Participatory Rural Appraisal in Village Baidyapur, South 24. Parganas, West ..... played an important role in upliftment of the village people. Fifth rank was ...
Participatory Rural Appraisal in Village Baidyapur, South 24 Parganas, West Bengal with special reference to Aqua resources
A Training Exercise Ganesh Chandra, S. K. Sahu, A. K. Das
Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (Indian Council of Agricultural Research) Barrackpore, Kolkata-700120 West Bengal
Participatory Rural Appraisal in Village Baidyapur, South 24 Parganas, West Bengal with special reference to Aqua resources A Training Exercise
Facilitator & Guidance Ganesh Chandra Sanjeev K Sahu Archan Kanti Das
Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute
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(Indian Council of Agricultural Research) Barrackpore, Kolkata-700120 West Bengal
Participatory Rural Appraisal in Village Baidyapur, South 24 Parganas, West Bengal with special reference to Aqua resources Date: 20-22 January 2008 Facilitator: Ganesh Chandra Sanjeev Kumar Sahu A. K. Das
Participant Trainees: Dr. P. Nath Dr. A. K. Singh Dr. A. Biswas Mr. O. B. Singh Mr. H. Talukdar Mr. B. Goswami Mr. V. Yadav Ms. S. Sarkar Ms. S. Masud
Cover Design: Ganesh Chandra
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© 2008, CIFRI, Barrackpore Published by Director, Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, (Indian Council of Agricultural Research) Barrackpore, Kolkata-700120
Agro-ecosystem Analysis 'While development plans contain quite a lot of improved technologies, they severely lack the local farmers' innovation and their experience in handling the nature and micro-environments. More participatory approach may reduce the gap in unifying the farmers' choice and wisdom with development efforts'. (Chamber, R. 1988, Farmer first : A practical paradigm for the third world agriculture). Agro-ecosystem is composed of a set of interacting biological parameters. Agroecosystem analysis is a technique of understanding the situations of certain agro-socioeconomic-ecological complex in a comprehensive manner. The presence of specific components and their arrangement in space and time (structure) is determined by the environment. The arrangement of components is capable of processing environmental inputs (function). Environmental factors that affect function either directly through inputs or indirectly through effects on the structure are defined as determinants. The farmers monitor the environment, energy and material process within the agricultural system and makes decisions that affect system structure and function. Agro-ecosystem analysis provides an explicit technique of analysis of technologies having focus not only on productivity but also on stability, sustainability and equitability parameters of a farming system at micro levels. Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) is a flexible, low cost and time saving set of approaches and methods used to enable the scientists to collect and analyze information in terms of past, present and future situations to understand about local populace and the conditions that exist in local areas which would provide a thorough and comprehensive idea regarding problems, potentials, resources and solutions for a realistic development programmes by the rural people themselves. However, it is facilitated by PRA facilitators to achieve within a specific period of time. The local people, i.e. participants take a leadership role in collecting, analyzing, interpreting and presenting information, and in the process impart knowledge and development insight to the specialists & extension agents.
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The following PRA tools were utilized for space, time, flow and decision analyses for understanding the elements and properties of the village ecosystem.
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The following PRA tools were utilized for space, time, flow and decision analysis for understanding the elements and properties of the village ecosystem. Sl No Pattern Analysis PRA tools 1 Space 1. Social Mapping 1.Mapping 2. Resource Mapping 2.Transect walk and 3. Transact Diagram Transect Diagram 2 Time 1.Time Line 1.Focus group 2.Changing Trends discussion 3.Seasonality 2.Seasonality Analysis 3.Daily Routine diagram and 4.Activity profile 3 Flow 1.Venn Diagram 1.Venn Diagram 2.Livelihood Analysis 2.Causal Diagram 3. .Livelihood Analysis 4.Resource Analysis 4 Decision 1.Well being ranking 1.Matrix Ranking 2.Choice Ranking 2.Wealth Ranking 3.Problem Ranking 3.Brainstorming 4.Preparation of Intervention Matrix
Basic Information Name of the Village Area of the village Mouza Gram Panchayat Development Block and Panchayet Samiti Post Office Police Station Population No. of male and female No. of family Male Female Ratio No. of minor Primary School Anganwardi Centre Health Centre Nursing Home Agricultural Co-operative Bank Play Ground Temple Religion Literacy Source of drinking water
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KI:
Jayanta Mandal Padma Paik Shubhas Haldar
Baidyapur 51.48 ha Baidyapur Ghateswar Mandir Bazar Baidyapur Mandir Bazar 1315 270 50:50 900 1 2 nil 1 1 2 2 Mostly Hindu 50% Tube-well-2 of 1000 ft. depth(one Purkaitpara and one in the border of the village at Mirpur)
Facilitator: Dr. S.K. Sahu Mr. Sukumar Saha
Trainee Participants: Dr. P. Nath Dr. A. Biswas Mr. H. Talukdar Mr. A. K. Singh Mr. O. B. Singh Mr. B. Goswami Mr. V. Yadav Ms. S. Sarkar Ms. S. Masud
Participatory Rural Appraisal: Tools, Process and Results Space Analysis: Space analysis may be defined as a type of explanatory analysis of a particular area which is undertaken by the facilitator team to observe and record minute details of that particular area. Space Analysis deals with: 1. Social map, Resource map, Hydrological map, Micro farming situation 2. Biodiversity study and Transect walk Social map Social map depicts the detailed description of a social setup. It includes the geographical boundary, the resource description (abiotic, biotic and social) and settlement pattern, distribution of institutions, economic wellbeing distribution etc. The study was undertaken in Baidyapur village of South 24 Paragans district of W.B. having a population of 1315. Out of them 57 are SC and rest belong to general category. The total area of the village is 51.48 ha in which paddy is the principal cultivable crop. There is one primary School and no secondary school. There are 5 temples and 1 Mosque in the study area. The distribution pattern of the household is scatterd over the village along the both sides of the road. Two communities (Hindu and Muslim) lives in the village.The area is undulating in topography but there are sufficient no. of ponds (76 no.) covering an area of about 5 ha. The villager mostly belongs to small, marginal and landless farming community and having about average 1-2 bigha land for cultivation of crops and vegetables. The livestock and poultry population are not generally available in every household. The major sources of entertainment are radio and few numbers of televisions in the area. The villagers are not endowed with any modern instrument like tractor, pump set etc. More or less 70-80% children go to school. The main source of drinking water is tube-well and pond water meets the required amount of water by villagers for their different daily activities including household work.
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Resource map Biodiversity study and Transect walk were done to know the resources existing in the village relating to agricultural, animal husbandry and fishery production and to study the bio-diversity in the area. The items covered were crops, livestock, soil type, service facilities, input agencies, information supply system, irrigation sources communication system, agricultural implements and land types etc. The study area is spread over an area of about 51.48 ha . The area is endowed with agricultural, horticultural, animal husbandry and aquacultural resources. Though major crops are paddy only, cash crops like Sunflower and green gram is also grown in a very small scale. However, vegetables like brinjal, chilli, cauliflower, tomato etc. are also grown in the kitchen garden. Fruits like coconut, jackfruit, guava, banana, papaya, mango etc. and forest trees like bamboo,
akashmoni, shishoo, eucalyptus, palm, kadam, date, palm, tamarind, piple, wood apple, ber etc are also observed. The livestock population consisting of mostly cattle, goat, sheep, poultry, duck etc. are also seen; but in scanty. There are total 76 numbers of ponds spread over the area for fish culture and other domestic purposes. The major fish species stocked in the ponds are catla, rohu, mrigal, bata, common carp etc. Occurance of indigenous fish species like Singhi, Magur, Koi, Mourala, punti,lata,sol etc are also reported. The cultivation of paddy mainly depends on rainwater. Water scarcity of the study area leading to the cultivation of mono crop, the main cropping season being the kharif season. Water resource in details Total water area (pond) No of pond Ponds for fish culture Ponds without fish culture Ownership information
: : : : :
Water area :5 76 22 nos. 54 nos. Own pond : 6 nos. Lease : 4 nos. Multiownership pond : 66 nos.
Water retention period
:
10 months
Transect diagram
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The transect diagram is drawn after conducting the transect walk. A transect walk is a type of exploratory walk which is undertaken by the facilitator along the village to observe and record minute details of diversity of a particular agro eco-ecosystem. The transect map contains the characteristic of the various production systems distributed spatially. The characteristics like soil texture, water holding capacity, plant species, crops, crop varieties, productivity, fisheries, livestock, problems and opportunities etc. are taken for cross sectional comparative analysis. This gives a broader picture of the resource, enterprises, potential and limitations of natural resource production system of the village. It reveals that the habitation of the villages is located in upland areas. The area is mono-cropped in nature and most of the land remains fallow throughout the year except rainy season when the farmers try to grow paddy in most of the land. Rain fed Kharrif paddy is the principal crop of the area. The major plant species in this land are trees & bamboo and cultivated vegetables. General Transact of Bidyapur Village
Land Pattern Soil texture Soil type Livestock Fishery Kitchen Garden
Plants species
Cash Crop Water bodies Water holding capacity Water table Weeds Problems Opportunities
Upland Heavy (Clayey) Clay Duck, Poultry,Cow,Goat IMC,Bata, Koi, Murrels, Singhi, Magur and other weed fishes Bottle gourd, Brinjal, Cowpea, Chilly, Poi, Papaya, , Banana, Bel, Ber, Tori etc. Palm, Coconut, Ashok, Eucalyptus, Bamboo, Piple, Jamoon, Date, Babul, Neem, Jackfruit, Mango akashmoni, shishoo,kadam etc. Ponds Medium
Low land Heavy (Clayey) Clay -
30 ft. Water hyacinth, Pistia, Lemna, Colocasia, Cyprus etc. Drinking Water, Proper knowledge on pisciculture, Labour scarcity Revitalization of pump house, Create awareness on scientific fish culture and extensive extension service, More involvement of women, Intrduction of compost manuring
30ft. -
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K I : Jayanta Mandal Participants: Padma Paik Shubhas Haldar
Facilitator: Dr. S.K. Sahu Mr. Sukumar Saha
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Palm, Coconut, Date
Green gram, Sunflower Medium
Water scarcity, Labour scarcity Revitalization of irrigation system, More involvement of women, Crop rotation.
Trainee Dr. P. Nath Dr. A. Biswas Mr. H. Talukdar Mr. A. K. Singh Mr. O. B. Singh Mr. B. Goswami Mr. V. Yadav Ms. S. Sarkar Ms. S. Masud
Time analysis: Time analysis is the chronological study of any geographical area or social system regarding its historical attributes, qualitative and quantitative developments over time. It is one type of systematic analysis of the past by which one can easily be aware of change and developments in life styles, crop husbandry, livestock resources, socio-economic status, social infrastructure etc. It also helps to understand local decision making process, its evolving nature, along with "break through or turning points". The events that occur once in the history or periodically or in cyclic order can be captured through time line, seasonality diagrams, daily routine diagram and time trend. Time line
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In this tool elderly people are contacted to know the milestones in the flow of agriculture, fishery and other fields. This approach is a method of knowing the history of major recollected events in a community. It indicates casual links between past and present. The time line can also be known as historical profile. The final steps in time line are given through the triangulation of information. Time line of village BAIDYAPUR (Dist. South 24 Parganas, WB, India) Year
Events
1907 1952 1957 1957 1961 1962 1964 1972 1982 1982 1988 1992 1992 1992 1995 1997 1998 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Primary School Bi-cycle Van Rickshaw Double storied building Agricultural co-opeartive bank Sanghashree Club Chemical fertilizer Introduction of HYV (Paddy) Electricity Tube Well Vaccination (human) Tractor Electric Transformer Drinking Water (PHE) Artificial Insemination of cattle Television, Tempo Van Auto Rickshaw Telephone Mobile phone Jeep Maruti Van Black top road
Time Trend: Time trend shows the qualitative and quantitative changes in agro-ecosystem over specific period of time. While time line analysis move vertically, time trend move both vertically and horizontally. Time-trend of rice production During 1950s the production of rice were approximately 500 kg/bigha/year which has decreased to approaximately 300 kg/bigha/year in 2007. This may be due to change in climate, non adoption of new technologies for rice cultivation and quality deterioration of soil.
Trend of rice peoduction
Production (Kg/bigha/yr)
600 500 400 300 200 100 0 1950
1970
1990
2007
Year . Time-trend of fish production
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The fish production from the pond of the village duing 1950’s were approximately 100 kg/bigha/year which has now marginally increased to 140 kg/bigha/year. The steady increase in fish production may be attributed to lack of proper knowledge in fish culture, multi ownership, timely un availability of quality fish seeds and non application of other inputs like fertilizers, fish feed and also low water depth.
Production(kg/bigha/Year)
Trend of Fish Production 160 140 120 100 80
Series1
60 40 20 0 1950
1970
1990
2007
Year
Seasonality diagram Seasonal variations have both the implicit and explicit characters of any process. This is a diagram depicting the main activities, incidences, problem and opportunities throughout the year. The phenomena like incidence of disease in agriculture, human, animals etc. can be depicted as line diagram against the months of the year. It was done to indicate various abnormalities and specific activities occuring during different months relating to agriculture and allied fields. Festivals, incidence of crop pest and diseases, human diseases, livestock diseases, fish diseases etc. also depicted in the seasonal map. Seasonality of Festivals There are five important festivals viz Gostho Mela Kali Puja Durga Puja Id, Manasa puja. obsserved every year. Of these, involvement of villagers is quite high in two main festivals like Gostho Mela and Kali Puja.
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Month
Seasonality of Pest and Diseases of rice
Chaitra(Mar…
Magh(Jan.-…
Poush(Dec.…
Kartik(Oct.-…
Bhadra(Aug…
Ashar(June-…
Degree of importance
80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Baishakh…
Seasonality of important festivals
Degree of disease occurance of rice
The infestation of Dhasa start from July (Ashar-Shraban)) and continues upto month of August (Shraban-Bhadra)). Maximum infestation of Dhasa occurs in the month of July (Ashar-Shraban)). The infestation of Caterpilar occurs during the month of July (Ashar-Shraban)) to August (Shraban-Bhadra). The infestation of Shyamapoka occurs during the month of October (Aswin-Kartik). 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Dhasa Caterpill ar Shyama poka
Month
Seasonality of Livestock diseases The common disease occurrence in livestock are foot and mouth diseases in cattle,Chunna Haga (Ranikhet) in poultry and parasitic dirrhoea ducks and black quarter The occurrence of foot and mouth disease is maximum during the month of Feb.to April(Phalgun to Baisakh) and the Ranikhet in poultry is maximum during Feb.to April(Phalgun to Baisakh) while the occurrence of Parasitic diarrhoea in duck infection has been observed throughout the year. The black quarter
60 50 40 30 20 10 0
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Human disease
Phalgun(Feb.-Mar)
Month
Poush(Dec.-Jan)
Kartik(Oct.-Nov.)
Bhadra(Aug-Sept)
Ashar(June-July)
Foot & Mouth
Baishakh (Apr-May)
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Degree of occurence
Seasonal occurence of Livestock disease
Ranikhet Parasitic dirrhoea Black quarter
The degree of occurrence of viral flu is maximum amongst all the diseases, peak being the month of July-August (Ashar-Bhadra). Most of the diseases especially fever, cough, cold, diarrhoea, dysentry, abdominal pain, ear infection are common during the month of Asarh. The fungal infection of limb is a common problem found round the year.Maximum occurrence of respiratoy disese is during the month of Nov-Dec(KartikPous)
80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Viral flu
Fungal infestation of limb
Phalgun(Feb.-Mar)
Month
Poush(Dec.-Jan)
Kartik(Oct.-Nov.)
Bhadra(Aug-Sept)
Ashar(June-July)
Enteric disese
Baishakh (Apr-May)
Degree of occurance
Monthwise human disease occurance
Respiratory Diseases
Seasonality of Fish disease: Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome (EUS) disease of fish mostly occur in fish species like mrigal, rohu, magur,sol etc. during the period of November to march(AgharayanChitra) maximun intensity being in the month of January to February(Magh).
Percentage
Seasonality of EUS diseases of fish 120 100 80 60 40 20 0
Degree of disease occurance
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Month
Daily Routine Diagram
Daily routine diagram profile provides an opportunity to understand the daily pattern of activities of the members of the community (adult men & women, boys and girls belonging to different class, caste, ethnic groups etc.). It helps us to identify the busy periods of the day of different groups of people. It will also help to explore the free time of the day, which may be used for training, education and other developmental activities.
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Daily Routine Diagram of Women Forenoon 5.00 am : Awaking from sleep 5.00 – 6.00 am : Cleaning the home and yard 6.00- 6.30 am : Taking water from road side tube well and maintaining kitchen garden 6.30 – 7.00 am : Cleaning and washing the utensils 7.00 – 8.00 am : Bathing and worshipping 8.00 – 9.30 am : Caring her child, feeding and send them to school 9.30 – 10 .00 am : Marketing Vegetables 10.00 – 11.00 am : Taking breakfast and tea 11.00 – 1.00 pm : Cooking Afternoon 1.00 – 2.00 pm : Lunch 2.00 – 3.30 pm : Taking rest 3.30 – 4.30 pm : Preparing paper packet 4.30 – 5.30 pm : Dehusking 5.30 – 6.00 pm : Worshipping Evening 6.00 – 6.30 pm : Cleaning rooms 6.30 – 7.30 pm : Assist the child for study 7.30 – 9.00 pm : Cooking 9.00 – 9.30 pm : Gossiping with her family/ watckhing T.V. 9.30 – 10.30 pm : Dinner 10.30 pm : Go to sleep The daily routine of women of Baidyapur village is depicted below. In the morning at 5 am the women of village wake up. From 5.00-6.00 am they clean their home and home yard. They take water from road side tube well from 6.00-6.30 am for maintaining kitchen garden activities. After that during 6.30-7.00 am they clean clean utensils at their home side pond. During 7.00-8.00 am they take bath and worship God. Then they take care for their child to feed and send them school. They completed marketing of vegetables by 10.30am. They take break fast at 10.00 am followed by cooking up to 1.00 pm. They complete their lunch by 2.00 pm and take rest up to 3.30 pm. By 3.30 pm they start preparing paper packet. From 4.30 pm to 5.30 pm they remain busy with dehusking of rice. Then they worship for half an hour. At 6.00 pm they again clean their rooms. At 6.30 pm they assist their child in reading. From 7.30pm to 9.00 pm they are engaged for cooking. From 9.30 pm to 10.30 pm they take dinner and at 10.30 pm they go to sleep.
Category of work by women
Household
Productive
Common
resource
management Cleaning the home and yard Cleaning and washing the utensils
Maintaining kitchen garden Preparing paper packet
Taking water from road side tube well
Dehusking
Caring her child, feeding and send them to school Marketing Vegetables Cooking Assist the child for study
Flow analysis Through flow analysis we study the linkage or networking of village resources, institutions etc. with its surrounding, seasonality of resource, events or constraints and crop profiles with the relevant accounts for preceding crop and follow up crop in terms of crop under detail study. Components of flow analysis 1) Venn or Chhapti diagram
2) Fish Culture practices
Venn diagram
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Venn diagram shows the institutions in and around an agro-ecosystem and their relationship and importance as perceived by the local people. The diagram circles of different sizes represent an individual or an institution whose size shows its degree of importance in decision making in a village, overlapping of circles indicates their wheeling in decision making while its distance from the centre depicts the service obtained by the people, larger the distance, lower is the service rendered by the respective institutions. To start with, the environment has been set for asking about the institutions in and around the village along with their role in terms of importance and access of the villagers. The paper has been cut in different sized circles to write the name of the institutions as per their importance. The name of the most important institution was written on the largest circle and the least important on the smallest and so on. To assess the association
or access of villagers with the institution, a circle has been drawn in the centre depicting the area and the institutions with more association are pasted closer and vice-versa. As per importance of institution, Gram panchayat ranked at number one as the development of the village is based on panchayat. The primary school was ranked second, as there is only one school in the village. Third rank was given to Nursing home as the villagers are facing series of disease problems round the year. Fourth rank has given to local NGO, theVivekananda seva Kendra- o-Sishu udyan (VSSU) which is played an important role in upliftment of the village people. Fifth rank was accorded to Krishi Unnayan Samabay Samiti which was responsible for credit supply, savings and supply of kerosin and sugar at subsidized rate.. Agriculture department, Panchayat samiti ,Fishery department and Zilla Parishad was ranked as sixth ,seventh,eight and nine respectively as they are not easily approachable. Regarding the association / access, the most nearest institutions are Krishi Unnayan Samabay Samiti, Gram Panchayat, , primary school, NGO- theVivekananda seva Kendra- o-Sishu udyan (VSSU), Panchayat samiti, Nursing home, Fishery dept., Agricultural dept.followed by Zilla parisad. The high association or access to these institution is due to their dependency for day to day activities of life. At second place, the institution with secondary needs lie after these. Fish Culture practices Criteria
Pre stocking
Stocking management
Post Stocking Management
Management Dewatering Weed clearence Control of predatory fishes Limimg and mannuring Stocking
combination
and
density
Not maintain Roho,
Catla
Mrigal,
Comman carp and Bata Spp. stock Feeding Periodic
limming
manuring
and
Not significant Sometimes
manuring
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Cowdung Test neting
Not regularly
Desease control
Done for EUS only
Decision analysis
with
The decision analyses are useful in evaluating alternative streams of decision. Two or more streams of decisions are evaluated to make decision amongst them. The criteria for evaluation are evolved by the villagers and scored / ranked. The final ranking among the alternatives are done by final additions of the values. Thus, collective decisions or choices emerge out with these PRA tools. LIVELEHOOD ANALYSIS FOR FISH FARMERS Items
Resource
Sr. No 1
2 3
Land Holding (bigha) Ponds Labour Migration
Poor Landless
Medium 1.5
Rich 3
Very Rich 5
Migrated to Kolkata for working in Tiles factory Mud wall, Thatch roof, Roof tiles
-
4 -
Pucca single storey, two room pucca bathroom & kitchen Duck- Nil Poultry-2 Nos Milch-2 Nos Calf- 2 Nos Agriculture- 5000/Cattle milk-Rs. 3000/Service- Rs. 36000/-
Pucca house single storey, 4 rooms kitchen Nil
2 Migrated to Kolkata for Business Two storey building
4
Type of House
5
Livestock
6
Source of Income
7
Expenditure
Agriculture-22 % Food-58% Education- nil Medicine- 10 % Electricity-nil Telephone- nil Travel- 2 % Dress- 2 %
Agriculture-5 % Food-55% Education- 8 % Medicine- nil Electricity-2 % Telephone- 2 % Travel- nil Livestock-5 % Dress- 3 %
8
Material
Fish net, traps,
Cable, colour tv- 1,
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Duck-4 Nos Poultry-2 Nos Milch-2 Nos Calf- 2 Nos Agriculture- 15000/Fish farming10000/Horticulture (vegetable)- Rs. 5000/-
Business & service1,20,000/-
Cattle (2 Nos) local breed
Businessgrocery shop- 1, hardware shop- 1(in kolkata), broker of land Agriculture-19 Food-5 % % EducationFood-45% 1% Education- 25 Medicine% 0.5 % Medicine- nil Electricity-2 Electricity-3 % % Telephone- 6 % TelephoneTravel- nil 2% Livestock- nil Travel- 4 % Dress- 1 % Dress- 1 % Cable, colour Colour
9
10
11
wealth
agriculture implements
mobile phone- 1, bicycle-1
tv- 1, mobile phone- 4, bicycle-2, byke- nil.
Value of material Wealth Savings & Debts
Rs. 3000,
Rs 25000
Rs 50000
Nil
Rs 3000 (bank), Rs. 40000 (home construction from money lender)
Rs 400000, no debts
LIC2,00,000/-, Rs 5,00,000/-
Managing money from money lenders and neighbour and relatives
nil
Managing money from Bank
Crisis Managing money Management from local moneylender, family, relatives and neighbours.
Resource poor1. Rabi Purokait 2. Prodyot mondol Middle1. Samar Mondol Rich – 1. Debprakash Mondol
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Very rich1. Swapan Mondol
Findings: 1. Family Size: not much difference. 2. Land holdings: gradual reduction from rich to medium then to resource poor. 3. Labour migration: nil in case of rich and middle group. In case of resource poor, migration has taken place to Kolkata in search of job. Other avenue---4. Livestock: rich people have less livestock than poor. 5. Source of income: agriculture remains the mainstay for poor and medium farmers. 6. Expenditure: food expenditure is highest among poor. Rich pay less on most of the items come from their own resources.
T.V., Fridge, CD Player, Telephone – Landline-2 Mobile-2 Rs 1,50,000/-
7. Material wealth: Very poor for resource poor. 8. Savings and debt:No savings for resource poor. Highest savings in rich group. 9. Crisis management: Financial crisis is met for obtaining loan from moneylender or neighbour at high rate of interest. Very rich families sometime take loan from bank if needed to meet the extra amount for his business for a short period.
Wealth ranking Well-being ranking is the categorization of the village households into reasonable number of categories as perceived by the villagers. The criteria of stratification are determined by the villagers themselves. The triangulations and mutual interactions among the villagers give fairly accurate measures of well being. This helps in determining the target households for development interventions. Name of all the family heads were written in papers village-wise by the village participants of the respective villages and then each family was categorized in a specific group by the villagers themselves using a particular sign after detailed discussion.
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Name of the villagers
Sukumar Roy Santanu Nandan Haldar Sanat Kr Roy Kishor Roy Srikumar Roy Chandrashekhar Roy Barun Roy Ganapati Roy Madan Roy Rabindra Roy Sadhan Chandra Roy Sunil Kr Roy Pradyut Haldar Prabir Haldar Poka Mistri Kana Mistri Panchu Mistri Gabinda Pramanik Kashi Pramanik Sanjay Mistri Sujay Mistri Chandidas Mandal
Wealth rank Higher income group
Middle income group √
Lower income group
√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
Below poverty line
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Pradip Mandal Kanai Mandal Balai Mandal Sanat Mandal Kesto Mandal Shyama Prasad Mandal Jagadish Mandal Anirban Mandal Vuto Mandal Jaydep Mandal Chand Mandal Ganga Mandal Dipu Mandal Ashok Mandal Dibakar Mandal Shankar Mandal Name of the villagers
Bhudhar Haldar Sanat haldar Nakul Haldar Chunilal Biswas Manik Mandal Nripati Biswas Bhupati Biswas Sripati Biswas Ashok Mandal Gabinda Mandal Lakhindar Haldar Sanjiban Haldar Nilratan Haldar Panchu Haldar Pradip Mayra Pankaj Mayra Amar Mandal Purna Barik Bhupati Purakayet Dinesh Purakayet Gabardhan Purakayet Dibakar Purakayet Jugal Purakayet Dilip Purakayet Gopal Purakayet
√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Wealth rank Higher income group
Middle income group √
Lower income group
Below poverty line √ √ √
√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
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Prabhas Purakayet Narayan Purakayet Madhusudan Purakayet Ganapati Purakayet Sripati Purakayet Arindam Purakayet Dinabandhu Purakayet Brihaspati Purakayet Sunil Mandal Anil Mandal Pashupati Purakayet Kartik Purakayet Tripura Mandal Panchanan Purakayet Shusanta Baidya Sujan Purakayet Sushil Purakayet Sudip Purakayet Pradip Purakayet Sumitra Dutta Karuna Purakayet Shyamal Haldar Swadesh Haldar Sujit Haldar Ruitasya Haldar Sanatan Haldar Dhananjay Purakayet Sanat Purakayet Sankar Purakayet Ashok Purakayet Sarala Purakayet Khatik Paik Mamud Ali Mabaruk Paik Manjit Paik Esrafil Paik Yamin Paik Nut Gaji Siyaj Maulla Majid Gayen Ashrab Maulla Jhantu Benia Shambhu Benia Jaydip Benia
√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
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Nirananda Benia Ujjal Benia Ajit Benia Basanta Benia Dunesh Benia Sanjam Benia Gautam Mistri Manaranjan Mayra Subal Mistri Saheb Haldar Damu Haldar Asim Benia Haradhan Haldar Prashanta Mandal Santash Mandal Sankar Mandal Sudam Mandal Panchan Mandal Ratan Mandal Gopal Mandal Batakrishna Mandal Gobardhan Bhandari Nimai Bhandari Naresh Bhandari Parimal Bhandari Panchanan Bhandari Prabash Bhandari Nikhil Bhandari Panchuram Mandal Gitarani Haldar Panchanan Tanti Beena Tanti Babu Tanti Tarun Tanti Barin Bhandari Dilip kumar Haldar Asim Roy Amar mondal Panchuram Mandal Dhanapati Benia Total
√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
Matrix ranking and scoring Matrix ranking is an analytical tool for determining adoption, discontinuation, reinvention, preference and over-adoption for different activities. This tool can be employed for various crop, animal husbandry and fishery entrepreneurship. Matrix ranking for women’s preference in income generating activities However, attempt was made to classify several activities of farm women along with their preferential attributes. Different activities of the farm women and their weightage factor of preference were introduced by them. Further the preference ranking of the attribute of different activities were multiplied with weightage of the attributes and the cumulative value gave the main total value and according ranking was made. The attributes of the According to this ranking highest was obtained for women involved in Tailoring in all aspects. Different other activities ranked in the following order -Anganwari> Embroidery > Fishery>Daily wage labor>Grossery>Kitchen gardening> Poultry & duckery.. However almost nearer rank obtained in women involved in Grossery>Kitchen gardening> Poultry & duckery.. etc. Lowest ranking was obtained in case of maid servant as it involved labour with less wealthy profit and more time spent. From this the preference of fishery work would be of encouraging in this farm women community. Women activities were adjudged through income, time spent, laborious nature, service scope, training, individual expenditure, awareness, market, year round work scope etc. Matrix ranking for women’s preference in income generating activities: Description of work
Ranking
Preferenti al Weightag e Factor Embroidery
Time Laboriou Servic Traini spent s work e ng (6) (4) (3) (7)
Expens es (3)
Awarene ss (6)
Mark et (9)
Year Total roun PWF d work time (8)
6
5
6
3
1
8
7
5
4
273
Daily wage labor
8
8
4
5
0
3
7
0
7
266
Anganwari worker
8
8
7
5
6
7
5
0
8
328
Grossery
3
8
5
1
1
3
2
7
8
256
5
8
1
1
0
1
4
0
8
196
23
Incom e (10)
Page
Maid servant
Parboiling of rice
5
5
4
2
1
5
4
6
5
242
Poultry and Duckery
4
5
6
4
3
5
3
5
6
253
Fishery
6
3
2
3
5
5
5
5
6
268
Kitchen gardening
4
6
5
7
6
7
3
1
6
255
Tailoring
8
4
9
8
3
6
2
8
9
359
Preference Matrix of fish production 15 villagers of the village offer to score individually on the 8 criteria, which the group had generated. Choice of fish species like Catla, Rahu, Mrigal, Bata was decided on the basis of availability of seed, inputs involved, survivality of fish seed, growth rate, profitability, ease of handling, market demand, occurrence of disease of pest attack. The villagers preferred Rahu as the most important fish followed by Catla and Mrigal. The last preference was given to Bata. Preference Matrix of fish production. Criteria
Fish species Catla
Availability of 8
Rohu
Mrigal
Bata
9
7
5
seed Input seed
8
9
7
7
Survivality
8
9
7
5
Growth rate
7
5
9
3
Profitability
6
5
9
5
Market demand
7
6
9
6
Easy handling
8
9
5
6
and 7
9
6
9
Disease
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24
pest attack Total
59
61
59
46
Ranking
II
I
II
III
Indigenous Knowledge The indigenous knowledge is the accumulated knowledge, skills and technology of the local farmer derived from the interaction of ecosystem. Since the evolution of mankind man has been entrusted with resources and location specific avenues like agriculture, fishery, dairy, animal husbandry, ayurvedic, medicine and weather study etc. In rural areas, indigenous technical knowledge of fish farmers associated traditionally. Farmers’ wisdom is supposed to be thumb rule in the rural setting, which followed from generations to generations to cope up with different situational constraints. The tested and proven innovation of ancestors needs to be valued and blended with new technological support. Traditional wisdom is time tested and understanding the dimension of technologies of the fish farming helps in asserting the degree and directional change through formal research. Thus, recording of indigenous innovation becomes important which would otherwise be obsolete soon without recognition to future. The following ITK was identified in the village:
Title
General description
Purpose of the ITK
Use of turmeric and
The ingredients are mixed, made paste & socked Treatment of EUS
Salt
in 30-50 liter of water and sprayed over pond disease
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water of 0.133ha pond. Application of ash
During deficiency of oxygen when fish come to Provide oxygen in
burnt from banana
the surface farmers apply ash burnt from banana the pond
leaves
leaves
Use of bamboo
The farmers provide bamboo leaves to cow as To prevent loose
leaves
feed
motion of cow
Identification of problems through Brainstorming and Prioritization of problems Brainstorming is a type of group interaction designed to encourage the free flow of ideas on an unrestricted basis and without any limitations to feasibility in which questions are posed and the participating brains express their opinions and views. It is a form of creative thinking in which judicious reasoning gives way to creative initiative. Participants are encouraged to list for a period of time all the ideas that comes to their minds regarding some problem and are asked not to judge the ideas during the brain storming session. Judgement comes at later stage in which all the contributions will be sorted out and evaluated and perhaps later adopted. Sixty villagers / farmers from 10 villages of the area participated in the brain storing session. They identified total fifty problems regarding agricultural, social, economical and other problems through brain storming. They were astonished to see that they were living within such a sea of problems which was an eye opener to them to come forward to solve the problem with their own effort. After identification, they sorted out the problems and on the priority basis they identified most burning 10 problems. They gave preference for selecting the most important problems in that area. Problem Cause Analysis
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In agro-ecosystem analysis the problems are considered to be the negative effect on the properties of agro-ecosystem viz. productivity, stability, sustainability, equitability. The problems occur due to various causes that is primary, secondary and tertiary. The causes may be of biophysical and socio-economic in nature. Analysing the problems upto tertiary causes, intervention points emerge and activities could be taken up accordingly. The problem has been identified through brain storming. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 12) 13) 14) 15) 16) 17)
Lack of irrigation water Lack of availability of quality seed (rice) Scarcity of drinking water No health center Lack of knowledge regarding fish culture Problem of electricity – load shedding, low voltage, hooking Timely unavailability of agricultural input Education problem after IV standard No infrastructural facility for Anganwari centre Lack of extension support from Govt. sector Poor sanitation and drainage system Under developed road inside the village No credit facility for agriculture and allied sector development Political interference in developmental activities Absence of proper knowledge in culture activities of agriculture Absence of proper knowledge in culture activities of Animal husbandary Lack of availability of quality fish seed
18) 19) 20) 21) 22) 23) 24) 25) 26) 27) 28) 29)
Lack of employment opportunity for women Heavy rainfall, drought and climatic hazards Lack of knowledge and awareness about local resource use and conservation Lack of knowledge on agricultural chemicals. Less idea about Govt. schemes Marriage at under age Lack of fuel Thief problem Problem of multi ownership of fish ponds Conflicts between rich and poor Superstition problem Low soil productivity
Prioritization of problems 1)
Scarcity of drinking water
2)
No health center
3)
Education problem after IV standard
4)
Lack of availability of quality seed (rice)
5)
Lack of knowledge regarding fish culture
6)
Problem of multi ownership of fish ponds
7)
Absence of proper knowledge in culture activities of Animal husbandary
8)
Low soil productivity
The problem cause analysis was done by drawing the causal diagram. At the centre one of the problems which was identified by the villagers through brainstorming was taken within a centre circle while the causes and constraints were shown in rectangles. The primary cause derived from the primary causes, secondary causes and tertiary causes were derived.
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Here in this exercise we have drawn the problem cause diagram of three prioritized problems viz. 1.Low production of rice and 2.Low production of fish.
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Intervention, Strategy action Problem
Intervention
Type of intervention
Programme proposed
point Lack of proper On farm/off farm training and Impart knowledge
demonstration for all concern
knowledge,
motivation
through
demonstration, village level teaching
and
training
programme, distribution of booklet,
pamphlets,
exhibition, audio visual aids made in local language Multi ownership Formation of SHG, formation of Meeting, group discussion, problem
cooperative society, development farm of leadership quality
Low Fish
and
home
visit,
awareness camp and success stories
production Lack of credit Bank, Dept,of fisheries and other NABARB, other banks and facility
financial
institutions
financial help.
assure govt.
dept.
to
extend
financial help and insurance cover for crop loss
Weed infestation
CBFM, Introduction of compost Meeting, group discussion, green manure,
skilled development training,
Lack of quality Production of carp seed, skill Establishment seed
development
29
mini
hatchery in public sector, Training,
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