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anemmorrhoea. (during intense lactation, pregnancy does not occur due to absence of orum. Coitus Interuptus. (with drawl of peris from vegina before.
Fission
Fragmentation Spore eg. spirogyra formation Hydra Rhizopus Planaria Penicillin Binary Multiple Mucor fission fission eg. : Amoeba eg. Plasmodium Monocystis
(Refer to fig. 1.2, 1.3, NCERT page 5, 6)
Budding Yeast hydra Spongilla
Vegetative reproduction
Natural Method Artificial eg. : Sweet potato method (from roots) Potato tuber (from stem) Bryophyllum (from leaves)
Cutting Grafting eg. : sugarcane Mango Rose
Layering Jasmine
Tissue cutting Dahlia
Racemose Inflorescence (Unlimited Growth) Main axis elongated Raceme stalked flowers eg. : Delphinium
Penide branched Raceme Gulmohar
Spike Compound spike Catkin Spadix Sessile Branched axis Sessile, Uni sessile Flowers made of spikelets Sexual flowers flowers Achyranthas Amaranthus Pendulous axis Fleshy axis Mulberry coloured Bract banana
Racemose Inflorescence Main axis shortered Cerymb Stalks of flower unequal flowers at same levelIberis
Main axis flattened Umbel Stalks of flower equal Flowers at same level Coriander, Fennel
Capitulum / Head Florets arising from disc like receptacle Calotropis
Cymose Inflorescence (Limited Growth Uniparous (only one lateral branch Scorpoid Tecoma
Biparous (2 Lateral Branches) Dianthus
Multiparous (More than 2 lateral branches) Calotropics
Helicoid Drosera
Special Types (Unlimited Growth Cyathium Cup shaped involucre having one female and many male flowers Euphorbia
Verticillaster Dichasial cyme reduced to scorpoid cyme Ocimum, Salvia
Hypanthodium Cup shaped receptacle with opening Ficus
Ectexine Exine End exine
Pollen Wall Intine
Tactum Baculum Foot layer
Large – vegetative / Tube cell Pollen grain form 2 cells Small - Generative cell — 2 male gmates
Monosiphonous — with one pollen tube Pollen grain Polysiphonous — More than one poller tube eg. curcurbitaceal, Malvaceae
Fused carpels Syncarpous eg. Petunia Carpels free Ranunculus Aconitum
Parts of Ovules
Hilum The point at which funicle is attached with ovule
Funicle
Micropyle
Embryo sac
Integuments
Stalk of ovule
opening of ovule
female gametophyte
Coverings of Embryosac
Antipodal cells
Central cells
3 cells at chalazalcells containing end 2 polar nuclei
Egg apparatus
1 egg + 2 synegids
Microspore mother cell (MMC) Meiosis 4 megaspores 3 Degenerate
One functional megaspore 3 Successive mitotic division 8 haploid nuclei
3 nuclei arranged at micropylar end and form Egg Apparatus (2 synergias +1 egg cell)
Dichogancy
Two nuclei fuse and form diploid central cell
Three nuclei group together at chalazal end to form antipodal cells
Protandry - Androecuim matures earlier than gynoecium eg. : Phlox, Asteraeae Protogyny - Gynoecium matures earlier than Androecuim Solanum
Polination by water - Hydrophily / Hydrogamy
Epihydrogamy pollination on water surface eg. Vallisneria
Hypohydrogamy pollination occurs in water eg. : Zostera, Ceratophyllum
Sperm mother cell (46) (2n)
Oogonia (2n) (46) Mitosis
Spermatogonia (46) (2n)
Primary oocytes (2n) (46)
Spermatogonium (46) (2n)
Merosis I
Growth Primary spermatocyte (46) (2n) Meiosis I Seconary Spermatocyte (23) (n) Meiosis II
Secondary oocyte (n)(23) 1st polar body
Spermatids (n) (23) Spermiogenesis Spermatozoa (23) (n)
Meiosis II
Ovum (n)(23) Second Polar body
Spermatogensis (refer to NCERT fig. 3.8 page 49)
2
1
3
4
6
1 10 1
26 2 7
8 Past Meastrual Phase
9
Merstrual phas e
28
5
7
Cycle begins
2 24 5
22
14
23
Proliferative phase
16
21
15 17
18 19
20
Corpus Leteum begins to degenerate
12 1 3
Secretary phase
Phase of Menstrual cycle
Ovulation
Method of birth control
Natural Method
Barrin method (condoms, diaphragms cervical caps and vaults
Periodic Abstinerce (During 10th to 17th Day female does not mate with male)
Physiologica Surgical method method (oral contraceptive (a) Tubectomy pills in females (b) Uasectomy in males
Lactational anemmorrhoea (during intense lactation, pregnancy does not occur due to absence of orum
Other contraceptive (Injections of inplants under skin
Coitus Interuptus (with drawl of peris from vegina before ejaculation)
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