sahi t y aAkademi , Del hi , 2006. 2) Dr .Jameel Jal i bi , Tar eekheAdabeUr du, Vol . I , Educat i onal Publ i shi ngHouse, New Del hi . 3) Dr .MohammedHasan, Hi ndiAdabkiTar eekh, Al i gar h, 1955. 4) Dr .Sal eem Akht ar , Ur duAdabkiMukht asarTar eenTar eekh, NewDel hi , 2005. 5) Dr .Tar aChand, TamadduneHi ndparI sl amiAsr at , Lahor e, 1964. 6) MahmoodShi r ani , Panj abmei nUr du, Lahor e. 7) Naseer uddi nHashmi , DeccanmenUr duHy der abad, 1975. 8) Shamsul l ahQadr i , Ur dueQadeem, Lucknow, 1926. 9) WWW: censusi ndi a. net 10)WWW: mi nor i t y af f ai r s. gov . i n 11)Zubai rRi zv i , LaherLaherNadi y aGahr i , Del hi , 1980.
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