The Petronas Towers are twin skyscrapers in Kuala. Lumpur ... City: Kuala Lumpur ... grees, with a circle inscribed in the center. Main. Contractor: Tower 1:.
Petronas Twin Towers 1.Introduction Country : Malaysia City: Kuala Lumpur Started :1992 Completed: 1998
Once considered the tallest building in the world from 1998 to 2004 ,the Petronas Towers are a reflection and homage to the dominant Islamic culture of Malaysia.
The Petronas Towers are twin skyscrapers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Standing at 451.9 m ,when they were completed in 1998 they became the tallest buildings in the world, a title they held until Taipei 101 was constructed in 2004.
2.Architectural System Height : To Tip
451.9 m
Roof
378.6 m
Height (Occupied) 375 m Floor count
88
Floors below
5
Floor area
395,000 m2
Elevator count
78
Main Contractor: Tower 1: Hazama Corporation from Japan Tower 2: Samsung engineering & construction from South Korea
A doubledeck bridge spanning 58.4 m connects the two towers at the sky lobby elevator transfer stations on floors 41 and 42, 170 m above grade.
The Twin Tower was designed by an architect, Cesar Pelly but the designed was characteristic of Malaysia inspired through Tun Dr Mahathir that wanted to have and consist of Islamic elements . The designs and patterns entrance halls reflect traditional craftsmanship with numerous “songket” (tapestry) traditional in decor. .
3.Architectural Concept The Argentine architect Cesar Pelli was chosen for his postmodern design that was deemed to suitably express the ‘culture and heritage of Malaysia.’ The design was inspired by characteristics of Islamic architecture such as repetitive geometries and arabesques. Each of the towers’ floor plates is based on the simple geometric forms of two interlocking squares (Rub-el-Hizb ) which creates an 8pointed star shape. This represents the Islamic principles of ‘unity within unity, harmony, stability and rationality’. The resulting curved and pointed bays create a façade reminiscent of temple towers, and the bridge at the 41st floor that links the two towers is intended to evoke the idea of a dramatic gateway to the city.
#11 Tallest in the World
#8 Tallest in Asia #1 Tallest in Malaysia
The Rub el Hizb is characterized by two overlapping squares, one rotated 45 degrees, with a circle inscribed in the center.
4.Structural Design of Petronas Twin Towers Cast-in-situ concrete is used in deep friction barrette foundations and the continuous cap/mat under each tower. Structural steel is used for long-span typical floor beams, supporting concretefilled metal deck slabs. Structural concrete is used in foundations, in the central core, in sixteen tower perimeter columns and variable-depth perimeter ring beams, and in twelve smaller perimeter columns and
Superstructure:
Each tower is supported by a ring of sixteen cylindrical columns of highstrength reinforced concrete, placed on the inner corners of the starshaped plan.The columns are nearly 2.4 meters in diameter at the base of the building, but taper as they rise through the floors.At the center of each tower is an approximately 23by-23-metre concrete core. ring beams around the `bustle' (half-height mini The typical floor -tower attached to the system consists of main tower). Outrigger wide-flange beams beams link core and spanning from the perimeter at levels 38 to core to the ring beams. 40 for additional A 2 in. deep efficiency. composite metal deck system with a 4¼ in. Foundation: (110mm) concrete Soil tests showed that the bedrock topping completes the under both towers started shallow, floor system. 15m down, but sloped sharply to The floor corners of more than 180m. alternating right angles Installing concrete-filled piers at the deep The size of columns in the tower and bustle and arcs are end would be difficult, slow and changes as the height of the tower increases cantilevered from the expensive, exceeding normal construction as shown in the figure below. These size perimeter ring beams. practices. The piers' shortening over time increments minimized the time and cost Hunched ring beams would also produce unacceptable tower associated with formwork changes. varying from (1.17 m) tilting. The developer of KLCC, finally deep at columns to Tower decided to move the location 60m (0.78 m) at midspan Steel southeast of the initial site to achieve are used to allow for 84m+ better support. And instead of piers, it was ductwork in office decided an entirely different foundation space outside of the GR.40 ring beams. A similar system was needed. Friction piles 70 1200Ø (structures narrower than piers), approach with a reinforced by grout (a sand and cement midspan depth of 61 mixture), were used. (0.78 m) is used in the bustles. The foundation system of the 50 1500Ø Bustle towers consists of a 4.5 metre The lateral system GR.60 thick piled raft supported on recfor the towers is of 38 1800Ø 1000Ø 38 tangular friction piles (barrettes) GR. reinforced concrete 40 varying in depth from 40 metres consisting of a central 27 to 105 metres, to control predict- GR. 23 core, perimeter 2100Ø 1200Ø 60 ed settlement under different 17 columns, and ring thicknesses of Kenny Hill for- GR. beams using concrete 7 mation underlain by lime- 90 2400Ø GR.80 strength up to (80 4 25.5m stone. Each foundation consists MPa). The bustle is 1400Ø of 104 barrettes (rectangular insupported by 12 situ piles up to 1.2 by 2.8 metres). columns.
Cladding
The pinnacle
Construction Progress
A total of 83,500sq m of stainless steel extrusions and 55,000sq m of laminated glass were used to clad the walls and realise architect Cesar Pelli's vision, which was
The crowning glory to the twin towers were the pair of 73.5mhigh steel pinnacles that would propel the towers to fame as the world's tallest building.
The construction of the superstructure commenced on 1 April 1994. Interiors with furniture were completed on 1 January 1996, the spires of
that of a "multi-faceted diamond sparkling in the sun." Designed as a curtain wall exterior, the cladding comprised 33,000 panels in all; each panel is as high as one floor and spans ledge to ledge. Laminated glass was preferred for its safety, sound insulation, durability and solar energy control. It also screens out most ultra-violet rays, hence protecting the interior from sun damage. Like the typical floors, cladding was constructed using the four-day cycle system. All panels were interlocked and placed in a downupwards position
Each pinnacle comprised a mast, a spire ball and a ring ball; all were lifted piece by piece in
Tower 1 and Tower 2 were completed on 1 March 1996 .
References: Charles H. Thornton et al, Design of The World’s Tallest Buildings-Petronas Twin Towers at Kuala Lumpur ,The Structural Design of Tall Buildings, Vol. 6, 245-262 (1997). Bunglale S. Taranath, Structural Analysis and Design of Tall Buildings, page 472 http://skyscrapercenter.com/building/ petronas-twin-tower-1/149 http://mcleon.tripod.com/KLCC/klccvision.htm http://www.archdaily.com/105895/adclassics-petronas-towers-cesar-pelli Prepared by: Mohammad Numan Aloko No:2016425808 Subject Tall Building Engineering Lecture: Dr.Hazrina Mansoor
The two-hinge arch supporting the bridge has rotational pins (spherical bearings) at the end of each leg or 'spring point' and at the top or 'crown' of the arch (bearings). The main bridge girders have a rotational (centering) pin directly over the arch crown to permit the crown to rise and fall as the Towers move closer or further apart.
The Skybridge
The bridge is 170 m above the ground and 58.4 m long, weighing 750 tons. A 'two-hinge arch' springing from supports at level 29 and rising at 63 degrees to support a pair of parallel two-span continuous bridge girders at Level 41.
Skybridge isometric and leg plan
