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J. Appl. Anim. Res. 38 (2010) : 165-168
Performance and Physiological Responses of Dairy Cattle to Water Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) Under Heat Stress M. Shapasand*, A.R. Alizadeh*1, M. Yousefi*, J. Amini2 1
Animal Science Department Islamic Azad University Saveh Branch, Saveh 39187/366, Iran 2
Animal Science Department (Excellent Center of Animal Nutrition) Faculty of Agriculture Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Mashhad, Iran (Received February 17, 2010; accepted June 10, 2010)
Abstract Shapasand, M., Alizadeh, A.R., Yousefi, M. and Amini, J. 2010. Performance and physiological responses of dairy cattle to water total dissolved solids (TDS) under heat stress. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 38: 165-168. To determine the effects of water total dissolved solids containing 3400 ppm (HTDS) or 900 ppm (LTDS) on feed intake, water consumption, milk production and physiological response of heat stressed early lactation cows 10 multiparous Holstein cows (96±28 DIM) were used in a 7 weeks experiment. LTDS increased milk production (P 500 ppm TDS can improve dairy cattle performance. It appears that providing this desalinated water for dairy cattle is difficult on farm. Also, only Jaster et al. (1978) explained physiological responses (Respiration rate and rectal temperature) of dairy cattle to water TDS. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of water consumption with different levels of TDS (900 vs. < 3000 ppm) on feed intake, milk production and physiological responses in early lactation dairy cows under heat stress.
Materials and Methods Ten multiparous lactating Holstein cows (96 ± 28 DIM) were used in a completely randomized design experiment. Cows were housed in individual stalls at industrial dairy farm in Central Iran, Saveh. The experiment lasted seven weeks, with the first 2-weeks for adaptation and the last 5-weeks for sampling and data collection. All cows were offered a similar total mixed ration (TMR, NRC, 2001) twice daily at 0900 h and 1600 h. Two treatments consisted of water containing 937 ppm (LTDS) and 3,437 ppm (HTDS) (Table1). Na and K were measured using procedure of flamephotometry. Ca and Mg were measured using EDTA titration in lab. Other elements were measured by photometry procedure. LTDS water was
Table 1 Mean chemical analysis of experimental water Treatments
pH TDS (ppm) Fluoride (ppm) Chloride (ppm) Sulfate (ppm) Nitrate (NO3) (ppm) Nitrite (NO2) (ppm) Bicarbonate (ppm) Calcium (ppm) Magnesium (ppm) Sodium (ppm) Potassium (ppm)
HTDS
LTDS
7.47 3437 0.26 830 1053 55 0.06 209 251.5 56 810 2
7.5 930 0.30 170 272 11 0.01 241 69.5 34 142 2
TDS: Total dissolved solids, ppm: part per million, HTDS: treatment high TDS, LTDS: treatment low TDS.
provided daily from a water source close to the farm. Cows were milked three times daily in a milking parlor at 0400, 1200, and 2000 h and yield recorded. During the last 3 d of each sampling week, milk from individual cows was sampled at each milking in pre-labeled 50 ml plastic vials and was preserved using potassium dichromate. Milk samples were analyzed for fat and protein by Milk-O-Scan (Lacto Star analyser). Rectal temperature, heart rate and respiration rate were recorded in the afternoon (1300-1400 h) during final three days of each sampling weeks. Data of environmental temperature and humidity were collected daily. The maximum THI indices were fitted to the law equations suggested by Garcia-Ispierto et al., 2006: Maximum THI= (0.8 × maximum T + (minimum RH (%) / 100) × (maximum T- 14.4) + 46.4) Where, T is temperature and RH is relative humidity.
169
Water TDS for dairy cattle under heat stress
Table 2 Performance and Physiological responses of experimental dairy cattle Parameter
Treatments
SE
P-value
20.71 120.99
0.31 3.94
