PERFORMANCE OF EIGHT CASHEW NUT

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BUSINESS, SOCIAL AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ISSN: 2309-7892 (Online), 2519-5530 (Print), Volume: 5, Issue: 4, Page: 175-182, July-October 2017 Revi ew Paper

PERFORMANCE OF EIGHT CASHEW NUT (Anacardium occidentale) GERMPLASM IN BANGLADESH A.F. Ona1, M. Amin1, M.A. Emteas2, H. Ahmad3 and * A.F.M. Jamal Uddin3 [Citation: A.F. Ona, M. Amin, M.A. Emteas, H. Ahmad and A.F.M. Jamal Uddin (2017). Performance of Eight Cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale) Germplasm in Bangladesh. Int. J. Bus. Soc. Sci. Res. 5(4): 175-182. Retrieve from http://www.ijbssr.com/currentissueview/14013231] Received Date: 30/06/2017

Acceptance Date: 29/09/17

Published Date: 30/09/17

Abstract An experiment was conducted at RARS, Hathazari, Chittagong during July 2016 to June 2017 to evaluate the performance of eight Cashew nut germplasm. The experiment was conducted in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. Significant differences among cultivars were noted for all the attributes evaluated.Among eight Cashew nut germplasmAO Hat 003 had minimum plant height,trunk girth and less spreading which was found suitable for high density planting. Flowering was early in AO Hat 002.Yield per plant (35.93 kg), nut yield per plant (4.16 kg), edible kernel weight per plant (1.77kg) was maximum in AO Hat 004. AO Hat 004 possessed the bigger size nut (7.0g) which is one of the most important quality parameters to be cited. However, considering the vegetative growth and yield contributing characteristics AO Hat 002, AO Hat 003 and AO Hat 004 was found promising for this region.

Key words: Cashew nut, Germplasm, %TSS, Nut yield and Edible kernel. Introduction Cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale) is a tropical plant (shrub) found within the region between 23°N and 23°S of the equator. It is a drought resistant tree crop grown successfully in areas with annual rainfall of 50–350 cm. Its height is above 12 m and has a spread of about 25 m. It is one of the high value crops. Cashew nut is cultivated in limited area of Chittagong and Chittagong hill tracts area (www.megagroupbd.com/cashewNUT). Cashew nut has great potentiality to be established as economic crop (KGF, 2011). The edible portion of cashew nut is seed (kernel), obtained from shelling of roasted fruits (Amar Singh, 1980).Cashew kernels are used in snacks, as roasted and salted nuts alone or in mixture with other nuts. Cashew kernel is a good source of protein (21%), fat (47%), carbohydrate (22%) and minerals. Chinese restaurants sell a variety of meals with cooked cashew kernels. Broken kernels are used in confectionery and sometimes as substitute for almonds. Ground cashew kernels can replace peanut butter in exotic dishes. In Kenya cashew kernels are integrated in delicious chocolates. Cashew nut kernel is also used in sweet dishes like Payes, Finni, Faluda, Semai etc. It has 10-20% less fat than the other nutsand is preferable to other dessert nuts for the well nourished consumers. About 77% of the fatty acids are unsaturated and ideal for heart diets (DortheJøker, 2003). The cashew nut apple is rich in Vitamin C (about 5 times higher than the orange) and is used for the production of juice, wine, spirits, jam, pickles and chutneys (www.agricoop.info).Cashew nut shell liquid (CSNL), by product of cashew nut is also treated as valuable raw materials for paints and varnish industries (Sethiet al., 2015).In our country, raw cashew kernels are sold in several super shops, mostly packed which are imported. If we find suitable *Corresponding Author’s email: [email protected] 1 Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (RARS), Hathazari, Chittagong 2 CRP-Hill Agricultural Project (Crop Intensification), Kawkhali, Rangamati, Krishi Gobeshona Foundation (KGF) 3 Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh

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variety of cashew nut for cultivation among the Chittagong region there is no need to import. We can consume cashew nut for family demand and export the byproducts as raw materials. Therefore, the present study has been undertaken to find out the suitable germplasm of Cashewnut for Chittagong and Chittagong hill tracts area. Materials and Methods Eight Cashewnut germplasm (Plate-1) were selected from 35 plants in different location on the basis of age and bearing at RARS, Hathazari, Chittagong during 2016-17.The experiment was laidout in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 3replications.Recommendeddose of fertilizers @ 500g, 125g, 125g NPK per plant (Singhet al., 2010) were applied in two equal splits during May- June and September-October by broadcastingover the entire tree basin, 10 cm deep within a radial distance of 1.0 meter. Regular weeding, mulching andplant protection practices were adopted. Fully mature fruits were harvested from plants during May, 2017.Data was collected on Plant height (m), Trunk girth (m), Plant canopy (E-W, N-S), First date of flowering, Shape of Inflorescence, Compactness of inflorescence, Color of Flower, Anthesis period, Fruit formation (Days after flowering), First date of harvesting, Yield/ plant (kg), Nut yield/ plant (kg), TSS (%)(Total Soluble Solids), Apple Color, Edible kernel weight / plant (kg), Apple characteristics and Nut characteristics. Edible kernel was processed as plate-2. Data were analyzed statistically using MSTAT-C program. Mean was calculated and analysis of variance for each of the characters was performed by F test (Variance Ratio). Difference between treatments was evaluated by Duncan’s Multiple Range (DMRT) test at 5% level of significance (Gomez and Gomez, 1984).

AO Hat 001

AO Hat 002

AO Hat 003

AO Hat 004

AO Hat 005

AO Hat 006

AO Hat 007

AO Hat 008

Plate 1. Cashewnut germplasm under study

Step-1 Sun dry 2-3 days

Step-2 Burn until the oil excreted

Step-3 Shelling of roasted nut

Step-4 Cashew kernel with testa

Plate 2. Processing of Edible kernel http://www.ijbssr.com

Step-5 Edible Cashew nut

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Result and discussion The results obtained from the present investigation have been discussed under following heads: Plant growth characteristics Table 1 showed a lot of variable in respect to Plant growth characteristics viz. Plant height, Base girth and Canopy spread (E-W, N-S). Maximum plant height (13.5 m) was found in AO Hat 007 and minimum was in AO Hat 003 (5.4m) followed by AO Hat 002 (6.1m).Maximum trunk girth (1.9m) was found in AO Hat 006and minimum was in AO Hat 003 (0.45m). Highest Plant spread at E-W was (13.8m) in AO Hat 001 and lowest was in AO Hat 003 (4.8m).Plant spread at N-S was maximum at AO Hat 007 (16m) and minimum was in AO Hat 003 (4.2m).Such differential growth rates in cashew varieties/hybrids with respect to tree height, base girth, canopy spread were also reported by Naik et al. (1997), Swamy et al. (2000), Dorajeerao et al. (2002) and Reddy et al. (2002a). Growth pattern of any perennial tree decides the subsequent architecture in the tree. In case of cashew volume of tree canopy is very important because it indicates the bearing area and determines the tree spacing as well as population density per unit area. Tall and spreading varieties like AO Hat-001, AO Hat-006 and AO Hat-007 were reported to be less suitable for high density planting. Cashew varieties like AO Hat-002 and AO Hat-003are less tall and less spreading. Salam (1999) also found Cashew varieties likeAnakkayam-1, Vengurla–2 and M-44/3as less tall and spreading. The growth and canopy expansion rate also have the influence on pruning practices, it to be adopted in high density plantation, under poor fertility status of soil, even tall and vigorous varieties can be used for higher density planting (Mangal, 2016). Table 1. Plant growth characteristics of different Cashew nut germplasm Lines Plant height (m) Trunk girth (m) Plant spread E-W (m) N-S (m) AO Hat 001 9.8d 1.65b 13.8a 14.67b AO Hat 002 6.1e 0.74e 8c 5f AO Hat 003 5.4e 0.45f 4.8d 4.2f AO Hat 004 10.25cd 0.75e 7.2c 12.27d AO Hat 005 9.25d 1.02d 10.5c 11.5d AO Hat 006 11.5bc 1.9a 13.8a 13.76c AO Hat 007 13.5a 1.42c 12.8a 16a AO Hat 008 11.9b 0.90de 9.4b 6.5e LSD (0.05) 1.36 0.17 1.13 0.99 CV (%) 6.06 6.6 6.39 4.88 Flower Initiation Data presented in (Table 2) showed the variation in different varieties with respect to flower Initiation. Flower initiation was early in line AO Hat 002 (28.01.17) and late flower Initiation was in line AO Hat 007 (27.02.17). Bhaskara Rao(1998) reported that the flowering season varied from October to January in cashew. Similar variations in flowering time were also reported by Reddy et al. (2002b) and Desai et al. (2001) at different locations. Desai et al. (2010) also found Vengurla-4 as an early bearing hybrid variety. According to Mangal (2016)early flowering (Nov–Dec) was recorded in 6 cashew genotypes namely 3/33, 30/1, VRI-1, H-320, H-303 and NRCC Sel-2 and late flowering (Jan-Feb) was recorded in 3/28 and. NRCC Sel-1.The season of flowering varies from one region to another due to change in altitude, temperature, humidity and rainfall of the particular region. Shape of Inflorescence According to the descriptor list for cashew of IBPGR (1986), the shape of inflorescence was observed as ‘Broadly Pyramidal’ in 2 germplasm (AO Hat 001 and AO Hat 006), ‘Pyramidal’ in 3 germplasm (AO Hat 004, AO Hat 005 and AO Hat 007) and ‘Narrowly Pyramidal’ in the remaining 3 germplasm (AO Hat 002, AO Hat 003 and AO Hat 008) (Plate-3). Generally, the germplasm with http://www.ijbssr.com

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broadly pyramidal inflorescence shape had higher width compared to length. Mangal (2016) also found the shape of inflorescence either ‘Narrowly Pyramidal’ in as many as 7 genotypes or ‘Pyramidal’ in 5 genotypes and ‘Broadly Pyramidal’ in the remaining 2 genotypes among 14 genotypes. Sena et al. (1995) observed two types of inflorescence in 17 cashew cultivars. Compactness of inflorescence With respect to growth pattern of inflorescence, all the cashew germplasm showed loose inflorescence (open)(Plate-3). Similar result was observed by Mangal (2016) in 14 cashew genotypes. Color of Flower Table-2 showed among 08 cashew germplasm, 05 (AO Hat 002, AO Hat 004, AO Hat 005 and AO Hat 006 and AO Hat 007) had pink flowers and cream-colored flower was observed in only 03germplasm (AO Hat 001, AO Hat 003 and AO Hat 008) (Plate-3).Mangal (2016) found majority of cashew genotypes (12) routinely had pink flowers however, cream coloured flower was observed in only two genotypes. In cashew flower color may develop or change during anthesis period (Weevers, 1952). Anthesis period Anthesis period was same for all cashew nut germplasm (11am-12.30pm) (Table-2).Wunnachit (1991) also reported the anthesis period of cashew nut from mid morning to mid day in Kununurra, West Australia. Rao and Hassan (1957) indicated that the cashew was wind pollinated, with insects being unimportant. Bigger (1960) also concluded that the high percentage of male flowers suggested wind as the pollinating agent.

AO Hat 001

AO Hat 002 AO Hat 003 AO Hat 004 AO Hat 006 Plate 3. Inflorescence Cashew nut germplasm Table 2. Flower characteristics of different Cashew nut germplasm First date of Shape of Compactness of Color of Lines flower initiation Inflorescence inflorescence Flower AO Hat 001 10.02.17 Broadly Pyramidal Loose Cream Narrowly AO Hat 002 28.01.17 Loose Pink Pyramidal Narrowly AO Hat 003 18.02.17 Loose Cream Pyramidal AO Hat 004 15.02.17 Pyramidal Loose Pink AO Hat 005 25.02.17 Pyramidal Loose Pink AO Hat 006 15.02.17 Broadly Pyramidal Loose Pink AO Hat 007 27.02.17 Pyramidal Loose Pink Narrowly AO Hat 008 18.02.17 Loose Cream Pyramidal

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AO Hat 008

Anthesis period 11am-12.30pm 11am-12.30pm 11am-12.30pm 11am-12.30pm 11am-12.30pm 11am-12.30pm 11am-12.30pm 11am-12.30pm

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Fruit formation (Days after flowering) Fruit formation was early (42 Days after flowering) in AO Hat 002 and AO Hat 007 (Table-3). Late fruit formation (56 Days after flowering) was in AO Hat 001. Wunnachit (1991) reported that fruit set started in week 2 after anthesis and fruits dropped at week 3.Morton (1987) reported the time from flowering to cashew nut maturity is about 50 to 60 days.The fruit of the cashew tree is an accessory fruit (sometimes called a pseudo carp or false fruit), what appears to be the fruit is an oval or pear-shaped structure, a hypocarpium, that develops from the pedicel and the receptacle of the cashew flower (Varghese and Pundir, 1964). First date of harvesting Mature fruits were first harvested from plants during May (Table-3). The nut develops first while the apple develops and enlarges only 2 weeks before fruit fall (www.nda.agric.za). Nuts should be harvested as soon as possible, especially under wet conditions and should be dried before storage. Yield/ plant (kg) Mature fruits were first harvested from plants during 3rd and last week of May. The yield would be two to three times higher but due to cyclone Mora (30.05.17) above 50% of the cashew fruits has been dropped. Maximum yield per plant (35.93 kg) was found in AO Hat 004 followed by AO Hat 006 (35.43 kg). Minimum yield per plant (12.97kg) was found in AO Hat 008followed by AO Hat 003(12.99kg)(Table-3). Sarkar et al., (1993) also found twenty-five genotypes had higher average yields among 52 improved cashew genotypes from Kerala. Basavaraj and Hegde (1998) recorded highest yield by the hybrid VH-19 among 11 germplasm of cashew. Nut yield/ plant (kg) Table-3 showed maximum nut yield per plant (4.16kg) in AO Hat 004 followed by AO Hat 006 (3.87kg) and minimum nut yield per plant (1.23kg) was found in AO Hat 003 followed by AO Hat 008 (1.5 kg).Manojet al.(1993)found higher nut yield from H-342from fifty-six 10-year-old F1 hybrids.The variation in growth and yield- attributing characters might be due to genetic makeup of plant genotype which expresses their own character. Variability of Nut yield among different germplasm was also reported by Lenka et al. (1997),Naik et al. (1997), Bhaskara Rao(1998), Sundararaju et al. (2006) and Sreenivas et al. (2016). TSS (%) Significant variation was occurred in case of TSS (%) among 08 germplasm (Table.3). TSS (%) was higher (14) in AO Hat 008 and AO Hat 003 while lower in AO Hat 001 (8.1). Mangal Singh Paikara (2016) also found TSS(%) at different range from 11.25 to 15.16 among 14 cashew genotypes. Apple Color Color of apple varied from Yellow to red (Table.3). Dorajeerao et al, (2002) found Apple colour was yellow and yellow-red among fourteen clones of cashew. Mangal (2016) found yellow in 10 genotypes and red in four genotypes. Edible kernelweight per plant (kg) The kernel of cashewnut is edible, economical and processed part. Data presented in (Table 3) showed significant variation among eight germplasm with respect to obtained edible kernel weight per plant. Edible kernel weight per plant was found higher in AO Hat 004 (1.77 kg) followed by AO Hat 006 (1.34 kg). Lower edible kernel weight was found in AO Hat 003 (0.23 kg) followed by AO Hat 008 (0.34 kg).Similar variations were also reported by Mangal (2016) in 14 genotypes, Sreenivas et al.(2016) in 09 F1 cashew hybrids and Swamy et al. (2000) in 63 germplasm accessions. http://www.ijbssr.com

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Table 3. Yield andYield contributing characteristics of different Cashew nut germplasm Lines AO Hat 001 AO Hat 002 AO Hat 003 AO Hat 004 AO Hat 005 AO Hat 006 AO Hat 007 AO Hat 008 LSD (0.05) CV(%)

Fruit formation First date (Days after of flowering) harvesting 3rd week 56a of May Last week 42f of May Last week 53b of May 3rd week 48d of May Last week 51bc of May Last week 50c of May 3rd week 42f of May 3rd week 45e of May 48.38 0.11 -

Yield/ plant (kg)

Nut yield/ plant (kg)

TSS (%)

Apple Color

Edible kernel weight / plant (kg)

32.66b

3.4ab

8.1d

Yellowis h red

0.71d

28.07c

3.17b

12.3b

Yellow

0.63d

12.99e

1.23c

35.93a

4.16a

23.75d

3.25b

35.43ab

3.87ab

33.90ab

3.66ab

12.97e

1.50c

14a

Light Red

0.34e

3.17 6.8

0.8 15.38

1.32 6.64

-

0.18 11.52

Deep Yellow Greenish 10c Red Yellowis 10.3c h Red Deep 12b Yellow Reddish 11.5bc Yellow 14a

0.23e 1.77a 0.97c 1.34b 1.03c

Apple characteristics The descriptor list for cashew of IBPGR (1986), suggested that the apple weights, from 36 to 43 g were to be considered as ‘intermediate’, while the weights lower than 36g as ‘low’ and higher weights above 43g as ‘high’ class. According to this Table4 showed that AO Hat 002, AO Hat 006, AO Hat 007 and AO Hat 008 were in ‘high’ class. AO Hat 001 and AO Hat 003 were in ‘intermediate’ class. AO Hat 004 and AO Hat 005 were in ‘low’ class. But there was no significant variation among eight germplasm with respect to Apple length. Maximum apple diameter (5.1cm) was in AO Hat 002 and minimum (3.4) was in AO Hat 004.Bhaskara Rao (1998) also reported the wide range in apple weight (30 -150g). Swamy et al. (2000) in Karnataka, and Reddy et al.(2002b) in Andhra Pradesh had also reported marked variations in respect of apple size and weight. Nut characteristics According to IBPGR (1986), Among the 08 cashew germplasm only 01germplasm(AO Hat 005)was identified as the low nut weight category (7 g) category nut among the 14 cashew genotypes. Similarly, Swamyet al. (2000) identified 17, 45 and 40 accessions of cashew germplasm in the National Cashew Gene Bank, in low (7 g) category for nut weight, respectively. Nut length was maximum (3.3cm) in AO Hat 004 and minimum (2.27cm) in AO Hat 003.Nut diameter was maximum (2.23cm) in AO Hat 004 and minimum (1.53cm) in AO Hat 002.The variation in nut yield contributing characters might be due to genetic makeup of plant genotype which expresses their own character. Similar results were also observed by Manojet al.,(1993), Sarkar et al., (1993), Lenkaet al., (1997), Naiket al., (1997), Hegdeet al., (1999), Dorajeerao et al., (2002), Reddy et al., (2002b), Reddy et al., (2004) and Sundararaju et al., (2006). http://www.ijbssr.com

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Table 4. Apple and Nut characteristics of different Cashew nut germplasm Lines AO Hat 001 AO Hat 002 AO Hat 003 AO Hat 004 AO Hat 005 AO Hat 006 AO Hat 007 AO Hat 008 LSD (0.05) CV(%)

Apple characteristics Nut characteristics Weight (g) Length (cm) Diameter (cm) Weight (g) Length (cm) Diameter (cm) 42.2c 5.48 3.7d 5.33bc 2.69cd 1.70cd 55.8a 4.42 5.1a 6.0ab 2.43de 1.53d 40.4d 4.02 4.63bc 5.67b 2.27e 1.70cd 31.4f 5.06 3.4d 7.0a 3.3a 2.23a 34.8e 4.48 4.3c 4.17c 2.57cde 1.53d 47.8b 3.98 4.93ab 6.33ab 3.10ab 2.03b 46.8b 5.16 4.3c 5.5b 2.9bc 1.80c 46.4b 4.75 4.33c 6.0b 2.6cde 1.73c 1.73 NS 0.44 1.19 0.39 1.8 2.32 16.94 5.81 12.04 8.25 0.10

Conclusion All Cashew nut germplasm showed significant differences in respect of all the attributes evaluated. AO Hat 003 showed minimum plant height (5.4m), trunk girth (0.45m), less spreading at E-W (4.8m) and N-S (4.2m) among 08 Cashew nut germplasm which indicated its suitability for high density planting. On the other hand, maximum plant height (13.5m) was in AO Hat 007, maximum trunk girth was found in AO Hat 006 (1.9m), more spreading at E-W was in AO Hat 001 (13.8m) and N-S (16m) in AO Hat 007 among 08 Cashew nut germplasm. Early flowering was in AO Hat 002 (28.01.17) and late flowering was in AO Hat 007 (27.02.17). Inflorescence shape was observed ‘Broadly Pyramidal’ in AO Hat 001 and AO Hat 006, ‘Pyramidal’ in AO Hat 004, AO Hat 005 and AO Hat 007 and ‘Narrowly Pyramidal’ in AO Hat 002, AO Hat 003 and AO Hat 008. All the cashew germplasm showed loose inflorescence. Pink colored flower AO Hat 002, AO Hat 004, AO Hat 005 and AO Hat 006 and AO Hat 007 and cream coloured flower was in AO Hat 001, AO Hat 003 and AO Hat 008. Anthesis period was same for all cashew nut germplasm (11am-12.30pm).Fruit formation was early (42 Days after flowering) in AO Hat 001 and AO Hat 007 and late in AO Hat 002 (56 Days after flowering). Mature fruits were first harvested at May. Yield per plant (35.93 kg), nut yield per plant (4.16 kg), edible kernel weight per plant (1.77kg) and Individual nut weight (7.0g) was maximum in AO Hat 004.Minimum yield per plant (12.97 kg) was in AO Hat 008, nut yield per plant (1.23 kg) in AO Hat 003, edible kernel weight per plant (0.23kg) in AO Hat 003 and individual nut weight (4.17g) in AO Hat 005. TSS (%) was higher (14) in AO Hat 008 and AO Hat 003 while lower in AO Hat 001 (8.1).Color of apple varied from Yellow to red. References Amar Singh. 1992. Fruit physiology and production. Kalyani publishers, 1/1, Rajinder Nagar, Ludhiana, p. 474. Basavaraj, N. and Hegde, N.K. 1998. Initial performance of cashew selection under up-ghat conditions. Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 11(2): 546-547. Bhaskara Rao, E.V.V. 1998. Cashew crop improvement programmes in India. Proceedings of the Int. Cashew and Coconut Conference, Dar es Salam, Tanzania, p.108 – 115. Bigger M. 1960. Selenothrips rubicintus (Giard) and the floral biology of cashew in Tananyika. East African Agric J.Kenya.25:229-234. Desai A.R., Singh S.P., Faleiro J.R., Thangam M., Priya Devi S., Safeena S.A. and Singh N.P. 2010. Techniques and Practices for Cashew production. Tech Bull:21, ICAR Research Complex for Goa, Ela, Old Goa403402, Goa, India. Desai, A.R., Dhandar, D.G., Mathew, P.A., Gaonkar, V.Y. and Leela B. 2001. 'Goa-1': a new cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) variety for Goa. Journal ofPlantation Crops, 29(1): 59-61. Dorajeerao, AVD. Ravishankar, C. and Reddy, MLN. 2002. Morphological and yield characters of certain promising clones of cashew nut under Bapatla condition. South Indian Horticulture, 50 (1/3):151-158. http://www.ijbssr.com

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DortheJøker. 2003. Information about Cashew nut (AnacardiumoccidentaleL.) Danida Forest Seed Centre, p.11. Gomez, A. K. and A. A. Gomez. 1984. Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Reasearch, 2ndEd., John Wiley and Sons, Inc., NY.pp.8-20. Hegde, M.V. (1999). Evaluation of cashew nut cultivars under rainfed conditions of northern Karnataka. Annals of Biology, 15(2): 263-265. IBPGR (1986). Cashew Descriptor List International Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, Rome. KGF. (2011). Export Potentials of High Value Crops from Bangladesh: An assessment based on global market analysis. KGF Bull. 10: 1-4. (www.kgf.org.bd/.../10 -Project%20Code%20). Lenka, P.C., Maharana, T. and Mishra, N.K.(1997). Studies on performance of different cashew types under agroclimatic condition of Orissa, India. Proc. Int. cashew and coconut conference: trees for life – the key todevelopment, Dar Es Salam, Tanzania pp. 129-132. Mangal Singh Paikra. (2016). Studies On Genetic Divergence In Cashew (Anacardium Occidentale L.), Phd thesis. Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur. P. 47-67. Manoj, P.S., George, T.E. and Krishnan, S. (1993). Evaluation of F1 hybrids of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.). The Cashew, 7(2): 3-4. Morton, J. (1987). Cashew Apple. In: Fruits of warm climates. Julia F. Morton Publ., Miami, FL. p. 239–240. Naik, Jayaprakash B., Muralidharan, P.and Latha, P. (1997). Growth and quality analysis of different genotypes of cashew in northern Kerala. The Cashew,11 (4):31-36. Rao V.N.M. and Hasan M.V. (1957). Preliminary study on the floral biology of Cashew (Anacardium Occidentale L.). Indian J for Agric. Sc. 27:277-288. Reddy, L., Mohammed, M.G. and Kumar, P.B. (2002a). Evaluation of high yielding clones under Bapatla conditions for nut yield and other characters. TheCashew, 16(4): 26-31. Reddy, M.L.N., Kumar, B.P. and Gouse, Mohammed. (2004). Growth performance ofcashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) genotypes during pre bearing stage under Bapatla condition. The Cashew, 18 (3): 1921. Reddy, N.S., Lingaiah, H.B., Krishnappa, K.S. and Anjanappa, M. 2002b. Genetic variability in cashew genotypes. Current Research University ofAgricultural Sciences, Bangalore, 31(9/10): 153-155. Salam, M.A. (1999). Cashew varieties suitable for high density planting. The cashew.13(4): 15-19. Sarkar, B.B., Baidya, S., Nandy, H., Paul, J.M. and Bhattacharjee, A.K. (1993). Evaluation of cashew germplasm in Tripura. The Cashew, 7(1): 5-9. Sena, D. K., Lenka, P. C. and Rath, S. (1995). Studies on floral characters of different cashew types. The cashew, 9 (2): 5-7. Sethi K., Lenka P.C. and Tripathy S.K. (2015). Evaluation of cashew (AnacardiumoccidentaleL.) hybrids for vegetative parameters and nut yield. Journal Crop and Weed, 11(1):152-156. Singh L.S., Medda P.S., Bhattacharjee H. and Satya P. (2010). Performance of six genotypes of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) under terai agro-climatic zone of West Bengal. Asian J. Hort. 5 (1): 131133. Sreenivas, M., Lakshminarayanav Reddy M., Dorajeerao A. V. D. and Paratpararao M. (2016). Study on Morphological, Nut and Kernel Parameters among certain F1 Hybrids in Cashewnut. Plant Archives. 16 (1) pp. 437-440. Sundararaju, D., Yadukumar, N and Bhat, P.S. (2006). Yield performance of ‘Bhaskara’ cashew variety in coastal Karnataka. Journal of plantationCrops, 34(3): 216-219. Swamy, K. R. M., Bhaskar Rao, E. V. V. and Bhat, M. G., (2000). Catalogue of minimum descriptors of cashew, Germplasm-III, National Research Centre for Cashew (ICAR), Puttur, Karnataka, India. Varghese, T.and Pundir, Y. (1964). "Anatomy of the pseudocarp in Anacardium occidentale L.". Proceedings: Plant Sciences. 59 (5): 252–258. Weevers T. (1952). Flower colors and their frequency. Acta Botanica Neerlandica.1:81-92. Wunnachit Wijit. (1991). The Floral Biology of Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L) in relation to pollination and fruit set. Phd thesis. Waite Agricultural Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, South Australia. www.agricoop.info.ke/files/downloads/Cashew%20nut%20full.pdf www.megagroupbd.com/cashewNUT www.nda.agric.za http://www.ijbssr.com