• “The benefits people obtain from ecosystems” manfaat yang diperoleh masyarakat dari ekosistem MEA (2016)
• The processes by which the environment produces resources utlilised by humans • Goods (barang) and services (‘jasa’) • The key to sustaining ecosystem services → resilience • Resilience: the capacity of a system to maintain its equilibrium in the face of impacts or pressures that arise from natural or human-made interactions or events ~related to speed
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Jasa penyediaan
Genetic Species Ecosystem
Jasa pengaturan
Ecosystem
Jasa budaya
Ecosystem
Jasa penunjang Ecosystem
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Biodiversity and Climate Change IPCC AR4 (2007)
• The main roles of biodiversity in climate change mitigation: regulating service → carbon storage and sequestration • Terrestrial ecosystems: 2,000 GtC storage (mostly in forest ecosystems), sequester (capture) 2.1-3 Gt of atmospheric C/year • Emissions from deforestation: 1.5 GtC/year • Deforestation → release C in atmosphere, removes sequestration capacity of forest, reduce ability of forest as C sink
Mitigation Strategies • Two main strategies: 1. maintenance of stored carbon through REDD+ → NP’s function 2. sequestration of C from atmosphere through afforestation, reforestation and restoration (ARR) → ARR in NP? In rehab zone? • REDD+ → benefit for climate change mitigation, people/community, and biodiversity
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Benefit of REDD+
In Indonesia: - REDD+ implementation? REDD+ in national parks? - The roles of national parks in C storage and sequestration? - Variation in C storage and sequestration in Indonesia’s NP
Sebangau
Sebangau
Gunung Palung
Meru Betiri
Gunung Halimun-Salak
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Kelimutu
Gunung Bromo-Tengger-Semeru
Komodo
Teluk Cendrawasih (blue carbon?)
Valuing Ecosystem Service • For climate change mitigation → carbon estimation in the national parks • Future plan: also include wildlife, forest ‘quality’, and ecosystem service → Valuing Ecosystem Service in National Parks → more relevant for Payment for Ecosystem Service (PES) • Current approach for ecosystem service valuation: • Total Economic Value Approach • Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Approach • Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (CICES) Approach (v5.1); Jan. 2018; www.cices.eu
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Paris Agreement
National Parks in Climate Change Mitigation: Key Messages • Climate change mitigation in national parks → related to carbon (‘biomass’) • Carbon in national parks need to be maintained, if applicable → C enhanced through reforestation and restoration • Ecosystem Service (‘non-carbon benefit’): • has been recognized in UNFCCC (Paris Agreement), but guidance is not available yet • Options for valuation are available → needs some exercises
