Patterns of species richness, endemism and

Journal of Biogeography (J. Biogeogr.) (2016)

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Patterns of species richness, endemism and environmental gradients of African reptiles Amir Lewin1*, Anat Feldman1, Aaron M. Bauer2, Jonathan Belmaker1, Donald G. Broadley3†, Laurent Chirio4, Yuval Itescu1, Matthew LeBreton5, Erez Maza1, Danny Meirte6, Zoltan T. Nagy7, Maria Novosolov1, Uri Roll8, Oliver Tallowin1, Jean-Francßois Trape9, Enav Vidan1 and Shai Meiri1

1

Department of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, 6997801 Tel Aviv, Israel, 2Department of Biology, Villanova University, Villanova PA 19085, USA, 3Natural History Museum of Zimbabwe, PO Box 240, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe, 4Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Department Systematique et Evolution (Reptiles), ISYEB (Institut Systematique, Evolution, Biodiversite, UMR 7205 CNRS/EPHE/MNHN), Paris, France, 5 Mosaic, (Environment, Health, Data, Technology), BP 35322 Yaounde, Cameroon, 6 Department of African Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, 3080 Tervuren, Belgium, 7Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, OD Taxonomy and Phylogeny, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium, 8Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, 9 Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement, Laboratoire de Paludologie et Zoologie medicale, Dakar, Senegal

Correspondence: Amir Lewin, Amishav St. 27/ 12 Tel Aviv, Israel 67191 E-mail: [email protected] †

Deceased.

ª 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd

ABSTRACT

Aim To map and assess the richness patterns of reptiles (and included groups: amphisbaenians, crocodiles, lizards, snakes and turtles) in Africa, quantify the overlap in species richness of reptiles (and included groups) with the other terrestrial vertebrate classes, investigate the environmental correlates underlying these patterns, and evaluate the role of range size on richness patterns. Location Africa. Methods We assembled a data set of distributions of all African reptile species. We tested the spatial congruence of reptile richness with that of amphibians, birds and mammals. We further tested the relative importance of temperature, precipitation, elevation range and net primary productivity for species richness over two spatial scales (ecoregions and 1° grids). We arranged reptile and vertebrate groups into range-size quartiles in order to evaluate the role of range size in producing richness patterns. Results Reptile, amphibian, bird and mammal richness are largely congruent (r = 0.79–0.86) and respond similarly to environmental variables (mainly productivity and precipitation). Ecoregion size accounts for more variation in the richness of reptiles than in that of other groups. Lizard distributions are distinct with several areas of high species richness where other vertebrate groups (including snakes) are species-poor, especially in arid ecoregions. Habitat heterogeneity is the best predictor of narrow-ranging species, but remains relatively important in explaining lizard richness even for species with large range sizes. Main conclusions Reptile richness varies with similar environmental variables as the other vertebrates in Africa, reflecting the disproportionate influence of snakes on reptile richness, a result of their large ranges. Richness gradients of narrow-ranged vertebrates differ from those of widespread taxa, which may demonstrate different centres of endemism for reptile subclades in Africa. Lizard richness varies mostly with habitat heterogeneity independent of range size, which suggests that the difference in response of lizards is due to their ecological characteristics. These results, over two spatial scales and multiple range-size quartiles, allow us to reliably interpret the influence of environmental variables on patterns of reptile richness and congruency. Keywords climatic variables, cross-taxon congruence, ecoregions, endemism, lizards, range-size quartiles, reptiles, snakes, species richness

http://wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/jbi doi:10.1111/jbi.12848

1

A. Lewin et al. INTRODUCTION Patterns of species richness have been described across many taxa and over multiple scales (e.g. Currie, 1991; Hawkins et al., 2003; Field et al., 2009; Belmaker & Jetz, 2011). Richness gradients have generally been attributed to environmental constraints such as temperature (ambient energy), water availability (Currie, 1991), habitat heterogeneity (Kerr & Packer, 1997; Hortal et al., 2013), and productive energy (Evans et al., 2005). The distributions of amphibians, mammals and birds are now mapped to the species level, and their richness patterns are widely studied (e.g. Grenyer et al., 2006), whereas reptile distributions are largely unmapped, and remain the least studied among terrestrial vertebrates (McCain, 2010). Of studies which have examined patterns of reptile species richness gradients, few have distinguished between the distinct reptile lineages – amphisbaenians, crocodiles, lizards, snakes and turtles (e.g. Currie, 1991; Qian et al., 2007; Powney et al., 2010). A biogeographical bias is also evident – reptile richness has been studied in North America, Europe, Australia and China (Currie, 1991; Rodriguez et al., 2005; Qian et al., 2007; Powney et al., 2010), but few studies have investigated their diversity elsewhere, especially in Africa (Deikumah et al., 2014; Meiri, 2016). Examining the environmental effects on species richness on a per region basis is important, as non-stationarity has been shown across multiple geographical regions (Schall & Pianka, 1978; Davies et al., 2007; Powney et al., 2010; Buschke et al., 2015). Reptiles will soon emerge as the richest class of terrestrial vertebrates at current levels of species description (PincheiroDinoso et al., 2013; Meiri & Chapple, 2016). Understanding reptile richness is particularly important, as they are ecologically distinct from other terrestrial vertebrate taxa. As ectothermic amniotes, their species richness patterns are thought to be mostly associated with measures of ambient energy, in contrast to endotherms and amphibians, which are more reliant on water and productivity (Hawkins et al., 2003; Rodriguez et al., 2005; Qian et al., 2007). Distinct reptile groups are likely to respond differently to environmental variables. For example, snake species richness gradients suggest that they are closely related to both energy and water availability (Hawkins et al., 2003; Terribile et al., 2009). Turtle species richness is usually found to increase with both temperature and precipitation (Schall & Pianka, 1978; Iverson, 1992). However, while just over half of the turtle species (and all crocodile species) in Africa are aquatic (Trape et al., 2012), a significant number of turtle species are also adapted to semi-arid regions. Similarly, lizards are known to inhabit diverse ecoregions ranging from desert to tropical (e.g. in Australia; Powney et al., 2010). Previous studies of lizard species richness gradients suggest that they are most closely related to temperature (Hawkins et al., 2003; Rodriguez et al., 2005; McCain, 2010). This is because lizards are ectothermic amniotes, requiring heat for

2

metabolic activities, but are able to do with very little water (Schall & Pianka, 1978). Amphisbaenians are a small (195 species, 74 of which inhabit Africa; Uetz, 2015) and poorly studied group. Because of their fossorial nature we predict their distributions to be less affected by climate. Different environmental variables may constrain the species richness of vertebrate groups with different geographical ranges and dispersal ability. Heterogeneity measures often become more important relative to climatic variables in explaining narrow-ranged species richness (Szabo et al., 2009; Belmaker & Jetz, 2011). Habitat complexity may provide more unique niches for habitat specialists, and complex habitats may inhibit movement of species with poor dispersal ability – but affect highly vagile species with wide physiological tolerance to a lesser extent. We assembled a comprehensive geographical distribution map of all African reptile species in order to: (1) assess the species richness patterns of reptile (and included groups: amphisbaenians, crocodiles, lizards, snakes and turtles) distributions in Africa, (2) quantify the overlap in species richness of reptile (and included groups) with the other vertebrate classes, (3) investigate the environmental correlates underlying these patterns and (4) evaluate the role of range size on the species richness patterns of reptiles and vertebrate groups. METHODS We obtained data on the distribution of reptile species in mainland Africa from a variety of published sources, including field-guides and atlases (especially Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1998, 2014; Carranza et al., 2008; Chippaux, 2006; Chirio & LeBreton, 2007; Gans, 1987; Largen & Spawls, 2010; Pauwels & Vande Weghe, 2008; Sindaco & Jeremcenko, 2008; Spawls et al., 2002; Tilbury, 2010; Trape & Mane, 2006; Trape et al., 2012), museum databases, the primary literature and IUCN assessments (see Appendix S1 in Supporting Information). Where published maps and data were unavailable, those of us with much experience in studying African reptiles in the field and in natural history collections (DGB, AMB, LC, ML, DM, ZTN and JFT) drew expertranges based on collection localities, their own observations and intimate knowledge of habitats in the region, and on specimens from known localities. The distributions of 71 amphisbaenian, four crocodile, 928 lizard (suborder Sauria), 551 snake (suborder Serpentes) and 47 turtle (order Testudines) species inhabiting Africa (Uetz, 2015) were digitized using ArcGIS 10.0. We obtained digital maps for the 1905 breeding bird species in the region from BirdLife International & NatureServe (2013), and digital maps for the 1113 mammal and 769 amphibian species inhabiting the region from the IUCN (2014). Marine taxa were omitted. Point locality data were converted to polygons buffered by a 1 km radius in order to calculate range size. Digitized maps were overlaid at two different spatial scales to determine species

Journal of Biogeography ª 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd

African reptile species richness richness: (1) WWF ecoregions (herein referred to as ecoregion scale), consisting of 107 regions in Africa (excluding the ‘Lake’ ecoregion; data from Olson et al., 2001), and (2) An equal-area Behrmann projection grid at a resolution of ~1° (herein referred to as 1° scale), comprising 3146 cells. Species richness (henceforth ‘richness’) is the number of species present in each ecoregion they intersect. The advantage of using ecoregions is that they are ecologically distinct units that allow us to directly evaluate the influence of environmental measures without positively biasing habitats that cover large areas (e.g. the Sahara desert will be counted only once and not multiple times as in grid-based analyses) or wide-ranging species found in multiple grid cells, thus reducing pseudoreplication and spatial-autocorrelation (Jetz & Fine, 2012; Belmaker & Jetz, 2015; Buschke et al., 2015). We retain the grid-based analyses to assess the scale-dependence of the results and to assure the results are not contingent on the spatial scale over which richness was estimated. Environmental correlates of species richness Richness was related to four variables to test climatic, ecological and energetic determinants explaining diversity gradients: (1) mean annual temperature (°C, 0.16° resolution; data from Hijmans et al., 2005; BIO1 2014), representing ambient energy, (2) mean annual precipitation (mm, 0.16° resolution; from Hijmans et al., 2005; BIO12 2014), representing water availability, (3) elevation range (m, 0.16° resolution; from Hijmans et al., 2005), representing habitat heterogeneity, and (4) net primary productivity (NPP) (g C year 1, 0.25° resolution; from Imhoff et al., 2004), representing productive energy. We included ecoregion area as a predictor to account for the variation in size among ecoregions (ranging in Africa from ~16 km2 to 4.7 million km2). Areas were log-transformed, and mean precipitation and elevation range were square-root transformed to reduce heteroscedasticity and normalize model residuals. We standardized each predictor variable to provide comparable regression coefficients. All variables were tested for collinearity using variance inflation factors (VIF), and selected due to their presumed effect on richness gradients. We excluded additional variables that

were collinear with other variables we examined (VIF scores > 5, see Craney & Surles, 2002; O’brien, 2007). These included: minimum elevation, seasonality in temperature, seasonality in precipitation, minimum temperature and maximum temperature (data from Hijmans et al., 2005). Range-size quartiles In order to analyse the response of different range-sized groups to environmental correlates, we calculated the geographical range extent (km2) of species using the best resolution maps. We divided the overall reptile class into four groups based on range size from first quartile (narrow-ranging species) to fourth quartile (wide-ranging species). We then assigned lizard, snake, amphibian, bird and mammal species to these range-size quartiles, so that equivalent quartiles contained only species with comparable range sizes (Table 1; Appendix S2). Reptile species richness and environmental data within ecoregions are presented in Appendix S3. Reptile species’ range size, quartile and number of ecoregions occupied are presented in Appendix S4. Statistical analyses Pearson’s correlation was used to measure the degree of congruence between reptile groups and across vertebrate classes. We corrected the degrees of freedom to account for spatial autocorrelation using a modified t-test using the Clifford correction (Clifford et al., 1989). To measure the correlations between overall reptile richness and that of each reptile subgroup we subtracted the number of species in the corresponding subgroup from the overall reptile numbers. We used hierarchical partitioning to assess the average contribution of each predictor to the variance in richness for each taxon, based on the independent contributions of each predictor (Murray & Conner, 2009). Total R2-values for each model were calculated from fitting generalized linear models with Gaussian distributions. All statistical analyses were performed using R version 3.2.0 (R Development Core Team, 2014), and the packages ‘hier.part’ and ‘SpatialPack’.

Table 1 Vertebrate range-size quartiles. Quartiles are based on reptile range sizes. Values are the number of species in each range-size quartile (in parentheses: the proportion of all species in that taxon).

Taxon

1st quartile Range area (km2): 0–12,207

2nd quartile Range area (km2): 12,208–102,968

3rd quartile Range area (km2): 102,969–734,587

4th quartile Range area (km2): 734,588–19,078,943

Median range size of taxon (km2)

Reptiles Amphisbaenians Lizards Snakes Turtles Amphibians Birds Mammals

400 32 254 113 1 354 144 181

400 18 295 83 5 118 186 170

400 16 231 138 15 144 506 312

401 5 148 217 26 153 1063 447

105,025 18,993 59,407 387,884 989,462 18,317 1,037,354 434,019

(25%) (45%) (27%) (21%) (2%) (46%) (7.5%) (16%)


(25%) (25%) (32%) (15%) (11%) (15%) (10%) (15%)

(25%) (23%) (25%) (25%) (32%) (19%) (27%) (28%)

(25%) (7%) (16%) (39%) (55%) (20%) (55.5%) (40%)

3

A. Lewin et al. RESULTS Patterns of species richness and cross-taxon congruence Reptile richness at the ecoregion scale (Fig. 1) is largely congruent with amphibian, bird and mammal richness (r values between 0.79–0.86; Table 2). All groups show classic latitudinal gradients, but reptile hotspots extend further into arid ecoregions. Amphibians are distinct in being nearly absent from arid regions. Overall reptile richness is mostly influenced by snake richness, which is the most congruent of the reptile groups to the other classes (r values between 0.85– 0.89). Turtle richness is also congruent with the other classes (r values between 0.80–0.83). In contrast, amphisbaenian and lizard richness are considerably less congruent with all other groups (r values between 0.35–0.56; Fig. 1). Patterns of cross-taxon congruence are consistent at the 1° scale (Table 3), with amphisbaenian and lizard richness having non-significant relationships after correcting the numbers of degrees of freedom. The disparity between the richness of reptiles and other classes is mostly attributed to the influence of lizard distribution, which is qualitatively very different from the other reptile and non-reptile groups. Lizard richness hotspots are widely dispersed and distinct. Ecoregions with high diversity

of lizards include arid regions such as the Namibian savanna woodlands, Nama Karoo, North Saharan steppe, Mediterranean woodlands and forests, as well as the mountainous ecoregion of the Drakensberg (Fig. 1; see Appendix S5 for list of richest ecoregions per taxon). The richness of other reptile groups and of the other classes is relatively low in these ecoregions. Amphisbaenian richness is centred in the woodland ecoregions of southern and central Africa (as well as the Guinean forest-savanna mosaic), and is the most restricted of all groups, markedly absent from desert areas. Turtle richness resembles snake richness, but turtles do not range as far into arid ecoregions (see Appendix S6 for an ecoregion map of crocodile richness with n = 4 species). Patterns of reptile species richness are consistent at the 1° scale (Fig. 2). Overall reptile richness patterns most strongly resemble snake richness. Lizard richness hotspots are more distinct and disparate at this resolution, such as in areas of West Africa, the Sahara and North Africa. Amphisbaenian and turtle richness patterns are most restricted and significantly absent from arid regions. Environmental correlates of species richness We used hierarchical partitioning to assess the average independent contribution of each predictor to the variance in richness (Fig. 3). The total amount of explained variation is

Figure 1 Species richness of vertebrate classes (a–d) and reptile groups (e–h) within African ecoregions. Colour codes correspond to species numbers in ecoregion from low (blue) to high (red). White denotes no species.

4


African reptile species richness Table 2 Ecoregion cross-taxon congruence of vertebrate species richness (Pearson’s correlation). P-values are < 0.001 for all correlations, number of ecoregions is 107, (r-value above the diagonal, numbers of degrees of freedom corrected for spatial-autocorrelation below the diagonal). Taxon

Amphibians

Amphibians Birds Mammals Reptiles Amphisbaenians Lizards Snakes Turtles

94.02 91.91 95.95 93.92 98.91 94.80 99.44

Birds 0.81 92.43 95.41 99.17 97.48 94.17 97.84

Mammals 0.83 0.94

Reptiles

Amphisbaenians

0.79 0.83 0.86

94.62 94.57 96.14 93.65 97.72

Lizards

0.45 0.35 0.39 0.49

102.57 98.34 98.04 97.56

0.45 0.52 0.56 0.53 0.41

101.37 99.85 106.12

98.45 100.19

Snakes

Turtles

0.85 0.88 0.89 0.62 0.44 0.51

0.83 0.82 0.80 0.87 0.47 0.56 0.90

97.55

Table 3 Behrmann grid (1° scale) cross-taxon congruence of vertebrate species richness (Pearson’s correlation). Number of grid cells is 3108, (r-value above the diagonal, P-value in parentheses, numbers of degrees of freedom corrected for spatial-autocorrelation below the diagonal). Taxon

Amphibians Birds

Amphibians Birds Mammals Reptiles Amphisbaenians Lizards Snakes Turtles

– 8.48 8.76 10.76 11.94 29.71 10.23 10.99

Mammals

Reptiles

Amphisbaenians Lizards

0.84 (0.002) 0.87 (< 0.001) 0.85 (< 0.001) 0.31 – 0.95 (< 0.001) 0.83 (0.001) 0.32 6.91 0.87 (< 0.001) 0.28 8.68 9.75 0.28 9.17 9.00 12.63 21.08 23.91 32.50 28.73 8.94 8.78 20.71 12.29 8.63 9.12 11.32 12.31

considerably lower for amphisbaenian and lizard richness (R2 values = 0.28 and 0.46 respectively), compared to the other reptile and vertebrate groups (R2 values between 0.63–0.75). Net primary productivity and precipitation explain most of the variation in richness of amphibians, mammals and birds, as well as that of snakes and turtles – but are unrelated to lizard richness. In lizards, richness is most strongly correlated with ecoregion area and elevation range, and amphisbaenian richness is most strongly correlated with area and NPP. Reptile groups (especially lizards) are unique in that ecoregion area accounts for a substantial proportion of variation in their richness. Temperature explains relatively little of the variation in the richness of all groups, including lizards, and of reptile richness in general. Environmental correlates of species richness are consistent at the 1° scale (Appendix S7). Net primary productivity and precipitation explain most of the variation in richness of all groups except lizards, in which richness is most strongly correlated with elevation range. Effects of range size Elevation range is the most important variable explaining the richness variation of narrow-ranging lizards, snakes and reptiles in general (Fig. 4). The effect of elevation on richness is reduced for wide-ranging species, but remains relatively important in explaining lizard richness even at larger range Journal of Biogeography ª 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd

(0.287) (0.328) (0.380) (0.318)

0.35 0.38 0.36 0.27 0.31 35.43 26.75

(0.049) (0.072) (0.071) (0.120) (0.097)

Snakes 0.84 0.80 0.85 0.51 0.21 0.25

(< 0.001) (0.003) (0.001) (0.013) (0.459) (0.134)

Turtles 0.79 0.85 0.83 0.83 0.27 0.34 0.81

(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (< 0.001) (0.337) (0.070) (< 0.001)

11.16

sizes. Similarly, elevation range is the most significant predictor of richness variation in narrow-ranging amphibian, bird and mammal species (Fig. 5), but is reduced for wide-ranging species, and replaced by NPP and precipitation, which have no effect on the richness of even the large-ranged lizards. DISCUSSION We present the first comprehensive reptile richness maps for all of Africa. Overall reptile richness is largely congruent with that of other vertebrates. Different reptile groups and rangesized quartile groups, however, have different patterns of richness. In particular, patterns of lizard richness emerge as distinct from the other reptile and vertebrate groups by responding differently to richness predictors, which may in-turn influence their patterns of congruency. Net primary productivity is the strongest predictor of species richness in all classes and the clear latitudinal pattern seen in our richness maps (Figs 1 & 2) reflects a strong correlation with NPP as one moves closer to the equator (Gillman et al., 2015). We find a stronger effect of NPP at the spatially finer 1° scale (Appendix S7) showing that constraints on richness by energy availability are more likely to operate over finer scales (Belmaker & Jetz, 2015). Only lizards have richness hotspots in arid ecoregions, as we predicted, and similar to findings elsewhere (Schall & Pianka,

5

A. Lewin et al.

Figure 2 Behrmann grid (1° scale) species richness of vertebrate classes (a–d) and reptile groups (e–h) in Africa. Colour codes correspond to species numbers in grid cells from low (blue) to high (red). White denotes no species.

Figure 3 Relative importance of species richness predictors (N = 107 ecoregions). Numbers above bins are regression coefficients as single predictors, *Significant P-values for variable as single predictor.

6


African reptile species richness

Figure 4 Relative importance of species richness predictors (N = 107 ecoregions) of narrow- and wide-ranging reptile groups. Q1– 4 = quartiles 1 (narrow) to 4 (wide), numbers above bins are regression coefficients as single predictors, *Significant P-values for variable as single predictor.

Figure 5 Relative importance of species richness predictors (N = 107 ecoregions) of narrow- and wide-ranging vertebrate classes. Q1– 4 = quartiles 1 (narrow) to 4 (wide), numbers above bins are regression coefficients as single predictors, *Significant P-values for variable as single predictor. Journal of Biogeography ª 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd

7

A. Lewin et al.

Figure 6 Species richness of narrow- and wide-ranging lizard and snake groups within African ecoregions. Q1–4 = quartiles 1 (narrow) to 4 (wide). Colour codes correspond to species numbers in ecoregion from low (blue) to high (red). White denotes no species.

1978; Powney et al., 2010). Lizards are well adapted to the harsh conditions of the desert (Rabosky et al., 2007), which is confirmed by the relatively low correlation of lizard species richness with NPP. That variation in reptile richness is only weakly explained by temperature is surprising, as richness in reptiles, and especially in lizards, is thought to respond almost exclusively to ambient energy (Schall & Pianka, 1978; Hawkins et al., 2003). In fact, temperature explains very little of the variation in richness of African vertebrate groups. This is consistent with previous studies that show either no relationship or a negative relationship with ambient energy at warm regions (Currie, 1991; Hawkins et al., 2003). Kerr & Packer (1997) proposed that below 45° latitude, ambient energy no longer relates to mammal richness. This may be true also for reptile richness in Africa, a generally hot, equatorial continent. Studies that do show a positive relationship between reptile richness and ambient energy in North America (Currie, 1991), Europe (Rodriguez et al., 2005), and China (Qian et al., 2007) are all set in higher latitudes than Africa. An exception is Australia, a high-energy zone in which lizard richness does correspond (albeit weakly) to temperature (Powney et al., 2010). However, this may be an underlying consequence of the preponderance of large and homogeneous arid-zones in Australia. This homogeneity allows for species’ ranges to overlap more (James & Shine, 2000). 8

Ecoregion size explains a substantial proportion of variation in richness of reptiles, especially lizards. Some of the arid ecoregions in which lizard richness is relatively high the Sahara Desert, Sahelian Acacia savanna, and North Saharan steppe and woodlands, are the three largest ecoregions in Africa. Thus, lizards which are uniquely adapted to these arid regions, benefit additionally by the large size of these regions, in which speciation dynamics may be enhanced (Rabosky et al., 2007; Kisel et al., 2011). There are distinct richness hotspots for different lizard families (Appendix S8): agamas, lacertids and geckoes are most prevalent in deserts (but note that agamas (n = 77) are richest in the Sahel, lacertids (n = 123) in the Sahara, and geckos (n = 269) in the Namib), and chameleons (n = 110) most widespread in tropical forests. Skinks (n = 233) are widespread and prevalent in large areas of Africa. This provides support for a possible mechanism explaining lizard species richness – different ecoregions act as centres of lizard diversification. This is corroborated by the weak spatial correlation at the ecoregion scale, as evident in the fact that numbers of degrees of freedom corrected for spatial-autocorrelation using the Clifford method are similar to the noncorrected numbers (Table 2; note that this is not the case at the 1° scale, Table 3). Snakes and turtles also display distinct high richness areas based on subclade (Appendices S9 & S10) further supporting the role of diversification and area in Journal of Biogeography ª 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd

African reptile species richness shaping reptile richness patterns. Additionally, richness maps of lizards and snakes in different range-size quartiles (Fig. 6) demonstrate diverse richness peaks according to range size. Similar to previous studies (see also Szabo et al., 2009; Belmaker & Jetz, 2011), narrow-ranged species switch to a high relative importance of habitat heterogeneity, which is reduced for wide-ranging species and replaced by NPP. However, habitat complexity remains a relatively strong predictor of variation in lizard richness even at large range sizes, reflecting their ability to specialize in diverse ecoregions. This, coupled with the lack of relationship between lizard richness and NPP, implies that the difference in response of lizards and the other vertebrate groups to environmental variables is due to underlying differences in their ecological characteristics and physiology independent of their narrower average range size. Differences in range size may reflect underlying ecological dissimilarities in dispersal ability and body size (Gaston & Blackburn, 1996; Lester et al., 2007). The relatively large range sizes of snakes are perhaps related to their large body size and generally higher trophic level (Anderson, 1984). The strong correlation between snake and reptile richness (Tables 2 & 3; Figs 1 & 2) is a consequence of the formers’ large ranges leading to higher snake range overlap on sampling units. This results in the disproportionate influence of snakes (and wide-ranging species) on patterns of reptile richness, and further emphasizes the value of analysing taxonomic groups separately in order to assess true patterns of richness. We hypothesize that the weak relationship between the climatic variables and lizard richness results from lizard species’ narrow and irregular distributions reflecting their ability to specialize in specific niches. The weak relationship between amphisbaenian richness and the climatic variables may be due to their very restrictive ecological requirements and limited overall distribution within Africa, as well as dispersal limitations imposed by their subterranean lifestyle. The higher amount of explained variation for wide-ranging species may be due in part to the underlying spatial-autocorrelation of their large ranges overlapping with the environmental gradients, and not necessarily because these are more important for wide-ranging species (Szabo et al., 2009; Buschke et al., 2015). In conclusion, reptile species richness in Africa is largely congruent with the richness of amphibians, birds and mammals, perhaps as a result of similar responses to similar environmental variables. Richness gradients of narrow-ranged reptiles and vertebrate groups differ from those of widespread taxa, which may reflect evolutionary centres of diversification and endemism. Patterns of amphisbaenian and especially lizard species richness stand distinct from those of the other reptile groups. Lizards have several richness hotspots, particularly in arid ecoregions. Coupled with the small range size of most lizard species this may have considerable bearing on any attempts to employ large-scale conservation efforts based on surrogacy. Journal of Biogeography ª 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was supported by an Israel Science Foundation (ISF), grant #1005/12 to SM. We are grateful to Tom Dowe for help with obtaining amphisbaenian distribution data. We thank Peter Uetz, Karin Tamar and Philipp Wagner for their input regarding the distribution and status of various lizard species. We thank Yosif Shaheen for his help in digitizing lizard ranges, Takuya Iwamura for his insight on previous drafts of this manuscript, Guy Sinaiko for his help in producing the species richness figures, and Francßois Guilhaumon and Falko Buschke for their valuable contributions to earlier versions of the manuscript.

REFERENCES Anderson, S. (1984) Areography of North American fishes, amphibians and reptiles. American Museum Novitates, 2802, 1–16. Bates, M.F., Branch, W.R., Bauer, A.M., Burger, M., Marais, J., Alexander, G.J. & de Villiers, M.S. (2014) Atlas and red list of the reptiles of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Suricata 1, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria. Belmaker, J. & Jetz, W. (2011) Cross-scale variation in species richness-environment associations. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 20, 464–474. Belmaker, J. & Jetz, W. (2015) Relative roles of ecological and energetic constraints, diversification rates and region history on global species richness gradients. Ecology Letters, 18, 563–571. BirdLife International & NatureServe (2013) Bird species distribution maps of the world. BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK and NatureServe, Arlington, USA. Branch, B. (1998) Field guide to the snakes and other reptiles of Southern Africa. Struik Publishers, Cape Town. Branch, B. (2014) A photographic guide to snakes and other reptiles and amphibians of East Africa. Struik Nature, Cape Town. Buschke, F.T., De Meester, L., Brendonck, L. & Vanschoenwinkel, B. (2015) Partitioning the variation in African vertebrate distributions into environmental and spatial components – exploring the link between ecology and biogeography. Ecography, 38, 450–461. Carranza, S., Arnold, E.N., Geniez, P., Roca, J. & Mateo, J.A. (2008) Radiation, multiple dispersal and parallelism in the skinks, Chalcides and Sphenops (Squamata: Scincidae), with comments on Scincus and Scincopus and the age of the Sahara Desert. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 46, 1071–1094. Chippaux, J.P. (2006) Les serpents d’Afrique Occidentale et Centrale. Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement, Paris. Chirio, L. & LeBreton, M. (2007) Atlas des reptiles du Cameroun. Publications Scientifiques du Museum national d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris. 9

A. Lewin et al. Clifford, P., Richardson, S. & Hemon, D. (1989) Assessing the significance of the correlation between two spatial processes. Biometrics, 45, 123–134. Craney, T.A. & Surles, J.G. (2002) Model-dependent variance inflation factor cutoff values. Quality Engineering, 14, 391– 403. Currie, D.J. (1991) Energy and large-scale patterns of animaland plant-species richness. The American Naturalist, 137, 27–49. Davies, R.G., Orme, C.D.L., Storch, D., Olson, V.A., Thomas, G.H., Ross, S.G., Ding, T.-Z., Rasmussen, P.C., Bennett, P.M., Owens, P.F., Blackburn, T.M. & Gaston, K.J. (2007) Topography, energy and the global distribution of bird species richness. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 274, 1189–1197. Deikumah, J.P., Mcalpine, C.A. & Maron, M. (2014) Biogeographical and taxonomic biases in tropical forest fragmentation research. Conservation Biology, 28, 1522–1531. Evans, K.L., Greenwood, J.J.D. & Gaston, K.J. (2005) Dissecting the species–energy relationship. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 272, 2155–2163. Field, R., Hawkins, B.A., Cornell, H.V., Currie, D.J., DinizFilho, J.A.F., Guegan, J.F., Kaufman, D.M., Kerr, J.T., Mittelbach, G.G., Oberdorff, T., O’Brien, E.M. & Turner, J.R.G. (2009) Spatial species-richness gradients across scales: a meta-analysis. Journal of Biogeography, 36, 132– 147. Gans, C. (1987) Studies on amphisbaenians (Reptilia). 7. The small round-headed species (Cynisca) from western Africa. American Museum Novitates, 2896, 1–84. Gaston, K.J. & Blackburn, T.M. (1996) Range size-body size relationships: evidence of scale dependence. Oikos, 75, 479–485. Gillman, L.N., Wright, S.D., Cusens, J., McBride, P.D., Malhi, Y. & Whittaker, R.J. (2015) Latitude, productivity and species richness. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 24, 107–117. Grenyer, R., Orme, C.D.L., Jackson, S.F., Thomas, G.H., Davies, R.G., Davies, J.T., Jones, K.E., Olson, V.A., Ridgely, R.A., Rasmussen, P.C., Ding, T.S., Bennett, P.M., Blackburn, T.M., Gaston, K.J., Gittleman, J.L. & Owens, I.P.F. (2006) Global distribution and conservation of rare and threatened vertebrates. Nature, 444, 93–96. Hawkins, B.A., Field, R., Cornell, H.V., Currie, D.J., Guegan, J.F., Kaufman, D.M., Kerr, J.T., Mittelbach, G.G., Oberdorff, T., O’Brien, E.M., Porter, E.E. & Turner, J.R.G. (2003) Energy, water, and broad-scale geographic patterns of species richness. Ecology, 84, 3105–3117. Hijmans, R.J., Cameron, S.E., Parra, J.L., Jones, P.G. & Jarvis, A. (2005) Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas. International Journal of Climatology, 25, 1965–1978. Hortal, J., Carrascal, L.M., Triantis, K.A., Thebault, E., Meiri, S. & Sfenthourakis, S. (2013) Species richness can decrease with altitude but not with habitat diversity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110, E2149–E2150. 10

Imhoff, M.L., Bounoua, L., Ricketts, T., Loucks, C., Harris, R. & Lawrence, W.T. (2004) Global patterns in human consumption of net primary production. Nature, 429, 870–873. IUCN. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.1. Available at: http://www.iucnredlist.org (accessed 1 June 2014). Iverson, J.B. (1992) Global correlates of species richness in turtles. Herpetological Journal, 2, 77–81. James, C.D. & Shine, R. (2000) Why are there so many coexisting species of lizards in Australian deserts? Oecologia, 125, 127–141. Jetz, W. & Fine, P.V.A. (2012) Global gradients in vertebrate diversity predicted by historical area-productivity dynamics and contemporary environment. PLoS Biology, 10, e1001292. Kerr, J.T. & Packer, L. (1997) Habitat heterogeneity as a determinant of mammal species richness in high-energy regions. Nature, 385, 252–254. Kisel, Y., McInnes, L., Toomey, N.H. & Orme, C.D.L. (2011) How diversification rates and diversity limits combine to create large-scale species–area relationships. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 366, 2514–2525. Largen, M.J. & Spawls, S. 2010. The Amphibians and Reptiles of Ethiopia and Eritrea. Frankfurt am Main: Edition Chimaira. Lester, S.E., Ruttenberg, B.I., Gaines, S.D. & Kinlan, B.P. (2007) The relationship between dispersal ability and geographic range size. Ecology Letters, 10, 745–758. McCain, C.M. (2010) Global analysis of reptile elevational diversity. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 19, 541–553. Meiri, S. (2016) Small, rare and trendy: traits and biogeography of lizards described in the 21st century. Journal of Zoology, doi: 10.1111/jzo.12356. Meiri, S. & Chapple, D.G. (2016) Biases in the current knowledge of threat status in lizards, and bridging the ‘assessment gap’. Biological Conservation, doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2016.03.009. Murray, K. & Conner, M.M. (2009) Methods to quantify variable importance: implications for the analysis of noisy ecological data. Ecology, 90, 348–355. O’brien, R.M. (2007) A caution regarding rules of thumb for variance inflation factors. Quality & Quantity, 41, 673–690. Olson, D.M., Dinerstein, E., Wikramanayake, E.D., Burgess, N.D., Powell, G.V.N., Underwood, E.C., D’Amico, J.A., Itoua, I., Strand, H.E., Morrison, J.C., Loucks, C.J., Allnutt, T.F., Ricketts, T.H., Kura, Y., Lamoreux, J.F., Wettengel, W.W., Hedao, P. & Kassem, K.R. (2001) Terrestrial ecoregions of the world: a new map of life on Earth. BioScience, 51, 933–938. Pauwels, O.S.G. & Vande Weghe, J.P. (2008) Les reptiles du Gabon. Smithsonian Institution, Tielt. Pincheiro-Dinoso, D., Bauer, A.M., Meiri, S. & Uetz, P. (2013) Global taxonomic diversity of living reptiles. PLoS ONE, 8, e59741. Journal of Biogeography ª 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd

African reptile species richness Powney, G.D., Grenyer, R., Orme, C.D.L., Owens, I.P.F. & Meiri, S. (2010) Hot, dry and different: Australian lizard richness is unlike that of mammals, amphibians and birds. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 19, 386–396. Qian, H., Wang, X., Wang, S. & Li, Y. (2007) Environmental determinants of amphibian and reptile species richness in China. Ecography, 30, 471–482. R Development Core Team (2014) R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna. Rabosky, D.L., Donnellan, S.C., Talaba, A.L. & Lovette, I.J. (2007) Exceptional among-lineage variation in diversification rates during the radiation of Australia’s most diverse vertebrate clade. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 274, 2915–2923. Rodriguez, M.A., Belmontes, J.A. & Hawkins, B.A. (2005) Energy, water and large-scale patterns of reptile and amphibian species richness in Europe. Acta Oecologica, 28, 65–70. Schall, J.J. & Pianka, E.R. (1978) Geographical trends in numbers of species. Science, 201, 679–686. Sindaco, R. & Jeremcenko, V.K. (2008) The reptiles of the Western Palearctic. Edizioni Belvedere, Latina, Italy. Spawls, S., Howell, K., Drewes, R. & Ashe, J. (2002) A field guide to the reptiles of East Africa: Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda and Burundi. Academic Press, San Diego. Szabo, N.D., Algar, A. & Kerr, J.T. (2009) Reconciling topographic and climatic effects on widespread and rangerestricted species richness. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 18, 735–744. Terribile, L.C., Diniz-Filho, J.A.F., Rodriguez, M.A. & Rangel, T.F.L.V.B. (2009) Richness patterns, species distributions and the principle of extreme deconstruction. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 18, 123–136. Tilbury, C. (2010) Chameleons of Africa. Chimaira, Frankfurt am Main. Trape, J.-F. & Mane, Y. (2006) Guide des serpents d’Afrique Occidentale. Savane et desert. Institut de Recherche pour le Development, Paris. Trape, J.-F., Trape, S. & Chirio, L. (2012) Lezards, crocodiles et tortues d’Afrique Occidentale et du Sahara. IRD Editions, Marseille. Uetz, P. (2015) The Reptile Database. Available at: http:// www.reptile-database.org, March 2015 version (accessed 15 April 2015).

SUPPORTING INFORMATION Additional Supporting Information may be found in the online version of this article: Appendix S1 Sources used to compile species distribution data: (a) African amphisbaenian species distribution data.


(b) African crocodile species distribution data. (c) African lizard species distribution data. (d) African snake species distribution data. (e) African turtle species distribution data. (f) Reference list for the sources of distribution data of all reptile taxa. Appendix S2 Histograms of range size of (a) reptile, lizard and snake quartiles, and (b) amphibian, bird and mammal quartiles. Appendix S3 African ecoregion reptile species richness and environmental data. Appendix S4 Range size, quartile and number of occupied ecoregions of reptile species in Africa. Appendix S5 Percentage of species present in top ten richest ecoregions of vertebrate classes (a–d) and reptile groups (e–h). Appendix S6 Species richness of crocodiles within African ecoregions. Colour codes correspond to species numbers in ecoregion from low (blue) to high (red). Appendix S7 Relative importance of species richness predictors at Behrmann Grid (1° scale). Numbers above bins are regression coefficients as single predictors, *Significant P-values for variable as single predictor. (3,108 DF.) Appendix S8 Lizard family species richness within African ecoregions (only richest families displayed). Colour codes correspond to species numbers in ecoregion from low (blue) to high (red). White denotes no species. Appendix S9 Snake family species richness within African ecoregions (only richest families displayed). Colour codes correspond to species numbers in ecoregion from low (blue) to high (red). White denotes no species. Appendix S10 Turtle family species richness within African ecoregions (only richest families displayed). Colour codes correspond to species numbers in ecoregion from low (blue) to high (red). White denotes no species. BIOSKETCH Amir Lewin is a PhD student studying the impact evaluation of protected areas. He is interested in the ecology and conservation of vertebrates. Author contributions: A.L. digitized lizard ranges, ran the analyses and wrote the paper. A.F. digitized snake ranges. Y.I. digitized turtle and crocodile ranges. M.N., E.M., E.V. and O.T. helped with GIS and statistical analyses. D.G.B., A.M.B., L.C., A.L., M.L., S.M., D.M., M.N., Z.T.N., U.R. and J.F.T. derived the data and ran quality control for them. J.B. and S.M. helped with the study design and writing. S.M. initiated the project and digitized amphisbaenian ranges. Editor: Francßois Guilhaumon

11

1

Supporting Information

Patterns of species richness, endemism and environmental gradients of African reptiles Amir Lewin1,*, Anat Feldman1, Aaron M. Bauer2, Jonathan Belmaker1, Donald G. Broadley†3, Laurent Chirio4, Yuval Itescu1, Matthew LeBreton5, Erez Maza1, Danny Meirte6, Zoltán T. Nagy7, Maria Novosolov1, Uri Roll8, Oliver Tallowin1, Jean-François Trape9, Enav Vidan1, and Shai Meiri1

Journal of Biogeography

2

Appendix S1a. African amphisbaenian species distribution data. Species Agamodon anguliceps Agamodon compressus Ancylocranium barkeri Ancylocranium ionidesi Ancylocranium somalicum Baikia africana Blanus cinereus Blanus mettetali Blanus tingitanus Chirindia ewerbecki Chirindia langi Chirindia mpwapwaensis Chirindia rondoensis Chirindia swynnertoni Cynisca bifrontalis Cynisca chirioi Cynisca feae Cynisca gansi Cynisca haugi Cynisca ivoirensis Cynisca kigomensis Cynisca kraussi Cynisca leonina Cynisca leucura Cynisca liberiensis Cynisca manei Cynisca muelleri Cynisca nigeriensis Cynisca oligopholis Cynisca rouxae Cynisca schaeferi Cynisca senegalensis Cynisca williamsi Dalophia angolensis

Source Lanza, 1983 Lanza, 1988 Spawls et al., 2002 Gans & Kochva, 1965 Lanza, 1983 IUCN Salvador, 1998; Papenfuss, 1982 Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.); IUCN; Bons & Geniez, 1996; Busack, 1988; Carmagnola Museum Collections Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.); IUCN; Bons & Geniez, 1996; Busack, 1988; Carmagnola Museum Collections Broadley & Howell, 1991 Aaron Bauer & Don Broadley (pers.obs.); Broadley & Gans, 1978 Spawls et al., 2003 Broadley & Howell, 1991 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Broadley & Gans, 1978 IUCN; Branch et al., 2003 Trape et al., 2014 Gans, 1987 Gans, 1987 Pauwels & Vande weghe, 2008; Gans, 1987; Pauwels & Vande Weghe, 2008 Trape & Mane, 2014 Gans, 1987 Gans, 1987 Gans, 1987 Chirio & LeBreton, 2007 Gans, 1987 Trape, 2014 IUCN Gans, 1987 Gans, 1987 Hahn, 1979; Gans, 1987 IUCN; Chirio & LeBreton, 2007 Gans, 1987 Gans, 1987 Aaron Bauer & Don Broadley (pers.obs.); Gans, 1976; Broadley et al., 1976

3

Species Dalophia ellenbergeri Dalophia gigantea Dalophia longicauda Dalophia luluae Dalophia pistillum Geocalamus acutus Geocalamus modestus Loveridgea ionidesii Loveridgea phylofiniens Monopeltis adercae Monopeltis anchietae Monopeltis capensis Monopeltis decosteri Monopeltis galeata Monopeltis guentheri Monopeltis infuscata Monopeltis jugularis Monopeltis kabindae Monopeltis leonhardi Monopeltis luandae Monopeltis perplexus Monopeltis remaclei Monopeltis rhodesiana Monopeltis scalper Monopeltis schoutedeni Monopeltis sphenorhynchus Monopeltis vanderysti Monopeltis welwitschii Monopeltis zambezensis Trogonophis wiegmanni Zygaspis dolichomenta Zygaspis ferox Zygaspis kafuensis Zygaspis nigra

Source Aaron Bauer & Don Broadley (pers.obs.); Broadley et al., 1976 Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.); Broadley et al., 1976 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Broadley et al., 1976 Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.); Broadley et al., 1976 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Monard, 1937 Gans & Kraklau 1989; Spawls et al., 2002 Gans & Kraklau, 1989; Spawls et al., 2002 Gans & Kraklau, 1989 Spawls et al., 2002 Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.); Broadley et al., 1976 Aaron Bauer & Don Broadley (pers.obs.); Bocage, 1895 Aaron Bauer & Don Broadley (pers.obs.) Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Broadley et al., 1976 Pauwels & Vande weghe, 2008; Gans & Lehman, 1973; Chirio & LeBreton, 2007; dos Santos, 2013 Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.); Gans & Lehman, 1973; dos Santos, 2013 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Broadley, 1997 Chirio & LeBreton, 2007; dos Santos, 2013; Chirio & LeBreton, 2007 Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.); Broadley et al., 1976; dos Santos, 2013 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Broadley et al., 1976 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Gans, 1976 Gans, 1976 Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.); Broadley et al., 1976 Broadley et al., 1976; Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.); Zoltán Nagy (pers.obs) Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.); dos Santos, 2013; Gans & Lehman, 1973 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Gans, 1976; Broadley et al., 1976 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Broadley et al., 1976 Bons & Geniez, 1996; Boulenger, 1891a; IUCN Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.) Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Broadley & Broadley, 1997 IUCN; Broadley & Broadley, 1997 Aaron Bauer & Don Broadley (pers.obs.); Broadley & Broadley, 1997; Saiff, 1970

4

Species Zygaspis quadrifrons Zygaspis vandami Zygaspis violacea

Source Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Saiff, 1970; Broadley & Broadley, 1997 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Broadley & Broadley, 1997 Aaron Bauer & Don Broadley (pers.obs.); Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Broadley & Broadley, 1997

Appendix S1b. African crocodile species distribution data. Species Crocodylus succhus Crocodylus niloticus Mecistops cataphractus Osteolaemus tetraspis

Source Trape et al., 2012 Hekkala et al., 2011 IUCN IUCN

Appendix S1c. African lizard species distribution data. Species Ablepharus ruppellii Acanthocercus annectens Acanthocercus atricollis Acanthocercus branchi Acanthocercus cyanogaster Acanthocercus guentherpetersi Acanthocercus phillipsii Acanthodactylus aegyptius Acanthodactylus aureus Acanthodactylus bedriagai Acanthodactylus blanci Acanthodactylus boskianus Acanthodactylus boueti Acanthodactylus busacki Acanthodactylus dumerilii Acanthodactylus erythrurus Acanthodactylus guineensis

Source Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.); IUCN; Steinhardt/TAU Museum Lanza, 1983; Largen & Spawls, 2010 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Branch, 2005; Bocage, 1895 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Wagner et al., 2012a Spawls et al., 2002; Zoltán Nagy (pers.obs) Largen & Spawls, 2010 Lanza, 1983; Largen & Spawls, 2010 Karin Tamar (pers.comm.); Steinhardt/TAU Museum Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.); Karin Tamar (pers.comm.); VertNet Karin Tamar (pers.comm.) Karin Tamar (pers.comm.) Karin Tamar (pers.comm.); Steinhardt/TAU Museum Karin Tamar (pers.comm.) Karin Tamar (pers.comm.) Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.); Karin Tamar (pers.comm.): VerNet Karin Tamar (pers.comm.) Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.); Karin Tamar (pers.comm.)

5

Species Acanthodactylus lineomaculatus Acanthodactylus longipes Acanthodactylus maculatus Acanthodactylus opheodurus Acanthodactylus pardalis Acanthodactylus savignyi Acanthodactylus scutellatus Acanthodactylus senegalensis Acanthodactylus spinicauda Acanthodactylus taghitensis Acontias aurantiacus Acontias bicolor Acontias breviceps Acontias cregoi Acontias gariepensis Acontias gracilicauda Acontias jappi Acontias kgalagadi

Acontias lineatus Acontias litoralis Acontias meleagris Acontias namaquensis Acontias occidentalis Acontias orientalis Acontias percivali Acontias plumbeus Acontias poecilus Acontias richardi Acontias rieppeli Acontias schmitzi Acontias tristis Adolfus africanus

Source Karin Tamar (pers.comm.) Trape et al., 2012; Karin Tamar (pers.comm.); Salvador, 1982 Karin Tamar (pers.comm.); Sindaco & Jeremcenko, 2008 Karin Tamar (pers.comm.) Karin Tamar (pers.comm.); VertNet Karin Tamar (pers.comm.); VertNet Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.); Karin Tamar (pers.comm.); Steinhardt/TAU Museum Karin Tamar (pers.comm.) Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.); IUCN Karin Tamar (pers.comm.) Aaron Bauer & Don Broadley (pers.obs.); Branch, 1988; GBIF Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Branch, 1988; VertNet Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 Aaron Bauer & Don Broadley (pers.obs.); Branch, 1988 Aaron Bauer & Don Broadley (pers.obs.); Branch, 1988 Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 Aaron Bauer & Don Broadley (pers.obs.); Schneider & Bauer, 2009 Aaron Bauer & Don Broadley (pers.obs.); Branch, 1988; Fitch, 1970; Branch, 1998; Pianka, 1986; Pianka & Vitt, 2003; Auerbach, 1987; Cree, 1994; Dunham et al., 1988; Huey et al., 1974; Goldberg, 2006; Cree & Guillette, 1995; Pianka, 1971; Broadley, 1968; Conradie & Bourquin, 2013 Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 Bates et al., 2014 Aaron Bauer & Don Broadley (pers.obs.) Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 Auerbach, 1987; Branch, 1988 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Branch, 1988; GBIF Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 Auerbach, 1987; Branch, 1988 Wagner et al., 2012b Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 Aaron Bauer & Don Broadley (pers.obs.); Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.); Zoltán Nagy & Danny Mierte (pers.obs.)

6

Species Adolfus alleni Adolfus jacksoni Adolfus masavaensis Afroablepharus duruarum Afroablepharus maculicollis Afroablepharus seydeli Afroablepharus wahlbergi Afroablepharus wilsoni Afroedura africana Afroedura amatolica Afroedura bogerti Afroedura broadleyi Afroedura granitica Afroedura haackei Afroedura halli Afroedura hawequensis Afroedura karroica Afroedura langi Afroedura leoloensis Afroedura loveridgei Afroedura major Afroedura maripi Afroedura marleyi Afroedura multiporis Afroedura namaquensis Afroedura nivaria Afroedura pienaari Afroedura pondolia Afroedura pongola Afroedura rondavelica Afroedura rupestris Afroedura tembulica Afroedura tirasensis Afroedura transvaalica Afroedura waterbergensis Afrogecko ansorgii Afrogecko porphyreus Agama aculeata

Source IUCN; Spawls et al., 2002 Branch, 2005; Zoltán Nagy (pers.obs) Branch, 2014; Wagner et al., 2014a Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.) Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Aaron Bauer & Don Broadley (pers.obs.); Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.); Zoltán Nagy & Danny Mierte (pers.obs.) Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Laurent Chirio, Matthew LeBreton & Jean-Francois Trape (pers.obs.) Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 Bates et al., 2014; Makhubo et al., 2015 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Jacobsen et al., 2014 Jacobsen et al., 2014 Jacobsen et al., 2014 Bates et al., 2014; Makhubo et al., 2015 Branch, 1988 Bates et al., 2014; Makhubo et al., 2015 Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 Jacobsen et al., 2014 Aaron Bauer & Don Broadley (pers.obs.); Branch, 1988; GBIF Branch, 1988 Jacobsen et al., 2014 Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 Branch, 1988 Jacobsen et al., 2014 Bates et al., 2014; Makhubo et al., 2015 Jacobsen et al., 2014 Bates et al., 2014; Makhubo et al., 2015 Jacobsen et al., 2014 Jacobsen et al., 2014 Jacobsen et al., 2014 Bates et al., 2014; Makhubo et al., 2015 Jacobsen et al., 2014; Haacke, 1965 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Branch, 1988 Jacobsen et al., 2014 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 Aaron Bauer & Don Broadley (pers.obs.)

7

Species Agama africana Agama agama Agama anchietae Agama armata Agama atra Agama bocourti Agama boensis Agama bottegi Agama boueti Agama boulengeri Agama caudospinosa Agama congica Agama cristata Agama doriae Agama etoshae Agama finchi Agama gracilimembris Agama hartmanni Agama hispida Agama hulbertorum Agama impalearis Agama insularis Agama kaimosae Agama kirkii Agama knobeli Agama lanzai Agama lebretoni Agama lionotus Agama lucyae Agama makarikarika Agama montana Agama mossambica Agama mucosoensis Agama mwanzae Agama parafricana

Source Trape et al., 2012; IUCN Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.); Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.); Mediannikov et al., 2012; Trape et al., 2012 Bates et al., 2014; Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.); GBIF Aaron Bauer & Don Broadley (pers.obs.); Branch, 1988; Zoltán Nagy & Danny Mierte (pers.obs.) IUCN Trape et al., 2012; IUCN Wagner & Bauer, 2011 Trape et al., 2012; IUCN; VertNet Trape et al., 2012; IUCN; Philip Wagner (pers.comm.) Spawls et al., 2002 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Trape et al., 2012; IUCN Trape et al., 2012; Largen & Spawls, 2010 Branch, 1988; Heideman, 1997 GBIF Trape et al., 2012 Laurent Chirio, Matthew LeBreton & Jean-Francois Trape (pers.obs.); IUCN; Wagner & Bauer, 2011 Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 Wagner, 2014 Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.); Schleich et al., 1996; VertNet Trape et al., 2012; IUCN Wagner et al., 2011 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Branch, 1988; Portik et al., 2013 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Branch, 1988; Zoltán Nagy (pers.obs) Wagner et al., 2013a Trape et al., 2012; Wagner et al., 2009; Mediannikov et al., 2012; Trape et al., 2012 Branch, 2014; Bohme et al., 2005 Wagner & Bauer, 2011 Aaron Bauer & Don Broadley (pers.obs.); Branch, 1988 Spawls et al., 2002 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Branch, 1988; VertNet Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Wagner et al., 2012c Spawls et al., 2002 Trape et al., 2012; Mediannikov et al., 2012; Trape et al., 2012

8

Species Agama paragama Agama persimilis Agama planiceps Agama robecchii Agama rueppelli Agama sankaranica Agama somalica Agama spinosa Agama sylvana Agama tassiliensis Agama turuensis Agama weidholzi Atlantolacerta andreanskyi Australolacerta australis Bradypodion atromontanum Bradypodion caeruleogula Bradypodion caffer Bradypodion damaranum Bradypodion dracomontanum Bradypodion gutturale Bradypodion kentanicum Bradypodion melanocephalum Bradypodion nemorale Bradypodion ngomeense Bradypodion occidentale Bradypodion pumilum Bradypodion setaroi Bradypodion taeniabronchum Bradypodion thamnobates Bradypodion transvaalense Bradypodion ventrale Broadleysaurus major Bunopus tuberculatus Chalcides armitagei Chalcides bedriagai Chalcides bottegi

Source Trape et al., 2012; Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.) Wagner & Bauer, 2011; Wagner & Bauer, 2011 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Lanza, 1990; Largen & Spawls, 2010 Laurent Chirio, Matthew LeBreton & Jean-Francois Trape (pers.obs.); Wagner & Bauer, 2011 Trape et al., 2012 Wagner et al., 2013a Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.); IUCN; Largen & Spawls, 2010 Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.); Pauwels & Vande weghe, 2008 Trape et al., 2012; Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Geniez et al., 2011 Wagner, Krause & Bohme, 2008 Trape et al., 2012; IUCN Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.); IUCN Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 Bates et al., 2014 Bates et al., 2014 Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 Branch, 1988 Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 Bates et al., 2014; Tilbury & Tolley 2009; Tilbury, 2010 Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 Branch, 1988 Branch, 1988 Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 Branch, 1988 Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.); Zoltán Nagy (pers.obs) Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.) Trape et al., 2012 Silero et al., 2014 Laurent Chirio, Matthew LeBreton & Jean-Francois Trape (pers.obs.); Greenbaum et al., 2006

9

Species Chalcides boulengeri Chalcides chalcides Chalcides colosii Chalcides delislei Chalcides ebneri Chalcides lanzai Chalcides levitoni Chalcides manueli Chalcides mauritanicus Chalcides mertensi Chalcides minutus Chalcides mionecton Chalcides montanus Chalcides ocellatus Chalcides parallelus Chalcides polylepis Chalcides pseudostriatus Chalcides pulchellus Chalcides ragazzii Chalcides sepsoides Chalcides sphenopsiformis Chalcides striatus Chalcides thierryi Chamaeleo africanus Chamaeleo anchietae Chamaeleo calcaricarens Chamaeleo chamaeleon Chamaeleo dilepis Chamaeleo gracilis Chamaeleo laevigatus Chamaeleo namaquensis Chamaeleo necasi Chamaeleo senegalensis Chamaesaura aenea Chamaesaura anguina

Source Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.); Carranza et al., 2008; VertNet IUCN; Caputo, 1993 IUCN Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.); IUCN; VertNet Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.); IUCN Carranza et al., 2008 Laurent Chirio, Matthew LeBreton & Jean-Francois Trape (pers.obs.); VertNet Carranza et al., 2008 Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.); IUCN; VertNet Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.); Carranza et al., 2008 Carranza et al., 2008 Carranza et al., 2008 Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.); Carranza et al., 2008 Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.); Carranza et al., 2008; Steinhardt/TAU Museum IUCN Carranza et al., 2008 IUCN IUCN Baha El Din, 2006; Largen & Spawls, 2010 Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.); Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Steinhardt/TAU Museum Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.); IUCN; VertNet Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.) Trape et al., 2012; IUCN Baha El Din, 2006; Largen & Spawls, 2010 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Bocage, 1895 Tilbury, 2010 Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.); IUCN; Steinhardt/TAU Museum Auerbach, 1987; Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Bocage, 1895 Trape et al., 2012; Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Bocage, 1895 Trape et al., 2012; Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.); Zoltán Nagy & Danny Mierte (pers.obs.) Bates et al., 2014; Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Bocage, 1895 Trape et al., 2012; IUCN Trape et al., 2012; IUCN; VertNet Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 Bates et al., 2014; Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); GBIF

10

Species Chamaesaura macrolepis Chamaesaura miopropus Chamaesaura tenuior Chondrodactylus angulifer Chondrodactylus bibronii Chondrodactylus fitzsimonsi Chondrodactylus pulitzerae Chondrodactylus turneri Cnemaspis africana Cnemaspis alantika Cnemaspis barbouri Cnemaspis dickersonae

Cnemaspis dilepis Cnemaspis elgonensis Cnemaspis gigas Cnemaspis koehleri Cnemaspis occidentalis Cnemaspis petrodroma Cnemaspis quattuorseriata Cnemaspis spinicollis Cnemaspis uzungwae Colopus kochii Colopus wahlbergii Congolacerta asukului Congolacerta vauereselli Cophoscincopus durus Cophoscincopus greeri Cophoscincopus senegalensis Cophoscincopus simulans Cordylosaurus subtessellatus Cordylus angolensis Cordylus aridus Cordylus beraduccii Cordylus cloetei Cordylus cordylus Cordylus imkeae Cordylus jonesii

Source Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Branch, 1988; Bocage, 1895 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Broadley & Cotterill, 2004 Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.); Zoltán Nagy (pers.obs) Aaron Bauer & Don Broadley (pers.obs.); Branch, 1988 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Branch, 1988 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Spawls et al., 2002 Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.) Spawls et al., 2002 Laurent Chirio, Matthew LeBreton & Jean-Francois Trape (pers.obs.); Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.); Zoltán Nagy (pers.obs) Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.) Spawls et al., 2002 Trape et al., 2012; IUCN Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.); IUCN Trape et al., 2012; IUCN Trape et al., 2012; IUCN Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.); Zoltán Nagy & Danny Mierte (pers.obs.) Trape et al., 2012 Spawls et al., 2002 Branch, 1988 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.); Greenbaum et al., 2011 Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.); Zoltán Nagy (pers.obs) Trape et al., 2012; IUCN Trape et al., 2012; IUCN Trape et al., 2012; IUCN Trape et al., 2012; IUCN Bates et al., 2014; Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 Reissig, 2014; Spawls et al., 2002; Broadley & Branch, 2002 Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988; Bocage, 1895 Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Greenbaum et al., 2012

11

Species Cordylus machadoi Cordylus macropholis Cordylus marunguensis Cordylus mclachlani Cordylus meculae Cordylus minor Cordylus niger Cordylus nyikae Cordylus oelofseni Cordylus rhodesianus Cordylus rivae Cordylus tropidosternum Cordylus ukingensis Cordylus vittifer Cryptactites peringueyi Cryptoblepharus africanus Cryptoblepharus ahli Cryptoblepharus boutonii Cryptoblepharus megastictus Cyrtopodion scabrum Ebenavia inunguis Elasmodactylus tetensis Elasmodactylus tuberculosus Euleptes europaea Eumeces algeriensis Eumeces schneideri Eumecia anchietae Eumecia johnstoni Feylinia boulengeri Feylinia currori Feylinia elegans Feylinia grandisquamis Feylinia macrolepis

Source Reissig, 2014; Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Branch, 1988 Reissig, 2014; Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.); Greenbaum et al., 2012 Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 Reissig, 2014; IUCN Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 Bates et al., 2014 Reissig, 2014; Greenbaum et al., 2012 Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Branch, 1988 Reissig, 2014; IUCN; Largen & Spawls, 2010 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Greenbaum et al., 2012; Zoltán Nagy (pers.obs) Reissig, 2014; Spawls et al., 2002 Aaron Bauer & Don Broadley (pers.obs.); Branch, 1988; GBIF Bates et al., 2014 Aaron Bauer & Don Broadley (pers.obs.); Lanza, 1983; VertNet Horner, 2007 VertNet GBIF Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.); IUCN IUCN; Spawls et al., 2002 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Branch, 2005; GBIF Aaron Bauer & Don Broadley (pers.obs.); IUCN; GBIF Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.) Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.); IUCN Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.); Carranza et al., 2008; Steinhardt/TAU Museum Aaron Bauer & Don Broadley (pers.obs.); Bocage, 1895 Boulenger, 1897 Pauwels & Vande weghe, 2008 Trape et al., 2012; Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Zoltán Nagy & Danny Mierte (pers.obs.) Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.); Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Zoltán Nagy (pers.obs) Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.); Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Zoltán Nagy & Danny Mierte (pers.obs.) Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.)

12

Species Gastropholis echinata Gastropholis prasina Gastropholis tropidopholis Gastropholis vittata Gerrhosaurus auritus Gerrhosaurus bulsi Gerrhosaurus flavigularis Gerrhosaurus intermedius Gerrhosaurus multilineatus Gerrhosaurus nigrolineatus Gerrhosaurus skoogi Gerrhosaurus typicus Goggia braacki Goggia essexi Goggia gemmula Goggia hewitti Goggia hexapora Goggia lineata Goggia microlepidota Goggia rupicola Haackgreerius miopus Heliobolus lugubris Heliobolus neumanni Heliobolus nitidus Heliobolus spekii Hemicordylus capensis Hemicordylus nebulosus Hemidactylus albituberculatus Hemidactylus albivertebralis Hemidactylus albopunctatus Hemidactylus angulatus Hemidactylus ansorgii Hemidactylus aporus Hemidactylus arnoldi Hemidactylus awashensis Hemidactylus barbierii

Source Trape et al., 2012; Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.); Zoltán Nagy (pers.obs) Spawls et al., 2002 Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.); Zoltán Nagy (pers.obs) Aaron Bauer & Don Broadley (pers.obs.); Branch, 2014 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Aaron Bauer & Don Broadley (pers.obs.); Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); GBIF Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Lanza, 1983; Spawls et al., 2002 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.) Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.); VertNet Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); GBIF Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 Bates et al., 2014 Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 Lanza, 1983 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Spawls et al., 2002; Largen & Spawls, 2010 Trape et al., 2012; Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.); Zoltán Nagy (pers.obs) Laurent Chirio, Matthew LeBreton & Jean-Francois Trape (pers.obs.); Branch, 2005; Largen & Spawls, 2010 Reissig, 2014; Branch, 1988 Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 Trape et al., 2012 Trape et al., 2012; IUCN Lanza, 1983; Largen & Spawls, 2010 Sindaco and Jeremcenko, 2008; Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Zoltán Nagy (pers.obs) Trape et al., 2012 Powells, 2010 IUCN; Largen & Spawls, 2010 Smid et al., 2015 Largen & Spawls, 2010

13

Species Hemidactylus barodanus Hemidactylus bavazzanoi Hemidactylus bayonii Hemidactylus benguellensis Hemidactylus beninensis Hemidactylus biokoensis Hemidactylus brookii* Hemidactylus citernii Hemidactylus coalescens Hemidactylus curlei Hemidactylus echinus Hemidactylus eniangii Hemidactylus fasciatus Hemidactylus flaviviridis Hemidactylus foudaii Hemidactylus frenatus Hemidactylus funaiolii Hemidactylus granchii Hemidactylus granosus Hemidactylus isolepis Hemidactylus ituriensis Hemidactylus jubensis Hemidactylus kamdemtohami Hemidactylus klauberi Hemidactylus kundaensis Hemidactylus kyaboboensis Hemidactylus laevis Hemidactylus lamaensis Hemidactylus laticaudatus Hemidactylus longicephalus Hemidactylus mabouia Hemidactylus macropholis Hemidactylus makolowodei Hemidactylus matschiei Hemidactylus megalops Hemidactylus mercatorius Hemidactylus mindiae

Source Lanza, 1983; Largen & Spawls, 2010 Largen & Spawls, 2010 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Trape et al., 2012; IUCN Wagner et al., 2014b Powell & Maxey, 1990 Lanza, 1983; VertNet Leache et al., 2014 Largen & Spawls, 2010 Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.); Carlino & Pauwels, 2015 Leache et al., 2014 Trape et al., 2012; Leache et al., 2014; Leache & Fujita, 2010 Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.); IUCN; Steinhardt/TAU Museum Laurent Chirio, Matthew LeBreton & Jean-Francois Trape (pers.obs.); IUCN VertNet Lanza, 1983; Spawls et al., 2002 Lanza, 1983 Smid et al., 2013 Laurent Chirio, Matthew LeBreton & Jean-Francois Trape (pers.obs.); Lanza, 1983; Spawls et al., 2002 Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.) Largen & Spawls, 2010 Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.); Pauwels & Vande weghe, 2008 Lanza, 1983 Trape et al., 2012; IUCN Leache et al., 2014 Lanza, 1983 Trape et al., 2012; IUCN Largen & Spawls, 2010 Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.); Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); GBIF Lanza, 1983; Spawls et al., 2002 Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.); IUCN Trape et al., 2012; IUCN Lanza, 1983 Lanza, 1983 Baha El Din, 2006; IUCN

14

Species Hemidactylus modestus Hemidactylus mrimaensis Hemidactylus muriceus Hemidactylus ophiolepis Hemidactylus ophiolepoides Hemidactylus platycephalus Hemidactylus pseudomuriceus Hemidactylus puccionii Hemidactylus richardsonii Hemidactylus robustus Hemidactylus ruspolii Hemidactylus sinaitus Hemidactylus smithi Hemidactylus somalicus Hemidactylus squamulatus Hemidactylus tanganicus Hemidactylus tasmani Hemidactylus taylori Hemidactylus tropidolepis Hemidactylus turcicus Hemidactylus yerburii Hemitheconyx caudicinctus Hemitheconyx taylori Holaspis guentheri Holaspis laevis Holodactylus africanus Holodactylus cornii Homopholis arnoldi Homopholis fasciata Homopholis mulleri Homopholis walbergii Ichnotropis bivittata Ichnotropis capensis Ichnotropis chapini Ichnotropis grandiceps

Source Spawls et al., 2002 Malonza & Bauer, 2014 Trape et al., 2012; Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Zoltán Nagy (pers.obs) Largen & Spawls, 2010 Lanza, 1983 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Lanza, 1983; GBIF Trape et al., 2012; IUCN; GBIF Lanza, 1983 Trape et al., 2012; Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.); Carlino & Pauwels, 2015 Sindaco and Jeremcenko, 2008; IUCN; Sindaco & Jeremcenko, 2008 Lanza, 1983; Spawls et al., 2002 Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.); IUCN; Sindaco & Jeremcenko, 2008 IUCN Lanza, 1983; Largen & Spawls, 2010 Laurent Chirio, Matthew LeBreton & Jean-Francois Trape (pers.obs.); Lanza, 1983; Spawls et al., 2002 Spawls et al., 2002 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Branch, 1988 Lanza, 1983 Lanza, 1983; Spawls et al., 2002 Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.); 2013Steinhardt/TAU Museum Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.); IUCN; Sindaco & Jeremcenko, 2008 Trape et al., 2012; IUCN Lanza, 1983; Largen & Spawls, 2010 Trape et al., 2012; Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); GBIF Aaron Bauer & Don Broadley (pers.obs.); Branch, 2005 Spawls et al., 2002; Largen & Spawls, 2010 Lanza, 1983 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Lanza, 1983; Spawls et al., 2002 Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988; Jono et al., 2015 Reissig, 2014; Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); GBIF Aaron Bauer & Don Broadley (pers.obs.); Monard, 1937 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Bocage, 1895 Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.); Uetz, 2014 Aaron Bauer & Don Broadley (pers.obs.); Branch, 1988

15

Species Ichnotropis microlepidota Ichnotropis tanganicana Karusasaurus jordani Karusasaurus polyzonus Kinyongia adolfifriderici Kinyongia asheorum Kinyongia boehmei Kinyongia carpenteri Kinyongia excubitor Kinyongia fischeri Kinyongia gyrolepis Kinyongia magomberae Kinyongia matschiei Kinyongia multituberculata Kinyongia mulyai Kinyongia oxyrhina Kinyongia tavetana Kinyongia tenuis Kinyongia uluguruensis Kinyongia uthmoelleri Kinyongia vanheygeni Kinyongia vosseleri Kinyongia xenorhina Kolekanos plumicaudus Lacertaspis chriswildi Lacertaspis gemmiventris Lacertaspis lepesmei Lacertaspis reichenowi Lacertaspis rohdei Latastia boscai Latastia caeruleopunctata Latastia cherchii Latastia doriai Latastia johnstonii Latastia longicaudata Latastia ornata Latastia petersiana Latastia siebenrocki Latastia taylori

Source Uetz, 2014 Spawls et al., 2002 Branch, 1988; VertNet Reissig, 2014; Branch, 1988 Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.); GBIF Tilbury, 2010 Spawls et al., 2002 Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.); Zoltán Nagy (pers.obs) Spawls et al., 2002 Spawls et al., 2002 Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.); Greenbaum et al., 2012 Tilbury, 2010 Spawls et al., 2002 Spawls et al., 2002 Tilbury & Tolley, 2015 Tilbury, 2010 Spawls et al., 2002; Tilbury, 2010 Spawls et al., 2002 Spawls et al., 2002 Branch, 2014; Tilbury, 2010 Tilbury, 2010 Spawls et al., 2002 Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.); Zoltán Nagy (pers.obs) Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Haacke, 2008 Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.) Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.) Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.) Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.); Zoltán Nagy (pers.obs) Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.) Lanza, 1983; Largen & Spawls, 2010 Lanza, 1983; Largen & Spawls, 2010 IUCN Lanza, 1983; Largen & Spawls, 2010 Reissig, 2014; Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.); Zoltán Nagy & Danny Mierte (pers.obs.) Baha El Din, 2006; IUCN; Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Largen & Spawls, 2010 Trape et al., 2012; IUCN Lanza, 1983 Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.); Jean-Francois Trape (pers.obs.) Lanza, 1983

16

Species Lepidothyris fernandi Lepidothyris hinkeli Lepidothyris striatus Leptosiaphos aloysiisabaudiae Leptosiaphos amieti Leptosiaphos blochmanni Leptosiaphos dewittei Leptosiaphos dungeri Leptosiaphos fuhni Leptosiaphos graueri Leptosiaphos hackarsi Leptosiaphos hylophilus Leptosiaphos ianthinoxantha Leptosiaphos kilimensis Leptosiaphos koutoui Leptosiaphos luberoensis Leptosiaphos meleagris Leptosiaphos pauliani Leptosiaphos rhodurus Leptosiaphos rhomboidalis Leptosiaphos vigintiserierum Lygodactylus angolensis Lygodactylus angularis Lygodactylus bernardi Lygodactylus bradfieldi Lygodactylus broadleyi Lygodactylus capensis Lygodactylus chobiensis Lygodactylus conradti Lygodactylus conraui Lygodactylus depressus Lygodactylus fischeri Lygodactylus grandisonae Lygodactylus graniticolus Lygodactylus gravis

Source Trape et al., 2012; Pauwels & Vande weghe, 2008; GBIF Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.); Wagner et al., 2009 Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.); Wagner et al., 2009 Laurent Chirio, Matthew LeBreton & Jean-Francois Trape (pers.obs.); Zoltán Nagy (pers.obs) Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.) Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.); GBIF Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Zoltán Nagy & Danny Mierte (pers.obs.) Trape et al., 2012 Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.) Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.); Zoltán Nagy (pers.obs) Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.); Zoltán Nagy (pers.obs) Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.); Laurent, 1982 Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.); Chirio & LeBreton, 2007 Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.); Zoltán Nagy & Danny Mierte (pers.obs.) Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.) Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.); Zoltán Nagy & Danny Mierte (pers.obs.) Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.); Zoltán Nagy & Danny Mierte (pers.obs.) Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.); IUCN Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.) Spawls et al., 2002 Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.); Fuhn, 1972 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Aaron Bauer & Don Broadley (pers.obs.); Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.); Zoltán Nagy (pers.obs) Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Branch, 1988 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Branch, 1988 Spawls et al., 2002 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); GBIF Spawls et al., 2002 Trape et al., 2012 Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.); Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.) Trape et al., 2012; Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.) IUCN; Spawls et al., 2002 Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 IUCN

17

Species Lygodactylus grotei Lygodactylus gutturalis Lygodactylus howelli Lygodactylus inexpectatus Lygodactylus keniensis Lygodactylus kimhowelli Lygodactylus lawrencei Lygodactylus luteopicturatus Lygodactylus manni Lygodactylus methueni Lygodactylus mombasicus Lygodactylus nigropunctatus Lygodactylus ocellatus Lygodactylus picturatus

Lygodactylus regulus Lygodactylus rex Lygodactylus scheffleri Lygodactylus scorteccii Lygodactylus somalicus Lygodactylus stevensoni Lygodactylus waterbergensis Lygodactylus williamsi Lygosoma chaperi Lygosoma laeviceps Lygosoma lanceolatum Lygosoma mafianum Lygosoma pembanum Matobosaurus maltzahni Matobosaurus validus Mediodactylus kotschyi Melanoseps ater Melanoseps emmrichi Melanoseps longicauda Melanoseps loveridgei Melanoseps occidentalis Melanoseps pygmaeus

Source Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Branch et al., 2005 Trape et al., 2012; Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.); Steinhardt/TAU Museum Pasteur & Broadley, 1988 Spawls et al., 2002 Spawls et al., 2002; Largen & Spawls, 2010 Spawls et al., 2002 Branch, 1988 Spawls et al., 2002 Spawls et al., 2002 Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 Branch, 2005 Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 Laurent Chirio, Matthew LeBreton & Jean-Francois Trape (pers.obs.); IUCN; Zoltán; Nagy & Danny Mierte (pers.obs.) Portik et al., 2013 Aaron Bauer & Don Broadley (pers.obs.) Spawls et al., 2002 Spawls et al., 2002 Spawls et al., 2002; Largen & Spawls, 2010 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Branch, 1988 Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 IUCN; Spawls et al., 2002 Jean-Francois Trape (pers.obs.) Lanza, 1983 Broadley, 1994; Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) IUCN Spawls et al., 2002 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Aaron Bauer & Don Broadley (pers.obs.); Branch, 1988 Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.) Aaron Bauer & Don Broadley (pers.obs.); Broadley et al., 2006 Broadley et al., 2006 Spawls et al., 2002 Aaron Bauer & Don Broadley (pers.obs.); Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.); Zoltán Nagy & Danny Mierte (pers.obs.) Trape et al., 2012; Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Broadley et al., 2006

18

Species Melanoseps rondoensis Melanoseps uzungwensis Meroles anchietae Meroles ctenodactylus Meroles cuneirostris Meroles knoxii Meroles micropholidotus Meroles reticulatus Meroles squamulosus Meroles suborbitalis Mesalina bahaeldini Mesalina brevirostris Mesalina ercolinii Mesalina guttulata Mesalina martini Mesalina olivieri Mesalina pasteuri Mesalina rubropunctata Mesalina simoni Mochlus afer Mochlus brevicaudis Mochlus grandisonianum Mochlus guineensis Mochlus mabuiiforme Mochlus mocquardi Mochlus paedocarinatum Mochlus productum Mochlus simonettai Mochlus somalicum Mochlus sundevalli Mochlus tanae Mochlus vinciguerrae Nadzikambia baylissi Nadzikambia mlanjensis Namazonurus campbelli

Source Broadley et al., 2006 Broadley et al., 2006 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Branch, 1988 Branch, 1988 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Branch, 1988 Branch, 1988; VertNet Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Aaron Bauer & Don Broadley (pers.obs.); Monard, 1937 Aaron Bauer & Don Broadley (pers.obs.); Branch, 1988 Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.); IUCN Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.); IUCN; Steinhardt/TAU Museum Lanza, 1983 Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.); IUCN; Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Steinhardt/TAU Museum Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.); IUCN; Largen & Spawls, 2010 Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.); IUCN; Steinhardt/TAU Museum Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.); IUCN Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.); Schleich et al., 1996; Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Steinhardt/TAU Museum Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.) Aaron Bauer & Don Broadley (pers.obs.); Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.); Zoltán Nagy (pers.obs) Trape et al., 2012; IUCN Lanza, 1983 Trape et al., 2012; IUCN Lanza, 1983; Spawls et al., 2002 Trape et al., 2012; IUCN Largen & Spawls, 2010 Lanza, 1983; VertNet Lanza, 1983 Lanza, 1983; Spawls et al., 2002 Aaron Bauer & Don Broadley (pers.obs.); Bocage, 1895 Lanza, 1983; Spawls et al., 2002 Lanza, 1983; Largen & Spawls, 2010 Branch & Tolley, 2010 Aaron Bauer & Don Broadley (pers.obs.); Tilbury, 2010 Branch, 1988

19

Species Namazonurus lawrenci Namazonurus namaquensis Namazonurus peersi Namazonurus pustulatus Narudasia festiva Ninurta coeruleopunctatus Nucras boulengeri Nucras caesicaudata Nucras holubi Nucras intertexta Nucras lalandii Nucras livida Nucras ornata Nucras scalaris Nucras taeniolata Nucras tessellata Ophisaurus koellikeri Ophisops elbaensis Ophisops elegans Ophisops occidentalis Ouroborus cataphractus Pachydactylus acuminatus Pachydactylus affinis Pachydactylus amoenus Pachydactylus atorquatus Pachydactylus austeni Pachydactylus barnardi Pachydactylus bicolor Pachydactylus boehmei Pachydactylus capensis Pachydactylus caraculicus Pachydactylus carinatus Pachydactylus etultra Pachydactylus fasciatus Pachydactylus formosus Pachydactylus gaiasensis Pachydactylus geitje Pachydactylus goodi

Source Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 Reissig, 2014; Branch, 1988 Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 Branch, 1988 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Branch, 1988 Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Branch, 1988; GBIF Reissig, 2014; Branch, 1988 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Branch, 1988 Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 Aaron Bauer & Don Broadley (pers.obs.); Edwards et al., 2013; Spawls et al., 2002 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); GBIF Bates et al., 2014; Edwards et al., 2013 Aaron Bauer & Don Broadley (pers.obs.); Edwards et al., 2013; Bocage, 1895 Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.); IUCN Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.) Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.); Kyriazi et al., 2008; Steinhardt/TAU Museum Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.); IUCN; VertNet Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Bates et al., 2014Branch, 1988 Bates et al., 2014 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 Branch, 1988 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Bauer, 2010 Aaron Bauer & Don Broadley (pers.obs.); Branch, 1988 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Branch, 1988 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Branch et al., 2011 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Branch, 1988 Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 Branch, 1988; VertNet Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988; Uetz, 2014 Bates et al., 2014

20

Species Pachydactylus griffini Pachydactylus haackei Pachydactylus katanganus Pachydactylus kladaroderma Pachydactylus kobosensis Pachydactylus labialis Pachydactylus laevigatus Pachydactylus maculatus Pachydactylus maraisi Pachydactylus mariquensis Pachydactylus mclachlani Pachydactylus monicae Pachydactylus montanus Pachydactylus namaquensis Pachydactylus oculatus Pachydactylus oreophilus Pachydactylus oshaughnessyi Pachydactylus otaviensis Pachydactylus parascutatus Pachydactylus punctatus Pachydactylus purcelli Pachydactylus rangei Pachydactylus reconditus Pachydactylus robertsi Pachydactylus rugosus Pachydactylus sansteynae Pachydactylus scherzi Pachydactylus scutatus Pachydactylus serval Pachydactylus tigrinus Pachydactylus tsodiloensis Pachydactylus vansoni Pachydactylus vanzyli Pachydactylus visseri Pachydactylus waterbergensis Pachydactylus weberi Pachydactylus werneri Panaspis breviceps Panaspis burgeoni

Source Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 Aaron Bauer & Don Broadley (pers.obs.); Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.); Zoltán Nagy (pers.obs) Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); GBIF Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Aaron Bauer & Don Broadley (pers.obs.); Branch, 1988 Heinicke et al., 2011 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Branch, 1988 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Branch, 1988 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.) Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Branch, 1988 Bates et al., 2014; Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Aaron Bauer & Don Broadley (pers.obs.) Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Branch, 1988 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); VertNet Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Branch, 1988 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Branch, 1988 Aaron Bauer & Don Broadley (pers.obs.); Branch, 1988 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Branch, 1988 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Branch, 1988 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Trape et al., 2012; Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); GBIF Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.); Uetz, 2014

21

Species Panaspis cabindae Panaspis helleri Panaspis megalurus Panaspis nimbaensis Panaspis tancredi Panaspis togoensis Pedioplanis benguellensis Pedioplanis breviceps Pedioplanis burchelli Pedioplanis gaerdesi Pedioplanis haackei Pedioplanis huntleyi Pedioplanis husabensis Pedioplanis inornata Pedioplanis laticeps Pedioplanis lineoocellata Pedioplanis namaquensis Pedioplanis rubens Pedioplanis undata Phelsuma dubia Phelsuma parkeri Philochortus hardeggeri Philochortus intermedius Philochortus phillipsi Philochortus spinalis Philochortus zolii Phoenicolacerta laevis Platysaurus broadleyi Platysaurus capensis Platysaurus guttatus Platysaurus imperator Platysaurus intermedius Platysaurus lebomboensis Platysaurus maculatus Platysaurus minor Platysaurus mitchelli Platysaurus monotropis Platysaurus ocellatus

Source Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); GBIF Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.) Spawls et al., 2002 Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.); IUCN Largen & Spawls, 2010 Trape et al., 2012; Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.) Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Branch, 1988 Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 Branch, 1988 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Conradie et al., 2012 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Conradie et al., 2012 Branch, 1988; VertNet Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Branch, 1988 Aaron Bauer & Don Broadley (pers.obs.); Branch, 1988; Bocage, 1895 Branch, 1988 Branch, 1988; Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Aaron Bauer & Don Broadley (pers.obs.); Spawls et al., 2002 Schonecker, 2008; Spawls et al., 2002 Lanza, 1983; Largen & Spawls, 2010 Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.); Lanza, 1983; Largen & Spawls, 2010 Largen & Spawls, 2010 Largen & Spawls, 2010 Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.); IUCN; Marx, 1968 Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.) Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Auerbach, 1987; Branch, 1988 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Branch, 1988 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Branch, 1988; GBIF Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988; GBIF Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Spawls et al., 2002 Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 Loveridge, 1953 Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 Branch, 1988

22

Species Platysaurus orientalis Platysaurus pungweensis Platysaurus relictus Platysaurus torquatus Podarcis vaucheri Poromera fordii

Source Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Branch, 1988 Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Branch, 1988 Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.); IUCN Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.); Zoltán Nagy & Danny Mierte (pers.obs.) Pristurus adrarensis Trape et al., 2012; IUCN Pristurus crucifer Sindaco and Jeremcenko, 2008; IUCN Pristurus flavipunctatus Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.); IUCN; Largen & Spawls, 2010 Pristurus phillipsii Lanza, 1983; VertNet Pristurus rupestris Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.); IUCN; Sindaco & Jeremcenko, 2008 Pristurus simonettai Lanza, 1983 Pristurus somalicus Largen & Spawls, 2010 Proscelotes aenea Aaron Bauer & Don Broadley (pers.obs.) Proscelotes arnoldi Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Branch, 1988 Proscelotes eggeli Spawls et al., 2002 Psammodromus algirus Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.); IUCN Psammodromus blanci Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.); IUCN Psammodromus hispanicus Silero et al., 2014 Psammodromus microdactylus Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.); IUCN Pseuderemias brenneri Laurent Chirio, Matthew LeBreton & Jean-Francois Trape (pers.obs.); Lanza, 1983; Largen & Spawls, 2010 Pseuderemias erythrosticta Lanza, 1983 Pseuderemias mucronata Laurent Chirio, Matthew LeBreton & Jean-Francois Trape (pers.obs.); Largen & Spawls, 2010 Pseuderemias savagei Lanza, 1983; VertNet Pseuderemias septemstriata Lanza, 1983 Pseuderemias smithii Largen & Spawls, 2010 Pseuderemias striatus IUCN; VertNet Pseudocordylus langi Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 Pseudocordylus melanotus Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988; GBIF Pseudocordylus microlepidotus Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 Pseudocordylus spinosus Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 Pseudocordylus subviridis Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988; VertNet Pseudocordylus transvaalensis Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 Pseudotrapelus chlodnickii Melnikov et al., 2015 Pseudotrapelus sinaitus Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.); IUCN; Steinhardt/TAU Museum

23

Species Ptenopus carpi Ptenopus garrulous Ptenopus kochi Ptyodactylus guttatus Ptyodactylus hasselquistii Ptyodactylus oudrii Ptyodactylus ragazzii Quedenfeldtia moerens Quedenfeldtia trachyblepharus Ramigekko swartbergensis Rhampholeon acuminatus Rhampholeon beraduccii Rhampholeon boulengeri Rhampholeon bruessoworum Rhampholeon chapmanorum Rhampholeon gorongosae Rhampholeon hattinghi Rhampholeon marshalli Rhampholeon maspictus Rhampholeon moyeri Rhampholeon nchisiensis Rhampholeon nebulauctor Rhampholeon platyceps Rhampholeon spectrum Rhampholeon spinosus Rhampholeon temporalis Rhampholeon tilburyi Rhampholeon uluguruensis Rhampholeon viridis Rhoptropella ocellata Rhoptropus afer Rhoptropus barnardi Rhoptropus benguellensis Rhoptropus biporosus Rhoptropus boultoni Rhoptropus bradfieldi Rhoptropus diporus Rhoptropus montanus

Source Branch, 1988; VertNet Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Branch, 1988 Branch, 1988 Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.); Steinhardt/TAU Museum Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.); IUCN; Steinhardt/TAU Museum Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.); IUCN Baha El Din, 2006; Schleich et al., 1996; Sindaco & Jeremcenko, 2008 Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.); IUCN Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.); IUCN Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 Spawls et al., 2002 Spawls et al., 2002 Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.); Zoltán Nagy (pers.obs) Branch et al., 2014 Branch et al., 2014 Aaron Bauer & Don Broadley (pers.obs.); Branch, 1988 Tilbury & Tolley, 2015 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Branch, 1988 Branch et al., 2014 Spawls et al., 2002 Aaron Bauer & Don Broadley (pers.obs.); Spawls et al., 2002; GBIF Branch et al., 2014 Aaron Bauer & Don Broadley (pers.obs.) Trape et al., 2012; Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.); VertNet IUCN; Tilbury, 2010 Spawls et al., 2002 Branch et al., 2014 Branch, 2014; Spawls et al., 2002 Branch, 2014; Spawls et al., 2002 Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Branch, 1988 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.)

24

Species Rhoptropus taeniostictus Rieppeleon brachyurus Rieppeleon brevicaudatus Rieppeleon kerstenii Saurodactylus fasciatus Saurodactylus mauritanicus Scelotes anguineus Scelotes arenicolus Scelotes bidigittatus Scelotes bipes Scelotes bourquini Scelotes caffer Scelotes capensis Scelotes fitzsimonsi Scelotes gronovii Scelotes guentheri Scelotes inornatus Scelotes insularis Scelotes kasneri Scelotes limpopoensis Scelotes mirus Scelotes montispectus Scelotes mossambicus Scelotes poensis Scelotes sexlineatus Scelotes uluguruensis Scelotes vestigifer Scincella melanosticta Scincopus fasciatus Scincus albifasciatus Scincus scincus Scolecoseps acontias Scolecoseps boulengeri Scolecoseps litipoensis Sepsina alberti Sepsina angolensis

Source Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Aaron Bauer & Don Broadley (pers.obs.); Spawls et al., 2002; Zoltán Nagy (pers.obs) Spawls et al., 2002 Tilbury, 2010 Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.); IUCN Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.); IUCN Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 Aaron Bauer & Don Broadley (pers.obs.); Branch, 1988; GBIF Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 Branch, 1988 Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 Branch, 1988 Branch, 1988 Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 Bates et al., 2014; IUCN Branch, 1988 Branch, 1988 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Branch, 1988 Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 Bates et al., 2014 Aaron Bauer & Don Broadley (pers.obs.); Branch, 1988; GBIF Powells, 2010 Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 Spawls et al., 2002 Branch, 1988 Stuart & Emmett, 2006 Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.); Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); VertNet Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.); VertNet Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.); IUCN; Steinhardt/TAU Museum IUCN; Spawls et al., 2002 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Spawls et al., 2002 Branch, 1988 Aaron Bauer & Don Broadley (pers.obs.)

25

Species Sepsina bayoni Sepsina copei Sepsina tetradactyla Smaug barbertonensis Smaug breyeri Smaug depressus Smaug giganteus Smaug mossambicus Smaug regius Smaug vandami Smaug warreni Sphenomorphus maculatus Stellagama stellio Stenodactylus doriae Stenodactylus mauritanicus Stenodactylus petrii Stenodactylus stenurus Stenodactylus sthenodactylus Tarentola annularis Tarentola boehmei Tarentola chazaliae Tarentola deserti Tarentola ephippiata Tarentola fascicularis Tarentola mauritanica Tarentola mindiae Tarentola neglecta Tarentola parvicarinata Tarentola pastoria Teira perspicillata Tetradactylus africanus Tetradactylus breyeri Tetradactylus eastwoodae Tetradactylus ellenbergeri Tetradactylus seps

Source Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); GBIF Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Bocage, 1895 Aaron Bauer & Don Broadley (pers.obs.); Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.); Zoltán Nagy (pers.obs) Stanley & Bates, 2014 Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 Stanley & Bates, 2014 Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 Aaron Bauer & Don Broadley (pers.obs.); Branch, 1988 Aaron Bauer & Don Broadley (pers.obs.); Branch, 1988 Bates et al., 2014; Stanley & Bates, 2014 Stanley & Bates, 2014; GBIF Stuart and Emmett, 2006 Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.); Steinhardt/TAU Museum Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.); IUCN Baha El Din, 2006; Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); VertNet Baha El Din, 2006; Steinhardt/TAU Museum Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Kratochvil et al., 2001 Baha El Din, 2006; Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Steinhardt/TAU Museum Baha El Din, 2006; Sindaco & Jeremcenko, 2008 Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.); IUCN Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.); IUCN; VertNet Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.); IUCN; MCZ-R-131086 Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.); Trape et al., 2012; VertNet Schleich et al., 1996; Werner, 1909 Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.); IUCN; Steinhardt/TAU Museum Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.); IUCN; Bshaena & Joger, 2011 Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.); Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Bshaena & Joger, 2013 Trape et al., 2012; VertNet Trape et al., 2012; IUCN Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.); IUCN Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 IUCN Aaron Bauer & Don Broadley (pers.obs.); Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Zoltán Nagy (pers.obs) Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988

26

Species Tetradactylus tetradactylus Tetradactylus udzungwensis Timon pater Timon tangitanus Trachylepis acutilabris Trachylepis affinis Trachylepis albilabris Trachylepis albotaeniata Trachylepis angolensis Trachylepis aurata Trachylepis aureogularis Trachylepis bayonii Trachylepis bensonii Trachylepis binotata Trachylepis bocagii Trachylepis boulengeri Trachylepis brauni Trachylepis brevicollis Trachylepis buettneri Trachylepis capensis Trachylepis chimbana Trachylepis depressa Trachylepis dichroma Trachylepis ferrarai Trachylepis hemmingi Trachylepis hildebrandtii Trachylepis hoeschi Trachylepis homalocephala Trachylepis irregularis Trachylepis ivensii Trachylepis lacertiformis Trachylepis laevis Trachylepis loluiensis Trachylepis maculilabris Trachylepis makolowodei

Source Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 Salvidio et al., 2004 IUCN IUCN; Mateo et al., 2004 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Trape et al., 2012; Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Zoltán Nagy & Danny Mierte (pers.obs.) Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.); Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.); Carlino & Pauwels, 2015 Broadley, 2000 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Monard, 1937 Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.); Largen & Spawls, 2010 Trape et al., 2012; IUCN Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Bocage, 1895 Trape et al., 2012; IUCN Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Transvaal Museum Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Branch, 1988; GBIF Aaron Bauer & Don Broadley (pers.obs.); Spawls et al., 2002 Laurent Chirio, Matthew LeBreton & Jean-Francois Trape (pers.obs.); IUCN; Sindaco & Jeremcenko, 2008 Trape et al., 2012; Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.); Zoltán Nagy (pers.obs) Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Branch, 1988 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Bocage, 1895 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Branch, 1988; GBIF Branch, 2014; Wasonga & Malonza, 2006 Lanza, 1983 Lanza, 1983 Lanza, 1983; Largen & Spawls, 2010 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 Branch, 2005; Spawls et al., 2002 Aaron Bauer & Don Broadley (pers.obs.); Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.); Manacas, 1963 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Kingdon & Spawls, 2010 Aaron Bauer & Don Broadley (pers.obs.); Bocage, 1895 Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.)

27

Species Trachylepis margaritifera Trachylepis megalura Trachylepis mekuana Trachylepis mlanjensis Trachylepis nganghae Trachylepis occidentalis Trachylepis pendeana Trachylepis perrotetii Trachylepis planifrons Trachylepis polytropis Trachylepis pulcherrima Trachylepis punctatissima Trachylepis punctulata Trachylepis quinquetaeniata Trachylepis rodenburgi Trachylepis sparsa Trachylepis spilogaster Trachylepis striata Trachylepis sulcata Trachylepis varia Trachylepis variegata Trachylepis vittata Trachylepis wingati Trapelus agnetae Trapelus boehmei Trapelus mutabilis Trapelus savignii Trapelus schmitzi Trapelus tournevillei Trioceros affinis Trioceros balebicornutus

Source Aaron Bauer & Don Broadley (pers.obs.); Aaron Bauer & Don Broadley (pers.obs.); GBIF Aaron Bauer & Don Broadley (pers.obs.); Zoltán Nagy (pers.obs) Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.) Broadley, 2000 Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.) Aaron Bauer & Don Broadley (pers.obs.); Bocage, 1895 Laurent Chirio, Matthew LeBreton & Jean-Francois Trape (pers.obs.) Aaron Bauer & Don Broadley (pers.obs.); Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.); Zoltán Nagy (pers.obs) Aaron Bauer & Don Broadley (pers.obs.); Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.); Spawls et al., 2002 Trape et al., 2012; Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.) Aaron Bauer & Don Broadley (pers.obs.); Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.); Zoltán Nagy & Danny Mierte (pers.obs.) Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Branch, 1988 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.); Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Zoltán Nagy (pers.obs) Trape et al., 2012 Aaron Bauer & Don Broadley (pers.obs.); Branch, 1988 Aaron Bauer & Don Broadley (pers.obs.) Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Bates et al., 2014; Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Zoltán Nagy & Danny Mierte (pers.obs.) Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.); IUCN; Vincinguerra, 1927 Laurent Chirio, Matthew LeBreton & Jean-Francois Trape (pers.obs.); Largen & Spawls, 2010 Wagner 2013 (pers.comm.); Steinhardt/TAU Museum Schleich et al., 1996; Wagner et al., 2011 Wagner 2013 (pers.comm.); Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); VertNet Steinhardt/TAU Museum Trape et al., 2012; IUCN Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.); IUCN Tilbury, 2010 Largen & Spawls, 2010

28

Species Trioceros bitaeniatus Trioceros camerunensis Trioceros chapini Trioceros conirostratus Trioceros cristatus Trioceros deremensis Trioceros eisentrauti Trioceros ellioti Trioceros feae Trioceros fuelleborni Trioceros goetzei Trioceros hanangensis Trioceros harennae Trioceros hoehnelii Trioceros incornutus Trioceros ituriensis Trioceros jacksonii Trioceros johnstoni Trioceros kinangopensis Trioceros kinetensis Trioceros laterispinis Trioceros marsabitensis Trioceros melleri Trioceros montium Trioceros narraioca Trioceros ntunte Trioceros nyirit Trioceros oweni Trioceros perreti Trioceros pfefferi Trioceros quadricornis Trioceros rudis Trioceros schoutedeni

Source Laurent Chirio, Matthew LeBreton & Jean-Francois Trape (pers.obs.); Zoltán Nagy (pers.obs) Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.) Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.) Laurent Chirio, Matthew LeBreton & Jean-Francois Trape (pers.obs.); Stipala et al., 2012 Trape et al., 2012; Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.); Carlino & Pauwels, 2015 Spawls et al., 2002; Tilbury, 2010 Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.) Laurent Chirio, Matthew LeBreton & Jean-Francois Trape (pers.obs.); Zoltán Nagy (pers.obs) IUCN Tilbury, 2010 Aaron Bauer & Don Broadley (pers.obs.); Spawls et al., 2002; Tilbury, 2010 Krause & Bohme, 2010 Largen & Spawls, 2010 Spawls et al., 2002; Stipala et al., 2012 Spawls et al., 2002 Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.); Zoltán Nagy (pers.obs) Branch, 2005; Tilbury, 2010 Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.); GBIF Stipala et al., 2012 Laurent Chirio, Matthew LeBreton & Jean-Francois Trape (pers.obs.) Spawls et al., 2002; Tilbury, 2010 Spawls et al., 2002 Aaron Bauer & Don Broadley (pers.obs.); Spawls et al., 2002; VertNet Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.); IUCN Tilbury, 2010 Tilbury, 2010 Stipala et al., 2012 Trape et al., 2012; Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Zoltán Nagy & Danny Mierte (pers.obs.) Chirio & LeBreton, 2007 Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.) Trape et al., 2012 Laurent Chirio, Matthew LeBreton & Jean-Francois Trape (pers.obs.); Zoltán Nagy (pers.obs) Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.); Tilbury, 2010

29

Species Trioceros schubotzi Trioceros serratus Trioceros sternfeldi Trioceros tempeli Trioceros werneri Trioceros wiedersheimi Tropidosaura cottrelli Tropidosaura essexi Tropidosaura gularis Tropidosaura montana Tropiocolotes algericus Tropiocolotes bisharicus Tropiocolotes nattereri Tropiocolotes nubicus Tropiocolotes somalicus Tropiocolotes steudneri Tropiocolotes tripolitanus Typhlacontias brevipes Typhlacontias gracilis Typhlacontias johnsonii Typhlacontias kataviensis Typhlacontias punctatissimus Typhlacontias rohani Typhlacontias rudebecki Typhlosaurus braini Typhlosaurus caecus Typhlosaurus lomiae Typhlosaurus meyeri Typhlosaurus vermis Urocotyledon palmata Urocotyledon rasmusseni Urocotyledon weileri Urocotyledon wolterstorffi Uromastyx acanthinura Uromastyx aegyptia Uromastyx alfredschmidti Uromastyx dispar

Source Branch, 2005; Stipala et al., 2012 Trape et al., 2012 Tilbury, 2010 Spawls et al., 2002 Tilbury, 2010 Trape et al., 2012; IUCN IUCN Bates et al., 2014 Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 Trape et al., 2012 Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.) Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.); IUCN; Steinhardt/TAU Museum Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.); IUCN; VertNet Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.); Sindaco, 2006 Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.); Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); VertNet Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.); Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Steinhardt/TAU Museum Branch, 1988 Aaron Bauer & Don Broadley (pers.obs.); GBIF Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Broadley et al., 2006 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); GBIF Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Branch, 1988 Bates et al., 2014; IUCN Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 Bates et al., 2014; Branch, 1988 Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.); Carlino & Pauwels, 2015 Bauer & Menegon, 2006 Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.); IUCN Spawls et al., 2002 Wilms & Bohme, 2001; VertNet Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.); IUCN; Steinhardt/TAU Museum Wilms, 2005 Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.); Wilms, 2005; VertNet

30

Species Uromastyx geyri Uromastyx macfadyeni Uromastyx nigriventris Uromastyx occidentalis Uromastyx ocellata Uromastyx ornata Uromastyx princeps Varanus albigularis Varanus exanthematicus Varanus griseus Varanus niloticus Varanus ornatus Vhembelacerta rupicola Xenagama batillifera Xenagama taylori Xenagama wilmsi Xenagama zonura

Source Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.); Wilms, 2005; VertNet Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.); Wilms, 2005; VertNet Wilms & Bohme, 2001 Wilms, 2005 Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.); Wilms, 2005; Sindaco & Jeremcenko, 2008 Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.); IUCN; Steinhardt/TAU Museum Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.);Wilms, 2005; Largen & Spawls, 2010 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.); Pianka & King, 2014 Trape et al., 2012; Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.); Largen & Spawls, 2010 Roberto Sindaco (pers.comm.); IUCN; Steinhardt/TAU Museum Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Trape et al., 2012; Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.); Zoltán Nagy (pers.obs) Branch, 1988 Wagner et al., 2013b Macey et al., 2006; Wagner et al., 2013b Wagner et al., 2013b Wagner et al., 2013b

*Hemidactylus brookii in Africa may refer to Hemidactylus angulatus.

Appendix S1d. African snake species distribution data. Binomial Aeluroglena cucullata Afronatrix anoscopus Afrotyphlops angolensis Afrotyphlops anomalus Afrotyphlops bibronii Afrotyphlops blanfordii Afrotyphlops brevis Afrotyphlops congestus Afrotyphlops decorosus Afrotyphlops fornasinii Afrotyphlops gierrai Afrotyphlops kaimosae

Source Largen & Spawls, 2010 Chippaux, 2006 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Marais, 2004 IUCN Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Broadley & Wallch, 2007a Marais, 2004 Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Broadley & Wallach, 2009

31

Binomial Afrotyphlops liberiensis Afrotyphlops lineolatus Afrotyphlops manni Afrotyphlops mucruso Afrotyphlops nanus Afrotyphlops nigrocandidus Afrotyphlops obtusus Afrotyphlops punctatus Afrotyphlops rondoensis Afrotyphlops schlegelii Afrotyphlops schmidti Afrotyphlops steinhausi Afrotyphlops tanganicanus Afrotyphlops usambaricus Amblyodipsas concolor Amblyodipsas dimidiata Amblyodipsas katangensis Amblyodipsas microphthalma Amblyodipsas polylepis Amblyodipsas rodhaini Amblyodipsas teitana Amblyodipsas unicolor Amblyodipsas ventrimaculata Amplorhinus multimaculatus Aparallactus capensis Aparallactus guentheri Aparallactus jacksonii Aparallactus lineatus Aparallactus lunulatus Aparallactus modestus Aparallactus moeruensis Aparallactus niger Aparallactus nigriceps Aparallactus turneri Aparallactus werneri Aprosdoketophis andreonei Aspidelaps lubricus Aspidelaps scutatus Atheris acuminata Atheris barbouri Atheris broadleyi Atheris ceratophora

Source Jean-Francois Trape (pers.obs.) Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) IUCN Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Broadley & Wallach, 2009 Broadley & Wallach, 2009 Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Spawls et al., 2004 Spawls et al., 2004 Marais, 2004 Spawls et al., 2004 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) IUCN Spawls et al., 2004 Chippaux, 2006 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) IUCN Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Chippaux, 2006 Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) IUCN Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Spawls et al., 2004 Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Wallach et al., 2010 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Spawls et al., 2004 Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Dobiey & Vogel, 2007 Spawls et al., 2004

32

Binomial Atheris chlorechis Atheris desaixi Atheris hirsuta Atheris hispida Atheris katangensis Atheris mabuensis Atheris nitschei Atheris rungweensis Atheris squamigera Atheris subocularis Atractaspis aterrima Atractaspis battersbyi Atractaspis bibronii Atractaspis boulengeri Atractaspis congica Atractaspis corpulenta Atractaspis dahomeyensis Atractaspis duerdeni Atractaspis engaddensis Atractaspis engdahli Atractaspis fallax Atractaspis irregularis Atractaspis leucomelas Atractaspis magrettii Atractaspis microlepidota Atractaspis micropholis Atractaspis phillipsi Atractaspis reticulata Atractaspis scorteccii Atractaspis watsoni Bamanophis dorri Bitis albanica Bitis arietans Bitis armata Bitis atropos Bitis caudalis Bitis cornuta Bitis gabonica Bitis heraldica Bitis inornata Bitis nasicornis Bitis parviocula

Source Chippaux, 2006 Spawls et al., 2004 Chippaux, 2006 Dobiey & Vogel, 2007 Dobiey & Vogel, 2007 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Spawls et al., 2004 Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Chippaux, 2006 Dobiey & Vogel, 2007 Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Dobiey & Vogel, 2007 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Dobiey & Vogel, 2007 Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Marais, 2004 IUCN Spawls et al., 2004 Spawls et al., 2004 Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Dobiey & Vogel, 2007 Dobiey & Vogel, 2007 Spawls et al., 2004 Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Dobiey & Vogel, 2007 Dobiey & Vogel, 2007 Dobiey & Vogel, 2007 Dobiey & Vogel, 2007 Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Marais, 2004 Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Marais, 2004 IUCN Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Marais, 2004 Spawls et al., 2004 Dobiey & Vogel, 2007 Marais, 2004 Spawls et al., 2004 Dobiey & Vogel, 2007

33

Binomial Bitis peringueyi Bitis rhinoceros Bitis rubida Bitis schneideri Bitis worthingtoni Bitis xeropaga Boaedon capensis Boaedon fuliginosus Boaedon lineatus Boaedon maculatus Boaedon olivaceus Boaedon radfordi Boaedon upembae Boaedon virgatus Bothrolycus ater Bothrophthalmus brunneus Bothrophthalmus lineatus Brachyophis revoili Buhoma depressiceps Buhoma procterae Buhoma vauerocegae Calabaria reinhardtii Causus bilineatus Causus defilippii Causus lichtensteinii Causus maculatus Causus rasmusseni Causus resimus Causus rhombeatus Cerastes boehmei Cerastes cerastes Cerastes gasperettii Cerastes vipera Chamaelycus christyi Chamaelycus fasciatus Chamaelycus parkeri Chilorhinophis butleri Chilorhinophis gerardi Coluber zebrinus Coronella girondica Crotaphopeltis barotseensis Crotaphopeltis braestrupi

Source Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) IUCN Marais, 2004 Marais, 2004 Spawls et al., 2004 Marais, 2004 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Largen & Spawls, 2010 Spawls et al., 2004 Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) GBIF Chirio & Lebreton, 2007 Spawls et al., 2004 Lanza, 1996 Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Spawls et al., 2004 Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Spawls et al., 2004 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Broadley, 2014 Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Sindaco et al., 2013 David & Vogel, 2010 David & Vogel, 2010 Chippaux, 2006 Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Marais, 2004 IUCN Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Spawls et al., 2004

34

Binomial Crotaphopeltis degeni Crotaphopeltis hippocrepis Crotaphopeltis hotamboeia Crotaphopeltis tornieri Daboia deserti Daboia mauritanica Dasypeltis abyssina Dasypeltis atra Dasypeltis confusa Dasypeltis fasciata Dasypeltis gansi Dasypeltis inornata Dasypeltis latericia Dasypeltis medici Dasypeltis palmarum Dasypeltis parascabra Dasypeltis sahelensis Dasypeltis scabra Dendroaspis angusticeps Dendroaspis jamesoni Dendroaspis polylepis Dendroaspis viridis Dendrolycus elapoides Dipsadoboa aulica Dipsadoboa brevirostris Dipsadoboa duchesnii Dipsadoboa flavida Dipsadoboa shrevei Dipsadoboa underwoodi Dipsadoboa unicolor Dipsadoboa viridis Dipsadoboa weileri Dipsadoboa werneri Dipsina multimaculata Dispholidus typus Dolichophis jugularis Duberria lutrix Duberria rhodesiana Duberria shirana Duberria variegata Echis coloratus Echis hughesi

Source Spawls et al., 2004 Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.) Spawls et al., 2004 IUCN IUCN Schillert, 2015 Spawls et al., 2004 Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.) Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Chirio & Lebreton, 2007 Marais, 2004 IUCN Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Trape et al., 2012b Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.) Spawls et al., 2004 Spawls et al., 2004 Spawls et al., 2004 Dobiey & Vogel, 2007 Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Marais, 2004 Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Spawls et al., 2004 Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Spawls et al., 2004 Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Spawls et al., 2004 Marais, 2004 Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) IUCN Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Marais, 2004 Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Marais, 2004 David & Vogel, 2010 IUCN

35

Binomial Echis jogeri Echis leucogaster Echis ocellatus Echis pyramidum Eirenis africana Eirenis coronella Eirenis coronelloides Elapsoidea boulengeri Elapsoidea broadleyi Elapsoidea chelazziorum Elapsoidea guentherii Elapsoidea laticincta Elapsoidea loveridgei Elapsoidea nigra Elapsoidea semiannulata Elapsoidea sundevallii Elapsoidea trapei Epacrophis boulengeri Epacrophis drewesi Epacrophis reticulatus Eryx borrii Eryx colubrinus Eryx jaculus Eryx muelleri Eryx somalicus Gonionotophis brussauxi Gonionotophis capensis Gonionotophis chanleri Gonionotophis crossi Gonionotophis egbensis Gonionotophis gabouensis Gonionotophis grantii Gonionotophis guirali Gonionotophis klingi Gonionotophis laurenti Gonionotophis nyassae Gonionotophis poensis Gonionotophis savorgnani Gonionotophis stenophthalmus Gonionotophis vernayi Grayia caesar Grayia ornata

Source IUCN Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Chippaux, 2006 Spawls et al., 2004 Largen & Spawls, 2010 IUCN IUCN Spawls et al., 2004 Dobiey & Vogel, 2007 Dobiey & Vogel, 2007 Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Spawls et al., 2004 Spawls et al., 2004 Dobiey & Vogel, 2007 Marais, 2004 Chippaux, 2006 Spawls et al., 2004 Spawls et al., 2004 Broadley & Wallach, 2007b Lanza & Nistri, 2005 Spawls et al., 2004 IUCN Chippaux, 2006 Largen & Spawls, 2010 Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Spawls et al., 2004 Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Chippaux, 2006 Chippaux, 2006 IUCN Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Chippaux, 2006 Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) IUCN Spawls et al., 2004 Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Marais, 2004 Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Danny Meirte (pers.obs.)

36

Binomial Grayia smithii Grayia tholloni Hapsidophrys lineatus Hapsidophrys smaragdina Helophis schoutedeni Hemachatus haemachatus Hemirhagerrhis hildebrandtii Hemirhagerrhis kelleri Hemirhagerrhis nototaenia Hemirhagerrhis viperina Hemorrhois algirus Hemorrhois hippocrepis Hemorrhois nummifer Homoroselaps dorsalis Homoroselaps lacteus Hormonotus modestus Hydraethiops laevis Hydraethiops melanogaster Hypoptophis wilsonii Inyoka swazicus Lamprophis abyssinicus Lamprophis aurora Lamprophis erlangeri Lamprophis fiskii Lamprophis fuscus Lamprophis guttatus Leptotyphlops aethiopicus Leptotyphlops conjunctus Leptotyphlops distanti Leptotyphlops emini Leptotyphlops howelli Leptotyphlops incognitus Leptotyphlops jacobseni Leptotyphlops kafubi Leptotyphlops keniensis Leptotyphlops latirostris Leptotyphlops lepezi Leptotyphlops macrops Leptotyphlops mbanjensis Leptotyphlops merkeri Leptotyphlops nigricans Leptotyphlops nigroterminus

Source Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Spawls et al., 2004 Spawls et al., 2004 Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Marais, 2004 Largen & Spawls, 2010 Largen & Spawls, 2010 Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) IUCN IUCN Sindaco et al., 2013 Marais, 2004 Marais, 2004 Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Chippaux, 2006 Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Marais, 2004 Largen & Spawls, 2010 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Largen & Spawls, 2010 Marais, 2004 Marais, 2004 Marais, 2004 Largen & Spawls, 2010 Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Marais, 2004 Spawls et al., 2004 Spawls et al., 2004 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Marais, 2004 Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Broadley & Wallach, 2007b Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Spawls et al., 2004 Broadley & Wallach, 2007b Spawls et al., 2004 Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.) Broadley & Wallach, 2007b

37

Binomial Leptotyphlops nursii Leptotyphlops pembae Leptotyphlops pungwensis Leptotyphlops scutifrons Leptotyphlops sylvicolus Leptotyphlops tanae Leptotyphlops telloi Letheobia acutirostrata Letheobia caeca Letheobia crossii Letheobia debilis Letheobia erythraea Letheobia gracilis Letheobia graueri Letheobia jubana Letheobia kibarae Letheobia largeni Letheobia leucosticta Letheobia lumbriciformis Letheobia pallida Letheobia pauwelsi Letheobia pembana Letheobia praeocularis Letheobia rufescens Letheobia somalica Letheobia stejnegeri Letheobia sudanensis Letheobia swahilica Letheobia toritensis Letheobia uluguruensis Letheobia wittei Limnophis bangweolicus Limnophis bicolor Lycodonomorphus bicolor Lycodonomorphus inornatus Lycodonomorphus laevissimus Lycodonomorphus leleupi Lycodonomorphus Lycodonomorphus rufulus Lycodonomorphus Lycodonomorphus whytii Lycophidion acutirostre

Source IUCN Spawls et al., 2004 Broadley & Broadley, 1999 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Marais, 2004 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Marais, 2004 Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Chirio & Lebreton, 2007 Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Broadley & Wallch, 2007a IUCN Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Broadley & Wallch, 2007a Broadley & Wallch, 2007a Largen & Spawls, 2010 Jean-Francois Trape (pers.obs.) Spawls et al., 2004 Spawls et al., 2004 Wallach, 2005 Broadley & Wallch, 2007a IUCN Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Largen & Spawls, 2010 Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Broadley & Wallch, 2007a Broadley & Wallch, 2007a Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Broadley & Wallch, 2007a Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Marais, 2004 Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Marais, 2004 Marais, 2004 Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) IUCN IUCN

38

Binomial Lycophidion albomaculatum Lycophidion capense Lycophidion depressirostre Lycophidion hellmichi Lycophidion irroratum Lycophidion laterale Lycophidion meleagris Lycophidion multimaculatum Lycophidion namibianum Lycophidion nanus Lycophidion nigromaculatum Lycophidion ornatum Lycophidion pembanum Lycophidion pygmaeum Lycophidion semiannule Lycophidion semicinctum Lycophidion taylori Lycophidion uzungwense Lycophidion variegatum Lytorhynchus diadema Macrelaps microlepidotus Macroprotodon abubakeri Macroprotodon brevis Macroprotodon cucullatus Macroprotodon mauritanicus Madatyphlops calabresii Madatyphlops cuneirostris Madatyphlops leucocephalus Madatyphlops platyrhynchus Malpolon insignitus Malpolon monspessulanus Meizodon coronatus Meizodon krameri Meizodon plumbiceps Meizodon regularis Meizodon semiornatus Micrelaps bicoloratus Micrelaps boettgeri Micrelaps vaillanti Montaspis gilvomaculata Montatheris hindii Myriopholis adleri

Source IUCN Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Spawls et al., 2004 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Marais, 2004 IUCN Chippaux, 2006 Spawls et al., 2004 Spawls et al., 2004 Marais, 2004 Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Spawls et al., 2004 Spawls et al., 2004 Marais, 2004 Schleich et al., 1996 Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) IUCN IUCN IUCN Sindaco et al., 2013 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Lanza, 1988 Spawls et al., 2004 Sindaco et al., 2013 IUCN Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Spawls et al., 2004 IUCN Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Spawls et al., 2004 Spawls et al., 2004 Spawls et al., 2004 Largen & Spawls, 2010 Marais, 2004 Spawls et al., 2004 Chirio & Lebreton, 2007

39

Binomial Myriopholis albiventer Myriopholis algeriensis Myriopholis boueti Myriopholis braccianii Myriopholis cairi Myriopholis erythraeus Myriopholis ionidesi Myriopholis longicauda Myriopholis macrorhyncha Myriopholis narirostris Myriopholis natatrix Myriopholis perreti Myriopholis rouxestevae Naja anchietae Naja annulata Naja annulifera Naja ashei Naja christyi Naja haje Naja katiensis Naja melanoleuca Naja mossambica Naja multifasciata Naja nigricincta Naja nigricollis Naja nivea Naja nubiae Naja pallida Naja senegalensis Namibiana gracilior Namibiana labialis Namibiana latifrons Namibiana occidentalis Namibiana rostrata Natriciteres bipostocularis Natriciteres fuliginoides Natriciteres olivacea Natriciteres sylvatica Natriciteres variegata Natrix maura Natrix natrix Natrix tessellata

Source IUCN IUCN IUCN Broadley & Wallach, 2007b Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.) Broadley & Wallach, 2007b Broadley & Wallach, 2007b Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Spawls et al., 2004 IUCN IUCN Chirio & Lebreton, 2007 IUCN Dobiey & Vogel, 2007 Dobiey & Vogel, 2007 Marais, 2004 Largen & Spawls, 2010 Chippaux, 2006 Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Chippaux, 2006 Spawls et al., 2004 Dobiey & Vogel, 2007 Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Dobiey & Vogel, 2007 Spawls et al., 2004 Marais, 2004 Chippaux, 2006 Dobiey & Vogel, 2007 IUCN Marais, 2004 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Marais, 2004 IUCN Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) IUCN Schleich et al., 1996 IUCN

40

Binomial Philothamnus angolensis Philothamnus battersbyi Philothamnus bequaerti Philothamnus carinatus Philothamnus dorsalis Philothamnus heterodermus Philothamnus heterolepidotus Philothamnus hoplogaster Philothamnus hughesi Philothamnus irregularis Philothamnus macrops Philothamnus natalensis Philothamnus nitidus Philothamnus ornatus Philothamnus pobeguini Philothamnus punctatus Philothamnus ruandae Philothamnus semivariegatus Platyceps brevis Platyceps florulentus Platyceps karelini Platyceps messanai Platyceps rhodorachis Platyceps sinai Platyceps somalicus Platyceps taylori Platyceps tessellata Poecilopholis cameronensis Polemon acanthias Polemon barthii Polemon bocourti Polemon christyi Polemon collaris Polemon fulvicollis Polemon gabonensis Polemon gracilis Polemon griseiceps Polemon neuwiedi Polemon notatus Polemon robustus Proatheris superciliaris Prosymna ambigua

Source Spawls et al., 2004 Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Spawls et al., 2004 Spawls et al., 2004 Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Spawls et al., 2004 Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Spawls et al., 2004 Chippaux, 2006 Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.) Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Jean-Francois Trape (pers.obs.) Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Spawls et al., 2004 Spawls et al., 2004 Spawls et al., 2004 IUCN Schätti & Charvet, 2003 IUCN IUCN Largen & Spawls, 2010 Largen & Spawls, 2010 Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.) Chirio & Lebreton, 2007 Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) IUCN Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Chippaux, 2006 Chippaux, 2006 Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) IUCN Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Chippaux, 2006 Marais, 2004 Chippaux, 2006

41

Binomial Prosymna angolensis Prosymna bivittata Prosymna frontalis Prosymna greigerti Prosymna janii Prosymna lineata Prosymna meleagris Prosymna ornatissima Prosymna pitmani Prosymna ruspolii Prosymna semifasciata Prosymna somalica Prosymna stuhlmanni Prosymna sundevalli Prosymna visseri Psammophis aegyptius Psammophis angolensis Psammophis ansorgii Psammophis biseriatus Psammophis brevirostris Psammophis crucifer Psammophis elegans Psammophis jallae Psammophis leightoni Psammophis leopardinus Psammophis lineatus Psammophis mossambicus Psammophis namibensis Psammophis notostictus Psammophis occidentalis Psammophis orientalis Psammophis phillipsi Psammophis praeornatus Psammophis pulcher Psammophis punctulatus Psammophis rukwae Psammophis schokari Psammophis sibilans Psammophis subtaeniatus Psammophis sudanensis Psammophis tanganicus Psammophis trigrammus

Source Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Marais, 2004 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Chirio et al., 2011 IUCN Marais, 2004 IUCN Spawls et al., 2004 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Largen & Spawls, 2010 Spawls et al., 2004 Largen & Spawls, 2010 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Marais, 2004 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Chippaux, 2006 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Kelly et al., 2008 Marais, 2004 Chippaux, 2006 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Marais, 2004 Kelly et al., 2008 Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Kelly et al., 2008 Chippaux, 2006 Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Largen & Spawls, 2010 Largen & Spawls, 2010 Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Chippaux, 2006 Chippaux, 2006 IUCN Chippaux, 2006 Largen & Spawls, 2010 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.)

42

Binomial Psammophis trinasalis Psammophis zambiensis Psammophylax acutus Psammophylax rhombeatus Psammophylax togoensis Psammophylax tritaeniatus Psammophylax variabilis Pseudaspis cana Pseudoboodon boehmei Pseudoboodon gascae Pseudoboodon lemniscatus Pseudoboodon sandfordorum Pseudocerastes fieldi Pseudohaje goldii Pseudohaje nigra Python anchietae Python natalensis Python regius Python sebae Pythonodipsas carinata Rhagerhis moilensis Rhamnophis aethiopissa Rhamnophis batesii Rhamphiophis oxyrhynchus Rhamphiophis rostratus Rhamphiophis rubropunctatus Rhinoleptus koniagui Rhinoleptus parkeri Rhinotyphlops ataeniatus Rhinotyphlops boylei Rhinotyphlops lalandei Rhinotyphlops schinzi Rhinotyphlops scortecci Rhinotyphlops unitaeniatus Rhynchocalamus Scaphiophis albopunctatus Scaphiophis raffreyi Spalerosophis diadema Spalerosophis dolichospilus Spalerosophis josephscorteccii Telescopus beetzi Telescopus dhara

Source Marais, 2004 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Jean-Francois Trape (pers.obs.) Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Broadley & Blaylock, 2013 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Largen & Spawls, 2010 Largen & Spawls, 2010 Largen & Spawls, 2010 Largen & Spawls, 2010 IUCN Chippaux, 2006 IUCN Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Chippaux, 2006 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Chippaux, 2006 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Chippaux, 2006 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Largen & Spawls, 2010 IUCN Largen & Spawls, 2010 Broadley & Wallch, 2007a Broadley & Wallach, 2009 Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Marais, 2004 Broadley & Wallach, 2007a Broadley & Wallach, 2007a IUCN Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Largen & Spawls, 2010 Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) IUCN Lanza, 1988 Marais, 2004 Largen & Spawls, 2010

43

Binomial Telescopus finkeldeyi Telescopus gezirae Telescopus hoogstraali Telescopus pulcher Telescopus semiannulatus Telescopus tripolitanus Telescopus variegatus Thelotornis capensis Thelotornis kirtlandii Thelotornis mossambicanus Thelotornis usambaricus Thrasops flavigularis Thrasops jacksonii Thrasops occidentalis Thrasops schmidti Toxicodryas blandingii Toxicodryas pulverulenta Tricheilostoma bicolor Tricheilostoma broadleyi Tricheilostoma dissimilis Tricheilostoma greenwelli Tricheilostoma sundewalli Typhlops coecatus Typhlops zenkeri Vipera latastei Vipera monticola Walterinnesia aegyptia Xenocalamus bicolor Xenocalamus mechowii Xenocalamus michellii Xenocalamus sabiensis Xenocalamus transvaalensis Xerotyphlops etheridgei Xerotyphlops vermicularis Xyelodontophis uluguruensis

Source Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.) IUCN Largen & Spawls, 2010 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Chippaux, 2006 Chippaux, 2006 Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Broadley, 2001 Broadley, 2001 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Broadley & Wallach, 2002 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) IUCN Jean-Francois Trape (pers.obs.) Laurent Chirio (pers.obs.) IUCN Chirio & Lebreton, 2007 Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Chirio & Lebreton, 2007 IUCN Dobiey & Vogel, 2007 David & Vogel, 2010 Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Danny Meirte (pers.obs.) Aaron Bauer (pers.obs.) Marais, 2004 IUCN Sindaco et al., 2013 Broadley & Wallach, 2002

44

Appendix S1e. African turtle species distribution data. Species Centrochelys sulcata Chersina angulata Cyclanorbis elegans Cyclanorbis senegalensis Cycloderma aubryi Cycloderma frenatum Emys orbicularis Homopus areolatus Homopus boulengeri Homopus femoralis Homopus signatus Homopus solus Kinixys belliana Kinixys erosa Kinixys homeana Kinixys lobatsiana Kinixys natalensis Kinixys nogueyi Kinixys spekii Kinixys zombensis Malacochersus tornieri Mauremys leprosa Pelomedusa subrufa Pelusios adansonii Pelusios bechuanicus Pelusios broadleyi Pelusios carinatus Pelusios castaneus Pelusios castanoides Pelusios chapini Pelusios cupulatta Pelusios gabonensis Pelusios marani Pelusios nanus Pelusios niger Pelusios rhodesianus Pelusios sinuatus Pelusios subniger

Source Iverson, 1992 Bonin et al., 2006 Bonin et al., 2006 Bonin et al., 2006 Bonin et al., 2006 Bonin et al., 2006 Bonin et al., 2006 Bonin et al., 2006 Bonin et al., 2006 Bonin et al., 2006 Bonin et al., 2006 Bonin et al., 2006 Vetter, 2011 Bonin et al., 2006 Bonin et al., 2006 Bonin et al., 2006 Bonin et al., 2006 Vetter, 2011 Bonin et al., 2006 Vetter, 2011 Bonin et al., 2006 Bonin et al., 2006 Bonin et al., 2006 Bonin et al., 2006 Bonin et al., 2006 Bonin et al., 2006 Bonin et al., 2006 Bonin et al., 2006 Bonin et al., 2006 Bonin et al., 2006 Bonin et al., 2006 Bonin et al., 2006 Bonin et al., 2006 Bonin et al., 2006 Bonin et al., 2006 Bonin et al., 2006 Bonin et al., 2006 Bonin et al., 2006

45

Species Pelusios upembae Pelusios williamsi Psammobates geometricus Psammobates oculifer Psammobates tentorius Stigmochelys pardalis Testudo graeca Testudo kleinmanni Trionyx triunguis

Source Bonin et al., 2006 Bonin et al., 2006 Bonin et al., 2006 Iverson, 1992 Bonin et al., 2006 Bonin et al., 2006 Bonin et al., 2006 Bonin et al., 2006 Bonin et al., 2006

Appendix S1f. References for appendices S1a-e. Auerbach, R.D. (1987) The amphibians and reptiles of Botswana. Nokwepa Consultants, Gaborone. Baha El Din, S.M. (2006) A guide to the reptiles and amphibians of Egypt. American University in Cairo Press, Cairo. Bates, M.F., Branch, W.R., Bauer, A.M., Burger, M., Marais, J., Alexander, G.J. & de Villiers, M.S. editors. (2014) Atlas and red list of the reptiles of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Suricata 1, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria. Bauer, A.M. (2010) A new species of Pachydactylus (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from the Otavi Highlands of northern Namibia. Bonn Zoological Bulletin, 57, 257-266. Bocage, J.V.B. (1895) Herpetologie d'Angola et du Congo. Lisbon: Imprimerie Nationale. Bohme, W. (2005) Presence of Agama weidholzi Wettstein 1932. in The Gambia, West Africa. Salamandra, 41, 155-157. Bonin, F., Devaux, B. & Dupré, A. (2006) Turtles of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press: Baltimore, Maryland.

46

Bons, J. & Geniez, P. (1996) Amphibiens et reptiles du Maroc (Sahara Occidental compris) Atlas Biog‫י‬ographique. Asociacion Herpetologica Espanola, Barcelone. Boulenger, G.A. (1897) A list of the reptiles and batrachians collected in northern Nyasaland by Mr. Alex. Whyte, F.Z.S., and presented to the British Museum by Sir Harry H. Johnston, K.C.B.; with descriptions of new species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 65, 800-803. Branch, W.R. (1988) Field guide to snakes and other reptiles of Southern Africa. New Holland, London. Branch, W.R. (1998) Field guide to snakes and other reptiles of Southern Africa. 3rd edition. Ralph Curtis Books, Sanibel Island, Florida. Branch, W.R. (2005) A Photographic guide to snakes other reptiles and amphibians of East Africa. Struik Nature, Capetown. Branch, W.R. (2014) A Photographic guide to snakes other reptiles and amphibians of East Africa. 2nd edition. Struik Nature, Capetown. Branch, W.R., Pauwels, O.S.G. & Burger, M. (2003) Re-discovery of Cynisca bifrontalis in Gabon, with additional notes on Monopeltis galeata (Reptilia: Amphisbaenia). African Journal of Herpetology, 52, 93-100. Branch, W.R. & Tolley, K.A. (2010) A new species of chameleon (Sauria: Chamaeleonidae: Nadzikambia) from Mount Mabu, central Mozambique. African Journal of Herpetology, 59, 157-172. Branch, W.R., Bauer, A.M., Jackman, T.R. & Heinicke, M. (2011) A new species of the Pachydactylus weberi complex (Reptilia: Squamata: Gekkonidae) from the Namibrand Reserve, southern Namibia. Breviora, 524, 1-15.

47

Branch, W.R., Bayliss, J. & Tolley, K.A. (2014) Pygmy chameleons of the Rhampholeon platyceps complex (Squamata: Chamaeleonidae): Description of four new species from isolated ‘sky islands’ of northern Mozambique. Zootaxa, 3814, 1-36. Broadley, D.G. (1968) A review of the African genus Typhlosaurus Wiegmann (Sauria: Scincidae). Arnoldia, 3, 1-20 Broadley, D.G. (1994) A collection of snakes from eastern Sudan, with the description of a new species of Telescopus Wagler, 1830 (Reptilia: Ophidia). Journal of African Zoology, 108, 201-208. Broadley, D.G. (1997) A review of the Monopeltis capensis complex in southern Africa (Reptilia: Amphisbaenidae). African Journal of Herpetology, 46, 1-12. Broadley, D.G. (2000) A review of the genus Mabuya in southeastern Africa (Sauria: Scincidae). African Journal of Herpetology, 49, 87-110. Broadley, D.G. (2001) A review of the genus Thelotornis A. Smith in eastern Africa, with the description of a new species from the Usambara mountains (Serpentes: Colubridae: Dispholidini). African Journal of Herpetology, 50, 53-70. Broadley, D.G., Gans, C. & Visser, J. (1976) Studies on amphisbaenians (Amphisbaenia, Reptilia). 6, The genera Monopeltis and Dalophia in southern Africa. Bulletin of the Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 157, 311-486. Broadley, D.G. & Gans, C. (1978) Southern forms of Chirindia (Amphisbaenia, Reptilia). Annals of the Carnegie Museum, 47, 29-51. Broadley, D.G. & Howell, K.M. (1991) A check list of the reptiles of Tanzania, with synoptic keys. Syntarsus, 1, 1-70.

48

Broadley, D.G. & Broadley, S. (1997) A revision of the African genus Zygaspis Cope (Reptilia: Amphisbaenia). Syntarsus, 4, 1-23. Broadley, D.G. & Broadley, S. (1999) A review of the African wormsnakes from South of Latitude 12°S (Serpentes: Leptotyphlopidae). Syntarsus, 5, 1-36. Broadley, D.G. & Branch, W.R. (2002) A review of the small east African Cordylus (Sauria: Cordylidae), with the description of a new species. African Journal of Herpetology, 51, 9-34. Broadley, D.G. & Wallach, V. (2002) Review of the Dispholidini, with the description of a new genus and species from Tanzania (Serpentes, Colubridae). Bulletin of the Natural History Museum: Zoology, 68, 57-74. Broadley, D.G. & Wallach, V. (2007a) A review of East and Central African species of Letheobia Cope, revived from the synonymy of Rhinotyphlops Fitzinger, with descriptions of five new species (Serpentes: Typhlopidae). Zootaxa, 1515, 31-68. Broadley, D.G. & Wallach, V. (2007b) A revision of the genus Leptotyphlops in northeastern Africa and southwestern Arabia (Serpentes: Leptotyphlopidae). Zootaxa, 1408, 1–78. Broadley, D.G. & Wallach, V. (2009). A review of the eastern and southern African blind-snakes (Serpentes: Typhlopidae), excluding Letheobia Cope, with the description of two new genera and a new species. Zootaxa, 2255, 1-108. Broadley, D.G. & Cotterill, F.P.D. (2004) The reptiles of southeast Katanga, an overlooked 'hot spot'. African Journal of Herpetology, 53, 35-61.

49

Broadley, D.G., Whiting, A.S. & Bauer, A.M. (2006) A revision of the East African species of Melanoseps Boulenger (Sauria: Scincidae: Feylininae). African Journal of Herpetology, 55, 95-112. Broadley, D.G. & Blaylock, R. (2013) The snakes of Zimbabwe and Botswana. Edition Chimaria, Frankfurt Am Main. Bshaena, I & Joger, U. (2009) Phylogeny and systematics of North African Tarentola. (Vortrag). Deutsche Gesellschaft für Herpetologie und Terrarienkunde (DGHT) Nachzuchttagung Deutscher Herpetologentag. Bshaena, I., & Joger, U. (2013) A new gecko from Libya: Tarentola neglecta lanzai n. ssp. Amphibia-Reptilia, 34, 353-362. Busack, S.D. (1988) Biochemical and morphological differentiation in Spanish and Moroccan populations of Blanus and the description of a new species from northern Morocco (Reptilia, Amphisbaenia, Amphisbaenidae). Copeia, 1988, 101-109. Carlino, P. & Pauwels, O.S.G. (2015) An updated reptile list of Ivindo National Park, the herpetofaunal hotspot of Gabon. Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society, 50, 25-39. Carranza, S., Arnold, E.N., Geniez, P., Roca, J. & Mateo, J.A. (2008) Radiation, multiple dispersal and parallelism in the skinks, Chalcides and Sphenops (Squamata: Scincidae), with comments on Scincus and Scincopus and the age of the Sahara Desert. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 46, 1071-1094. Chippaux, J.P. (2006) Les serpents d'Afrique Occidentale et centrale. Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement, Paris.

50

Chirio, L. & LeBreton, M. (2007) Atlas des reptiles du Cameroun. Publications Scientifiques du Museum national d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris. Chirio, L., Ineich, I., Schmitz, A., & Trape, J-F. (2011) Note sur la systématique de quelques espèces du genre Prosymna Gray, 1849 en Afrique au nord de l'équateur (Serpentes, Prosymnidae). Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 118, 157-173. Conradie, W., Measey, G.J., Branch, W.R. & Tolley, K.A. (2012) Revised phylogeny of African sand lizards (Pedioplanis), with the description of two new species from south-western Angola. African Journal of Herpetology, 61, 91-112. Conradie, W. & Bourquin, S. (2013) Geographic distribution: Acontias kgalagadi kgalagadi (Lamb, Biswas & Bauer, 2010) striped legless skink. African Herp News, 60, 29-30. Cree, A. (1994) Low annual reproductive output in female reptiles from New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 21, 351-372. Cree, A. & Guillette, L.J. (1995) Biennial reproduction with a fourteen-month pregnancy in the gecko Hoplodactylus maculatus from southern New Zealand. Journal of Herpetology, 29, 163-173. David, P. & Vogel, G. (2010) Venomous snakes of Europe, Northern, Central and Western Asia (Terralog 16) (English and German Edition). Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt Am Main. Dobiey, M. & Vogel, G. (2007) Venomous Snakes of Africa/Giftschlangen Afrikas. Terralog 15. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt am Main, 150 pp.

51

dos Santos, L.C. (2013) Discovery of the second specimen of the African amphisbaenian Monopeltis kabindae Witte & Laurent, 1942. African Journal of Herpetology, DOI:10.1080/21564574.2012.761283. Dunham, A.E., Miles, D.B. & Reznick, D.N. (1988) Life history patterns in squamate reptiles. Pages 441-522 in C. Gans and R. B. Huey, eds. Biology of the Reptilia. Vol. 16. Ecology B. Defense and life history. Liss, New York. Edwards, S., Branch, W.R., Vanhooydonck, B., Herrel, A., Measey, G.J. & Tolley, K.A. (2013) Taxonomic adjustments in the systematics of the southern African lacertid lizards (Sauria: Lacertidae). Zootaxa, 3669, 101-114. Fitch, H.S. (1970) Reproductive cycles of lizards and snakes. University of Kansas Museum of Natural History Miscellaneous Publications, 52, 1-247. Fuhn, I.E. (1972) Revision du phylum forestier du genre Panaspis Cope (Reptilia, Scincidae, Lygosominae). Review Roumain de Biologie Serie de Zoologie, 17, 257271. Gans, C. (1987) Studies on amphisbaenians (Reptilia). 7. The small round-headed species (Cynisca) from western Africa. American Museum Novitates, 2896, 1-84. Gans, C. & Kochva, E. (1965) A systematic review of Ancylocranium (Amphisbaenia: Reptilia). Notes on amphisbaenids 22. Israel Journal of Zoology, 14, 87-121. Gans, C., & Lehman, G.C. (1973) Studies on amphisbaenians (Amphisbaenia: Reptilia), 5: The species of Monopeltis from north of the River Zaire. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology University of Michigan, 669, 1-34

52

Gans, C. & Kraklau, D.M. (1989) Studies on amphisbaenians (Reptilia) 8. Two genera of small species from East Africa (Geocalamus and Loveridgea). American Museum Novitates, 2944, 1-28. Geniez, P., Padial, J.M. & Crochet, P-A. (2011) Systematics of North African Agama (Reptilia: Agamidae): a new species from the central Saharan mountains. Zootaxa, 3098, 26-46. GBIF. Global Biodiversity Information Facility. http://www.gbif.org. Accessed on July 1, 2015. Goldberg, S.R. (2006) Reproductive cycle of the striped legless skink, Typhlosaurus lineatus (Squamata: Scincidae) from Southern Africa. Herpetological Bulletin, 98, 2628. Greenbaum, E., Campbell, A.C. & Raxworthy, C.J. (2006) A revision of sub-Saharan Chalcides (Squamata: Scincidae), with redescriptions of two East African species. Herpetologica, 62, 71–89. Greenbaum, E., Villanueva, C.O., Kusamba, C., Aristote, M.M & Branch, W.R. (2011) A molecular phylogeny of Equatorial African Lacertidae, with the description of a new genus and species from eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 163, 913-942. Greenbaum, E., Stanley, E.L., Kusamba, C., Moninga, W.M., Goldberg, S.R. & Bursey, C.R. (2012a) A new species of Cordylus (Squamata: Cordylidae) from the Marungu Plateau of south-eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. African Journal of Herpetology, 61, 14-39.

53

Greenbaum, E., Tolley, K.A., Joma, A. & Kusamba, C. (2012b) A new species of chameleon (Sauria: Chamaeleonidae: Kinyongia) from the northern Albertine Rift, Central Africa. Herpetologica, 68, 60-75. Haacke, W.D. (1965) Additional notes on the herpetology of South West Africa with descriptions of two new subspecies of geckos. Cimbebasia, 11, 1-39. Haacke, W.D. (2008) A new leaf-toed gecko (Reptilia: Gekkonidae) from south-western Angola. African Journal of Herpetology, 57, 85-92. Hahn, D.E. (1979) A new species of Cynisca (Amphisbaenidae) from the Ivory Coast. Copeia, 122-125. Heideman, N.J.L. (1997) New distribution records for Agama etoshae (McLachlan 1981) in Northern Namibia. Israel Journal of Zoology, 43, 405-407. Heinicke, M.P., Adderly, L.M., Bauer, A.M. & Jackman, T.R. (2011) A long-known new species of gecko allied to Pachydactylus bicolor (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from the central Namibian coast. African Journal of Herpetology, 60, 113-129. Hekkala, E., Shirley, M.H., Amato, G., Austin, J.D., Charter, S., Thorbjarnarson, J., Vliet, K.A., Houck, M.L., Desalle, R. & Blum, J. (2011) An ancient icon reveals new mysteries: mummy DNA resurrects a cryptic species within the Nile crocodile. Molecular Ecology, 20, 4199-4215. Horner, P. (2007) Ctenotus quirinus sp. nov. (Reptilia: Sauria: Scincidae) – a new species of skink from the Northern Territory, with the recognition of C. brevipes Storr, 1981 and C. essingtonii (Gray, 1842) as distinct species. The Beagle, 23, 119-130. Huey, R.B., Pianka, E.R., Egan, M.E. & Coons, L.W. (1974) Ecological shifts in sympatry: Kalahari fossorial lizards (Typhlosaurus). Ecology, 55, 304-316.

54

IUCN. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.1. http://www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded on June 1, 2014. Iverson, J.B. (1992). A revised checklist with distribution maps of the turtles of the world. Green Nature Books: Homestead, Florida. Jacobsen, N.H.G., Kuhn, A.L., Jackman, T.R. & Bauer, A.M. (2014) A phylogenetic analysis of the southern African gecko genus Afroedura Loveridge (Squamata: Gekkonidae), with the description of nine new species from Limpopo and Mpumalanga provinces of South Africa. Zootaxa, 3846, 451-501. Jono, T., Bauer, A.M., Brennan, I. & Mori, A. (2015) New species of Blaesodactylus (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from Tsingy karstic outcrops in Ankarana National Park, northern Madagascar. Zootaxa, 3980, 406-416. Kelly, C.M., Barker, N.P., Villet, M.H., Broadley, D.G., & Branch, W.R. (2008) The snake family Psammophiidae (Reptilia: Serpentes): Phylogenetics and species delimitation in the African sand snakes (Psammophis Boie, 1825) and allied genera. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 47, 1045-1060. Kingdon, R. & Spawls, S. (2010) A new gregarious species of Trachylepis (Reptilia: Sauria: Scincidae) from Lolui Island, Lake Victoria, Uganda, with a key to Ugandan Trachylepis. African Journal of Herpetology, 59, 123-132. Kratochvil, L., Frynta, D. & Moravec, J. (2001) A third Stenodactylus in Africa: return of the forgotten Stenodactylus stenurus. Israel Journal of Zoology, 47, 99-109. Krause, P. and Bohme, W. (2010) A new chameleon of the Trioceros bitaeniatus complex from Mt. Hanang, Tanzania, East Africa (Squamata: Chamaeleonidae). Bonn Zoological Bulletin, 57, 19-29.

55

Kyriazi, P., Poulakakis, N., Parmakelis, A., Crochet, P.A., Moravec, J., RastegarPouyani, N., Tsigenopoulos, C.S., Magoulas, A., Mylonas, M. & Lymberakis, P. (2008) Mitochondrial DNA reveals the genealogical history of the snake-eyed lizards (Ophisops elegans and O. occidentalis) (Sauria: Lacertidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 49, 795-805. Lanza B. (1966) Il genere Brachyophis e descrizione di una nuova forma (Reptilia, Serpentes, Colubridae). Monitore Zoologico Italiano, 74, 30-48. Largen, M.J. & Spawls, S. (2010) Amphibians and reptiles of Ethiopia and Eritrea. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt. Lanza, B. (1983) A list of the Somali amphibians and reptiles. Monitore Zoologico Italiano Supplement, 18, 193-247. Lanza, B. (1990) Amphibians and reptiles of the Somali Democratic Republic: checklist and biogeography. Biogeographia, 14, 407-465. Lanza, B. & Nistri, A. (2005) Somali Boidae (genus Eryx Daudin 1803) and Pythonidae (genus Python Daudin 1803) (Reptilia Serpentes). Tropical Zoology, 18, 67-136. Laurent, R.F. (1982) Deux lezards interessants de la cuvette centrale zairoise. Revue de Zoologie Africaine, 96, 439-444. Leache, A.D. & Fujita, M.K. (2010) Bayesian species delimitation in West African forest geckos (Hemidactylus fasciatus). Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 277, 3071-3077.

56

Leache, A.D., Wagner, P., Linkem, C.W., Bohme, W., Papenfuss, T.J., Chong, R.A., Lavin, B.R., Bauer, A.M., Nielsen, S.V., Greenbaum, E., Rodel, M-O., Schmitz, A., LeBreton, M., Ineich, I., Chirio, L., Ofori-Boateng, C., Eniangm, E.A., Baha El Din, S., Lemmon, A.R. & Burbrink, F.T. (2014) A hybrid phylogenetic–phylogenomic approach for species tree estimation in African Agama lizards with applications to biogeography, character evolution, and diversification. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 79, 215-230. Loveridge, A. (1953) Zoological Results of a fifth expedition to East Africa. III. Reptiles from Nyasaland and Tete. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 110, 142322. Macey, J.R., Schulte, J.A., Fong, J.J., Das, I. & Papenfuss, T.J. (2006) The complete mitochondrial genome of an agamid lizard from the Afro–Asian subfamily agaminae and the phylogenetic position of Bufoniceps and Xenagama. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 39, 881-886. Marais, J. (2004) A complete guide to the snakes of Southern Africa (2nd edition). Astruik Publishers, Cape Town. Mediannikov, O., Trape, S. & Trape, J-F. (2012) Molecular study of the genus Agama (Squamata: Agamidae) in West Africa, with description of two new species and a review of the taxonomy, geographic distribution, and ecology of currently recognized species. Russian Journal of Herpetology, 19, 115-142. Makhubo, B.G., Tolley, K.A. & Bates, M.F. (2015) Molecular phylogeny of the Afroedura nivaria (Reptilia: Gekkonidae) species complex in South Africa provides insight on cryptic speciation. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 82, 31-42.

57

Malonza, P.K. & Bauer, A.M. (2014) A new species of arboreal forest-dwelling gecko (Hemidactylus: Squamata: Gekkonidae) from coastal Kenya, East Africa. Zootaxa, 3786, 192-200. Marx, H. (1968) Checklist of the reptiles and amphibians of Egypt – U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo. 51pp Mateo, J.A., Santana, A. & Geniez, P. (2004) Moroccan ocellated lizard in Western Sahara; answer to an old enigma. Herpetozoa, 17, 187-189. Melnikov, D., Smielowski, J., Melnikova, E., Nazarov, R. & Ananjeva, N.B. (2015) Red’n’blues: A new species of Pseudotrapelus (Agamidae, Sauria) from Sudan, Africa. Russian Journal of Herpetology, 22, 53-60. Monard, A. (1937) Contribution à l’herpétologie d’Angola. Arq. Mus. Bocage, Lisbon, 8: 19-153. Papenfuss, T.J. (1982) The ecology and systematics of the amphisbaenian genus Bipes. Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences, 136, 1-42. Pasteur, G. & Broadley, D.G. (1988) A remote, insular species of the Lygodactylus somalicus superspecies (Sauria: Gekkonidae). Amphibia-Reptilia, 9, 237-243. Pauwels, O.S.G. & Vande Weghe, J.P. (2008) Les reptiles du Gabon. Smithsonian Institution, Tielt. Pianka, E.R. (1971) Lizard species density in the Kalahari Desert. Ecology, 52, 10241029. Pianka, E.R. (1986) Ecology and natural history of desert lizards. Princeton University Press, Princeton.

58

Pianka, E.R. & Vitt, L.J. (2003) Lizards: windows to the evolution of diversity. University of California Press, Berkeley. Portik, D.M., Travers, S.L., Bauer, A.M. & Branch, W.R. (2013) A new species of Lygodactylus (Squamata: Gekkonidae) endemic to Mount Namuli, an isolated ‘sky island’ of northern Mozambique. Zootaxa, 3710, 415-435. Powell, R. & Maxey, S.A. (1990) Hemidactylus brookii. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles, 493, 1-3. Reissig, J. (2014) Girdled lizards and their relatives. Natural history, captive care and breeding. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt am Main. Saiff, E.I. (1970) Geographical variation in the genus Zygaspis (Amphisbaenia: Reptilia). Herpetologica, 26, 86-119. Salvador, A. (1982) A revision of the lizards of the genus Acanthodactylus (Sauria: Lacertidae). Bonner Zoologische Monographien, 16, 1-167. Salvidio, S., Menegon, M., Sindaco, R. & Moyer, D. (2004) A new species of elongate seps from Udzungwa grasslands, southern Tanzania (Reptilia, Gerrhosauridae, Tetradactylus Merrem, 1820). Amphibia-Reptilia, 25, 19-27. Schätti, B. & Charvet, C. (2003) Systematics of Platyceps brevis (Boulenger 1895) and related East African racers (Serpentes Colubrinae). Tropical Zoology, 16, 93-111. Schillert, A. (2015) http://www.dasypeltis.com. Accessed on July 1, 2015. Schleich, H.H., Kästle, W. & Kabisch, K. (1996) Amphibians and Reptiles of North Africa. Koeltz Scientific Publishers, Germany. Schneider, V. & Bauer, A.M. (2009) Typhlosaurus jappi Broadley, 1968, a valid species of acontine skink. Short communication. African Journal of Herpetology, 58, 56-58.

59

Schonecker, P. (2008) Geckos of Madagascar, the Seychelles, Comoros and Mascarene Islands. Aqualog Verlag Gmbh, Frankfurt am Main. Spawls, S., Howell, K., Drewes, R. & Ashe, J. (2002) A field guide to the reptiles of East Africa: Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda and Burundi. Academic Press, San Diego. Sillero, N., Campos, J., Bonardi, A., Corti. C., Creemers. R., Crochet, P-A., Isailovic, J. C., Denoel, M., Ficetola, G.F., Goncalves, J., Kuzmin, S., Lymberakis, P., de Pous, P., Rodriguez, A., Sindaco, R., Speybroeck, J., Toxopeus, B., Vieites, D.R. & Vences, M. (2014) Updated distribution and biogeography of amphibians and reptiles of Europe. Amphibia-Reptilia, 35, 1-31. Sindaco, R. (2007). An addition to the herpetofauna of Eritrea: Tropiocolotes somalicus Parker, 1942. Herpetozoa, 19, 177-179. Sindaco, R. & Jeremcenko, V.K. (2008) The reptiles of the Western Palearctic. 1. Annotated checklist and distributional atlas of the turtles, crocodiles, amphisbaenians and lizards of Europe, North Africa, Middle East and Central Asia. Edizioni Belvedere, Latina (Italy). Sindaco, R., Venchi, A. & Grieco, C. (2013) The reptiles of the Western Palearctic, Volume 2: Annotated checklist and distributional atlas of the snakes of Europe, North Africa. Middle East and Central Asia, with an update to, 1. Edizioni Belvedere, Italy. Smid, J., Moravec, J., Kratochvil, L., Gvozdík, V., Nasher, A.K., Busais, S.M., Wilms, T., Shobrak, M.Y. & Carranza, S. (2013) Two newly recognized species of Hemidactylus (Squamata, Gekkonidae) from the Arabian Peninsula and Sinai, Egypt. ZooKeys, 355, 79-107.

60

Smid, J., Moravec, J., Zawadzki, M. & Van Den Berg, M. (2015) One subspecies less for the European herpetofauna: the taxonomic and nomenclatural status of Hemidactylus turcicus spinalis (Reptilia: Gekkonidae). Zootaxa, 3911, 443-446. Spawls, S., Howell, K., Drewes, R. & Ashe, J. (2002) A field guide to the reptiles of East Africa: Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda and Burundi. Academic Press, San Diego. Stanley, E.L. & Bates, M.F. (2014) Here be dragons: a phylogenetic and biogeographical study of the Smaug warreni species complex (Squamata: Cordylidae) in southern Africa. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 172, 892-909. Stipala, J., Lutzmann, N., Malonza, P.K., Wilkinson, P., Godley, B., Nyamache, J. & Evans, M.R. (2012) A new species of chameleon (Squamata: Chamaeleonidae) from the Aberdare Mountains in the central highlands of Kenya. Zootaxa, 3391, 1-22. Stuart, B.L. & Emmett, D.A. (2006) A collection of amphibians and reptiles from the Cardamom Mountains, southwestern Cambodia. Fieldiana Zoology, 109, 1-27. Tilbury, C. (2010) Chameleons of Africa. An atlas. Including the chameleons of Europe, the Middle East, and Asia. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt Am Main. Tilbury, C.R. & Tolley, K.A. (2009) A new species of dwarf chameleon (Sauria; Chamaeleonidae, Bradypodion Fitzinger) from KwaZulu Natal South Africa with notes on recent climatic shifts and their influence on speciation in the genus. Zootaxa, 2226, 43-57. Tilbury, C.R. & Tolley, K.A. (2015) Contributions to the herpetofauna of the Albertine Rift: Two new species of chameleon (Sauria: Chamaeleonidae) from an isolated montane forest, south eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. Zootaxa, 3905, 345364.

61

Trape, J-F. (2014) Un reptile nouveau du genre Cynisca Gray, 1844, au Senegal (Squamata, Amphisbaenidae). Bulletin de la Societe Herpetologique de France, 151, 11-19. Trape, J-F., Trape, S. & Chirio, L. (2012a) Lezards, crocodiles et tortues d'Afrique Occidentale et du Sahara. IRD Editions, Marseille. Trape, S., Mediannikov, O. & Trape, J-F. (2012b) When colour patterns reflect phylogeography: New species of Dasypeltis (Serpentes: Colubridae: Boigini) from West Africa. Comptes Rendus Biologies, 335, 488-501. Trape, J.F. & Mane, Y. (2014) Une nouvelle espece du genre Cynisca Gray, 1844 (Squamata, Amphisbaenidae) de la Republique de Cote d’Ivoire. Bulletin de la Societe herpetologique de France, 152, 37-44. Wilms, T. & Bohme, W. (2001) Revision der Uromastyx acanthinura - artengruppe, mit beschreibung einer neuen art aus der Zentralsahara (Reptilia: Sauria: Agamidae). Zoologische Abhandlungen, Staatliches Museum fur Tierkunde, Dresden, 51, 73-104. Uetz, P. (2014) The reptile database, http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz, accessed August 14, 2014. VertNet. http://VertNet.org. Accessed on June 1, 2014. Vetter, H. (2011) Terralog, Turtles of the World, Vol. 1. Africa, Europe and Western Asia. Edition Chimaira: Frankfurt am Main. Wagner, P. (2014) A new cryptic species of the Agama lionotus complex from south of the Ngong Hills in Kenya. Salamandra, 50, 187-200.

62

Wagner, P., Krause, P., & Böhme, W. (2008) Studies on African Agama III. Resurrection of Agama agama turuensis Loveridge, 1932 (Squamata: Agamidae) from synonymy and its elevation to species rank. Salamandra, 44, 35-42. Wagner, P., Bare, M.F. & Schmitz, A. (2009) Studies on African Agama VII. A new species of the Agama agama-group (Linnaeus, 1758) (Sauria: Agamidae) from Cameroon & Gabon, with comments on Agama mehelyi Tornier, 1902. Bonner zoologische Beitrage, 56, 285-297. Wagner, P. & Bauer, A.M. (2011) A new dwarf Agama (Sauria: Agamidae) from Ethiopia. Breviora, 527, 1-19. Wagner, P., Melville, J., Wilms, T.M. & Schmitz, A. (2011) Opening a box of cryptic taxa – the first review of the North African desert lizards in the Trapelus mutabilis Merrem, 1820 complex (Squamata: Agamidae) with descriptions of new taxa. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 163, 884-912. Wagner, P., Greenbaum, E. & Bauer, A.M. (2012a) A new species of the Acanthocercus atricollis complex (Squamata: Agamidae) from Zambia. Salamandra, 48, 21-30. Wagner, P., Broadley, D.G., & Bauer, A.M. (2012b) A New Acontine Skink from Zambia (Scincidae: Acontias Cuvier, 1817). Journal of Herpetology, 46, 494-502. Wagner, P., Bauer, A.M., Wilms, T.M., Barts, M. & Bohme, W. (2012c) Miscellanea Accrodontia: notes on nomenclature, taxonomy and distribution. Russian Journal of Herpetology, 19, 177-189. Wagner, P., Leache, A., Mazuch, T. & Bohme, W. (2013a) Additions to the lizard diversity of the Horn of Africa: Two new species in the Agama spinosa group. Amphibia-Reptilia, 34, 363-387.

63

Wagner, P., Mazuch, T. & Bauer, A.M. (2013b) An extraordinary tail – integrative review of the agamid genus Xenagama. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research, 51, 144-164. Wagner, P., Greenbaum, E., Malonza, P. & Branch, B. (2014a) Resolving sky island speciation in populations of East African Adolfus alleni (Sauria, Lacertidae). Salamandra, 50, 1-17. Wagner, P., Leache, A.D. & Fujita, M.K. (2014b) Description of four new West African forest geckos of the Hemidactylus fasciatus Gray, 1842 complex, revealed by coalescent species delimitation. Bonn zoological Bulletin, 63, 1-14. Wallach, V. (2005) Letheobia pauwelsi, a new species of blindsnake from Gabon (Serpentes: Typhlopidae). African Journal of Herpetology, 54, 85-91. Wallach, V., Lanza, B., & Nistri, A. (2010) Aprosdoketophis andreonei, a new genus and species of snake from Somalia (Serpentes: Colubridae: Boiginae). African Journal of Herpetology, 59, 95-110. Wilms, T. (2005) Uromastyx. Natural history, captive care, breeding. Herpeton, Offenbach.

64

Appendix S2a. Histograms of range size of reptile, lizard, and snake quartiles.

65

Appendix S2b. Histograms of range size of amphibian, bird, and mammal quartiles.

66

Appendix S4. Range size, quartile, and number of occupied ecoregions of all reptile species in Africa. Binomial Ablepharus rueppellii Acanthocercus annectens Acanthocercus atricollis Acanthocercus branchi Acanthocercus cyanogaster Acanthocercus guentherpetersi Acanthocercus phillipsii Acanthodactylus aegyptius Acanthodactylus aureus Acanthodactylus bedriagai Acanthodactylus blanci Acanthodactylus boskianus Acanthodactylus boueti Acanthodactylus busacki Acanthodactylus dumerilii Acanthodactylus erythrurus Acanthodactylus guineensis Acanthodactylus lineomaculatus Acanthodactylus longipes Acanthodactylus maculatus Acanthodactylus opheodurus Acanthodactylus pardalis Acanthodactylus savignyi Acanthodactylus scutellatus Acanthodactylus senegalensis Acanthodactylus spinicauda Acanthodactylus taghitensis Acontias aurantiacus Acontias bicolor Acontias breviceps Acontias cregoi Acontias gariepensis Acontias gracilicauda Acontias jappi Acontias kgalagadi Acontias lineatus

Range Size (km2) 7536 600485 4864465 161268 173812 9 85437 239304 272386 192735 130710 12231067 342755 211687 1618239 495883 2113551 169859 7872950 1193662 27156 179498 96396 8760512 1532811 5890 277059 46232 129800 41481 43157 51533 329051 26561 663338 333108

Quartile 1 3 4 3 3 1 2 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 4 3 4 3 4 4 2 3 2 4 4 1 3 2 3 2 2 2 3 2 3 3

Ecoregions 3 8 57 4 20 2 4 7 10 5 5 29 4 5 15 6 17 6 12 8 3 6 3 25 11 3 5 11 3 9 3 2 15 4 12 8

67

Binomial Acontias litoralis Acontias meleagris Acontias namaquensis Acontias occidentalis Acontias orientalis Acontias percivali Acontias plumbeus Acontias poecilus Acontias richardi Acontias rieppeli Acontias schmitzi Acontias tristis Adolfus africanus Adolfus alleni Adolfus jacksoni Adolfus masavaensis Aeluroglena cucullata Afroablepharus duruarum Afroablepharus maculicollis Afroablepharus seydeli Afroablepharus wahlbergi Afroablepharus wilsoni Afroedura africana Afroedura amatolica Afroedura bogerti Afroedura broadleyi Afroedura granitica Afroedura haackei Afroedura halli Afroedura hawequensis Afroedura karroica Afroedura langi Afroedura leoloensis Afroedura loveridgei Afroedura major Afroedura maripi Afroedura marleyi Afroedura multiporis Afroedura namaquensis Afroedura nivaria

Range Size (km2) 27727 145898 5434 482199 34661 901642 301907 7946 8050 39069 3 31447 317163 5236 172072 8292 13 12182 853430 7586 2764948 49985 51511 16740 65894 9 6 4786 31225 12444 33696 8381 3 34745 5165 563 26446 11040 9022 541507

Quartile 2 3 1 3 2 4 3 1 1 2 1 2 3 1 3 1 1 1 4 1 4 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 3

Ecoregions 3 9 3 12 8 25 14 3 3 8 1 3 19 3 14 5 4 2 12 2 55 4 7 4 6 2 1 2 4 3 5 3 1 4 2 3 5 3 2 16

68

Binomial Afroedura pienaari Afroedura pondolia Afroedura pongola Afroedura rondavelica Afroedura rupestris Afroedura tembulica Afroedura tirasensis Afroedura transvaalica Afroedura waterbergensis Afrogecko ansorgii Afrogecko porphyreus Afronatrix anoscopus Afrotyphlops angolensis Afrotyphlops anomalus Afrotyphlops bibronii Afrotyphlops blanfordii Afrotyphlops brevis Afrotyphlops congestus Afrotyphlops decorosus Afrotyphlops fornasinii Afrotyphlops gierrai Afrotyphlops kaimosae Afrotyphlops liberiensis Afrotyphlops lineolatus Afrotyphlops manni Afrotyphlops mucruso Afrotyphlops nanus Afrotyphlops nigrocandidus Afrotyphlops obtusus Afrotyphlops punctatus Afrotyphlops rondoensis Afrotyphlops schlegelii Afrotyphlops schmidti Afrotyphlops steinhausi Afrotyphlops tanganicanus Afrotyphlops usambaricus Agama aculeata Agama africana Agama agama Agama anchietae

Range Size (km2) 9 40346 3 701 3 9355 9859 360002 3 2216 79898 2386920 4041047 214578 526252 448725 85512 2333781 4474 84903 9212 764 204381 5138598 120 3738907 762 3785 80611 3267572 5426 939460 1187251 525364 42437 3353 2971425 539292 8327327 644058

Quartile 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 2 4 4 3 3 3 2 4 1 2 1 1 3 4 1 4 1 1 2 4 1 4 4 3 2 1 4 3 4 3

Ecoregions 1 5 1 3 1 2 2 11 1 4 9 20 30 7 18 7 10 23 7 11 7 1 6 51 2 35 2 5 6 28 3 23 12 10 4 2 34 6 56 16

69

Binomial Agama armata Agama atra Agama bocourti Agama boensis Agama bottegi Agama boueti Agama boulengeri Agama caudospinosa Agama congica Agama cristata Agama doriae Agama etoshae Agama finchi Agama gracilimembris Agama hartmanni Agama hispida Agama hulbertorum Agama impalearis Agama insularis Agama kaimosae Agama kirkii Agama knobeli Agama lanzai Agama lebretoni Agama lionotus Agama lucyae Agama makarikarika Agama montana Agama mossambica Agama mucosoensis Agama mwanzae Agama parafricana Agama paragama Agama persimilis Agama planiceps Agama robecchii Agama rueppelli Agama sankaranica Agama somalica Agama spinosa

Range Size (km2) 1946622 981749 12361 112881 6 2335910 348308 38800 198834 49566 2357475 65104 31 1685596 468723 176522 17 957220 55170 31394 1011648 73131 3 192257 734155 6 49200 21703 749509 39325 199489 68895 1794483 8508 561558 298825 264339 1644125 9 1290234

Quartile 4 4 2 3 1 4 3 2 3 2 4 2 1 4 3 3 1 4 2 2 4 2 1 3 3 1 2 2 4 2 3 2 4 1 3 3 3 4 1 4

Ecoregions 29 19 2 5 1 12 6 6 6 1 22 5 5 13 5 4 1 12 4 5 14 6 1 9 17 1 5 5 11 3 6 5 19 2 11 4 12 15 2 13

70

Binomial Agama sylvana Agama tassiliensis Agama turuensis Agama weidholzi Agamodon anguliceps Agamodon compressus Amblyodipsas concolor Amblyodipsas dimidiata Amblyodipsas katangensis Amblyodipsas microphthalma Amblyodipsas polylepis Amblyodipsas rodhaini Amblyodipsas teitana Amblyodipsas unicolor Amblyodipsas ventrimaculata Amplorhinus multimaculatus Ancylocranium barkeri Ancylocranium ionidesi Ancylocranium somalicum Aparallactus capensis Aparallactus guentheri Aparallactus jacksonii Aparallactus lineatus Aparallactus lunulatus Aparallactus modestus Aparallactus moeruensis Aparallactus niger Aparallactus nigriceps Aparallactus turneri Aparallactus werneri Aprosdoketophis andreonei Aspidelaps lubricus Aspidelaps scutatus Atheris acuminata Atheris barbouri Atheris broadleyi Atheris ceratophora Atheris chlorechis Atheris desaixi Atheris hirsuta

Range Size (km2) 871398 1301659 9 531313 201521 18993 94015 11770 174095 132078 3752808 118714 3 4114119 756928 233306 13 1818 132716 4745555 724927 525451 207630 4740622 4894891 36806 369183 5854 8814 8726 3 1000146 1356120 3 28776 27650 3647 1234844 6 3

Quartile 4 4 1 3 3 2 2 1 3 3 4 3 1 4 4 3 1 1 3 4 3 3 3 4 4 2 3 1 1 1 1 4 4 1 2 2 1 4 1 1

Ecoregions 17 6 2 5 4 2 7 3 6 9 42 2 1 32 12 15 2 4 6 49 15 20 6 50 31 2 6 2 2 5 1 20 17 1 7 1 5 16 2 1

71

Binomial Atheris hispida Atheris katangensis Atheris mabuensis Atheris nitschei Atheris rungweensis Atheris squamigera Atheris subocularis Atlantolacerta andreanskyi Atractaspis aterrima Atractaspis battersbyi Atractaspis bibronii Atractaspis boulengeri Atractaspis congica Atractaspis corpulenta Atractaspis dahomeyensis Atractaspis duerdeni Atractaspis engaddensis Atractaspis engdahli Atractaspis fallax Atractaspis irregularis Atractaspis leucomelas Atractaspis magrettii Atractaspis microlepidota Atractaspis micropholis Atractaspis phillipsi Atractaspis reticulata Atractaspis scorteccii Atractaspis watsoni Australolacerta australis Baikia africana Bamanophis dorri Bitis albanica Bitis arietans Bitis armata Bitis atropos Bitis caudalis Bitis cornuta Bitis gabonica Bitis heraldica Bitis inornata

Range Size (km2) 143523 10706 1471 253440 72608 3446286 3 25900 3136831 4004 5092666 1798807 2072826 2097132 1490680 179231 1978 9 943411 2962678 41149 379420 606880 723121 51644 2118388 86014 2384830 21772 3 810525 6704 15972817 6630 106368 1872760 80191 4491954 256718 4016

Quartile 3 1 1 3 2 4 1 2 4 1 4 4 4 4 4 3 1 1 4 4 2 3 3 3 2 4 2 4 2 1 4 1 4 1 3 4 2 4 3 1

Ecoregions 4 1 2 8 6 27 1 6 28 5 51 15 21 23 16 6 2 2 17 40 3 6 18 6 4 23 1 19 3 1 6 4 94 2 13 23 5 48 4 2

72

Binomial Bitis nasicornis Bitis parviocula Bitis peringueyi Bitis rhinoceros Bitis rubida Bitis schneideri Bitis worthingtoni Bitis xeropaga Blanus cinereus Blanus mettetali Blanus tingitanus Boaedon capensis Boaedon fuliginosus Boaedon lineatus Boaedon maculatus Boaedon olivaceus Boaedon radfordi Boaedon upembae Boaedon virgatus Bothrolycus ater Bothrophthalmus brunneus Bothrophthalmus lineatus Brachyophis revoili Bradypodion atromontanum Bradypodion caeruleogula Bradypodion caffer Bradypodion damaranum Bradypodion dracomontanum Bradypodion gutturale Bradypodion kentanicum Bradypodion melanocephalum Bradypodion nemorale Bradypodion ngomeense Bradypodion occidentale Bradypodion pumilum Bradypodion setaroi Bradypodion taeniabronchum Bradypodion thamnobates Bradypodion transvaalense Bradypodion ventrale

Range Size (km2) 3351806 47431 127464 478572 35210 36692 13482 47368 3 110908 27755 4086143 12214419 9016096 13 3748528 170727 78917 1420587 1394946 28188 3830816 31 1922 1339 14386 14688 27769 42681 5555 21325 13773 680 32371 39663 29085 10500 17252 74940 182410

Quartile 4 2 3 3 2 2 2 2 1 3 2 4 4 4 1 4 3 2 4 4 2 4 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 3

Ecoregions 32 4 7 7 4 4 3 4 2 5 2 39 72 42 2 28 8 2 18 16 8 29 2 4 3 4 6 5 6 4 4 4 1 3 5 5 6 3 4 10

73

Binomial Broadleysaurus major Buhoma depressiceps Buhoma procterae Buhoma vauerocegae Bunopus tuberculatus Calabaria reinhardtii Causus bilineatus Causus defilippii Causus lichtensteinii Causus maculatus Causus rasmusseni Causus resimus Causus rhombeatus Centrochelys sulcata Cerastes boehmei Cerastes cerastes Cerastes gasperettii Cerastes vipera Chalcides armitagei Chalcides bedriagai Chalcides bottegi Chalcides boulengeri Chalcides chalcides Chalcides colosii Chalcides delislei Chalcides ebneri Chalcides lanzai Chalcides levitoni Chalcides manueli Chalcides mauritanicus Chalcides mertensi Chalcides minutus Chalcides mionecton Chalcides montanus Chalcides ocellatus Chalcides parallelus Chalcides polylepis Chalcides pseudostriatus Chalcides pulchellus Chalcides ragazzii

Range Size (km2) 2944929 1852295 9113 9990 1779 2999783 1164929 2279670 4348288 8391981 2252 2631346 8949952 3755768 7574 8708956 9 8566163 15464 1041 206011 2125967 35118 14783 4296405 7628 13339 73804 24836 9480 228076 31518 166740 81355 4947676 1255 166138 65053 361167 442636

Quartile 4 4 1 1 1 4 4 4 4 4 1 4 4 4 1 4 1 4 2 1 3 4 2 2 4 1 2 2 2 1 3 2 3 2 4 1 3 2 3 3

Ecoregions 50 19 4 4 2 25 15 28 33 40 1 33 69 20 2 17 1 19 3 2 9 7 4 2 15 2 3 6 2 4 5 4 6 6 33 1 7 4 5 11

74

Binomial Chalcides sepsoides Chalcides sphenopsiformis Chalcides striatus Chalcides thierryi Chamaeleo africanus Chamaeleo anchietae Chamaeleo calcaricarens Chamaeleo chamaeleon Chamaeleo dilepis Chamaeleo gracilis Chamaeleo laevigatus Chamaeleo namaquensis Chamaeleo necasi Chamaeleo senegalensis Chamaelycus christyi Chamaelycus fasciatus Chamaelycus parkeri Chamaesaura aenea Chamaesaura anguina Chamaesaura macrolepis Chamaesaura miopropus Chamaesaura tenuior Chersina angulata Chilorhinophis butleri Chilorhinophis gerardi Chirindia ewerbecki Chirindia langi Chirindia mpwapwaensis Chirindia rondoensis Chirindia swynnertoni Chondrodactylus angulifer Chondrodactylus bibronii Chondrodactylus fitzsimonsi Chondrodactylus pulitzerae Chondrodactylus turneri Cnemaspis africana Cnemaspis alantika Cnemaspis barbouri Cnemaspis dickersonae Cnemaspis dilepis

Range Size (km2) 879753 209526 1041 571462 3690422 98383 75 1050383 8158991 5411428 2216596 814306 32429 3392033 143907 3888168 818191 98741 230077 124702 186987 5844 362919 194766 913836 12318 2832 6 9769 40651 917074 760414 201356 305054 3027936 71804 24318 13 67671 36820

Quartile 4 3 1 3 4 2 1 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 3 4 4 2 3 3 3 1 3 3 4 2 1 1 1 2 4 4 3 3 4 2 2 1 2 2

Ecoregions 10 7 2 7 25 16 8 14 60 53 29 16 5 23 5 27 10 8 25 14 10 6 12 8 9 4 3 1 3 6 11 21 6 8 38 8 5 2 11 2

75

Binomial Cnemaspis elgonensis Cnemaspis gigas Cnemaspis koehleri Cnemaspis occidentalis Cnemaspis petrodroma Cnemaspis quattuorseriata Cnemaspis spinicollis Cnemaspis uzungwae Colopus kochii Colopus wahlbergii Coluber zebrinus Congolacerta asukului Congolacerta vauereselli Cophoscincopus durus Cophoscincopus greeri Cophoscincopus senegalensis Cophoscincopus simulans Cordylosaurus subtessellatus Cordylus angolensis Cordylus aridus Cordylus beraduccii Cordylus cloetei Cordylus cordylus Cordylus imkeae Cordylus jonesii Cordylus machadoi Cordylus macropholis Cordylus marunguensis Cordylus mclachlani Cordylus meculae Cordylus minor Cordylus niger Cordylus nyikae Cordylus oelofseni Cordylus rhodesianus Cordylus rivae Cordylus tropidosternum Cordylus ukingensis Cordylus vittifer Coronella girondica

Range Size (km2) 22 24253 113599 85124 13829 22806 177596 9 102749 766687 22447 822 94920 190976 176490 24124 405789 668532 65442 4662 48653 4184 286623 4468 747667 72913 24395 6943 10898 823 6791 1396 14671 13906 98894 42278 1830859 2288 336755 431752

Quartile 1 2 3 2 2 2 3 1 2 4 2 1 2 3 3 2 3 3 2 1 2 1 3 1 4 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 4 1 3 3

Ecoregions 5 3 8 4 3 6 11 3 5 13 2 1 8 4 6 4 7 14 3 3 7 2 13 3 16 6 3 2 3 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 24 4 11 6

76

Binomial Crocodylus niloticus Crocodylus succhus Crotaphopeltis barotseensis Crotaphopeltis braestrupi Crotaphopeltis degeni Crotaphopeltis hippocrepis Crotaphopeltis hotamboeia Crotaphopeltis tornieri Cryptactites peringueyi Cryptoblepharus africanus Cryptoblepharus ahli Cryptoblepharus boutonii Cryptoblepharus megastictus Cyclanorbis elegans Cyclanorbis senegalensis Cycloderma aubryi Cycloderma frenatum Cynisca bifrontalis Cynisca chirioi Cynisca feae Cynisca gansi Cynisca haugi Cynisca ivoirensis Cynisca kigomensis Cynisca kraussi Cynisca leonina Cynisca leucura Cynisca liberiensis Cynisca manei Cynisca muelleri Cynisca nigeriensis Cynisca oligopholis Cynisca rouxae Cynisca schaeferi Cynisca senegalensis Cynisca williamsi Cyrtopodion scabrum Daboia deserti Daboia mauritanica Dalophia angolensis

Range Size (km2) 12863280 3098237 109943 12078 1909840 3225806 14912604 46437 363 190136 0 1 3 562810 3691987 1342253 989462 824 6 149562 6 17742 3 3 951 5716 13 128312 3 14 131 3572 6 90 96 3 144876 153861 536532 253683

Quartile 4 4 3 1 4 4 4 2 1 3 1 1 1 3 4 4 4 1 1 3 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3

Ecoregions 73 24 7 3 16 16 84 9 2 10 1 1 1 12 21 11 14 1 1 4 3 3 1 1 2 3 3 4 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 13 4 6 6

77

Binomial Dalophia ellenbergeri Dalophia gigantea Dalophia longicauda Dalophia luluae Dalophia pistillum Dasypeltis abyssina Dasypeltis atra Dasypeltis confusa Dasypeltis fasciata Dasypeltis gansi Dasypeltis inornata Dasypeltis latericia Dasypeltis medici Dasypeltis palmarum Dasypeltis parascabra Dasypeltis sahelensis Dasypeltis scabra Dendroaspis angusticeps Dendroaspis jamesoni Dendroaspis polylepis Dendroaspis viridis Dendrolycus elapoides Dipsadoboa aulica Dipsadoboa brevirostris Dipsadoboa duchesnii Dipsadoboa flavida Dipsadoboa shrevei Dipsadoboa underwoodi Dipsadoboa unicolor Dipsadoboa viridis Dipsadoboa weileri Dipsadoboa werneri Dipsina multimaculata Dispholidus typus Dolichophis jugularis Duberria lutrix Duberria rhodesiana Duberria shirana Duberria variegata Ebenavia inunguis

Range Size (km2) 60941 20574 144761 6172 1346154 220458 1123539 3559208 6434039 394070 214935 387884 239331 493624 3 411080 13798840 264283 4389448 8909169 463211 409925 405315 650576 2588014 88315 1849778 1400807 4183448 3610228 4578178 3784 921783 13712193 137 2165410 110961 284159 36297 867

Quartile 2 2 3 1 4 3 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 4 3 4 4 3 3 3 3 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 1 4 4 1 4 3 3 2 1

Ecoregions 5 3 5 1 18 4 19 31 31 10 14 4 19 9 1 13 79 22 30 68 8 8 13 9 21 9 16 17 28 27 32 4 12 82 1 49 3 15 7 2

78

Binomial Echis coloratus Echis hughesi Echis jogeri Echis leucogaster Echis ocellatus Echis pyramidum Eirenis africana Eirenis coronella Eirenis coronelloides Elapsoidea boulengeri Elapsoidea broadleyi Elapsoidea chelazziorum Elapsoidea guentherii Elapsoidea laticincta Elapsoidea loveridgei Elapsoidea nigra Elapsoidea semiannulata Elapsoidea sundevallii Elapsoidea trapei Elasmodactylus tetensis Elasmodactylus tuberculosus Emys orbicularis Epacrophis boulengeri Epacrophis drewesi Epacrophis reticulatus Eryx borrii Eryx colubrinus Eryx jaculus Eryx muelleri Eryx somalicus Euleptes europaea Eumeces algeriensis Eumeces schneideri Eumecia anchietae Eumecia johnstoni Feylinia boulengeri Feylinia currori Feylinia elegans Feylinia grandisquamis Feylinia macrolepis

Range Size (km2) 164355 450 88480 1687216 3012952 1882581 31161 26282 3 1963216 19867 18613 1855903 970188 687887 4978 3749743 1047951 13282 290714 699691 130670 207 3 753 3 1728739 474114 7094932 6 505 311228 231902 1378121 3 37584 2982284 815330 624657 102967

Quartile 3 1 2 4 4 4 2 2 1 4 2 2 4 4 3 1 4 4 2 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 4 3 4 1 1 3 3 4 1 2 4 4 3 2

Ecoregions 8 1 3 14 19 20 5 3 2 25 2 2 20 8 20 5 40 22 3 11 17 5 1 1 1 1 30 8 25 2 1 6 10 19 1 4 26 15 14 6

79

Binomial Gastropholis echinata Gastropholis prasina Gastropholis tropidopholis Gastropholis vittata Geocalamus acutus Geocalamus modestus Gerrhosaurus auritus Gerrhosaurus bulsi Gerrhosaurus flavigularis Gerrhosaurus intermedius Gerrhosaurus multilineatus Gerrhosaurus nigrolineatus Gerrhosaurus skoogi Gerrhosaurus typicus Goggia braacki Goggia essexi Goggia gemmula Goggia hewitti Goggia hexapora Goggia lineata Goggia microlepidota Goggia rupicola Gonionotophis brussauxi Gonionotophis capensis Gonionotophis chanleri Gonionotophis crossi Gonionotophis egbensis Gonionotophis gabouensis Gonionotophis grantii Gonionotophis guirali Gonionotophis klingi Gonionotophis laurenti Gonionotophis nyassae Gonionotophis poensis Gonionotophis savorgnani Gonionotophis stenophthalmus Gonionotophis vernayi Grayia caesar Grayia ornata Grayia smithii

Range Size (km2) 621915 1711 17800 15043 15505 7888 575161 839918 2752132 3680470 879470 599869 53899 125296 2598 13914 6948 24542 24052 108582 15539 10703 2587663 6448957 65985 3751304 3 369 3326787 1782154 351682 117981 1984077 3984314 2508598 3831727 139119 1876308 3639689 6671582

Quartile 3 1 2 2 2 1 3 4 4 4 4 3 2 3 1 2 1 2 2 3 2 1 4 4 2 4 1 1 4 4 3 3 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 4

Ecoregions 20 2 3 4 5 3 12 11 43 40 9 22 3 7 1 6 2 6 3 5 3 3 22 60 4 21 1 2 21 21 7 2 30 28 20 28 4 17 21 36

80

Binomial Grayia tholloni Haackgreerius miopus Hapsidophrys lineatus Hapsidophrys smaragdina Heliobolus lugubris Heliobolus neumanni Heliobolus nitidus Heliobolus spekii Helophis schoutedeni Hemachatus haemachatus Hemicordylus capensis Hemicordylus nebulosus Hemidactylus albituberculatus Hemidactylus albivertebralis Hemidactylus albopunctatus Hemidactylus angulatus Hemidactylus ansorgii Hemidactylus aporus Hemidactylus arnoldi Hemidactylus awashensis Hemidactylus barbierii Hemidactylus barodanus Hemidactylus bavazzanoi Hemidactylus bayonii Hemidactylus benguellensis Hemidactylus beninensis Hemidactylus biokoensis Hemidactylus brookii Hemidactylus citernii Hemidactylus coalescens Hemidactylus curlei Hemidactylus echinus Hemidactylus eniangii Hemidactylus fasciatus Hemidactylus flaviviridis Hemidactylus foudaii Hemidactylus frenatus Hemidactylus funaiolii Hemidactylus granchii Hemidactylus granosus

Range Size (km2) 3246768 3 3385035 4059808 2092272 2959 2166603 1503398 381544 763189 63825 3408 56618 26235 45241 8213812 286360 1844 17142 10 6 85447 6 15391 8489 12182 5 7462600 352105 834312 6 105442 167047 1867293 42917 43420 6 43944 9 5

Quartile 4 1 4 4 4 1 4 4 3 4 2 1 2 2 2 4 3 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 4 3 4 1 3 3 4 2 2 1 2 1 1

Ecoregions 32 1 30 29 20 6 13 25 7 19 6 3 9 6 6 53 15 2 3 1 1 5 1 4 3 3 1 59 5 12 1 9 8 24 13 4 2 2 2 3

81

Binomial Hemidactylus isolepis Hemidactylus ituriensis Hemidactylus jubensis Hemidactylus kamdemtohami Hemidactylus klauberi Hemidactylus kundaensis Hemidactylus kyaboboensis Hemidactylus laevis Hemidactylus lamaensis Hemidactylus laticaudatus Hemidactylus longicephalus Hemidactylus mabouia Hemidactylus macropholis Hemidactylus makolowodei Hemidactylus matschiei Hemidactylus megalops Hemidactylus mercatorius Hemidactylus mindiae Hemidactylus modestus Hemidactylus mrimaensis Hemidactylus muriceus Hemidactylus ophiolepis Hemidactylus ophiolepoides Hemidactylus platycephalus Hemidactylus pseudomuriceus Hemidactylus puccionii Hemidactylus richardsonii Hemidactylus robustus Hemidactylus ruspolii Hemidactylus sinaitus Hemidactylus smithi Hemidactylus somalicus Hemidactylus squamulatus Hemidactylus tanganicus Hemidactylus tasmani Hemidactylus taylori Hemidactylus tropidolepis Hemidactylus turcicus Hemidactylus yerburii Hemirhagerrhis hildebrandtii

Range Size (km2) 339378 37872 6 41334 18823 12491 15530 3 20219 19 529271 6408280 604002 12207 105025 6 25379 6719 9 6 754016 9 6 1762089 22710 130944 405105 430701 562745 751979 327044 218525 565912 13 295084 9 259507 1085111 487005 73537

Quartile 3 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 3 4 3 1 3 1 2 1 1 1 4 1 1 4 2 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 1 3 1 3 4 3 2

Ecoregions 13 1 2 6 2 3 3 1 4 3 17 75 8 3 5 1 2 2 2 1 18 2 2 23 6 2 13 16 9 10 6 3 18 2 6 1 6 25 8 8

82

Binomial Hemirhagerrhis kelleri Hemirhagerrhis nototaenia Hemirhagerrhis viperina Hemitheconyx caudicinctus Hemitheconyx taylori Hemorrhois algirus Hemorrhois hippocrepis Hemorrhois nummifer Holaspis guentheri Holaspis laevis Holodactylus africanus Holodactylus cornii Homopholis arnoldi Homopholis fasciata Homopholis mulleri Homopholis walbergii Homopus areolatus Homopus boulengeri Homopus femoralis Homopus signatus Homopus solus Homoroselaps dorsalis Homoroselaps lacteus Hormonotus modestus Hydraethiops laevis Hydraethiops melanogaster Hypoptophis wilsonii Ichnotropis bivittata Ichnotropis capensis Ichnotropis chapini Ichnotropis grandiceps Ichnotropis microlepidota Ichnotropis tanganicana Inyoka swazicus Karusasaurus jordani Karusasaurus polyzonus Kinixys belliana Kinixys erosa Kinixys homeana Kinixys lobatsiana

Range Size (km2) 237760 5725392 274638 2094099 263752 1502556 533644 45852 1664038 560035 74586 209395 661598 301362 16363 170310 276401 179467 270196 67490 13999 207657 637160 2856324 6 1766618 576857 832508 2581358 2989 50924 3 3 80670 173478 728382 3505271 4165729 1387399 182235

Quartile 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 2 4 3 2 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 2 2 3 3 4 1 4 3 4 4 1 2 1 1 2 3 3 4 4 4 3

Ecoregions 16 46 8 15 4 10 7 7 25 15 12 3 13 16 3 11 10 6 10 4 4 6 16 30 2 13 8 19 30 1 4 1 1 4 6 13 28 29 20 6

83

Binomial Kinixys natalensis Kinixys nogueyi Kinixys spekii Kinixys zombensis Kinyongia adolfifriderici Kinyongia asheorum Kinyongia boehmei Kinyongia carpenteri Kinyongia excubitor Kinyongia fischeri Kinyongia gyrolepis Kinyongia magomberae Kinyongia matschiei Kinyongia multituberculata Kinyongia mulyai Kinyongia oxyrhina Kinyongia tavetana Kinyongia tenuis Kinyongia uluguruensis Kinyongia uthmoelleri Kinyongia vanheygeni Kinyongia vosseleri Kinyongia xenorhina Kolekanos plumicaudus Lacertaspis chriswildi Lacertaspis gemmiventris Lacertaspis lepesmei Lacertaspis reichenowi Lacertaspis rohdei Lamprophis abyssinicus Lamprophis aurora Lamprophis erlangeri Lamprophis fiskii Lamprophis fuscus Lamprophis guttatus Latastia boscai Latastia caeruleopunctata Latastia cherchii Latastia doriai Latastia johnstonii

Range Size (km2) 98041 2961182 3685910 997883 79621 3 410 4975 3403 9797 1444 9 403 2099 3 22 12557 12774 800 4724 9 395 6858 8791 36529 24344 12229 251142 218996 16 499713 22 21132 41349 689405 473453 186683 164549 117422 438357

Quartile 2 4 4 4 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 1 3 1 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3

Ecoregions 6 19 33 21 7 2 2 3 3 6 1 3 2 3 1 2 6 5 1 4 1 2 6 2 6 4 3 10 8 3 16 3 3 12 17 7 5 4 6 15

84

Binomial Latastia longicaudata Latastia ornata Latastia petersiana Latastia siebenrocki Latastia taylori Lepidothyris fernandi Lepidothyris hinkeli Lepidothyris striatus Leptosiaphos aloysiisabaudiae Leptosiaphos amieti Leptosiaphos blochmanni Leptosiaphos dewittei Leptosiaphos dungeri Leptosiaphos fuhni Leptosiaphos graueri Leptosiaphos hackarsi Leptosiaphos hylophilus Leptosiaphos ianthinoxantha Leptosiaphos kilimensis Leptosiaphos koutoui Leptosiaphos luberoensis Leptosiaphos meleagris Leptosiaphos pauliani Leptosiaphos rhodurus Leptosiaphos rhomboidalis Leptosiaphos vigintiserierum Leptotyphlops aethiopicus Leptotyphlops conjunctus Leptotyphlops distanti Leptotyphlops emini Leptotyphlops howelli Leptotyphlops incognitus Leptotyphlops jacobseni Leptotyphlops kafubi Leptotyphlops keniensis Leptotyphlops latirostris Leptotyphlops lepezi Leptotyphlops macrops Leptotyphlops mbanjensis Leptotyphlops merkeri

Range Size (km2) 6948063 12400 92510 8025 178317 1006713 779677 171256 1954498 48880 4229 51563 28441 12262 31348 6189 2454 36669 66410 12207 970 15298 24788 171730 3 61070 19 573925 145985 402202 6 888404 35315 537649 2291 29157 210205 28137 1505 623003

Quartile 4 2 2 1 3 4 4 3 4 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 3 1 2 1 3 3 3 1 4 2 3 1 2 3 2 1 3

Ecoregions 38 3 4 3 3 24 13 5 24 6 5 5 5 1 8 4 2 4 17 3 2 5 5 8 1 8 2 18 8 22 2 21 4 8 3 3 9 6 2 19

85

Binomial Leptotyphlops nigricans Leptotyphlops nigroterminus Leptotyphlops nursii Leptotyphlops pembae Leptotyphlops pungwensis Leptotyphlops scutifrons Leptotyphlops sylvicolus Leptotyphlops tanae Leptotyphlops telloi Letheobia acutirostrata Letheobia caeca Letheobia crossii Letheobia debilis Letheobia erythraea Letheobia gracilis Letheobia graueri Letheobia jubana Letheobia kibarae Letheobia largeni Letheobia leucosticta Letheobia lumbriciformis Letheobia pallida Letheobia pauwelsi Letheobia pembana Letheobia praeocularis Letheobia rufescens Letheobia somalica Letheobia stejnegeri Letheobia sudanensis Letheobia swahilica Letheobia toritensis Letheobia uluguruensis Letheobia wittei Limnophis bangweolicus Limnophis bicolor Loveridgea ionidesii Loveridgea phylofiniens Lycodonomorphus bicolor Lycodonomorphus inornatus Lycodonomorphus laevissimus

Range Size (km2) 123385 4559 1239 1018 721 2732552 28947 4438 22498 1407573 384233 252496 734587 19319 186200 194829 3 40710 3 16454 14997 17749 3 443 1841482 533522 47 332757 219176 1157 12250 6 90994 1189867 971541 93226 3 82462 234973 180066

Quartile 3 1 1 1 1 4 2 1 2 4 3 3 3 2 3 3 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 4 3 1 3 3 1 2 1 2 4 4 2 1 2 3 3

Ecoregions 12 2 4 1 3 29 5 4 3 15 11 9 8 5 6 11 1 1 1 3 2 4 1 1 22 5 3 5 3 3 3 2 4 17 9 4 1 3 15 12

86

Binomial Lycodonomorphus leleupi Lycodonomorphus obscuriventris Lycodonomorphus rufulus Lycodonomorphus subtaeniatus Lycodonomorphus whytii Lycophidion acutirostre Lycophidion albomaculatum Lycophidion capense Lycophidion depressirostre Lycophidion hellmichi Lycophidion irroratum Lycophidion laterale Lycophidion meleagris Lycophidion multimaculatum Lycophidion namibianum Lycophidion nanus Lycophidion nigromaculatum Lycophidion ornatum Lycophidion pembanum Lycophidion pygmaeum Lycophidion semiannule Lycophidion semicinctum Lycophidion taylori Lycophidion uzungwense Lycophidion variegatum Lygodactylus angolensis Lygodactylus angularis Lygodactylus bernardi Lygodactylus bradfieldi Lygodactylus broadleyi Lygodactylus capensis Lygodactylus chobiensis Lygodactylus conradti Lygodactylus conraui Lygodactylus depressus Lygodactylus fischeri Lygodactylus grandisonae Lygodactylus graniticolus Lygodactylus gravis

Range Size (km2) 73967 149027

Quartile Ecoregions 2 2 3 9

885696 995114 292723 178898 564933 6089526 1620588 685853 1706777 2820380 128834 3487199 88384 41251 479682 2383413 1018 12703 9 2741595 2177761 6852 258131 1562642 388969 24296 847918 13 3829649 570633 5271 578211 86502 209846 227 6973 17217

4 4 3 3 3 4 4 3 4 4 3 4 2 2 3 4 1 2 1 4 4 1 3 4 3 2 4 1 4 3 1 3 2 3 1 1 2

23 8 8 6 6 62 27 10 19 24 9 28 5 6 7 28 1 3 2 20 15 4 8 25 17 4 18 3 44 12 3 16 6 15 1 2 3

87

Binomial Lygodactylus grotei Lygodactylus gutturalis Lygodactylus howelli Lygodactylus inexpectatus Lygodactylus keniensis Lygodactylus kimhowelli Lygodactylus lawrencei Lygodactylus luteopicturatus Lygodactylus manni Lygodactylus methueni Lygodactylus mombasicus Lygodactylus nigropunctatus Lygodactylus ocellatus Lygodactylus picturatus Lygodactylus regulus Lygodactylus rex Lygodactylus scheffleri Lygodactylus scorteccii Lygodactylus somalicus Lygodactylus stevensoni Lygodactylus waterbergensis Lygodactylus williamsi Lygosoma chaperi Lygosoma laeviceps Lygosoma lanceolatum Lygosoma mafianum Lygosoma pembanum Lytorhynchus diadema Macrelaps microlepidotus Macroprotodon abubakeri Macroprotodon brevis Macroprotodon cucullatus Macroprotodon mauritanicus Madatyphlops calabresii Madatyphlops cuneirostris Madatyphlops leucocephalus Madatyphlops platyrhynchus Malacochersus tornieri Malpolon insignitus Malpolon monspessulanus

Range Size (km2) 247485 2483276 1480 3 172617 6407 87380 108189 46808 20171 7221 63780 58552 771339 6 1472 19571 3 86160 106874 10673 23 1 25879 98 379 8139 10433674 70641 45499 203754 1476175 117310 4611 6915 3 3 645322 369725 619284

Quartile 3 4 1 1 3 1 2 3 2 2 1 2 2 4 1 1 2 1 2 3 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 4 2 2 3 4 3 1 1 1 1 3 3 3

Ecoregions 3 29 1 1 7 3 4 8 4 3 4 5 4 25 1 3 6 1 6 6 2 3 1 2 1 1 3 21 6 2 6 12 4 2 3 1 1 16 8 8

88

Binomial Matobosaurus maltzahni Matobosaurus validus Mauremys leprosa Mecistops cataphractus Mediodactylus kotschyi Meizodon coronatus Meizodon krameri Meizodon plumbiceps Meizodon regularis Meizodon semiornatus Melanoseps ater Melanoseps emmrichi Melanoseps longicauda Melanoseps loveridgei Melanoseps occidentalis Melanoseps pygmaeus Melanoseps rondoensis Melanoseps uzungwensis Meroles anchietae Meroles ctenodactylus Meroles cuneirostris Meroles knoxii Meroles micropholidotus Meroles reticulatus Meroles squamulosus Meroles suborbitalis Mesalina bahaeldini Mesalina brevirostris Mesalina ercolinii Mesalina guttulata Mesalina martini Mesalina olivieri Mesalina pasteuri Mesalina rubropunctata Mesalina simoni Micrelaps bicoloratus Micrelaps boettgeri Micrelaps vaillanti Mochlus afer Mochlus brevicaudis

Range Size (km2) 298254 933727 916311 6590288 45 3662283 3888 278267 2686716 2659231 84707 6 3 9594 1740566 9 9 13 128469 29507 107295 123578 32810 97526 2849270 651874 16113 3231 6 9868477 140439 2161852 5182477 5196959 44302 71709 41488 25 2717625 367947

Quartile 3 4 4 4 1 4 1 3 4 4 2 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 3 2 3 3 2 2 4 3 2 1 1 4 3 4 4 4 2 2 2 1 4 3

Ecoregions 8 17 8 35 2 20 2 3 26 37 9 2 1 7 17 2 1 3 5 3 4 7 3 4 29 8 2 2 1 23 9 20 11 16 5 5 9 3 34 6

89

Binomial Mochlus grandisonianum Mochlus guineensis Mochlus mabuiiforme Mochlus mocquardi Mochlus paedocarinatum Mochlus productum Mochlus simonettai Mochlus somalicum Mochlus sundevalli Mochlus tanae Mochlus vinciguerrae Monopeltis adercae Monopeltis anchietae Monopeltis capensis Monopeltis decosteri Monopeltis galeata Monopeltis guentheri Monopeltis infuscata Monopeltis jugularis Monopeltis kabindae Monopeltis leonhardi Monopeltis luandae Monopeltis perplexus Monopeltis remaclei Monopeltis rhodesiana Monopeltis scalper Monopeltis schoutedeni Monopeltis sphenorhynchus Monopeltis vanderysti Monopeltis welwitschii Monopeltis zambezensis Montaspis gilvomaculata Montatheris hindii Myriopholis adleri Myriopholis albiventer Myriopholis algeriensis Myriopholis boueti Myriopholis braccianii Myriopholis cairi Myriopholis erythraeus

Range Size (km2) 131525 2966604 37319 364558 22 189490 25379 85450 5338272 49145 214473 5101 764869 8947 106801 58937 729127 869694 256776 6894 675638 3907 6 28366 479248 60556 57179 1107330 356216 92314 94486 9157 4781 86112 482507 209332 4169071 54133 338938 2278

Quartile 3 4 2 3 1 3 2 2 4 2 3 1 4 1 3 2 3 4 3 1 3 1 1 2 3 2 2 4 3 2 2 1 1 2 3 3 4 2 3 1

Ecoregions 3 25 3 6 1 4 2 6 47 5 4 1 13 14 7 4 9 14 8 2 11 1 1 1 12 4 6 17 5 4 4 2 3 5 4 9 12 7 15 5

90

Binomial Myriopholis ionidesi Myriopholis longicauda Myriopholis macrorhyncha Myriopholis narirostris Myriopholis natatrix Myriopholis perreti Myriopholis rouxestevae Nadzikambia baylissi Nadzikambia mlanjensis Naja anchietae Naja annulata Naja annulifera Naja ashei Naja christyi Naja haje Naja katiensis Naja melanoleuca Naja mossambica Naja multifasciata Naja nigricincta Naja nigricollis Naja nivea Naja nubiae Naja pallida Naja senegalensis Namazonurus campbelli Namazonurus lawrenci Namazonurus namaquensis Namazonurus peersi Namazonurus pustulatus Namibiana gracilior Namibiana labialis Namibiana latifrons Namibiana occidentalis Namibiana rostrata Narudasia festiva Natriciteres bipostocularis Natriciteres fuliginoides Natriciteres olivacea Natriciteres sylvatica

Range Size (km2) 5860 1145108 256089 1061997 1542 3053 1645 3 23652 1534446 2898348 1127194 740089 246914 6829614 2155943 8578033 2377335 1434730 910166 9252563 1294572 765645 1636379 563765 23604 5877 21714 26239 13998 51654 248821 8087 413686 23875 253475 735655 4224190 14553860 385446

Quartile 1 4 3 4 1 1 1 1 2 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 1 2 2 2 2 3 1 3 2 3 4 4 4 3

Ecoregions 6 20 16 12 1 3 2 1 5 18 22 18 12 9 52 15 64 28 11 14 61 16 12 19 5 3 2 3 3 2 7 8 4 9 6 5 8 28 69 16

91

Binomial Natriciteres variegata Natrix maura Natrix natrix Natrix tessellata Ninurta coeruleopunctatus Nucras boulengeri Nucras caesicaudata Nucras holubi Nucras intertexta Nucras lalandii Nucras livida Nucras ornata Nucras scalaris Nucras taeniolata Nucras tessellata Ophisaurus koellikeri Ophisops elbaensis Ophisops elegans Ophisops occidentalis Osteolaemus tetraspis Ouroborus cataphractus Pachydactylus acuminatus Pachydactylus affinis Pachydactylus amoenus Pachydactylus atorquatus Pachydactylus austeni Pachydactylus barnardi Pachydactylus bicolor Pachydactylus boehmei Pachydactylus capensis Pachydactylus caraculicus Pachydactylus carinatus Pachydactylus etultra Pachydactylus fasciatus Pachydactylus formosus Pachydactylus gaiasensis Pachydactylus geitje Pachydactylus goodi Pachydactylus griffini Pachydactylus haackei

Range Size (km2) 4114357 1042815 129141 42562 16708 625919 109993 761867 1025613 303827 135027 1062419 17122 60608 652388 141209 15463 269772 367159 5152855 95436 66741 132821 3349 12850 42283 33143 221794 11597 1686816 107360 321207 11204 131259 66784 12940 138096 2675 32900 94511

Quartile 4 4 3 2 2 3 3 4 4 3 3 4 2 2 3 3 2 3 3 4 2 2 3 1 2 2 2 3 1 4 3 3 1 3 2 2 3 1 2 2

Ecoregions 29 8 5 4 5 16 6 14 14 16 7 19 1 9 15 5 3 11 5 29 5 5 5 3 2 4 3 6 3 19 5 7 2 7 5 2 7 2 3 5

92

Binomial Pachydactylus katanganus Pachydactylus kladaroderma Pachydactylus kobosensis Pachydactylus labialis Pachydactylus laevigatus Pachydactylus maculatus Pachydactylus maraisi Pachydactylus mariquensis Pachydactylus mclachlani Pachydactylus monicae Pachydactylus montanus Pachydactylus namaquensis Pachydactylus oculatus Pachydactylus oreophilus Pachydactylus oshaughnessyi Pachydactylus otaviensis Pachydactylus parascutatus Pachydactylus punctatus Pachydactylus purcelli Pachydactylus rangei Pachydactylus reconditus Pachydactylus robertsi Pachydactylus rugosus Pachydactylus sansteynae Pachydactylus scherzi Pachydactylus scutatus Pachydactylus serval Pachydactylus tigrinus Pachydactylus tsodiloensis Pachydactylus vansoni Pachydactylus vanzyli Pachydactylus visseri Pachydactylus waterbergensis Pachydactylus weberi Pachydactylus werneri Panaspis breviceps Panaspis burgeoni Panaspis cabindae Panaspis helleri Panaspis megalurus

Range Size (km2) 57666 28000 22593 112272 6 339923 717 602895 32779 34057 105935 26144 122997 66716 500351 11597 11586 3162934 217690 183343 90971 10927 421406 54203 55514 202767 196060 381479 13251 362848 40085 51238 11525 269697 40313 936704 1297 584478 2095 19330

Quartile 2 2 2 3 1 3 1 3 2 2 3 2 3 2 3 1 1 4 3 3 2 1 3 2 2 3 3 3 2 3 2 2 1 3 2 4 1 3 1 2

Ecoregions 2 6 3 5 1 14 1 12 4 4 5 3 8 4 11 3 3 33 9 5 3 2 8 3 4 7 5 7 4 13 3 4 3 9 2 15 2 10 2 2

93

Binomial Panaspis nimbaensis Panaspis tancredi Panaspis togoensis Pedioplanis benguellensis Pedioplanis breviceps Pedioplanis burchelli Pedioplanis gaerdesi Pedioplanis haackei Pedioplanis huntleyi Pedioplanis husabensis Pedioplanis inornata Pedioplanis laticeps Pedioplanis lineoocellata Pedioplanis namaquensis Pedioplanis rubens Pedioplanis undata Pelomedusa subrufa Pelusios adansonii Pelusios bechuanicus Pelusios broadleyi Pelusios carinatus Pelusios castaneus Pelusios castanoides Pelusios chapini Pelusios cupulatta Pelusios gabonensis Pelusios marani Pelusios nanus Pelusios niger Pelusios rhodesianus Pelusios sinuatus Pelusios subniger Pelusios upembae Pelusios williamsi Phelsuma dubia Phelsuma parkeri Philochortus hardeggeri Philochortus intermedius Philochortus phillipsi Philochortus spinalis

Range Size (km2) 541111 3 2678511 37892 132838 374429 66589 5742 17457 15347 250774 228158 1758421 1248585 7267 215556 19078944 4798150 1012204 5625 972831 2161454 1030418 1546690 432756 3841388 202973 1801086 599670 4444493 3361820 3336351 18346 120678 12229 1018 234384 521988 22 38

Quartile 3 1 4 2 3 3 2 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 1 3 4 4 4 1 4 4 4 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 4 4 2 3 2 1 3 3 1 1

Ecoregions 6 1 22 5 5 10 3 4 3 2 6 7 22 20 3 8 93 21 12 3 8 21 22 15 12 23 4 15 15 46 39 33 2 9 3 1 5 12 2 4

94

Binomial Philochortus zolii Philothamnus angolensis Philothamnus battersbyi Philothamnus bequaerti Philothamnus carinatus Philothamnus dorsalis Philothamnus heterodermus Philothamnus heterolepidotus Philothamnus hoplogaster Philothamnus hughesi Philothamnus irregularis Philothamnus macrops Philothamnus natalensis Philothamnus nitidus Philothamnus ornatus Philothamnus pobeguini Philothamnus punctatus Philothamnus ruandae Philothamnus semivariegatus Phoenicolacerta laevis Platyceps brevis Platyceps florulentus Platyceps karelini Platyceps messanai Platyceps rhodorachis Platyceps sinai Platyceps somalicus Platyceps taylori Platyceps tessellata Platysaurus broadleyi Platysaurus capensis Platysaurus guttatus Platysaurus imperator Platysaurus intermedius Platysaurus lebomboensis Platysaurus maculatus Platysaurus minor Platysaurus mitchelli Platysaurus monotropis Platysaurus ocellatus

Range Size (km2) 88328 6918700 1256922 2299567 3883690 2426260 3890759 6826402 4369707 2180342 60424 27677 591550 3560355 3343739 115768 1817480 51629 15306507 831 122413 2134566 166330 3 69 5615 3 31 1481880 13031 45529 19529 49355 527197 11875 11777 23388 6 3450 23479

Quartile 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 3 4 4 3 4 2 4 1 3 4 3 1 1 1 1 1 4 2 2 2 2 3 1 1 2 1 1 2

Ecoregions 8 57 23 26 31 21 30 43 48 19 3 6 22 36 34 7 22 8 86 1 9 27 10 1 8 2 1 4 13 3 5 3 3 9 3 2 2 1 2 3

95

Binomial Platysaurus orientalis Platysaurus pungweensis Platysaurus relictus Platysaurus torquatus Podarcis vaucheri Poecilopholis cameronensis Polemon acanthias Polemon barthii Polemon bocourti Polemon christyi Polemon collaris Polemon fulvicollis Polemon gabonensis Polemon gracilis Polemon griseiceps Polemon neuwiedi Polemon notatus Polemon robustus Poromera fordii Pristurus adrarensis Pristurus crucifer Pristurus flavipunctatus Pristurus phillipsii Pristurus rupestris Pristurus simonettai Pristurus somalicus Proatheris superciliaris Proscelotes aenea Proscelotes arnoldi Proscelotes eggeli Prosymna ambigua Prosymna angolensis Prosymna bivittata Prosymna frontalis Prosymna greigerti Prosymna janii Prosymna lineata Prosymna meleagris Prosymna ornatissima Prosymna pitmani

Range Size (km2) 28276 45956 6581 67947 320280 763 310843 213120 2012277 707413 2537245 1856398 2125284 184711 392001 313290 691723 359692 658243 46291 432459 1415526 416503 329579 93340 22 66615 446 83194 5991 4352841 978426 1061491 649145 3962080 117090 558314 700407 0 35613

Quartile 2 2 1 2 3 1 3 3 4 3 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 4 3 3 2 1 2 1 2 1 4 4 4 3 4 3 3 3 1 2

Ecoregions 4 5 2 4 6 1 7 5 23 12 24 15 22 8 7 6 12 11 13 5 8 13 5 7 4 2 9 1 3 3 27 16 14 13 21 10 12 14 1 6

96

Binomial Prosymna ruspolii Prosymna semifasciata Prosymna somalica Prosymna stuhlmanni Prosymna sundevalli Prosymna visseri Psammobates geometricus Psammobates oculifer Psammobates tentorius Psammodromus algirus Psammodromus blanci Psammodromus hispanicus Psammodromus microdactylus Psammophis aegyptius Psammophis angolensis Psammophis ansorgii Psammophis biseriatus Psammophis brevirostris Psammophis crucifer Psammophis elegans Psammophis jallae Psammophis leightoni Psammophis leopardinus Psammophis lineatus Psammophis mossambicus Psammophis namibensis Psammophis notostictus Psammophis occidentalis Psammophis orientalis Psammophis phillipsi Psammophis praeornatus Psammophis pulcher Psammophis punctulatus Psammophis rukwae Psammophis schokari Psammophis sibilans Psammophis subtaeniatus Psammophis sudanensis Psammophis tanganicus Psammophis trigrammus

Range Size (km2) 35 3 22 1513239 489566 132566 16026 1472095 702127 611871 170825 792 16981 792472 6694235 14429 445996 473919 726605 3834960 1379678 62892 520211 6403335 4302318 333852 1195841 2702579 1214696 2619417 3484839 9 545164 6411145 11809250 6873999 1973891 2818475 67381 458614

Quartile 1 1 1 4 3 3 2 4 3 3 3 1 2 4 4 2 3 3 3 4 4 2 3 4 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 1 3 4 4 4 4 4 2 3

Ecoregions 3 1 3 27 15 7 3 16 13 7 3 2 4 12 51 2 13 12 18 18 19 4 11 46 41 7 18 23 18 22 16 2 17 42 29 41 21 30 12 11

97

Binomial Psammophis trinasalis Psammophis zambiensis Psammophylax acutus Psammophylax rhombeatus Psammophylax togoensis Psammophylax tritaeniatus Psammophylax variabilis Pseudaspis cana Pseuderemias brenneri Pseuderemias erythrosticta Pseuderemias mucronata Pseuderemias savagei Pseuderemias septemstriata Pseuderemias smithii Pseuderemias striatus Pseudoboodon boehmei Pseudoboodon gascae Pseudoboodon lemniscatus Pseudoboodon sandfordorum Pseudocerastes fieldi Pseudocordylus langi Pseudocordylus melanotus Pseudocordylus microlepidotus Pseudocordylus spinosus Pseudocordylus subviridis Pseudocordylus transvaalensis Pseudohaje goldii Pseudohaje nigra Pseudotrapelus chlodnickii Pseudotrapelus sinaitus Ptenopus carpi Ptenopus garrulus Ptenopus kochi Ptyodactylus guttatus Ptyodactylus hasselquistii Ptyodactylus oudrii Ptyodactylus ragazzii Python anchietae Python natalensis Python regius

Range Size (km2) 1481264 557041 1621150 763329 133886 3923553 1686628 5308627 475538 224223 269317 69720 184016 16 1089715 16 16 126 3 47356 31091 150869 220625 16851 80620 25744 3468584 439594 3 1872483 37373 1272293 50760 100467 1060700 419899 3744249 455113 5111353 4793891

Quartile 4 3 4 4 3 4 4 4 3 3 3 2 3 1 4 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 4 3 1 4 2 4 2 2 4 3 4 3 4 4

Ecoregions 18 6 19 21 6 35 28 49 9 4 10 2 3 2 12 3 3 5 1 3 4 8 10 4 5 4 27 7 1 16 3 16 3 7 21 8 26 11 52 30

98

Binomial Python sebae Pythonodipsas carinata Quedenfeldtia moerens Quedenfeldtia trachyblepharus Ramigekko swartbergensis Rhagerhis moilensis Rhamnophis aethiopissa Rhamnophis batesii Rhamphiophis oxyrhynchus Rhamphiophis rostratus Rhamphiophis rubropunctatus Rhampholeon acuminatus Rhampholeon beraduccii Rhampholeon boulengeri Rhampholeon bruessoworum Rhampholeon chapmanorum Rhampholeon gorongosae Rhampholeon hattinghi Rhampholeon marshalli Rhampholeon maspictus Rhampholeon moyeri Rhampholeon nchisiensis Rhampholeon nebulauctor Rhampholeon platyceps Rhampholeon spectrum Rhampholeon spinosus Rhampholeon temporalis Rhampholeon tilburyi Rhampholeon uluguruensis Rhampholeon viridis Rhinoleptus koniagui Rhinoleptus parkeri Rhinotyphlops ataeniatus Rhinotyphlops boylei Rhinotyphlops lalandei Rhinotyphlops schinzi Rhinotyphlops scortecci Rhinotyphlops unitaeniatus Rhoptropella ocellata Rhoptropus afer

Range Size (km2) 10511560 213680 80398 19956 7289 7984762 4495280 895501 4150466 2529454 174178 3 3 407421 3 1739 14456 3 82197 4 9 56285 3 13300 1595105 3252 4531 10 5696 10659 314062 3 6966 287640 1402217 705760 1417 89295 37025 84840

Quartile 4 3 2 2 1 4 4 4 4 4 3 1 1 3 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 3 4 3 1 2 2 2

Ecoregions 55 6 6 6 4 22 32 11 19 36 14 1 2 11 1 3 4 1 3 1 3 4 1 6 19 3 3 1 4 4 5 1 3 4 22 8 2 9 4 3

99

Binomial Rhoptropus barnardi Rhoptropus benguellensis Rhoptropus biporosus Rhoptropus boultoni Rhoptropus bradfieldi Rhoptropus diporus Rhoptropus montanus Rhoptropus taeniostictus Rhynchocalamus melanocephalus Rieppeleon brachyurus Rieppeleon brevicaudatus Rieppeleon kerstenii Saurodactylus fasciatus Saurodactylus mauritanicus Scaphiophis albopunctatus Scaphiophis raffreyi Scelotes anguineus Scelotes arenicolus Scelotes bidigittatus Scelotes bipes Scelotes bourquini Scelotes caffer Scelotes capensis Scelotes fitzsimonsi Scelotes gronovii Scelotes guentheri Scelotes inornatus Scelotes insularis Scelotes kasneri Scelotes limpopoensis Scelotes mirus Scelotes montispectus Scelotes mossambicus Scelotes poensis Scelotes sexlineatus Scelotes uluguruensis Scelotes vestigifer Scincella melanosticta Scincopus fasciatus

Range Size (km2) 117509 9411 64972 216907 48662 13445 7282 27869 1839

Quartile 3 1 2 3 2 2 1 2 1

Ecoregions 7 3 3 9 2 2 4 4 1

458888 149781 217647 37832 222260 4547518 86617 18385 30457 47400 60746 10645 30316 101756 12617 25267 5457 1940 100 13956 45803 85576 1688 108253 1844 49581 9 5513 3 3837915

3 3 3 2 3 4 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 3 1 2 1 1 1 4

12 8 16 3 7 44 9 8 8 6 6 3 7 5 5 3 4 3 1 3 4 4 3 11 2 4 3 3 1 18

100

Binomial Scincus albifasciatus Scincus scincus Scolecoseps acontias Scolecoseps boulengeri Scolecoseps litipoensis Sepsina alberti Sepsina angolensis Sepsina bayoni Sepsina copei Sepsina tetradactyla Smaug barbertonensis Smaug breyeri Smaug depressus Smaug giganteus Smaug mossambicus Smaug regius Smaug vandami Smaug warreni Spalerosophis diadema Spalerosophis dolichospilus Spalerosophis josephscorteccii Sphenomorphus maculatus Stellagama stellio Stenodactylus doriae Stenodactylus mauritanicus Stenodactylus petrii Stenodactylus stenurus Stenodactylus sthenodactylus Stigmochelys pardalis Tarentola annularis Tarentola boehmei Tarentola chazaliae Tarentola deserti Tarentola ephippiata Tarentola fascicularis Tarentola mauritanica Tarentola mindiae Tarentola neglecta Tarentola parvicarinata Tarentola pastoria

Range Size (km2) 1977994 8961920 7057 2206 5 40099 1143468 80437 66670 366358 10140 38472 7008 121592 22775 28022 45329 6965 8103236 657621 3 3 63270 3131 181047 7941780 21115 7633085 7727481 4556839 92590 65001 364346 7423636 236434 970999 95310 1321377 779688 60263

Quartile 4 4 1 1 1 2 4 2 2 3 1 2 1 3 2 2 2 1 4 3 1 1 2 1 3 4 2 4 4 4 2 2 3 4 3 4 2 4 4 2

Ecoregions 14 23 3 1 1 2 18 4 6 13 2 2 2 5 3 3 4 3 21 9 1 1 7 3 6 26 2 29 63 27 6 3 5 28 7 11 3 11 11 3

101

Binomial Teira perspicillata Telescopus beetzi Telescopus dhara Telescopus finkeldeyi Telescopus gezirae Telescopus hoogstraali Telescopus pulcher Telescopus semiannulatus Telescopus tripolitanus Telescopus variegatus Testudo graeca Testudo kleinmanni Tetradactylus africanus Tetradactylus breyeri Tetradactylus eastwoodae Tetradactylus ellenbergeri Tetradactylus seps Tetradactylus tetradactylus Tetradactylus udzungwensis Thelotornis capensis Thelotornis kirtlandii Thelotornis mossambicanus Thelotornis usambaricus Thrasops flavigularis Thrasops jacksonii Thrasops occidentalis Thrasops schmidti Timon pater Timon tangitanus Toxicodryas blandingii Toxicodryas pulverulenta Trachylepis acutilabris Trachylepis affinis Trachylepis albilabris Trachylepis albotaeniata Trachylepis angolensis Trachylepis aurata Trachylepis aureogularis Trachylepis bayonii Trachylepis bensonii

Range Size (km2) 142399 438917 1744626 32535 35874 2696 3 6097865 5383005 4084163 367932 112111 78958 34754 3 409860 79107 84127 3 4929168 4861443 1532799 7621 2394598 4214599 828770 41477 186043 145181 6211332 4432275 235363 4289884 422853 911 62757 64466 351277 3871687 146216

Quartile 3 3 4 2 2 1 1 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 3 2 2 1 4 4 4 1 4 4 4 2 3 3 4 4 3 4 3 1 2 2 3 4 3

Ecoregions 6 8 35 3 2 2 1 47 19 22 7 6 13 7 1 23 11 8 2 44 32 23 6 18 23 10 3 4 6 37 31 12 32 11 1 2 7 6 36 4

102

Binomial Trachylepis binotata Trachylepis bocagii Trachylepis boulengeri Trachylepis brauni Trachylepis brevicollis Trachylepis buettneri Trachylepis capensis Trachylepis chimbana Trachylepis depressa Trachylepis dichroma Trachylepis ferrarai Trachylepis hemmingi Trachylepis hildebrandtii Trachylepis hoeschi Trachylepis homalocephala Trachylepis irregularis Trachylepis ivensii Trachylepis lacertiformis Trachylepis laevis Trachylepis loluiensis Trachylepis maculilabris Trachylepis makolowodei Trachylepis margaritifera Trachylepis megalura Trachylepis mekuana Trachylepis mlanjensis Trachylepis nganghae Trachylepis occidentalis Trachylepis pendeana Trachylepis perrotetii Trachylepis planifrons Trachylepis polytropis Trachylepis pulcherrima Trachylepis punctatissima Trachylepis punctulata Trachylepis quinquetaeniata Trachylepis rodenburgi Trachylepis sparsa Trachylepis spilogaster Trachylepis striata

Range Size (km2) 296935 68527 788783 1510 1261042 784410 1736463 161800 206648 51220 43872 222206 379380 214884 247114 21812 478701 333777 80740 6 4819687 496465 1861794 100350 12229 9 12182 910876 36512 5412087 1025398 1495223 18504 1071883 1254485 6965704 109641 179958 698522 6355975

Quartile 3 2 4 1 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 2 1 4 3 4 2 2 1 1 4 2 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 3 3 3 4

Ecoregions 7 4 13 1 25 10 28 8 12 11 2 4 6 5 14 3 9 14 5 1 54 8 28 29 3 3 2 13 3 28 19 18 1 19 17 44 5 4 11 59

103

Binomial Trachylepis sulcata Trachylepis varia Trachylepis variegata Trachylepis vittata Trachylepis wingati Trapelus agnetae Trapelus boehmei Trapelus mutabilis Trapelus savignii Trapelus schmitzi Trapelus tournevillei Tricheilostoma bicolor Tricheilostoma broadleyi Tricheilostoma dissimilis Tricheilostoma greenwelli Tricheilostoma sundewalli Trioceros affinis Trioceros balebicornutus Trioceros bitaeniatus Trioceros camerunensis Trioceros chapini Trioceros conirostratus Trioceros cristatus Trioceros deremensis Trioceros eisentrauti Trioceros ellioti Trioceros feae Trioceros fuelleborni Trioceros goetzei Trioceros hanangensis Trioceros harennae Trioceros hoehnelii Trioceros incornutus Trioceros ituriensis Trioceros jacksonii Trioceros johnstoni Trioceros kinangopensis Trioceros kinetensis Trioceros laterispinis Trioceros marsabitensis

Range Size (km2) 1074751 6022944 769443 308956 60737 43313 2440872 6040626 32079 102904 415653 2250656 34044 12046 841 357349 96 9 552572 54305 604193 49071 1326031 8155 12102 192822 909 16 38798 786 13 52236 11664 452229 246696 88157 3 49068 16473 3

Quartile 4 4 4 3 2 2 4 4 2 2 3 4 2 1 1 3 1 1 3 2 3 2 4 1 1 3 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 3 3 2 1 2 2 1

Ecoregions 18 63 14 8 4 4 12 20 4 5 4 11 2 1 1 5 4 1 21 8 7 5 17 6 4 15 2 1 6 3 2 6 3 13 12 8 1 5 6 1

104

Binomial Trioceros melleri Trioceros montium Trioceros narraioca Trioceros ntunte Trioceros nyirit Trioceros oweni Trioceros perreti Trioceros pfefferi Trioceros quadricornis Trioceros rudis Trioceros schoutedeni Trioceros schubotzi Trioceros serratus Trioceros sternfeldi Trioceros tempeli Trioceros werneri Trioceros wiedersheimi Trionyx triunguis Trogonophis wiegmanni Tropidosaura cottrelli Tropidosaura essexi Tropidosaura gularis Tropidosaura montana Tropiocolotes algericus Tropiocolotes bisharicus Tropiocolotes nattereri Tropiocolotes nubicus Tropiocolotes somalicus Tropiocolotes steudneri Tropiocolotes tripolitanus Typhlacontias brevipes Typhlacontias gracilis Typhlacontias johnsonii Typhlacontias kataviensis Typhlacontias punctatissimus Typhlacontias rohani Typhlacontias rudebecki Typhlops caecatus Typhlops zenkeri Typhlosaurus braini

Range Size (km2) 314972 42735 3 3 9 1820092 13 61037 61037 101304 4906 5843 73336 25 27451 41 97648 6473040 561294 3179 10708 72957 116612 455052 72265 57552 226469 9069 2758559 5117914 53999 101456 21915 6 31551 584054 2436 176879 1122 38551

Quartile 3 2 1 1 1 4 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 4 3 1 1 2 3 3 2 2 3 1 4 4 2 2 2 1 2 3 1 3 1 2

Ecoregions 10 6 2 1 2 17 1 6 6 11 2 3 5 3 6 4 7 53 7 2 3 6 12 8 5 6 4 3 14 15 3 5 2 1 2 15 2 4 2 3

105

Binomial Typhlosaurus caecus Typhlosaurus lomiae Typhlosaurus meyeri Typhlosaurus vermis Urocotyledon palmata Urocotyledon rasmusseni Urocotyledon weileri Urocotyledon wolterstorffi Uromastyx acanthinura Uromastyx aegyptia Uromastyx alfredschmidti Uromastyx dispar Uromastyx geyri Uromastyx macfadyeni Uromastyx nigriventris Uromastyx occidentalis Uromastyx ocellata Uromastyx ornata Uromastyx princeps Varanus albigularis Varanus exanthematicus Varanus griseus Varanus niloticus Varanus ornatus Vhembelacerta rupicola Vipera latastei Vipera monticola Walterinnesia aegyptia Xenagama batillifera Xenagama taylori Xenagama wilmsi Xenagama zonura Xenocalamus bicolor Xenocalamus mechowii Xenocalamus michellii Xenocalamus sabiensis Xenocalamus transvaalensis Xerotyphlops etheridgei Xerotyphlops vermicularis Xyelodontophis uluguruensis

Range Size (km2) 27088 12349 35339 20263 88612 3 17712 8846 1193346 137146 401935 5079394 800537 111981 1133583 317326 1486708 24139 143344 8440621 7570582 9917829 12479054 3136992 15435 39042 55353 88480 38 50880 31 16 2926361 2456932 164277 73938 53974 3088 34001 758

Quartile 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 4 3 3 4 4 3 4 3 4 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 4 4 3 2 2 1 2 1

Ecoregions 3 3 3 3 8 2 6 4 8 7 2 14 4 3 8 6 13 2 6 61 39 23 87 28 3 3 5 7 4 4 4 2 31 22 2 7 7 3 5 2

106

Binomial Zygaspis dolichomenta Zygaspis ferox Zygaspis kafuensis Zygaspis nigra Zygaspis quadrifrons Zygaspis vandami Zygaspis violacea

Range Size (km2) 4682 34742 11261 503234 3285814 44992 64648

Quartile 1 2 1 3 4 2 2

Ecoregions 3 3 4 8 31 9 8

107

Appendix S5. Percentage of species present in top ten richest ecoregions of vertebrate classes (a-d) and reptile groups (e-h). Taxon a) Reptiles 20 19 19 19 18 18 17 16 16 16 b) Amphibians 22 22 20 19 18 18 17 16 16 16 c) Birds 54 52 51 49 49 49 48 46 44 43 d) Mammals 29 29

Ecoregion Northern Congolian forest-savanna mosaic East Sudanian savanna Central Zambezian Miombo woodlands Guinean forest-savanna mosaic Zambezian and Mopane woodlands Drakensberg montane grasslands, woodlands and forests Somali Acacia-Commiphora bushlands and thickets Zambezian flooded grasslands Northern Zanzibar-Inhambane coastal forest mosaic Albertine Rift montane forests Northern Congolian forest-savanna mosaic Cameroonian Highlands forests Cross-Sanaga-Bioko coastal forests Central Zambezian Miombo woodlands Zambezian flooded grasslands Eastern Arc forests Eastern Miombo woodlands Western Congolian forest-savanna mosaic Albertine Rift montane forests Guinean forest-savanna mosaic East Sudanian savanna Victoria Basin forest-savanna mosaic Central Zambezian Miombo woodlands Northern Congolian forest-savanna mosaic Albertine Rift montane forests East African montane forests Northern Acacia-Commiphora bushlands and thickets Southern Acacia-Commiphora bushlands and thickets Northeastern Congolian lowland forests Guinean forest-savanna mosaic Victoria Basin forest-savanna mosaic East Sudanian savanna

108

29 29 28 27 27 27 26 26 e) Amphisbaenians 25 23 21 20 17 17 15 15 15 14 f) Lizards 17 16 15 15 15 14 13 13 13 12 g) Snakes 33 32 28 28 26 26 26 25 25 25

Central Zambezian Miombo woodlands Northern Congolian forest-savanna mosaic Albertine Rift montane forests Northern Zanzibar-Inhambane coastal forest mosaic Northern Acacia-Commiphora bushlands and thickets Southern Acacia-Commiphora bushlands and thickets East African montane forests Northeastern Congolian lowland forests Zambezian and Mopane woodlands Central Zambezian Miombo woodlands Southern Miombo woodlands Guinean forest-savanna mosaic East African mangroves Southern Zanzibar-Inhambane coastal forest mosaic Zambezian flooded grasslands Southern Africa bushveld Zambezian Baikiaea woodlands Western Congolian forest-savanna mosaic Drakensberg montane grasslands, woodlands and forests Somali Acacia-Commiphora bushlands and thickets Zambezian and Mopane woodlands Nama Karoo Namibian savanna woodlands Succulent Karoo Central Zambezian Miombo woodlands Northern Zanzibar-Inhambane coastal forest mosaic Northern Congolian forest-savanna mosaic Guinean forest-savanna mosaic East Sudanian savanna Northern Congolian forest-savanna mosaic Central Zambezian Miombo woodlands Guinean forest-savanna mosaic Northeastern Congolian lowland forests Central African mangroves Albertine Rift montane forests Northwestern Congolian lowland forests Victoria Basin forest-savanna mosaic Southern Congolian forest-savanna mosaic

109

h) Turtles 34 34 32 32 32 32 32 30 30 30

Northern Congolian forest-savanna mosaic Drakensberg montane grasslands, woodlands and forests East Sudanian savanna Central Zambezian Miombo woodlands Northeastern Congolian lowland forests Central African mangroves Northwestern Congolian lowland forests Guinean forest-savanna mosaic Albertine Rift montane forests Zambezian and Mopane woodlands

110

Appendix S6. Species richness of crocodiles within African ecoregions. Colour codes correspond to species numbers in ecoregion from low (blue) to high (red).

111

Appendix S7. Relative importance of species richness predictors at Behrmann Grid (1° scale). Numbers above bins are regression coefficients as single predictors, * significant P-values for variable as single predictor. (3,108 DF.)

112

Appendix S8. Lizard family species richness within African ecoregions (only richest families displayed). Colour codes correspond to species numbers in ecoregion from low (blue) to high (red). White denotes no species.

113

Appendix S9. Snake family species richness within African ecoregions (only richest families displayed). Colour codes correspond to species numbers in ecoregion from low (blue) to high (red). White denotes no species.

114

Appendix S10. Turtle family species richness within African ecoregions (only richest families displayed). Colour codes correspond to species numbers in ecoregion from low (blue) to high (red). White denotes no species.

Ecoregion Albany thickets Albertine Rift montane forests Angolan Miombo woodlands Angolan montane forest-grassland mosaic Angolan Mopane woodlands Angolan scarp savanna and woodlands Arabian Desert and East Sahero-Arabian xeric shrublands Atlantic coastal desert Atlantic Equatorial coastal forests Cameroonian Highlands forests Central African mangroves Central Congolian lowland forests Central Zambezian Miombo woodlands Cross-Niger transition forests Cross-Sanaga-Bioko coastal forests Drakensberg alti-montane grasslands and woodlands Drakensberg montane grasslands, woodlands and forests East African halophytics East African mangroves East African montane forests East African montane moorlands East Saharan montane xeric woodlands East Sudanian savanna Eastern Arc forests Eastern Congolian swamp forests Eastern Guinean forests Eastern Miombo woodlands Eastern Zimbabwe montane forest-grassland mosaic Eritrean coastal desert Ethiopian montane forests Ethiopian montane grasslands and woodlands Ethiopian montane moorlands Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands Etosha Pan halophytics Guinean forest-savanna mosaic Guinean mangroves Guinean montane forests Highveld grasslands Hobyo grasslands and shrublands Inner Niger Delta flooded savanna Itigi-Sumbu thicket Jos Plateau forest-grassland mosaic Kalahari Acacia-Baikiaea woodlands Kalahari xeric savanna Kaokoveld desert Knysna-Amatole montane forests KwaZulu-Cape coastal forest mosaic Lake Chad flooded savanna Lowland fynbos and renosterveld Mandara Plateau mosaic Maputaland coastal forest mosaic Maputaland-Pondoland bushland and thickets Masai xeric grasslands and shrublands Mediterranean acacia-argania dry woodlands and succulent thickets Mediterranean conifer and mixed forests Mediterranean dry woodlands and steppe Mediterranean High Atlas juniper steppe Mediterranean woodlands and forests Mesopotamian shrub desert Montane fynbos and renosterveld Mount Cameroon and Bioko montane forests Nama Karoo Namib desert Namibian savanna woodlands Niger Delta swamp forests

Temp NPP Elev Prec Area Reptiles Reptiles Q1Reptiles Q2Reptiles Q3Reptiles Q4Amphisbae Lizards Lizards Q1 Lizards Q2 Lizards Q3 Lizards Q4 Snakes Snakes Q1 Snakes Q2 Snakes Q3 Snakes Q4 Turtles Crocodiles 17.11 11.063 1012 384.377 17045 120 6 24 46 44 0 73 5 21 28 19 40 1 3 13 23 7 0 19.38 11.866 1967 1354.01 103404 252 15 20 34 183 3 91 14 13 17 47 142 1 6 15 120 14 2 20.87 11.774 1669 1137.04 657507 230 7 22 47 154 10 93 5 18 28 42 114 1 2 16 95 10 3 19.7 11.832 766 1192.23 25418 140 5 13 30 92 1 63 5 10 20 28 70 0 2 10 58 5 1 22 11.323 1014 491.564 133028 167 8 16 44 99 6 87 8 13 29 37 66 0 3 14 49 7 1 24.6 11.666 1438 729.32 73873 192 5 12 32 143 2 61 3 10 16 32 115 1 1 15 98 11 3 18.59 10.362 1644 51.148 49078 78 16 14 15 33 0 42 8 9 7 18 33 8 5 7 13 2 1 22.57 10.431 145 40.653 39179 65 1 2 12 50 0 43 1 2 8 32 21 0 0 4 17 1 0 24.53 11.761 792 1969.68 186932 221 7 14 43 157 6 68 0 11 23 34 130 6 1 14 109 13 4 21.9 11.698 1638 1943.62 37879 230 7 21 29 173 1 85 6 20 16 43 128 1 1 9 117 13 3 26.51 11.381 92 2725.97 27472 252 3 23 52 174 3 87 2 21 26 38 143 0 1 22 120 15 4 24.86 11.979 283 1883.97 412882 150 3 2 18 127 6 35 1 0 10 24 98 1 0 6 91 8 3 21.62 11.788 1645 1100.82 1179319 307 24 36 60 188 16 120 16 17 33 54 154 4 13 21 116 15 2 26.56 11.697 159 2269 20624 131 1 4 16 110 1 39 0 4 9 26 78 0 0 5 73 10 3 25.38 11.701 1335 2572.94 51657 209 9 19 31 150 3 75 5 18 19 33 115 2 1 8 104 13 3 9.94 11.509 1614 828.073 11894 84 4 12 27 41 0 40 3 11 13 13 41 1 1 13 26 3 0 15.81 11.555 2620 762.402 201962 286 32 60 80 114 9 161 29 46 42 44 99 2 12 28 57 16 1 23.41 11.388 785 525.111 2626 84 0 4 11 69 0 34 0 3 6 25 42 0 1 4 37 7 1 25.86 11.828 42 1123.83 14508 214 24 26 53 111 12 84 8 11 27 38 106 14 11 22 59 11 1 17.59 11.719 2595 1093.24 65199 215 19 27 33 136 0 97 15 19 20 43 107 3 8 12 84 10 1 10.37 11.413 1517 1516.3 3273 135 8 14 21 92 0 56 6 11 11 28 71 2 3 9 57 7 1 24.3 10.616 1208 139.119 27775 54 0 1 0 53 0 29 0 1 0 28 23 0 0 0 23 2 0 26.17 11.651 1689 1057.61 913702 308 12 30 46 220 2 108 7 18 16 67 179 3 12 28 136 15 4 20.21 11.756 1722 1126.39 23556 213 48 24 40 101 2 103 32 15 22 34 98 15 8 17 58 9 1 25.26 11.934 217 1868.73 92315 152 3 2 19 128 3 37 1 1 11 24 100 1 0 7 92 9 3 26.13 11.82 705 1412.19 187842 182 5 8 36 133 3 56 1 7 15 33 108 1 1 18 88 12 3 23.83 11.786 1931 1160.28 482013 228 50 28 43 107 10 108 29 16 26 37 99 17 9 15 58 10 1 16.93 11.782 744 1193.79 7804 138 0 16 29 93 4 59 0 11 14 34 65 0 3 14 48 9 1 30.03 10.462 267 75.539 4397 40 3 2 9 26 0 26 0 1 9 16 13 3 1 0 9 1 0 21.17 11.593 1838 1032.47 247734 203 29 23 41 110 0 113 17 15 31 50 83 12 8 10 53 6 1 17.9 11.637 2288 1164.85 244349 159 17 15 26 101 0 83 8 9 19 47 69 9 6 7 47 6 1 13.56 11.639 2330 1141.16 25049 77 9 3 8 57 0 31 6 2 5 18 40 3 1 3 33 5 1 28.17 10.53 1301 192.427 151343 134 13 14 42 65 1 82 4 9 36 33 45 9 5 5 26 5 1 22.69 11.141 32 439.478 7208 75 0 1 15 59 4 32 0 1 10 21 35 0 0 5 30 3 1 26.45 11.67 1289 1441.13 668860 298 19 31 63 185 14 114 3 27 31 53 153 4 4 27 118 14 3 26.7 11.623 120 2408.48 22096 174 2 6 40 126 4 49 0 5 13 31 107 0 1 23 83 11 3 23.74 11.809 745 1830.18 30924 155 1 4 32 118 1 47 0 4 14 29 96 1 0 17 78 8 3 15.66 11.421 979 643.151 185863 156 2 23 44 88 4 74 1 19 23 31 67 0 4 16 47 10 1 26.97 10.944 321 280.347 25217 84 7 12 28 37 3 58 2 8 26 22 17 5 3 0 9 5 1 27.95 10.843 56 342.936 45868 91 0 2 4 85 0 37 0 1 0 36 48 0 1 4 43 5 1 22.78 11.455 603 847.333 7809 119 1 2 14 102 1 38 1 1 7 29 70 0 1 6 63 8 2 23.5 11.539 757 1243.8 13281 94 0 3 3 88 0 31 0 3 3 25 54 0 0 0 54 6 3 21.09 11.233 702 435.631 334545 176 5 9 49 114 9 78 4 9 24 41 79 0 0 20 59 9 1 19.5 11.04 1154 333.194 586846 188 6 18 66 99 7 97 5 17 36 39 74 0 1 24 49 9 1 20.03 10.552 978 130.532 45220 143 6 26 41 70 0 85 5 24 27 29 52 1 2 14 35 5 1 15.86 11.387 919 810.3 3049 99 1 21 40 37 0 56 1 20 21 14 36 0 1 14 21 7 0 19.36 11.753 652 950.237 17505 147 5 26 44 72 1 67 5 18 20 24 68 0 6 21 41 10 1 27.32 10.717 321 351.776 18761 111 0 2 6 103 0 38 0 0 3 35 63 0 2 2 59 7 3 16.87 11.407 881 526.92 32148 136 8 39 46 43 0 86 6 33 29 18 43 2 4 14 23 7 0 25.1 11.494 382 926.167 7479 85 0 2 2 81 0 23 0 1 0 22 51 0 1 2 48 8 3 22.38 11.559 444 774.427 29955 140 3 21 32 84 5 53 3 10 14 26 72 0 8 16 48 9 1 17.7 11.746 1286 801.159 19506 151 7 31 45 68 0 78 7 24 23 24 62 0 6 18 38 10 1 26.63 11.028 1039 336.341 100505 110 5 5 26 74 0 48 4 3 14 27 54 0 2 11 41 7 1 17.86 10.887 1742 252.344 97230 77 0 12 28 37 2 49 0 11 16 22 24 0 1 9 14 2 0 14.06 11.158 2496 697.518 22958 80 5 15 37 23 4 57 4 12 23 18 16 0 2 10 4 3 0 16.67 10.735 1813 234.75 291558 117 2 18 47 50 2 73 2 12 27 32 36 0 6 15 15 5 1 9.04 11.202 647 531.1 6328 58 0 10 27 21 2 38 0 9 15 14 15 0 1 8 6 3 0 16.08 11.128 2636 455.768 356235 121 10 19 48 44 4 79 8 15 29 27 34 1 3 14 16 4 0 NA NA NA NA 16 42 5 8 6 23 0 25 3 5 3 14 16 2 3 3 8 0 1 15.25 11.145 1480 454.169 45717 171 16 53 56 46 0 110 14 43 33 20 52 2 8 18 24 9 0 19.23 NA 1127 2843.5 1141 155 5 14 23 113 1 57 4 13 16 24 86 1 1 4 80 8 3 17.14 10.833 1385 243.202 350726 217 17 57 75 69 4 140 14 47 47 32 63 2 8 21 32 10 0 17.68 10.506 1594 54.778 80500 140 4 41 48 47 2 90 4 34 33 19 42 0 6 13 23 6 0 19.8 10.858 1541 216.644 224903 223 8 54 66 95 4 135 7 48 44 36 75 1 5 19 50 8 1 26.63 11.651 31 2703.1 14330 114 1 0 12 101 1 29 0 0 6 23 73 0 0 4 69 8 3

Nigerian lowland forests Nile Delta flooded savanna North Saharan steppe and woodlands Northeastern Congolian lowland forests Northern Acacia-Commiphora bushlands and thickets Northern Congolian forest-savanna mosaic Northern Zanzibar-Inhambane coastal forest mosaic Northwestern Congolian lowland forests Red Sea coastal desert Red Sea Nubo-Sindian tropical desert and semi-desert Rwenzori-Virunga montane moorlands Sahara desert Saharan flooded grasslands Saharan halophytics Sahelian Acacia savanna Serengeti volcanic grasslands Somali Acacia-Commiphora bushlands and thickets Somali montane xeric woodlands South Malawi montane forest-grassland mosaic South Saharan steppe and woodlands Southern Acacia-Commiphora bushlands and thickets Southern Africa bushveld Southern Africa mangroves Southern Congolian forest-savanna mosaic Southern Miombo woodlands Southern Rift montane forest-grassland mosaic Southern Zanzibar-Inhambane coastal forest mosaic Succulent Karoo Tibesti-Jebel Uweinat montane xeric woodlands Victoria Basin forest-savanna mosaic West Saharan montane xeric woodlands West Sudanian savanna Western Congolian forest-savanna mosaic Western Congolian swamp forests Western Guinean lowland forests Western Zambezian grasslands Zambezian and Mopane woodlands Zambezian Baikiaea woodlands Zambezian coastal flooded savanna Zambezian Cryptosepalum dry forests Zambezian flooded grasslands Zambezian halophytics

26.35 22.01 22.03 24.25 23.91 24.65 26.36 24.06 23.2 20.54 14.73 24.46 27.56 21.95 27.94 19.98 25.91 24.92 22.43 27.66 21.73 19.79 21.13 24.26 21.12 18.03 24.56 16.56 20.46 21.89 23.21 27.21 23.73 25.21 25.66 21.44 23.06 21.83 24.98 21.49 22.14 22.43

11.709 11.029 10.358 11.988 11.448 11.824 11.62 11.948 10.223 10.404 11.731 10.31 11.6 10.286 10.787 11.667 11.085 10.552 11.664 10.316 11.647 11.407 11.856 11.879 11.654 11.729 11.722 10.804 10.171 11.834 10.198 11.36 11.766 11.974 11.859 11.675 11.621 11.564 11.834 11.73 11.661 11.151

546 340 1564 1209 2450 1265 905 700 992 885 2162 1203 96 469 1807 1150 1907 1860 1494 1033 1584 1359 57 1264 1631 1501 1251 1529 1940 1674 2003 837 1310 133 722 258 1699 570 102 296 1035 916

1662.41 29.329 56.959 1758.77 609.643 1461.52 847.684 1637.43 17.538 11.692 1523.88 12.789 859.928 62.067 311.571 720.868 357.061 134.941 1188.13 54.919 778.896 551.786 1010.25 1535.42 851.132 1280.1 1014.29 160.199 24.961 1191.36 35.476 874.914 1426.33 1715.22 2455.25 1010.48 694.846 661.511 1061.72 1039.49 916.977 432.806

66785 50516 1673281 531067 324482 705006 111669 432190 58162 7874 2661 4629413 178952 53836 3042284 17948 1049031 61940 10191 1098254 226770 222541 946 567187 406913 33360 145220 102202 82009 165042 257450 1631703 411422 128060 203812 33890 471874 263554 19454 38085 152878 30289

158 71 148 249 243 312 255 241 72 56 152 120 131 99 234 104 273 103 109 103 222 214 128 224 210 142 184 189 37 237 73 230 236 184 152 107 294 184 100 103 256 130

4 0 4 2 33 8 64 4 1 9 6 1 0 0 4 1 59 10 4 1 25 16 4 4 5 9 23 16 0 10 2 8 1 2 3 0 16 0 1 0 16 0

6 9 20 17 36 30 35 20 12 12 10 13 12 4 22 9 41 10 10 9 29 30 21 10 29 12 24 63 0 27 3 16 17 5 7 3 58 8 7 2 25 9

17 17 53 38 43 54 51 39 11 7 20 27 17 37 39 17 67 40 15 17 41 53 35 40 50 22 39 64 0 40 7 46 42 27 31 13 78 42 13 12 51 18

131 45 71 192 131 220 105 178 48 28 116 79 102 58 169 77 106 43 80 76 127 116 68 170 127 99 98 46 37 160 61 160 176 150 111 92 143 134 79 90 165 103

0 0 1 3 1 2 6 4 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 3 1 2 0 3 11 3 7 15 1 12 0 0 0 0 3 10 2 3 7 18 11 5 7 11 8

48 40 96 82 110 116 120 80 51 36 46 77 47 64 105 45 144 73 47 69 95 108 50 67 87 65 79 129 25 88 48 90 78 54 46 33 140 77 32 31 106 51

2 0 2 2 19 6 36 0 0 6 6 0 0 0 2 1 28 6 4 1 13 14 4 1 1 8 14 16 0 8 0 3 0 1 0 0 12 0 0 0 10 0

6 5 16 14 21 25 19 14 10 8 8 9 6 4 12 7 24 8 6 9 21 22 10 7 16 9 10 52 0 20 3 13 11 3 6 2 39 6 3 1 16 4

8 10 34 18 27 24 29 22 8 4 9 19 7 22 21 9 49 37 9 11 24 28 15 20 27 14 21 42 0 21 5 20 24 15 14 5 40 24 4 5 26 10

32 25 44 48 43 61 36 44 33 18 23 49 34 38 70 28 43 22 28 48 37 44 21 39 43 34 34 19 25 39 40 54 43 35 26 26 49 47 25 25 54 37

96 28 46 145 118 174 117 138 19 19 96 38 75 30 114 52 118 25 50 29 111 84 66 135 96 66 83 49 12 134 24 121 132 115 91 59 121 86 55 57 124 60

2 0 2 0 13 2 27 4 1 3 0 1 0 0 2 0 31 4 0 0 10 0 0 1 2 1 6 0 0 2 2 3 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 5 0

0 4 4 2 14 5 13 3 2 4 2 4 6 0 10 2 16 2 4 0 7 6 8 1 8 3 10 8 0 7 0 3 0 1 1 0 13 1 3 0 7 3

7 6 16 18 14 26 19 13 3 3 10 8 9 11 16 7 16 2 5 6 15 20 19 17 18 8 15 17 0 17 2 22 13 11 15 5 31 13 7 4 19 5

87 18 24 125 77 141 58 118 13 9 84 25 60 19 86 43 55 17 41 23 79 58 39 116 68 54 52 24 12 108 20 93 118 102 74 54 76 72 44 53 93 52

11 2 4 15 13 16 11 15 1 0 8 4 8 4 10 6 7 3 9 4 12 10 8 12 11 9 9 11 0 13 1 13 13 9 9 7 14 9 7 7 13 10

3 1 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 1 2 1 1 0 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 0 0 2 0 3 3 4 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 1