Phenology, plant height and yield of mungbean varieties in response ...

Sarhad J. Agric. Vol.25, No.2, 2009

PHENOLOGY, PLANT HEIGHT AND YIELD OF MUNGBEAN VARIETIES IN RESPONSE TO PLANTING DATE ABDUR REHMAN*, SHAD KHAN KHALIL*, SHAHEEN NIGAR**, SADUR REHMAN***, IKRAMUL HAQ*****, SOHAIL AKHTAR****, AMIR ZAMAN KHAN* and SYED REHMAT SHAH* * ** *** **** *****

Department of Agronomy, NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar, Pakistan Institute of Development Studies, NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar, Pakistan Cereal Crops Research Institute, Pirsabak, Nowshera, Pakistan Department of Livestock Management, NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar, Pakistan Department of Agricultural Extension Education & Communication, NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar, Pakistan

ABSTRACT Phenology, plant height and yield are most important parameters affected by planting date. A field experiment to study the effect of five planting dates viz. 30th March, 15th April, 15th May, 15th June and 15th July on two mungbean varieties i.e. NM-92 and M-1 were evaluated at NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar during summer 2004. Significant differences were observed among various planting dates for all the parameters except days to 50% flowering and grains pod-1. Sowing date of 30th March took more days to emergence, flowering and physiological maturity. Maximum emergence m-2 was recorded for 15th April sowing. The crop attained maximum plant height under 15th May sowing. Highest grain yield was recorded for early planting of 30th March. Both mungbean varieties produced statistically similar grain yield. It is concluded from the experiment that mungbean could be planted from 1st to 15th April under agroclimatic conditions of Peshawar for obtaining maximum yield. Key Words: Phenology, Plant height, Mungbean varieties, Yield Citation: Rehman, A., S.K. Khalil, S. Nigar, S. Rehman, I. Haq, S. Akhtar, A.Z. Khan and S.R. Shah. 2009. Phenology, plant height and yield of mungbean varieties in response to planting date. Sarhad J. Agric. 25(2): 147151. INTRODUCTION Grain legumes play an important role in increasing the quantity of food and improving the quality of the cereal based diets. Grain legumes together with cereals account for as much as two third of the total dietary intake of the vast population of many developing countries. Mungbean is an important pulse crop in many Asian countries including Pakistan. It is mainly grown for its edible seeds. On account of its high protein content (22-24%), it is a cheap source of vegetable protein. With growing population and increasing demand for food in Pakistan, mungbean can play a useful role in supplying protein and vitamins. Potential yield of mungbean can be achieved through optimum use of inputs and agronomic practices. High yielding varieties and suitable sowing time are the most important factors affecting the yield. Too early sowing may not successfully germinate, while yield from too late sown crop may be low due to unfavorable condition for growth and development of mungbean (Hussain et al. 2004). High yielding varieties are of primary importance for potential yield. Varieties play a vital role in the success of crop production. Yield can be increased to a greater extent provided high yielding varieties are identified and planted at suitable time. Farrag (1995) reported in a field study conducted on mungbean (Vigna radiata) at ElMania, Egypt that 1st May sowing gave the earliest maturity and a significant increase in total grain yield, number of pods plant-1, number of grains plant-1 and 1000 grain weight compared to 15th March and 15th June sowings. Mungbean crop sown in first week of July produced taller plants, higher yield and yield components (Ramzan et al. 1992). Seed yield, days to emergence and days to maturity of mungbean cultivars decreased with delay in sowing time (Thakar and Dhingra, 1993; Yadav et al. 1995; Sriastava, 1996; Rakash et al. (2000) reported that mungbean crop sown on 15th March had higher number of pods plant-1, seeds pod-1 and higher grain yield. Raza et al. (1995) revealed that mungbean yield were higher in crop sown in June and July. In order to determine optimum sowing time and high yielding, the present experiment was conducted to evaluate different genotypes of mungbean planted on different date under agro-climatic condition of Peshawar valley.

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MATERIALS AND METHODS To investigate the effect of planting date and variety on phenology, plant height and yield of mungbean, an experiment was carried out at New Developmental Farm of the NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar during summer 2004. Five planting dates (30th March, 15th April, 15th May, 15th June and 15th July) and two mungbean varieties (NM-92 and M-1) were evaluated. Both varieties included in the experiment have given good performance in other mungbean growing areas. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with split plot arrangements having four replications and a net plot size of 3 x 4 m-2. Planting dates were allotted to main plots while varieties to subplots. The crop was sown with the help of single row hand drill in a well prepared seedbed in 30 cm apart rows. Seed rate of 25 kg ha-1 was used. A basal dose of 25:50 kg ha-1 N: P was applied in the form of Diammonium phosphate (DAP). All the cultural practices were kept uniform in all the plots during the experiment. The observations recorded were days to emergence, emergence m-2, days to 50% flowering, days to physiological maturity, plant height, pods plant-1, seeds pod-1, thousand grains weight and grain yield. Data were analyzed statistically to determine the significance of the characters studied. Least significance difference (LSD) test was applied for the comparison of various means (Steel and Torrie, 1980). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Days to Emergence Planting dates (D) significantly affected days to emergence, while varieties (V) and D x V interaction showed non significant effect (Table I). Maximum days to emergence were taken by crop sown on 30th March while minimum days to emergence were taken by crop planted on 15th July. These differences can be attributed to differences in temperature. Both varieties took about equal days to emergence. These results agree with Yadav et al. (1995) who reported that days to emergence decreased with delay in sowing date. Table I. Days to emergence of mungbean varieties as affected by planting date Planting Date 30th March 15th April 15th May 15th June 15th July Mean

Days to emergence NM-92 M-1 6.5 6.25 4.75 4.25 4.5 4.5 4.25 4.25 5.75 5.25 5.15 4.9

Means 6.37 a 4.5 c 4.5 c 4.25 c 5.5 b

LSD value for planting date = 0.505 Emergence m-2 Emergence m-2 was significantly affected by planting dates (Table II). High emergence was found in plots planted on 15th April while low emergence m-2 was recorded for 15th July sowing. The emergence decreased with delay in sowing. This reduction in emergence may be due to the fact that air temperature was comparatively low at early planting compared late planting. This mild temperature may have provided favorable and conducive environment for germination compared with late sowing. Emergence m-2 was slightly higher in mungbean variety NM-92 than M-1. Interaction between D x V showed non significant effect on emergence m-2. This may be due to genetic similarity between two varieties. Table II. Emergence m-2 of mungbean varieties as affected by planting date Planting Date 30th March 15th April 15th May 15th June 15th July Mean

LSD value for planting date = 3.172

Emergence m-2 NM-92 M-1 40.0 I 39.5 41.25 39.5 34.25 33.75 37.75 37.75 30.5 29.75 36.75 36.05

Means 39.75 a 40.37 a 34.0 b 37.25 a 30.12 c

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Days to 50% Flowering The data regarding days to 50% flowering indicated that sowing dates (D), varieties (V) and DxV interaction showed non significant effect (Table III). All planting dates and both varieties took equal days to 50% flowering. Table III. Days to 50% flowering of mungbean varieties as affected by planting date Planting Date

30th March 15th April 15th May 15th June 15th July Mean

Days to 50% flowering NM-92 M-1 42.50 43.50 41.75 41.75 42.25 42.75 41.75 42.75 41.25 41.25 41.90 42.40

Means

43.0 41.75 42.50 42.25 41.25 NS

NS= non significant Days to Physiological Maturity Days taken to physiological maturity were significantly affected by planting dates while varieties (V) and D×V interaction showed non significant effect (Table IV). Maximum days to maturity were recorded for March 30, while minimum days to maturity were taken by crop planted on July 15. Days to maturity decreased with delay in sowing. These findings are similar to those of Yadav et al. (1995) who reported that days to maturity decreased with delay in sowing time. Table IV. Days to physiological maturity of mungbean varieties as affected by planting date Planting Date 30th March 15th April 15th May 15th June 15th July Mean

Plant height NM-92 M-1 68.50 67.75 66.50 65.75 65.0 65.0 64.50 63.75 60.25 60.0 64.95 64.45

Means 68.12 a 66.12 b 65.0 bc 64.12 c 60.12 d

LSD value for planting date = 1.172 Plant Height Sowing dates (D) significantly affected plant height, while varieties (V) and DxV interaction showed non significant effect (Table V). Mean values of planting dates showed that plant height increased with delay in planting up to 15th May. Delay in sowing beyond 15th May decreased plant height. Both varieties produced plants of about equal height. These results are contradicting to the results of Ramzan et al. (1992) who reported higher plant height in mungbean crop planted in the first week of July. This may be due to the genetic make of mungbean varieties as they use different than the varieties included in our experiment. Table V. Plant height (cm) of mungbean varieties as affected by planting date Planting Date 30th March 15th April 15th May 15th June 15th July Mean

LSD value for planting date = 4.080

Planting dates NM-92 M-1 53.0 58.75 60.0 58.75 67.25 70.50 63.75 66.25 51.0 52.50 59.0 61.35

Means 55.87 b 59.37 b 68.87 a 65.0 a 51.75 c

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Sowing dates (D) significantly influenced number of pods plant-1, while varieties (V) and DxV interaction showed non significant effect on pods plant-1 (Table VI). Maximum number of pods plant-1 was recorded for 30th March while minimum was recorded for 15th July. Both varieties produced about equal number of pods plant-1. Similar results were reported by Rakesh et al. (2000) who reported higher number of pods plant-1 in mungbean crop sown on 30th March. Table VI. Pods plant-1 of mungbean varieties as affected by planting date Planting Date 30th March 15th April 15th May 15th June 15th July Mean LSD value for planting date = 3.082

Pods plant-1 NM-92 M-1 17.25 17.50 17.0 17.25 I 16.25 16.25 14.25 16.25 11.50 12.75 15.25 16.0

Means 17.37 a 17.12 a 16.25 a 15.25 a 12.12 b

Number of Grains Pod-1 Sowing dates (D), varieties (V) and DxV interaction showed non significant effect on number of grains pod-1 (Table VII). These results do not agree with results of Rakesh et al (2000) and Farrag (1995) who reported significant effect of planting dates on number of seeds pod-1. Table VII. Number of grainsPods-1 of mungbean varieties as affected by planting date Grains pod-1 Planting Date Means NM-92 M-1 30th March 10.94 9.76 10.35 15th April 10.21 10.53 10.37 15th May 10.26 10.40 10.33 15th June 10.37 10.67 10.52 15th July 10.08 10.03 10.05 Mean 10.37 10.28 NS 1000 Grain Weight Sowing dates (D) and varieties (V) significantly affected 1000 grain weight, while D×V interaction showed non significant effect (Table VIII). Maximum grain weight was recorded for 30th March while minimum was recorded for crop planted on 15th July. Mungbean variety NM-92 produced higher grain weight as compared to variety M-1. These results differ with Farrag (1995) who reported maximum 1000 seed weight in mungbean crop sown on 1st May. Table VIII. 1000 grain weight (g) of mungbean varieties as affected by planting date Planting Date Grain Yield NM-92 M-1 30th March 45.2 43.5 15th April 44.2 42.7 15th May 44.0 42.7 15th June 42.7 43.0 15th July 41.7 40.5 Mean 43.6 a 42.5 b LSD value for planting date = 1.823

Means 44.3 a 43.4 a 43.4 a 42.8 ab 41.1b


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Grain Yield Planting dates (D) significantly influenced the grain yield, while varieties (V) and D×V interaction showed non significant effect (Table IX). The highest grain yield was recorded in plots sown on March 30. Sowing after 15th April decreased grain yield. The lowest grain yield was observed in plots planted on 15th July. Both varieties produced statistically equal grain yield. These results agree with the findings of Yadav et al. (1995), Sriastava et al. (1996) and Rakash et al. (2000) who obtained maximum grain yield of mungbean sown in March. However, these results differ with findings of Ramzan et al. (1992), Thakar and Dhingra (1993) and Raza et al. (1995) who reported maximum grain yield of mungbean planted in July. Table IX. Grain Yield (kg ha-1) of mungbean varieties as affected by planting date Planting Date Grain Yield NM-92 M-1 30th March 913.71 1049.0 15th April 838.33 984.73 15th May 470.94 449.51 15th June 587.98 458.24 15th July 539.58 523.71 Mean 670.11 693.04 LSD value for planting date = 186.2

Means 981.3 a 911.5 a 460.2 b 523.1 b 531.6 b

CONCLUSION It is concluded that mungbean variety M-1 produced higher yield compared with NM-92 irrespective of plating date. However, higher yield was obtained when planting was done either in March or 15th April. It is recommended that the farmers may plant variety M-1 up to 15th April. Variety NM-92 may be the second option subject to non availability of seed of M-1. The farmers of Peshawar valley will get maximum benefit if planting is completed up to 15th April because there was drastic reduction in yield after this date. Moreover, the farmers may also be able to plant second crop on the same field in early July which may enhance income of poor resource farmers in addition to increasing soil fertility due to its nitrogen fixation capability. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Financial support provided by the Pakistan Science Foundation for executing the project is highly acknowledged. REFERENCES Farrag, M. M. 1995. Yield of 23 mungbean accessions as affected by planting date under El-Mania conditions. Assiut J. Agric. Sci. 26 (2): 49-62. Hussain, A., S.K.Khalil, S. Khan and H. Khan. 2004. Effect of sowing time and variety on grain yield of mungbean. Sarhad J. Agric. 20(4): 481-484. Rakesh , D., O. Prakash and I. Ahlawat. 2000. Response of spring green gram to dates of sowing. Annal. Agric. Res., CCS Univ. India. 21(4): 570-571. Ramzan, C.M., M.A. Nadeem, R.H. Khan and M.A. Khan. 1992. Effect of sowing date on mungbean seed yield under rainfed conditions. J. Agric. Res. Lahore. 30(2): 205-211. Raza, A. and A. Hasanzadeh. 1995. Effect of planting date and plant density on yield, yield components and their vertical distribution in green gram (Vigna radiata L.). Iranian J. Agric. Sci. 26(2):19-31. Sriastava, G.P. and V.C. Sriastava. 1996. Varieties and date of sowing of mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) in Bihar plateau. J. Res. Birsa Agric. Univ. 8(1):17-19. Steel, R.G.D. and J.H. Torrie. 1980. Principles and procedures of statistics: A biometrical approach. McGraw Hill Co. New York, USA. Thakar, S. and K.K. Dhingra.1993. Response of mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) cultivars to time of sowing under south western region of Punjab. J. Res. Punjab Agric. Univ. 30(3-4):157-159. Yadav, R.N., N. Shantha and S. Nagarajan. 1995. Seed yield and quality of green gram in relation to sowing time and variety under spring-summer conditions. Seed Res. 23 (1): 43-46.

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