The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness
The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness ========================================================
Title: ENERGETICS DEMANDS, and PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO BOXING MATCH AND SUBSEQUENT RECOVERY Paper code: J Sports Med Phys Fitness-5958 Submission Date: 2015-06-30 17:17:20 Article Type: Original Article
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3): Tables 1 Version: 2 Description: Table 1 File format: application/msword
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2): Manuscript Version: 3 Description: Revised manuscript File format: application/msword
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Files: 1): Reply letter to comments on the manuscript Version: 1 Description: From an applied standpoint, the present investigation provides baseline physiological data that can be used in the prescription of individual training programs for boxers. These physiological variable File format: application/msword
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4): Tables 2 Version: 2 Description: Table 2 File format: application/msword
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5): Tables 3 Version: 2 Description: Table 3 File format: application/msword
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6): Figures 1 Version: 1 Description: Physiological variables before and after the match, and within the recovery period File format: application/pdf
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The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness
REPLY LETTER TO COMMENTS ON THE MANUSCRIPT
Here are our answers to the reviewers’ comments. We thank the reviewers for their time spent on our manuscript and for the excellent quality of their remarks and suggestions. We definitely believe this has allowed us improve the quality of the manuscript.
1. The manuscript needs to be heavily edited for. On many occasions there was
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improper use of capitals and run-on sentences.
We have taken into account of the reviewer’s feedback and we verifiedgrammar and
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2. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
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quality.
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sentences’ structure of the manuscript. Then, we presented the paper witha better
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I have concerns of your use of Friedman's 2-way ANOVA for parametric and unranked data. If the data are skewed, then perform a log transformation and repeated measures ANOVA. You data are parametric.
We have considered this suggestion and we have corrected the aberrant values in the
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statistical analysis adding «The assumption of normality was verified using a Shapiro
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Wilks test. A 1-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for repeated measures was used to examine the difference between the study phases (Resting Values Measures, 3-min, 60min and 24-h post-match) ».
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3. METABOLISM DATA
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- Were the diets of the boxers monitored in the 24 hr period following the match? This would obviously affect the results. We controlled nutrition of subjects during the week period following the match and therefore we added «To assess the adequacy of nutrient intake, the nutritionists carefully monitored athletes’ diet. To be under the same test conditions for not obtaining misleading results, a 7 day consecutive dietary record was achieved during the internship period following the match».
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The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness
4. I also have concerns in the discussion regarding your explanation of lipid and glucose metabolism. You found a NS change in HDL-C. Why did you spend so much of the discussion on it? Also for creatine: Your measurement was for creatinine. That needs to be explained. We have made changes in the discussion partfollowing the reviewer’s suggestion. We hope this section now reads well. 5. CV VARIABLES The CV variables were a main part of the study;they were virtually ignored in the
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tables and discussion. For statistical analysis and discussion, we made some changes and the CV variables
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were calculated and were added «A coefficient of variation (CV) was calculated for all
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tables.
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tests to determine the inter-individual variability». The CV data are also available in the
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great inter-individual variability».
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In the results we added: «The CV was higher than 5% for each variable indicating a
Concerning the discussion we added: «Furthermore, the present study showed a great inter-individual variability on the level of the various dietetic and physiological
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parameters (CV > 5%). These results are in agreement with those of several other
6. TABLES
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studies (Reljic et al. 2015, Said 2012, Jiang 2011, Mark 2011). »
Table 1 was dietary intake, not the physiological variables. Often, the table data
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was a bit off from the text.
Concerning results, tables and figures we have rewrittenthem and checked that they
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areclearly presented.
7. SUMMARY There were no limitations reported. Also, I would like to see a section on the practical application of diet and boxing for the fitness enthusiast. For example, why is it important to know that boxing can burn fat in a person whose goal is weight loss?
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We have considered this suggestion and we provided insight on how our data present some limitations: « The current study presents some limitations: first, only fifteen participants were
enrolled in the study due to the difficulty of recruiting elite boxers. Therefore, future researches should examine the effects of these physiological variables on a large number of boxers. Second, this study have not interpreted the physiological demands during and after the match according to boxing weight categories. Third, this investigation on the physiological demands during and after the boxing match have
be effective for males and should be investigated in females».
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primarily been performed on males. Therefore, established recommendations may only
We added as well a section on the possible practical applications:
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« From an applied standpoint, the present investigation provides baseline
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physiological data that can be used in the prescription of individual training programs
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for boxers. These physiological variables would provide benchmarks for improving and
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monitoring athlete-training regimens. These data are also important to coaches and can
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contribute to competition strategies for individual athletes and in individual matches. Furthermore, training protocols should include exercises that train both aerobic and anaerobic energy pathways, and amateur boxing could as well be used to develop aerobic fitness.
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From an applied standpoint, the findings of this study suggest that boxing provides an entertaining way to exercise for a person whose goal is weight loss. In recent years,
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boxing has moved out from exclusive competitive environments and appeared into health clubs. In that regard, the reason for this could be that boxing provides a good means in which one can burn fat and develop lean muscle mass at the same time. It
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could even be considered as one of the effective fast weight loss tips and this field deserves more research in the future».
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The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness 1
ENERGETICS DEMANDS, and PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO BOXING MATCH AND SUBSEQUENT RECOVERY
Short tile: Physiological responses to boxing match Authors Sabri Nassib1,2, Sarra Hammoudi-Nassib1,2, Mokhtar Chtara1,2, Bessem Mkaouer2, Ghazwa Maaouia1,2, Ikram Bezrati-Benayed 1,, Karim Chamari3
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Aspetar, Research and Education Centre, Aspetar, Qatar Orthopedic and Sports Medicine
Hospital.
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High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Ksar-Saïd, Manouba University, Tunisia.
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Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia.
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Research Laboratory ''Sports performance Optimization'' National Center of Medicine and
* Corresponding author: Sabri Nassib
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Affiliations
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Research Laboratory ‘’Sport Performance Optimization’’, National Centre of Medicine and
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Science in Sports, Tunis, Tunisia. Tel: + 216 98 584 036 (GMT+1) E-mail:
[email protected]
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Acknowledgements
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This study was financially supported by the Tunisian Ministry of Scientific Research, Technology and Development of Competencies, Tunisia. The authors would like to thank Pr Nizar Souissi, Dr Hamdi Chtourou and Sabra Hammoudi Riahi whose contributed in this research. We also acknowledge all the boxers and research support staff involved in this study for their contribution.
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Conflict of interest There is no conflict of interest including any financial, personal or other relationships with
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other people or organizations that have influenced the performance of this work.
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ABSTRACT The current study was carried out to assess the physiological and cardiovascular responses during boxing matches and subsequent recovery. Fifteen male international level boxers (age: 19.56±3.6 years; body mass: 72.46±11.86 kg; height: 176.50±7.22 cm) participated in this study. Blood samples were drawn from the antecubital vein before and after the boxing matches (i.e. T1: pre-match rest measure at ~11:00 h, T2: at 3 min of post-match recovery;
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T3: at 60 min and T4: at 24 h post-match –match started at ~11:30 h). An analysis of glucose, triglycerides, lactate, cholesterol, creatinine, uric-acid, high density lipoprotein, and
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low density lipoprotein concentrations was performed for each sample. Participants did
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perform a maximal incremental test to measure HRmax. Heart rate responses to the
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matches were measured and expressed in percent of HRmax. The average heart rate recorded
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during the match corresponded to 93±3.26 % of HRmax. The levels of glucose, lactate, and cholesterol increased significantly from T1 to T2. Likewise, creatinine levels increased significantly from T1 to T2 and T3. However, the cholesterol level decreased significantly at
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T3 in comparison with T1. Moreover, 24-h post-match, creatinine levels were significantly
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lower and triglyceride levels were significantly higher compared with T1. In summary, the main results of this study revealed that the boxing matches stress the lipid metabolism system during boxing and post-mach (for at least 24h) even if it is widely recognized
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boxing being mainly composed of repeated short-duration “anaerobic’’ efforts.
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KEYS WORDS : Physiological responses, boxing, recovery, metabolism, heart rate.
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INTRODUCTION Boxing, known as “sweet science”, is an Olympic match sport, which is categorized into a series of weight classes that requires body weight management. This sport’s characteristic may interfere with the improvement of physical performance [1]. An amateur boxing competition match consists of 3×3 min rounds with a recovery period of 1 min inbetween [2] and includes punches exclusively permitted to the head and torso. Despite the
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worldwide popularity of amateur boxing, researches dealing with boxing’s physiological requirements are very scarce [3, 4]. Moreover, the available few studies reported inconclusive
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and heart rate (HR) were the most studied physiological variables [5, 6, 7, 8].
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results due to the differences in the methodology. In these studies, lactate concentration [La]
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The energy cost of boxing exercises varies with the participant’s gender [6,7], the
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methodology used to estimate VO2, energy-cost, and according to the type of boxing exercises [9]. Nevertheless, several studies estimated VO2 requirements of boxing match using treadmill HR/VO2 regression. This method is lacking accuracy and presents several
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limitations [10]. Recently, the study of Arseneau et al. [9] dealing with the direct
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quantification of VO2 requirements of various boxing exercises, such as sparring and padwork, demonstrated that at least VO2 of 43.4±5.9 mlkg-1min-1 and 41.1±5.1 mlkg-1min-1 were required (for sparring and pad work respectively). These values correspond to 69.7±8.0 and
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66.1±8.0% of the boxers’ treadmill VO2max respectively [6, 7].
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It is clear from the above information that reinvestigating the energy requirement of boxing match seems to be needed in order to provide information that is more accurate and to understand the physiological profile of this sport. Determining the physiological profile of athletes in a given sport is important for defining aspects of physical performance that are important to competitive performance. Therefore, examination of the energy pathway of high-
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level boxers’ athletes can be very helpful for optimizing training and then improving boxing physical fitness and performance. On the other hand, boxing is an intermittent sport characterized by short duration and high intensity bursts of activity. It requires significant “anaerobic’’ fitness, and operates within a well-developed “aerobic’’ system [11, 12]. In this context, Boxing is estimated to be 70-80% ‘’anaerobic’’ and 20-30% “aerobic’’ [13]. Therefore, fat could be an important
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substrate for muscle contraction during a boxing match and recovery phases. In view of the above considerations, the present research attempted to take into account all of these
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limitations. Therefore, the mains purpose of the present study was to evaluate the
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MATERIAL AND METHODS
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subsequent recovery.
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cardiovascular responses and the substrates used during a boxing match and during the
Participants
Fifteen male boxers of the Tunisian national team (age: 19.56±3.6 years; body mass:
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72.46±11.86 kg; height: 176.50±7.22 cm; % body fat: 14.95±3.0%; fat free mass: 59.45±8.71
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kg) volunteered to participate in this study. They had a minimum of 10-years of competitive experience in national and international tournaments with a mean training schedule of 10 to11 hours per week. Participants performed sparring matches recreationally 6-8 times a month.
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Boxers were ranged in weight-categories from ‘’bantam weight’’ to ‘’super heavy
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weight’’: bantam weight category: -56 kg (n = 1); light weight category: -60 kg (n = 1); light welter weight category: -64 kg (n = 2); welter weight category: -69 kg (n = 4); middle weight category: -75 kg (n = 2); light weight heavy category: -91kg (n = 3) and super heavy weight category: +91 kg (n = 2). Before starting the experimental procedures, all participants and their parents were given written information about the risks and benefits of the study and had
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signed an informed written consent. The study was conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki and the protocol was fully approved by the Institution Ethics Committee. At the time of the study, none of the boxers was involved in any form of weight reduction nor was following a diet of restricted water or food intake. Moreover, they reported not taking drugs, medications, or supplements and none had any endocrine or other medical issue that would affect the results of the study. Data were collected at the end of the month of
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October during a period of weight maintenance for the concerned boxers and a medical examination was performed before the test. These examinations did not reveal any
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Procedures
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abnormalities that could contraindicate the participants’ involvement in the study.
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Participants performed a 20-minute warm up, which consisted of standard boxing
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movements, and then rested on a bench until HR returned to the pre-exercise level. The match consisted of 3×3 minutes rounds (three rounds, 3 minutes-long each), with 1 minute of recovery in-between [2].
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This match simulation was conducted in a boxing ring (6 m × 6 m) and was refereed by a referee with extensive experience in boxing. The participants were instructed to prepare
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themselves as they usually would do for an official match. During each recovery period, the participant sat on a bench and was allowed to drink water. To create a demanding competition
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environment, the coaches have matched opponents with similar skills, ability, boxing
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experience as well as weight category. Moreover, coaches gave participants standardized instructions and verbal encouragements throughout the match to perform as good as possible. The coach informed the boxers that the results of the measurements were going to be analyzed in order to better prepare them for official games. Therefore, the participants were made aware of the importance of these sparring matches and tried to do their best to replicate real competition matches.
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Blood samples were obtained from the participants in a seated position at rest (T1), and during the recovery period at ~3 min (T2), ~60 min (T3), and ~24-h (T4) after the end of the match. Pre-match resting measures were obtained at ~11:00 h a.m (baseline values). The starting time of the boxing matches occurred at ~11:30 h. Participants completed one boxing match of three rounds during the experimental session. They were asked to come to the boxing gym in the morning at ~07:30 h a.m in an overnight fasting condition. They all ate the
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same breakfast, consisting of two pieces of bread with jam and a glass of orange juice.
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between rounds), and after the simulated boxing match.
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Cardiovascular responses were recorded before, during (including rest periods
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In order to increase the methodological control of the protocol, some precautions have
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been taken. First, there was an obligatory minimum of 30-h of recovery period with no
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physical training before the study to avoid participants’ experiencing any fatigue effects. Second, to avoid the effects of circadian rhythm on metabolism, the experiment was performed in the morning [14]. Third, participants had to abstain from caffeine, alcohol, and
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to maintain a consistent dietary intake before testing day.
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Maximal oxygen uptake test Prior to performing the incremental maximal exercise test, participants were given a standardized set of instructions explaining the test. Initially, subjects were familiarized with the experimental apparatus.
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The maximal oxygen uptake test consisted of a continuous incremental test on a cycle
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ergometer (EO252E; Siemens-Elema, Solna, Sweden) during which gas exchange was continuously monitored by the Douglas bag collection system. After a 5 min warm up (50 watts), the workload was increased by 25 watts every minute until exhaustion. During the test, heart rate (Cardioline ECT WS 2000, Vignate, Italy), ventilation, oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production were monitored continuously (Brainware, Toulon, France). Both the analyzers and pneumotachograph were calibrated before each test using gases of known
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concentration and a 3-L syringe. Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) was considered to have been reached if at least three of the four following criteria were met: no further increase in oxygen consumption with increasing workload [15]; respiratory exchange ratio >1.1[16]; heart rate > 90% of the maximal predicted value[17]; and an inability to maintain the required pedaling frequency despite maximum effort and verbal encouragement[18]. Measures
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Anthropometric measurements Each subject’s anthropometric measurements were collected four days before the
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Boxing match. The body mass and height of each participant were measured, and the
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percentage of body fat mass was estimated by four skinfold thickness measurements as
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described by Durnin and Rahaman [19]. A Harpenden caliper was used to measure the
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thicknesses, of biceps, triceps, subscapular and suprailiac skinfolds on the right side of the
0.1 mm. Dietary intake
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body with the participant in a standing position. Each skinfold was estimated to the nearest of
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To assess the adequacy of nutrient intake, an experienced nutritionist carefully monitored athletes’ diet. To be under the same test conditions and not obtaining misleading results, a 7-day consecutive dietary record was achieved during the
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internship period following boxing and 24-h post-match. An accurate oral clarification and
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written directions were transmitted to all participants. Nutrient intakes were calculated using a Nutristar program and the food composition tables published by the Tunisian National Institute of Statistics in 1978 [20].
Blood sampling and analytical methods
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After an overnight fast, venous blood samples were taken from the right arm after 10 minutes of rest in a seated position. Blood samples for each participant were collected from a forearm vein into plain vacutainer tubes. All analysis was made by an automatic biochemistry LISA 300 PLUS HYCEL DIAGNOSTIC. Total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) were determined by enzymatic method using Boehringer Mannhein kit [21]. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC) was calculated
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from a standard equation [22]. Blood glycerol and ammonia concentrations were measured
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separated after vein-puncture and conserved at -20°C.
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using test kit (Boehringer Mannheim). The plasma for these measurements was immediately
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Uric acid, urea, and creatinine were measured by an automatic biochemistry LISA 300
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PLUS HYCEL DIGNOSTIC and were determined by a protocol edited for Roche in Hitachi
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911. Arterialized samples were obtained from earlobe and under ideal conditions; this provides good approximation of arterial lactate concentration. Fingertip capillaries blood micro-samples were taken for blood lactate assessment in a seated position at rest (T1), and
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during the recovery period at ~3 min (T2), ~60 min (T3), and ~24-h (T4) after the end of the match. Blood samples were analyzed immediately by a lactate Pro™ (LT-1710, Roche Bio-
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electronics, Basel, Switzerland) [23]. Statistical analyses
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Means ± standard deviations (SD) were used to describe variables. Before using
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parametric tests, the assumption of normality was verified using a Shapiro Wilks test. A 1-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for repeated measures was used to examine the difference between the study phases (Resting Values Measures, and 3-min, 60-min and 24-h after match). When significant F values were observed (p 0.80). A coefficient of variation (CV) was calculated for all tests to determine the inter-individual variability. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software statistical package
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(SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, version. 20.0), and statistical significance was set at p
