Physical activity among South Australian

September 2007

Physical activity among South Australian

Adults

This work is copyright. It may be reproduced and the Population Research and Outcome Studies Unit (PROS) welcome requests for permission to reproduce in the whole or in part for work, study or training purposes subject to the inclusion of an acknowledgment of the source and not commercial use or sale. PROS will only accept responsibility for data analysis conducted by PROS staff or PROS supervision.

National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication

Gill, Tiffany.

Physical activity among South Australian adults /

T. Gill ;S. Fullerton ; A.W. Taylor.

ISBN: 9780730899471 (pbk.)

Health--South Australia. Exercise--South Australia.

Health surveys--South Australia. Fullerton, Simon. Taylor, Anne, 1950- . South Australia. Dept. of Health. 613.7099423

Suggested citation: Gill T, Fullerton S, Taylor A. Physical activity among South Australian Adults. September 2007. Population Research and Outcome Studies Unit. SA Health. Adelaide. July 2008.

Physica l activit y in SA adult s

Page 2

Table of Contents

Executive summary....................................................................................................................... 6

Chapter 1: Background and methodology................................................................................ 9

1.1 Introduction............................................................................................................................ 10

1.2 Survey objectives.................................................................................................................. 10

1.3 Survey design ........................................................................................................................ 10

1.3.1 The Health Monitor Survey ............................................................................................. 10

1.3.2 Sample selection ............................................................................................................. 11

1.3.3 Introductory letter............................................................................................................. 11

1.3.4 Questions ......................................................................................................................... 11

1.3.5 Pilot testing ...................................................................................................................... 11

1.4 Data collection....................................................................................................................... 12

1.4.1 CATI ................................................................................................................................. 12

1.4.2 Call backs......................................................................................................................... 12

1.4.3 Validation ......................................................................................................................... 12

1.4.4 Participation rate.............................................................................................................. 13

1.5 Data processing .................................................................................................................... 13

1.5.1 Analysis ............................................................................................................................ 13

1.5.2 Weighting ......................................................................................................................... 14

1.5.3 Data interpretation ........................................................................................................... 14

Chapter 2: Demographic characteristics of respondents .................................................... 15

2.1 Introduction............................................................................................................................ 16

2.2 Demographic characteristics.............................................................................................. 16

Chapter 3: Health profile of respondents................................................................................ 22

3.1 Introduction............................................................................................................................ 23

3.2 General health status ........................................................................................................... 23

3.3 Obesity .................................................................................................................................... 24

Chapter 4: Sufficient physical activity in the previous week .............................................. 25

4.1 Introduction............................................................................................................................ 26

4.2 Sufficient physical activity .................................................................................................. 26


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4.3 Prevalence of sufficient physical activity, Definition 1 .................................................. 26

4.4 Prevalence of sufficient physical activity, Definition 2 .................................................. 27

4.5 Demographic and health variables associated with sufficient physical activity....... 28

4.6 Sedentary, insufficient and sufficient physical activity ................................................. 32

4.7 Trends in activity 1998 – 2007............................................................................................. 39

4.8 Comparisons with other surveys ....................................................................................... 40

Chapter 5: Physical activity in the past week......................................................................... 42

5.1 Introduction............................................................................................................................ 43

5.2 Categories of physical activity ........................................................................................... 43

5.3 Number of activities undertaken ........................................................................................ 44

5.3.1 Walking moderate or vigorous exercise......................................................................... 44

5.3.2 Gardening or housework................................................................................................. 44

5.3.3 All activities ...................................................................................................................... 45

5.4 Average time spent undertaking physical activity.......................................................... 46

5.4.1 Sedentary behaviour ....................................................................................................... 46

5.5 At least one form of physical activity in the past week.................................................. 48

5.6 Overall prevalence of physical activity by the five defined categories....................... 51

5.7 Walking ................................................................................................................................... 52

5.8 Vigorous activity ................................................................................................................... 56

5.9 Moderate activity................................................................................................................... 60

5.10 Housework ........................................................................................................................... 64

5.11 Gardening............................................................................................................................. 68

5.12 Cycling .................................................................................................................................. 71

5.13 Activity with children in the past week ........................................................................... 76

Chapter 6: Workplace activity ................................................................................................... 82

6.1 Introduction............................................................................................................................ 83

6.2 Support for workplace activity ........................................................................................... 84

6.3 Most important factor allowing physical activity ............................................................ 86


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Chapter 7: Main sporting activity and sitting activities........................................................ 88

7.1 Introduction............................................................................................................................ 89

7.2 Main sporting activity........................................................................................................... 89

7.3 Sitting activities..................................................................................................................... 94

7.3.1 Watching TV, videos, DVDs or playing video or computer games, or surfing the

Internet....................................................................................................................................... 94

7.3.2 Driving .............................................................................................................................. 95

7.3.3 Overall sedentary activity................................................................................................ 96

Chapter 8: Factors that impact on physical activity ............................................................. 97

8.1 Introduction............................................................................................................................ 98

8.2 Stages of change .................................................................................................................. 98

8.3 Perceptions and attitudes ................................................................................................. 104

8.4 Happiness.............................................................................................................................106

8.5 Sleep...................................................................................................................................... 107

8.6 Environment.........................................................................................................................110

Chapter 9: Global physical activity questionnaire ..............................................................113

9.1 Introduction..........................................................................................................................114

9.1.1 Vigorous and moderate activity in the workplace........................................................115

9.1.2 Walking or using a bicycle for travel ............................................................................ 118

9.1.3 Vigorous and moderate physical activity ..................................................................... 119

9.1.4 Sedentary activities ....................................................................................................... 122

9.1.5 Levels of physical activity..............................................................................................124

References.................................................................................................................................. 129

Appendix 1: Letter.....................................................................................................................131

Appendix 2: Questionnaire..................................................................................................... 133

Appendix 3: Calculation of total physical activity ...............................................................151


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Executive Summary

This report aimed to obtain the level of physical activity of South Australians adults in 2007 and compare the results of the study to those previously undertaken by the Population Research and Outcomes Studies (PROS) Unit, Department of Health in 1998, 2001 and 2004.

Demographic characteristics and general health status >

There were 3065 respondents to the survey with 48.7% of the sample male and 51.3% female. The majority of respondents (79.6%) were born in Australia and 9.7% came from a non-English speaking background.

>

Overall, 83.6% reported that their health was excellent, very good or good.

>

Body mass index (BMI) was also determined with 33.1% classified as overweight and 16.1% classified as obese.

Level of sufficient physical activity >

58.1% of respondents had undertaken a sufficient level of physical activity in the past week according to Definition 1 (150 minutes of walking, moderate or vigorous exercise, with vigorous activity doubled to account for the greater intensity).

>

47.2% of respondents had undertaken a sufficient level of physical activity in the past week according to Definition 2 (150 minutes of walking, moderate or vigorous exercise, with vigorous activity doubled to account for the greater intensity over 5 or more sessions).

>

Overall 15.5% of respondents were classified as sedentary, that is, had not undertaken walking, moderate or vigorous activity in the past week. This compares with 17.1% in 1998, 16.9% in 2001 and 17.2% in 2004.

Activities undertaken in the past week >

Overall, 84.4% of respondents indicated that they had undertaken at least one of the suggested activities (walking, moderate exercise, vigorous exercise, gardening, housework) in the last week.

>

8.8% of respondents had not undertaken any of these activities in the past week. This compares with 8.1% in 1998, 8.0% in 2001 and 10.2% in 2004.

>

Older people, those widowed and those living in the lowest Socioeconomic Index for Areas (SEIFA) Index of Relative Social Disadvantage (IRSD) quintile were significantly less likely to have undertaken at least one activity in the last week, as were those born in a nonEnglish speaking country and those that classified themselves as having fair or poor health.


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>

The most common activity undertaken in the last week was walking (77.8%) followed by vigorous physical activity (41.0%).

>

When considering the level of cycling activity, 7.5% of respondents had cycled for recreation or transport in the past week.

Factors that impact on physical activity >

Overall, 60.6% of respondents had been active for more than six months; however 8.6% of respondents did not intend to be active to the level of at least 30 minutes of moderate or vigorous activity on most days of the week in the next six months.

>

Overall, 15.4% of respondent rated physical activity as extremely important in their daily life.


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CHAPTER 1: Background and methodology


Page 9

1.2 Introduction Physical activity surveys have been conducted in South Australia (SA) at three yearly intervals since 1998. This report summarises data collected as part of the survey undertaken in 2007 on behalf of the Health Promotion Branch, SA Health and the Office of Recreation and Sport.

1.3 Survey objectives The objective of the survey was to: >

Obtain updated physical activity data from questions repeated from previous surveys (in 2004, 2001 and 1998) and to compare the results over time.

1.4 Survey desi gn 1.4.1 The Health Monitor Survey The Health Monitor is a telephone monitoring system designed to provide high quality health data on large samples of the South Australian population. It is particularly applicable for surveys where planning information is required about health problems, use of health services, consumer perspective or health outcomes. The Health Monitor is a flexible system and can be used not only in direct self-report surveys, but also in recruiting for postal or other surveys requiring more detailed or complex information than can be obtained in telephone surveys (such as clinical information).

The advantage of obtaining large samples lies in the opportunity to describe health problems and compare the health status and activities of different population or regional groups, either cross-sectionally or over time. Large samples are important for the planning and development of health services on specific issues and the Health Monitor provides the opportunity to obtain population data regarding these issues. The Health Monitor is managed within the Population Research and Outcome Studies (PROS) Unit in the South Australian Department of Health.


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1.4.2 Sample selection

All households in South Australia with a telephone connected and the telephone number listed in the Electronic White Pages (EWP) were eligible for selection in the sample. Telephone numbers were randomly selected from the Adelaide metropolitan and country 1

regions EWP telephone listings .

Within each household, the person who had their birthday last, and was 18 years or older, was selected for interview. There was no replacement for non-contactable persons.

1.4.3 Introductory letter

A letter introducing the survey (Appendix 1) was sent to the household of each selected telephone number. This informed residents of the purpose of the survey and indicated that they could expect to be contacted by telephone within the time frame of the survey. Overall, 62.5% of the respondents reported receiving the letter.

1.4.4 Questions The questionnaire design was based on those questions used previously in the 2004, 2001 2,3

and 1998 physical activity surveys , as well as questions from previous Health Monitor 4

surveys . Questions were also designed to explore other areas of physical activity research, identified by the Steering Committee, which are lacking in the current literature.

The full list of questions asked in this survey is contained in Appendix 2.

1.4.5 Pilot testing

Before the conduct of the main survey, the questionnaire was pilot tested (n=54). The original questionnaire, where appropriate, was amended slightly on the basis of the information obtained.


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1.5 Data collection On contacting the household, the interviewer initially identified themselves and the purpose of the survey. Data collection was undertaken by the contracted agency, Harrison Health th

th

Research. Pilot testing took place on 14 and 15 August 2007. The survey commenced on rd

th

3 of September 2007 and concluded on 13 of November 2007. Telephone calls were made between 9.00 am and 8.30 pm, seven days a week. Professional interviewers conducted the interviews and were supervised by Harrison Health Research and PROS unit personnel. Disposition codes were supplied to PROS unit staff daily, or as required, to ensure careful monitoring of survey activities.

1.5.1 CATI The Computer Assisted Telephone Interview (CATI) system, Ozquest was used to conduct the interviews. This system allows immediate entry of data from the interviewer’s questionnaire screen to the computer database. The main advantages of this system are the precise ordering and timing of call-backs and correct sequencing of questions as specific answers are given. The CATI system enforces a range of checks on each response with most questions having a set of pre-determined response categories. In addition, CATI automatically rotates response categories, when required, to minimise bias. When openended responses were required, these were transcribed exactly by the interviewer.

1.5.2 Call backs At least ten call-backs were made to each telephone number selected to interview the appropriate household member. Different times of the day or evening were scheduled for each call-back. If a person could not be interviewed immediately they were re-scheduled for interview at a time suitable to them. Where a refusal was encountered, another interviewer generally (at the discretion of the supervisor) called later, in an endeavour to obtain the interview(s). Replacement interviews for persons who could not be contacted or interviewed were not permitted.

1.5.3 Validation Of each interviewer’s work, 10% was selected at random for validation by the supervisor. In addition, Harrison Health Research is a member of Interviewer Quality Control Australia (IQCA), a national quality control assurance initiative of the Market Research Society of Physica l activit y in SA adult s

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Australia. Accredited organisations must strictly adhere to rigorous quality assurance requirements and are subject to regular audits by IQCA auditors.

1.5.4 Participation rate The overall participation rate was 64.4%. A sample of 6650 was drawn. Sample loss occurred due to fax/ modem connections (1.2%, n=81), Telstra message or number not connected (18.2%, n=1207), non–residential numbers (2.5%, n=168), deceased (0.3%, n=6) and ineligible (0.7%, n=49). From the eligible sample of 5139, a response rate of 59.6% was calculated as shown in Table 0.1. Ta ble 0. 1: S umm a ry of re s pons e rat e Response rate

n

%

Eligible sample

5139

Refusals

1347

26.2

389

7.6

95

1.8

145

2.8

Terminated

31

0.6

Respondent unavailable

67

1.3

3065

59.6

Non-contact 10 attempts Foreign language Incapacitated

Completed interviews Participation rate

64.5

Response rate = completed interviews / initial eligible sample

Participation rate = completed interviews / (initial eligible sample - non-contact after ten attempts)

1.6 Data processing 1.6.1 Analysis Raw data from the CATI system were analysed using SPSS Version 15.0 and Microsoft Excel for text responses. The conventional five per cent level of statistical significance was used to determine statistically significant differences.


Page 13

1.6.2 Weighting Weighting was used to correct for disproportionality of the sample with respect to the 5

population of interest . The data were weighted by age, sex and postcode to reflect the structure of the population in South Australia over the age of 18 years and probability of selection in the household. Probability of selection in the household was calculated on the number of adults in the household and the number of listings in the White Pages that reach the household.

1.6.3 Data interpretation

The weighting of the data results in rounding effects for the numbers. In all instances the percentages should be the point of reference rather than the actual numbers of respondents. For example cell sizes presented as 1, 2 and 4 could in fact be 1.3, 2.4 and 4.4, which results in a slight variation from the totals presented (7 vs. 8). The percentages presented in this report have been processed on the figures pre–rounding.

Differences reported with ∧ ∨ indicate that the overall figure is statistically significantly different from the sample proportion.


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CHAPTER 2: Demographic characteristics of respondents

2.1 Introduction This section presents all of the relevant demographic characteristics of the survey respondents.

2.2 Demographic characteristics Table 2.1 shows the profile of respondents by gender, age group, household size and area of residence.

Ta ble 2. 1: De m ogra phi c c ha ra ct eris tic s – ge nde r, a ge group, hous e hol d siz e a nd st ruct ure a nd a rea of re si de nc e Variable

Response Categories

Gender

Male

1494

48.7

Female

1571

51.3

18 to 24 years

499

16.3

25 to 34 years

462

15.1

35 to 44 years

544

17.8

45 to 54 years

539

17.6

55 to 64 years

442

14.4

65 to 74 years

286

9.3

75 years and over

293

9.6

1 adult

415

13.5

2 adult

1742

56.8

909

29.7

None

1975

64.4

1 child

452

14.7

2 children

439

14.3

3 or more children

199

6.5

Age group

Household size (adults)

3 or more adults Number of children in household (under 18 years)

Not stated

n

%

1

Total

3065

0.03 100.0

Note: The weighting of the data can result in rounding discrepancies or totals not adding (see Section 1.5.3)


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Table 2.2 shows the area of residence of respondents by metropolitan and country areas and by the South Australian Health regions.

Ta ble 2. 2: De m ogra phi c c ha ra ct eris tic s – A re a of resi de nce Variable

Response Categories

Area of residence

Metropolitan

n

%

2179

71.1

886

28.9

1409

46.0

Southern Adelaide

770

25.1

Country

886

28.9

1409

46.0

Southern Adelaide

770

25.1

Hills Mallee

205

6.7

Wakefield

287

9.4

Mid North

59

1.9

Riverland

65

2.1

120

3.9

Eyre

93

3.0

Northern and Far Western

56

1.8

3065

100.0

Country Health regions Central Northern Adelaide

Central Northern Adelaide

South East

Total


Table 2.3 describes the ethnic composition of the respondents. The majority of respondents were born in Australia, with the next most common country of birth being the United Kingdom and Ireland, although a wide range of respondents from other countries were also interviewed. Those from a non-English speaking background accounted for 9.7% of the sample population. Of the 79.6% of respondents who reported that they were born in Australia, 1.5% were of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander descent.


Page 17

Ta ble 2. 3: De m ogra phi c c ha ra ct eris tic s – C ount ry of bi rt h and Abori gi nalit y Variable

Response Categories

Country of birth

Australia

n

%

2439

79.6

English speaking countries

329

10.7

Non English speaking countries

296

9.7

2439

79.6

279

9.1

Italy

60

1.9

South East Asia, China, Japan

48

1.6

Eastern Europe, Russia and the Baltic States

45

1.5

Northern, Western, Southern Europe

45

1.5

India and other Asia

26

0.9

Germany

25

0.8

New Zealand

25

0.8

North and South America and Caribbean

23

0.7

Netherlands

21

0.7

Africa including North Africa

16

0.5

Greece

7

0.2

Middle East

4

0.1

Papua New Guinea, Melanesia and Polynesia

3

0.1

3065

100.0

38

1.5

2397

98.3

5

0.2

2439

100.0

Australia UK and Ireland

Total Aboriginal or Torres

Yes

Strait Islander

No Not stated

Total



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Table 2.4 shows the main language spoken at home and marital status of the respondents. Also shown is the Socioeconomic Index for Areas (SEIFA), Index of Relative Social Disadvantage (IRSD) for respondents which is created from Census data and is an area level 6

indicator of socioeconomic status .

Ta ble 2. 4: De m ogra phi c c ha ra ct eris tic s – m ai n la ngua ge s poke n at home, ma rit al st at us Variable

Response Categories

Main language spoken

English

at home

Marital status

%

2938

95.9

Other European language

33

1.1

Italian

32

1.0

South East Asian language

19

0.6

Arabic and other Asian

19

0.6

Russian and Eastern European

13

0.4

Greek

8

0.3

Other

3

0.1

1988

64.9

Separated/Divorced

199

6.5

Widowed

162

5.3

Never married

713

23.3

4

0.1

3065

100.0

Lowest quintile

464

15.3

Low quintile

628

20.7

Middle quintile

611

20.1

High quintile

634

20.9

Highest quintile

703

23.1

3039

100.0

Married/De facto

Not stated Total SEIFA quintile

n

Total

Note: The weighting of the data can result in rounding discrepancies or totals not adding (see Section 1.5.3) Note: n=26 respondents did not have a SEIFA score


Page 19

Respondents were asked whether their dwelling was rented or owned. The responses are summarised in Table 2.5, as are those relating to the highest education level attained, work status and gross annual household income.

Ta ble 2. 5: De m ogra phi c c ha ra ct eris tic s – highes t e duca ti onal qualifi ca ti on obta ine d, w ork st at us, gros s a nnual hous e hold inc ome a nd dwe lli ng s ta tus Variable

Response Categories

n

%

Highest educational

Still at school

51

1.7

qualification obtained

Left school at 16 years or less

606

19.8

Left school after age 16

694

22.7

Left school after age 16 but still studying

203

6.6

Trade/Apprenticeship

333

10.9

Certificate/Diploma

570

18.6

Bachelor degree or higher

602

19.6

5

0.2

1266

41.3

686

22.4

61

2.0

1051

34.3

2

0.1

Not stated Work status

Full time employed Part time/casual employment Unemployed Economically inactive Not stated

Gross annual

Up to $20,000

450

14.7

household income

$20,000 to $40,000

451

14.7

$40,001 to $60,000

537

17.5

1135

37.0

493

16.1

2582

84.2

Rented from Housing Trust

120

3.9

Rented privately

300

9.8

Retirement village

36

1.2

Rent free/supplied with job

11

0.4

2

0.1

13

0.4

3065

100.0

Over $60,000 Not stated Ownership of dwelling

Owned or being purchased by the occupant

Other Not stated Total



Page 20

Those who did not work full time or part time (n = 1123) were then asked if they received any form of pension or benefit. Overall, 25.0% of respondents received some form of pension or benefit. The responses are summarised in Table 2.6 and Table 2.7.

Ta ble 2. 6: S umm a ry of pe nsi on be nefi ts rec eiv e d by re s ponde nt s Pension or benefit

n

%

Yes

765

25.0

No

2300

75.0

Total

3065

100.0


Ta ble 2. 7: S umm a ry of t y pe of be nefi t* Pension or benefit

n

%

448

39.9

Invalid/Disability pension

95

8.5

Service or defence/War widow’s/Repatriation

58

5.2

AUSTUDY/Youth allowance

36

3.2

Supporting parents

26

2.3

Unemployment

31

2.8

Self funded/superannuation

35

3.1

9

0.8

Child/family/parenting

19

1.7

UK/overseas pension

3

0.3

Sickness allowance

4

0.4

Not stated

1

0.1

Aged pension

Carer’s

* Multiple responses were possible


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CHAPTER 3: Health profile of respondents


Page 22

3.1 Introduction This section reports on each of the following health characteristics:

> Self reported general health status, and

> Body mass index.

3.2 General health status 7

Respondents were asked to indicate their general health status . Overall, 83.6% (95%CI 82.3-84.9; n = 2564) of respondents described their health as “Good, Very Good or Excellent”. Table 3.1 shows self-reported general health status by gender.

Ta ble 3. 1: S elf re porte d ge ne ral he al th st at us by ge nde r Male Self reported health status

n

Female

Persons

%

n

%

n

%

Excellent

256

17.1

325

20.7

581

18.9

Very good

558

37.3

568

36.2

1126

36.7

Good

430

28.8

427

27.1

857

27.9

Fair

195

13.0

184

11.7

379

12.4

Poor

51

3.4

67

4.2

118

3.8

4

0.3

1

0.1

5

0.2

1494

100.0

1571

100.0

3065

100.0

Don’t know Total

Note: The weighting of data can result in rounding discrepancies or totals not adding (see Section 1.5.3)


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3.3 Obesi ty Table 3.2 shows the prevalence of one health risk factor - obesity. Body mass index (BMI) is 2

calculated using height and weight (i.e. mass in kilograms / (height in metres) ) and is 8

classified using the World Health Organization (WHO) classification (less than 18.5 – underweight, 18.5 to 24.9 - normal, 25.0 to 29.9 – overweight and 30.0 and over – obese). However if respondents were not able to provide either their height or weight or both, BMI was not calculated.

Ta ble 3. 2: B ody ma s s i nde x by ge nder Male

Female

Persons

BMI category

n

%

n

%

Underweight

9

0.6 ∨

51

Normal

552

37.0 ∨

Overweight

621

Obese

265

Not stated Total

46 1494

n

%

3.2 ∧

60

2.0

728

46.3 ∧

1280

41.8

41.5 ∧

395

25.2 ∨

1016

33.1

17.8

262

16.7

527

17.2

181

5.9

3065

100.0

3.1 ∨ 100.0

135 1571

8.6 ∧ 100.0

Note: The weighting of data can result in rounding discrepancies or totals not adding (see Section 1.5.3) 2 ∧ ∨ Statistically significantly higher or lower (χ test, p < 0.05) between gender # Insufficient numbers for statistical analysis


Page 24

CHAPTER 4: Sufficient physical activity in the previous week


Page 25

4.1 Introduction This section reports on the prevalence of respondents undertaking a sufficient level of 8

physical activity to achieve a health benefit , and demographic and health profiles of those respondents classified as sedentary, or undertaking insufficient and sufficient physical activity.

4.2 Suffici ent physical activi ty From descriptions of physical activity type and time, it was determined whether in the past week respondents had achieved a sufficient level of physical activity to achieve a health 9

benefit . The definitions of sufficient physical activity used in this report are as follows: >

Definition 1: 150 minutes total of walking, moderate or vigorous physical activity with 9 vigorous activity weighted by a factor of two to account for its greater intensity . > Definition 2: 150 minutes total of walking, moderate or vigorous physical activity with 9 vigorous activity weighted by a factor of two, over at least five separate sessions a week .

These definitions do not include gardening or housework, however vigorous they are perceived to be, due to limited research regarding the energy expenditure of these activities.

The next section will report on the demographic profile of the overall prevalence of physical activity, the demographic and health profile of respondents classified as sedentary, undertaking insufficient and sufficient physical activity.

A comparison is also made between the 2007, 2004, 2001 and 1998 data using Definition 1.

4.3 Preval ence of sufficient physi cal acti vity, Defini tion 1 This definition is based on the sum of the total minutes of walking, moderate or vigorous intensity exercise. A sufficient health benefit is obtained if the sum of these is greater than or 8

equal to 150 minutes with vigorous weighted by a factor of two .

All respondents (n=3065) were considered in the analysis, however 2.1% (n=63) of respondents were unable to provide an adequate indication of the time spent undertaking Physica l activit y in SA adult s

Page 26

some or all of the activities. Overall, 58.1% (95% CI 56.4-59.9) of respondents had undertaken a sufficient level of physical activity according to definition 1 above (Table 4.1).

Ta ble 4. 1: N um ber of re s ponde nt s unde rta k ing a s uffi cie nt le v el of physi ca l a cti vit y usi ng D efi ni ti on 1 Sufficient physical activity, Definition 1

n

% (95% CI)

Sedentary

464

15.5 (14.2-16.8)

Insufficient physical activity

793

26.4 (24.9-28.0)

Sufficient physical activity

1745

58.1 (56.4-59.9)

Total

3002

100.0


4.4 Preval ence of sufficient physi cal acti vity, Defini tion 2 Definition 2 is based on the sum of the total minutes of walking, moderate or vigorous intensity exercise, and frequency of exercise. A sufficient health benefit is obtained if the sum of these is greater than or equal to 150 with vigorous activity weighted by a factor of two, 9

which is accrued over at least five sessions .

All respondents were included in this analysis (n=3065), however 2.1% (n=63) of respondents were unable to provide an adequate indication of the time, or number of sessions, spent undertaking some or all of the activities. Overall, 47.2% (95% CI 45.4-49.0) of respondents had undertaken a sufficient level of physical activity according to definition 2 above (Table 4.2).


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Ta ble 4. 2: N um ber of re s ponde nt s unde rta k ing a s uffi cie nt le v el of physi ca l a cti vit y usi ng D efi ni ti on 2 Sufficient physical activity, Definition 2

n

% (95% CI)

Sedentary

464

15.5 (14.2-16.8)

Insufficient physical activity

1121

37.3 (35.6-39.1)

Sufficient physical activity

1417

47.2 (45.4-49.0)

Total

3002

100.0


4.5 Demographic and health variables associated with sufficient physical activity Table 4.3 shows the prevalence of sufficient activity according to Definition 1 and Definition 2 by demographic variables and Table 4.4 shows the overall prevalence by self-reported health status and BMI category.


Page 28

Ta ble 4. 3: De m ogra phic c hara ct eri st ic s of res ponde nt s who ha d unde rt a ke n s uf fici e nt phy sic al ac tivi ty (D efi niti on 1 a nd D efi nit ion 2) Sufficient activity

Definition 1

Variable

Definition 2

n

%

n

%

Male

889

60.6 ∧

727

49.6 ∧

Female

856

55.8 ∨

689

44.9 ∨

18 to 29 years

478

72.1 ∧

395

59.6 ∧

30 to 44 years

480

59.0

389

47.8

45 to 59 years

435

58.6

346

46.7

60 years and over

351

44.9 ∨

287

36.6 ∨

1 person

202

49.9 ∨

169

41.7 ∨

2 people

994

58.0

801

46.7

3 or more people

548

62.2 ∧

447

50.6 ∧

Gender

Age group

Household size (over 18 years)

Children under 18 in the household No

1097

57.0

895

46.5

Yes

648

60.2

522

48.5

1393

58.4

1136

47.6

Other English speaking country

191

58.8

158

48.6

Non English speaking country

161

55.0

123

42.0

1249

58.4

1015

47.5

496

57.4

402

46.5

Central Northern Adelaide

816

59.0

667

48.3

Southern Adelaide

433

57.3

348

46.1

Hills Mallee

121

60.8

90

45.5

Wakefield

164

58.3

134

47.8

Mid North

28

50.4

20

35.2

Riverland

34

52.4

29

44.5

South East

60

51.5

54

45.9

Eyre

58

62.7

48

52.6

Northern and Far Western

32

57.7

26

48.2

1745

58.1

1417

47.2

Country of birth Australia

Area Metropolitan Adelaide Country Health regions

Overall

Note: The weighting of the data can result in rounding discrepancies or totals not adding (see Section 1.5.3) * Not stated category not reported 2 ∧ ∨ Statistically significantly higher or lower (χ test, p Normal practice > On treadmill. > Physiotherapist. > Port Adelaide.

>

Various places. > Western Australia.


Page 92

Respondents who undertook activity in the last week (n=2354) were asked if this activity was part of a team, club or competition, or a class at a gym, hall or fitness centre. The responses are summarised in Table 7.3.

Ta ble 7. 3: Ac tivi ty unde rt ak e n a s part of a t ea m or i n a cl as s Male Part of team or class

n

Female %

Yes

513

43.4 ∧

No

670

56.6 ∨

Total

1183

100.0

Persons

n

%

n

%

417

35.6 ∨

930

39.5

755

64.4 ∧

1425

60.5

2354

100.0

1171

100.0

Note: The weighting of the data can result in rounding discrepancies or totals not adding (See section 1.5.3) 2 ∧ ∨ Statistically significantly higher or lower (χ test, p Martial arts, Wing Chun (4). > More time surfing but it is difficult with children. > Numerous, non specific (5).

> > >

> >

On holidays going to the shack and going to do canoeing. Play cricket with the kids (2). Play tennis and I'll be going to the gym still & I'll be doing my walking once daylight savings kicks in because it won't be dark when I get home from work. Run with dog. Surfing.

Respondents who intended to be active in the next 30 days or in the next six months, those who did not intend to be active over the next six months and those who did not know (n=788) were asked what is the most important thing, other than time, that would motivate them to be more physically active. Overall, 20.2% (n=159) of respondents stated that nothing would motivate them to be more physically active. The responses are summarised in Table 8.5.


Page 10 2

Ta ble 8. 5: M ost i m porta nt t hi ng t hat woul d motiv at e to im prov e phy si ca l ac tivi ty le ve ls Male

Female

Persons

Motivators

n

%

n

%

n

%

Lose weight

33

9.1

52

12.1

85

10.7

Feel healthier/better

51

14.2

73

17.0

124

15.7

1

0.3

1

0.1

1

0.1

Prevent health problems

33

9.2

21

4.9

54

6.9

Increase fitness

33

9.3

43

10.0

76

9.6

Assist recovery from health condition/problem

12

3.4

16

3.7

28

3.6

Meet people

12

3.2

13

3.0

25

3.1

Physical appearance

8

2.3

3

0.8

12

1.5

Being younger/age

3

0.7

4

0.8

6

0.8

Better weather/daylight saving

6

1.5

14

3.2

19

2.5

Money/cheaper gyms

2

0.4

7

1.7

9

1.1

Childcare/babysitter

-

-

2

0.5

2

0.3

Recover from cardiac episode

Activity with someone

17

4.7

16

3.8

33

4.2

Motivation/energy/enjoyment

8

2.2

17

3.9

25

3.1

Improved current health/after pregnancy

6

1.6

12

2.8

17

2.2

Convenient classes/closer to home/better environment/ workplace environment

10

2.8

8

1.8

18

2.3

Other

13

3.5

14

3.3

27

3.4

Nothing/None

85

23.6

74

17.3

159

20.2

Don’t know

29

8.0

40

9.3

69

8.7

360

100.0

429

54.4

788

100.0

Total

Note: The weighting of the data can result in rounding discrepancies or totals not adding (see Section 1.5.3) 2 ∧ ∨ Statistically significantly higher or lower (χ test, p Equipment. > Faster results (2). > Fit for grandchildren. > Footy Career (5). > Give up smoking. > Gym but enjoying. > Having sports equipment at home. > I have an artificial leg but can still swim and will. > If I had a dog. > If I was working. > If the doctor says I'm going to die then I will start exercise.

>

> > > >

>

It's a seasonal thing with me because I live in the country and at the moment the wildflowers are coming out and I would easily give up golf and walk all weekend through the fields just looking at wildflowers. Meditation. More golf. Not being tired. Lives on isolated station is quite active but does not have the opportunity to participate in sporting activities. Ride a bike.


Page 10 3

>

>

Taking up a sport like tennis a more fun way of exercising. > To get dog to lose weight (2). > To join a gym (3).

Unable to leave sick wife in wheelchair on her own. > Work and live on farm and full care of children so the opportunity to get away is rare.

8.3 Percepti ons and attitudes All respondents (n=3065) were asked how important they rate physical activity on a scale of 1 to 10. Overall, 15.4% (95% CI 14.2-16.7) rated physical activity as extremely important. The responses are summarised in Table 8.6.

Ta ble 8. 6: Ra ti ng of t he im port a nce of phy s ical a cti vit y i n daily li fe Male

Female

Persons

Importance of activity

n

%

n

%

n

%

Not at all important

23

1.6

36

2.3

60

2.0

1

7

0.5

13

0.8

20

0.6

2

24

1.6

14

0.9

38

1.2

3

42

2.8

35

2.3

77

2.5

4

40

2.7

51

3.3

91

3.0

5

171

11.5

184

11.7

355

11.6

6

135

9.0

139

8.8

273

8.9

7

375

25.1 ∧

290

18.5 ∨

665

21.7

8

344

23.1 ∨

417

26.6 ∧

762

24.9

9

99

6.7

111

7.0

210

6.9

216

14.4

256

16.3

472

15.4

17

1.2

24

1.5

41

1.3

1494

100.0

1571

100.0

3065

100.0

Extremely important Can’t say Total

Note: The weighting of the data can result in rounding discrepancies or totals not adding (see Section 1.5.3) 2 ∧ ∨ Statistically significantly higher or lower (χ test, p > > > > > > > > > > >

Don’t need to, doesn’t attract me (2). A better anti depressant. A carer. Another younger dog would encourage me to go the national parks to take the dogs for exercise. Chair lift up. Fireplaces where we can set a fire in cooler months. General awareness of their existence. Getting my license back. Golf courses. Grass is greener. Her hobby of photography. Hot showers. If I wasn't so lazy. If I was younger (2). If people went there more often more chance to meet new people. If there was a bridge to get across the creek. More doggy bags. More snow (5). More trails (3). Motivation. My children live in the city and if they were home more we would use parks. Opening up happy valley reservoir area for public use (3).

> > > > > > > > > >

> > > > >

People picking up after their dogs. Remembering its there, I live quite close to one and forget its there (4). Restricted access for cars. Rock climbing. Storage for sporting equipment/ bikes. Take out fox baits/ safer for dogs. The scenic areas to see different things. There are no good ones in the Riverland. There are plenty or areas near where I live for exercise (2). There's nothing much in South Australia landscape/ scenery-wise that attracts me to go walking. I like to go to the Grampians and to Tasmania - we do lots of walking there (2). Thinking about it as it never occurs to me. Use parks on holidays. Venture trails. Would like more National Parks (4). Would like a SA pass to go into all parks.


Page 11 2

CHAPTER 9: Global physical activity questionnaire

9.1 Introduction The Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) was developed by the World Health Organisation (WHO) as part of their STEPwise approach to chronic disease and risk factor 11,12

surveillance across the globe, in order to undertake physical activity surveillance

. The

GPAQ Version 2 was used in this survey in order to assess different aspects of physical

activity. These domains are:

> Activity at work;

> Travel to and from places; and

11 > Recreational activities .

For the calculation of physical activity, metabolic equivalents (METs) can be used. A MET is

defined as the ratio of the work metabolic rate to the resting metabolic rate. One MET is

equivalent to 1 kcal/kg/hour which is the energy cost of sitting quietly. A MET can also be

defined as oxygen uptake in ml/kg/min, one MET is equal to the oxygen cost of sitting quietly

11

(approximately 3.5 ml/kg/min) .

The MET values for each type of activity are shown in Table 9.1.

Ta ble 9. 1: M ET v al ue s f or ea c h t y pe of ac ti vit y Domain Work

METS value Moderate MET value = 4.0 Vigorous MET value = 8.0

Transport

Cycling and walking MET value = 4.0

Recreation

Moderate MET value = 4.0 Vigorous MET value = 8.0

Analysis of the GPAC is generally undertaken for ages 25 to 64 years, however data presented below will include all ages 18 years and over. Respondents for whom the total time of moderate/ vigorous work activity, transport and/or moderate/ vigorous recreational activity is greater than 24 hours or 1440 minutes per day were removed from all the physical 11

activity analysis as per the calculation instructions .


Page 11 4

9.1.1 Vigorous and moderate activity in the workplace

Respondents (n=3065) were asked about the level of physical activity involved in the work they performed in a typical week. The term work referred to activities such as paid or unpaid work, study/training, household chores, volunteering and seeking employment. Responses were recorded both in terms of time and number of days moderate or vigorous activities were undertaken by respondents as part of their work.

To determine whether the work activity was vigorous, respondents were asked if they did activity at work which caused large increases in breathing or heart rate for at least 10 minutes continuously. Activities could include carrying or lifting heavy loads, digging or construction work.

To determine whether the work activity was moderate, respondents were asked if they did activity that caused small increases in breathing or heart rate (for example, brisk walking or carrying light loads) for at least 10 minutes continuously.

The mean time (in minutes) spent each day on work-related moderate and vigorous intensity is presented in Table 9.2. Graphs of the distribution of time spent each day undertaking moderate and vigorous work related physical activity are in Figure 9-1 and Figure 9-2.


Page 11 5

Ta ble 9. 2: M e an tim e of e ac h ty pe of work a cti vit y ( mi nut es pe r da y), by a ge Male

Female

Persons

Moderate

Vigorous

Moderate

Vigorous

Moderate

Vigorous

Mean

Mean

Mean

Mean

Mean

Mean

(95% CI) (range)

(95% CI) (range)

(95% CI) (range)

(95% CI) (range)

(95% CI) (range))

(95% CI) (range)

90.6

66.6

45.9

21.3

68.9

44.9

18 to 24 years

(75.4-105.7) (0-480)

(53.1-81.2) (0-360)

(34.7-57.0) (0-480)

(13.6-29.0) (0-343)

(59.2-78.6) (0-480)

(36.7-53.2) (0-360)

66.3

77.1

48.6

23.9

58.1

52.0

25 to 34 years

(52.3-80.3) (0-600)

(61.3-92.8) (0-514)

(31.2-66.1) (0-840)

(8.9-38.8) (0-840)

(47.1-69.1) (0-840)

(40.9-63.2) (0-840)

86.7

84.4

53.5

29.0

70.0

55.9

(69.1-104.2) (0-600)

(64.9-103.9) (0-600)

(41.1-66.0) (0-480)

(17.9-40.0) (0-720)

(59.2-80.8) (0-600)

(44.6-67.2) (0-720)

73.3

76.2

45.9

29.2

59.4

52.5

(57.7-88.8) (0-600)

(56.7-95.8) (0-660)

(35.7-56.0) (0-411)

(18.5-39.9) (0-720)

(50.1-68.7) (0-600)

(41.2-63.7) (0-720)

58.6

40.0

42.3

21.1

50.7

31.0

(39.7-77.5) (0-840)

(24.4-55.6) (0-600)

(27.7-56.9) (0-840)

(11.8-30.4) (0-429)

(38.7-62.7) (0-840)

(21.7-40.2) (0-600)

47.2

17.5

27.2

8.2

37.5

12.9

(31.2-63.3) (0-514)

(8.7-26.3) (0-300)

(17.0-37.4) (0-480)

(2.3-14.1) (0-300)

(27.9-47.1) (0-514)

(7.6-18.2) (0-300)

73.1

64.5

45.4

23.3

59.5

44.3

(66.4-79.8) (0-840)

(57.5-71.4) (0-660)

(40.1-50.6) (0-840)

(18.9-27.8) (0-840)

(55.2-63.9) (0-840)

(40.0-48.5) (0-840)

Activities at work

35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over

Overall

Note: Total time of moderate/ vigorous work activity, transport and/or moderate/ vigorous recreational activity greater than 24 hours or 1440 minutes removed from analysis


Page 11 6

Fi gure 9- 1: A ve rage tim e s pe nt i n m ode rat e ac tivi ty a t work

Fi gure 9- 2: A ve rage tim e s pe nt i n vi gorous ac tivi ty at work


Page 11 7

9.1.2 Walking or using a bicycle for travel

All respondents (n=3065) were asked whether they usually walk or use a bicycle for at least ten minutes continuously to get to and from places. The mean time (in minutes) spent each day on transport related activity is presented in Table 9.3. A graph of the distribution of time spent undertaking these activities is in Figure 9-3.

Ta ble 9. 3: M e an tim e t ra ns port a cti vit y ( mi nut es pe r da y), by a ge Male

Female

Persons

Activities at work

Mean (95% CI)

Mean (95% CI)

Mean (95% CI)

(range)

(range)

(range)

18 to 24 years

14.8 (9.7-19.9) (0-240)

30.0 (19.5-40.4) (0-480)

22.2 (16.4-27.9) (0-480)

25 to 34 years

16.2 (9.1-23.4) (0-429)

8.6 (5.5-11.8) (0-180)

12.7 (8.6-16.8) (0-429)

35 to 44 years

9.4 (5.7-13.1) (0-214)

13.7 (7.3-20.0) (0-420)

11.5 (7.9-15.2) (0-420)

45 to 54 years

13.1 (5.9-20.3) (0-840)

10.9 (5.6-16.3) (0-480)

12.0 (7.5-16.5) (0-840)

55 to 64 years

13.6 (3.0-24.3) (0-600)

11.8 (4.9-18.7) (0-471)

12.8 (6.3-19.2) (0-600)

65 years and over

19.0 (10.7-27.4) (0-360)

20.3 (10.0-30.7) (0-420)

19.7 (13.1-26.3) (0-420)

Overall

14.0 (11.2-16.8) (0-840)

15.9 (12.9-19.0) (0-480)

14.9 (12.9-17.0) (0-840)



Page 11 8

Fi gure 9- 3: A ve rage tim e s pe nt i n tra ns port rel at e d ac tivi ty

9.1.3 Vigorous and moderate physical activity Respondents (n=3065) were asked about the level of physical activity performed in a typical week. To determine whether physical activity was vigorous, respondents were asked if they did any sports, fitness or recreational (leisure) activities which caused large increases in breathing or heart rate for at least 10 minutes continuously. Example activities were running or football.

To determine whether physical activity was moderate, respondents were asked if they did moderate intensity sports, fitness or recreational activities that caused small increases in breathing or heart rate (for example, brisk walking, cycling, swimming, volleyball) for at least 10 minutes continuously.

The mean time (in minutes) spent each day on moderate and vigorous intensity physical activity is presented in Table 9.4. Graphs of the distribution of time undertaking moderate and vigorous physical activity are in Figure 9-4 and Figure 9-5. Physica l activit y in SA adult s

Page 11 9

Ta ble 9. 4: M e an tim e of e ac h ty pe of phy sic al a cti vi ty (mi nut e s pe r day ), by a ge Male

Female

Persons

Moderate

Vigorous

Moderate

Vigorous

Moderate

Vigorous

Mean

Mean

Mean

Mean

Mean

Mean

(95% CI)

(95% CI)

(95% CI)

(95% CI)

(95% CI)

(95% CI)

(range)

(range)

(range)

(range)

(range)

(range)

17.8

53.7

19.7

17.2

18.7

36.0

(13.2-22.4) (0-154)

(41.0-66.4) (0-471)

(13.4-25.9) (0-360)

(11.5-22.9) (0-343)

(14.9-22.5) (0-360)

(28.7-43.3) (0-471)

13.9

19.3

27.3

15.0

20.1

17.2

(10.4-17.4) (0-210)

(14.4-24.1) (0-257)

(18.3-36.2) (0-420)

(8.9-21.0) (0-420)

(15.5-24.7) (0-420)

(13.4-21.1) (0-420)

15.2

16.0

25.7

16.5

20.5

16.2

(10.1-20.2) (0-450)

(12.0-19.9) (0-231)

(18.5-33.0) (0-428)

(11.5-21.4) (0-330)

(16.1-25.0) (0-450)

(13.1-19.4) (0-330)

15.7

15.6

19.5

12.0

17.6

13.7

(10.4-21.0) (0-240)

(9.7-21.5) (0-386)

(14.3-24.6) (0-420)

(8.0-15.9) (0-274)

(13.9-21.3) (0-420)

(10.2-17.3) (0-386)

32.6

12.4

25.1

7.9

29.0

10.3

55 to 64 years

(21.2-43.9) (0-600)

(6.3-18.6) (0-300)

(16.5-33.7) (0-420)

(2.1-13.8) (0-420)

(21.8-36.2) (0-600)

(6.0-14.5) (0-420)

36.3

6.8

16.0

3.4

26.2

5.1

65 years and over

(18.9-53.8) (0-840)

(2.6-11.0) (0-137)

(9.6-22.5) (0-330)

(0.0-6.8) (0-210)

(16.9-35.5) (0-840)

(2.4-7.8) (0-210)

20.3

22.3

22.5

12.9

21.3

(17.2-23.3) (0-840)

(19.1-25.5) (0-471)

(19.5-25.4) (0-428)

(10.7-15.0) (0-420)

(19.3-23.4) (0-840)

17.7 (15.7-19.6) (0-471)

Physical activity

18 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years

Overall



Page 12 0

Fi gure 9- 4: A ve rage tim e s pe nt i n m ode rat e lev el physi c al a cti vi ty

Fi gure 9- 5: A ve rage tim e s pe nt i n vi gorous lev el physi c al a cti vit y


Page 12 1

9.1.4 Sedentary activities

All respondents (n=3065) were asked how much time do they usually spend sitting or reclining on a typical day, but did not included time sleeping. The responses are in Table 9.5 and the distribution of the time spent undertaking physical activity is in Figure 9-6.

Ta ble 9. 5: Ti me s pe nt i n s e de nt ary ac tivi ty (mi nut es pe r da y), by a ge Male

Female

Persons

Mean (95% CI) (range)



18 to 24 years

231.7 (214.8-248.5) (60-720)

284.7 (262.2-307.1) (1-780)

257.5 (243.4-271.6) (1-780)

25 to 34 years

285.5 (257.1-313.9) (15-720)

265.7 (240.5-290.9) (10-840)

276.2 (257.1-295.2) (10-840)

35 to 44 years

285.2 (258.3-312.1) (0-840)

260.1 (236.6-283.6) (0-840)

272.7 (254.9-290.5) (0-840)

45 to 54 years

303.9 (277.7-330.1) (0-840)

262.5 (238.7-286.3) (0-840)

282.9 (265.2-300.6)* (0-840)

55 to 64 years

280.3(253.3-307.4) (4-840)

241.1 (216.5-265.8) (0-780)

261.8 (243.4-280.3) (0-840)

65 years and over

239.9(217.8-262.0) (0-720)

247.5 (227.5-267.5) (3-600)

243.6 (228.8-258.5)* (0-720)

Overall

272.7 (262.3-283.1) (0-840)

262.3 (252.5-272.1) (0-840)

267.6 (260.5-274.8) (0-840)

Sedentary activity

Note: Total time of moderate/ vigorous work activity, transport and/or moderate/ vigorous recreational activity greater than 24 hours or 1440 minutes removed from analysis *Statistically significant difference between age groups (F=2.3, p=0.047)


Page 12 2

Fi gure 9- 6: A ve rage tim e s pe nt i n s e de nta ry a cti vit ie s

The time spent undertaking sedentary activity was then examined in more detail. There was no significant difference between males and females in the mean time spent undertaking sedentary activities (t=1.4, p=0.2).

Analysis was also undertaken to determine whether there were significant differences in age groups in the level of sedentary activity. There was a borderline statistical significance between age groups in the mean time spent in undertaking sedentary activities (F=2.3, p=0.047). Post-hoc testing revealed significant difference between the 45 to 55 years and the 65 years and over age groups only.

The time spent undertaking physical activity was also examined in relation to BMI (Table 9.6).


Page 12 3

Ta ble 9. 6: Ti me s pe nt i n s e de nt ary ac tivi ty (mi nut es pe r da y), by BMI ca te gory Male

Female

Persons




Underweight

321.6 (115.8-527.4) (180-600)

301.5 (239.3-363.7) (45-600)

304.2 (247.0-361.3) (45-600)

Normal

266.0 (249.8-282.1) (4-840)

257.0 (243.4-270.6) (0-780)

261.1 (250.6-271.5) (0-840)

Overweight

267.7 (251.6-283.7) (0-840)

254.8 (235.0-274.5) (0-840)

263.0 (250.5-275.5) (0-840)

Obese

307.9 (279.7-336.0) (0-840)

278.9 (253.4-304.3) (30-840)

294.4 (275.2-313.5) (0-840)

Not stated

215.5 (163.3-267.6) (3-600)

271.0 (233.0-309.0) (3-840)

257.6 (226.2-289.0) (3-840)

Overall

272.7 (262.3-283.1) (0-840)

262.3 (252.5-272.1) (0-840)

267.6 (260.5-274.8) (0-840)

Sedentary activity


There was a statistically significant difference between BMI categories in the mean time spent in undertaking sedentary activities (F=3.2, p=0.01). Post-hoc testing revealed a significant difference between the normal and obese categories, with those in the obese category having a higher level of sedentary activity. There was also a statistically significant positive correlation between BMI measurements and the number of minutes spent undertaking sedentary activity, the higher the BMI value, the greater the time spent in sedentary activities (r=0.06, p 16 (children aged more than 16 years in the household), go to C. B.6 What do you estimate was the total time that you spent doing these activities in the last week?

(Single Response. Interviewer note: Enter number of times. Enter 0 if none) 1. None

(Single Response. Interviewer note: Enter number of hours AND/OR minutes.)

2. Enter number of times

1. Hours

3. Not stated/Don’t know

2. Minutes

4. Refused

3. Not stated/Don’t know

Sequence guide: If B.3= 1, 3 or 4, go to B.5 B.4 What do you estimate was the total time that you spent doing this vigorous physical activity in the last week? (Single Response. Interviewer note: Enter number of hours AND/OR minutes.) 1. Hours 2. Minutes 3. Not stated/Don’t know

4. Refused

Now a change of subject B.7 Are you a parent of a child aged 17 years or less? (Single Response. Interviewer note: includes biological, adopted and step children, and those not living with the respondent.) 1. Yes 2. No

4. Refused

3. Don’t know

B.5 This question excludes household chores or gardening. In the last week, how many times did you do any other more moderate physical activities that you have not already mentioned? (e.g. lawn bowls, golf, gentle swimming, etc) (Single Response. Interviewer note: Enter number of times. Enter 0 if none. Includes activities like Pilates and yoga)

4. Refused Sequence guide: If B.7 > 1, go to NS.

B.8 Could you please tell me the age for each child under 17 years. Starting with the oldest child can you please tell me…How old are they? (Single Response. Interviewer note enter 998 Don’t know, 999 refused)) 1. Enter age

1. None

2. Not stated


3. Refused

3. Not stated/Don’t know 4. Refused Physica l activit y in SA adult s

Page 13 6

C. GARDENING AND HOUSEWORK

B.9 What is their sex? (Single Response)

C.1

1. Male

The next question does not include gardening. In the last week, how many times did you do vigorous household chores which made you breathe harder or puff and pant? (Single Response. Interviewer note: Enter number of times. Enter 0 if none)

2. Female 3. Refused B.10 [Still thinking this same child], how much time did you spend doing physical activity in the last week with this child?

1. None

(Single Response. Interviewer note: this includes parents with very young children i.e. under 12mths. Enter number of hours AND/OR minutes.) 1. Hours

2. Enter number of times 3. Not stated/Don’t know 4. Refused Sequence guide: If C.1= 1, 3 or 4, go to C.3

2. Minutes 3. Not stated/Don’t know

C.2

4. Refused Still thinking about the same child,

the next question does not include

activities that you did

with your child.

What do you estimate was the total time you spent doing these vigorous household chores in the last week?

(Single Response. Interviewer note: Enter number of hours AND/OR minutes.) 1. Hours

B.11 In the past week how much time did you spend supporting your child to be physically active? e.g. transporting them to and from activities or watching them participate in activities.

2. Minutes 3. Not stated/Don’t know 4. Refused C.3

(Single Response. Interviewer note: this includes parents with very young children i.e. under 12mths. Enter number of hours AND/OR minutes.) 1. Hours

In the last week how many times did you do any vigorous gardening or heavy yard work around the yard which made you breathe harder or puff and pant?

(Single Response. Interviewer note: Enter number of times. Enter 0 if none)

2. Minutes 3. Not stated/Don’t know

1. None

4. Refused


Repeat question B.8, B.9, B.10 and B11 for all children– up to 10 children.

3. Not stated/Don’t know 4. Refused Sequence guide: If C.3= 1, 3 or 4, go to NS


Page 13 7

C.4

What do you estimate was the total time that you spent doing vigorous gardening or heavy work around the yard in the last week?

(Single Response. Interviewer note: Enter number of hours AND/OR minutes.)

E. WORKPLACE ACTIVITY Now to change the subject again E.1

Do you currently have a job or do any unpaid work outside your home? (Single Response. Interviewer note: This include all types of paid work, courses. It also includes volunteer work and time spent looking for work)

1. Hours 2. Minutes 3. Not stated/Don’t know

1. Yes

4. Refused

2. No 3.

D. ACTIVE TRANSPORT

Sequence guide: If E.1> 1, go to NS

D.1 In the last week have you cycled continuously for at least 10 minutes for transport or recreation? This excludes exercise bikes. (Single Response) 1. Yes 2. No 3. Don’t know 4. Refused Sequence guide: If D.1> 1, go to NS

E.2 Are you a shift worker? (Single Response.) 1. Yes 2. No 3. Refused E.3

D.2 Which of the following enables you to cycle for recreation, exercise or to get to or from places?

We are trying to get an idea of how employers and workplaces view physical activity. In your opinion, how supportive is your workplace of physical activity, that is, outside of activity required to perform your work. Would you say… (Single Response. Read options) 1. Very supportive

(Read options. Multiple Response) 1. Secure bicycle parking

2. A little supportive

2. Cycling groups

3. Not at all supportive

3. Cycle lanes on roads

4. Not applicable

4. Cycle ways separate from roads

5. Don’t know 6. Refused

5. Nothing 6. Other (specify)

Refused

Sequence guide: If E.2>=3, go to E.5



Page 13 8

The next two questions do not include the physical activity that you already perform as part of your work. E.4

E.5

What is the MOST important factor that allows you to be physically active at work? (Single Response. Interviewer note: Don’t read out. Does not include physical activity already performed as part of work.)

What does your employer do [to support physical activity in the workplace]? (Multiple Response. Read options. Interviewer note: does not include physical activity already performed as part of work)

1. Showers and change facilities

1. Facilities and equipment (e.g. to showers and change, provision of sporting equipment, bike storage, making stairs more attractive to use)

4. Subsidised Gym memberships

2. Bicycle Storage 3. Onsite Physical Activity Programs 5. Work breaks for physical activity 6. Signs or posters encouraging physical activity (i.e. use of stairs rather than elevators)

2. Flexible working hours & breaks

7. Signs or posters promoting onsite or offsite physical activity programs

3. Financial incentives such as subsidises (subsidised off-site gym memberships)

8. Senior staff leading by example 9. Opportunity to be active with others (e.g. team and fun-based activity)

4. Health or fitness assessments 5. Providing participation opportunities through programs/group activities (walking groups, Corporate Cup, onsite physical activity programs)

10. Making stairs more attractive to use

6. Promoting physical activity through information (e.g. signs, brochures and posters)

11. Providing sport equipment (i.e. table tennis table etc) 12. Flexible working hours

7. Senior staff leading by

example

13. Culture of physical activity in workplace (e.g. others being active at work)

8. Other (please specify)

14. Convenient access to facilities

9. Not applicable

15. Bike lanes on road

10. None of these

16. Bike lanes separate from road

11. Don’t know

17. Walking trails, footpaths etc

12. Refused

18. Places to visit during breaks (walking distance from work) 19. Support in getting started 20. Being active with others 21. Active enough already 22. Not interested or motivated to be more active at work 23. 24. 25. 26. 27.

Not able to be active Other (please specify) Not applicable Don’t know Refused


Page 13 9

F. TYPE OF ACTIVITY

38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60.

I now want you to think about the recreation or sport activities (including any practice or training sessions), you were involved in over the past 12 months. F.1

What recreational or sporting activity did you do most often over the past 12 months? (Single Response. Interviewer note: Participated in not as a spectator) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37.

Aerobics/fitness Aquarobics Athletics/track and field Australian Football Badminton Baseball Basketball Billiards/snooker/pool Boxing Canoeing/kayaking Carpet Bowls Cricket (indoor) Cricket (outdoor) Cycling Dancing Darts Fishing Football (indoor) Football (outdoor) Gardening Golf Gymnastics Hockey Horseriding/Equestrian Ice/Snow sports Lawn Bowls Martial Arts Motor Sports Netball Orienteering Rock climbing Rollersports Rowing Rugby League Rugby Union Running Sailing

Scuba Diving Shooting Sports Softball Squash/Racquetball Surf Sports Swimming Table Tennis Tennis Tenpin Bowling Touch Football Triathlons Volleyball Walking (bush) Walking (other) Walking group Waterpolo Water skiing/Power boating Weight training Yoga Other (specify) None Unable to participate in activity Refused

Sequence guide: If F.1=58, 59 or 60, go to NS F.2

Where did you undertake this activity? (Single Response) 1.

Gym

2.

Home

3.

Indoor/Community Centre

4.

Linear Park/Trail

5.

Local Neighbourhood

6.

National Park

7.

Streets/footpaths]

8.

Park/Oval

9.

Sporting Club

10. Beach 11. Other (specify) 12. Don’t know 13. Refused


Page 14 0

F.3 Was this activity as part of a team, club or competition, or a class at a gym, hall or fitness centre?

G. GLOBAL PHYSICAL ACTIVITY QUESTIONNAIRE (GPAQ)

(Single Response) 1.

Yes

2.

No

3.

Don’t know

4.

Refused

F.4 Would you typically do this activity alone or with another person or persons? (Single Response) 1. Alone 2.

With others

3.

Don’t know

4.

Refused

The next few questions are about the time you spend doing different types of physical activity in a typical week. These questions may overlap with those asked previously. It would really help our research if you could also answer these questions. Please consider work as the things that you have to do such as paid or unpaid work, study/training, household chores, volunteering, and seeking employment. G.1 Does your work involve vigorous-intensity activity that causes large increases in breathing or heart rate like [carrying or lifting heavy loads, digging or construction work] for at least 10 minutes continuously? (Single Response. Interviewer note: ‘vigorous-intensity activities’ are activities that require hard physical effort and cause large increases in breathing or heart rate) 1. Yes 2. No 3. Don’t know 4. Refused Sequence guide: If G.1> 1, go to G.4 G.2 In a typical week, on how many days do you do vigorousintensity activities as part of your work? (Single Response) 1. Enter days per week 2. Don’t know 3. Refused


Page 14 1

The next questions exclude the physical activities at work that you have already mentioned. Now I would like to ask you about the usual way you travel to and from places such as work, shopping, market and places of worship. For example to work, for shopping, to market, to place of worship.

G.3 How much time do you spend doing vigorous-intensity activities at work on a typical day? (Single Response. Enter number of hours AND/OR minutes.) 1. Enter number of hours 2. Enter number of minutes 3. Don’t know 4. Refused G.4 Does your work involve moderate-intensity activity that causes small increases in breathing or heart rate such as brisk walking [or carrying light loads] for at least 10 minutes continuously? (Single Response. Interviewer note: moderate-intensity activities’ are activities that require moderate physical effort and cause small increases in breathing or heart rate) 1. Yes 2. No 3. Don’t know 4. Refused Sequence guide: If G.4> 1, go to G.7

(Single Response) 1. Yes 2. No 3. Don’t know 4. Refused Sequence guide: If G.7> 1, go to G.10 G.8 In a typical week, on how many days do you walk or bicycle for at least 10 minutes continuously to get to and from places?

G.5 In a typical week, on how many days do you do moderateintensity activities as part of your work? (Single Response) 1. Enter days per week 2. Don’t know 3. Refused

G.7 Do you walk or use a bicycle (pedal cycle) for at least 10 minutes continuously to get to and from places?

(Single Response) 1. Enter days per week 2. Don’t know 3. Refused G.9 How much time do you spend walking or bicycling for travel on a typical day? (Single Response. Enter number of hours AND/OR minutes.) 1. Enter number of hours 2. Enter number of minutes 3. Don’t know 4. Refused

G.6 How much time do you spend doing moderate-intensity activities at work on a typical day? (Single Response. Enter number of hours AND/OR minutes.) 1. Enter number of hours 2. Enter number of minutes 3. Don’t know 4. Refused


Page 14 2

The next questions exclude the work and transport activities that you have already mentioned. Now I would like to ask you about sports, fitness and recreational activities (leisure). G.10 Do you do any vigorousintensity sports, fitness or recreational (leisure) activities that cause large increases in breathing or heart rate (like running or football,) for at least 10 minutes continuously?

G.13 Do you do any moderateintensity sports, fitness or recreational (leisure) activities that causes a small increase in breathing or heart rate such as brisk walking, [cycling, swimming, volleyball] for at least 10 minutes continuously? (Single Response) 1. Yes 2. No 3. Don’t know 4. Refused Sequence guide: If G.13> 1, go to G.16

(Single Response) 1. Yes 2. No 3. Don’t know 4. Refused Sequence guide: If G.10> 1, go to G.13

G.14 In a typical week, on how many days do you do moderateintensity sports, fitness or recreational (leisure) activities? (Single Response) 1. Enter days per week 2. Don’t know 3. Refused

G.11 In a typical week, on how many days do you do vigorousintensity sports, fitness or recreational (leisure) activities? (Single Response) 1. Enter days per week 2. Don’t know 3. Refused G.12 How much time do you spend doing vigorous-intensity sports, fitness or recreational activities on a typical day?

G.15 How much time do you spend doing moderate-intensity sports, fitness or recreational (leisure) activities on a typical day?

(Single Response. Enter number of hours AND/OR minutes.) 1. Enter number of hours 2. Enter number of minutes 3. Don’t know 4. Refused

(Single Response. Enter number of hours AND/OR minutes.) 1. Enter number of hours 2. Enter number of minutes 3. Don’t know 4. Refused


Page 14 3

The following question is about sitting e.g. at work, with friends, travelling, reading, doing hobbies or watching television or reclining at work, at home, getting to and from places, or with friends including time spent [sitting] at a desk, sitting with friends, travelling in car, bus, train, reading, playing cards or watching television], but do not include time spent sleeping.

H. SEDENTARY ACTIVITES

H.1 On average how many minutes or hours per day or per week do you spend sitting watching TV, videos, DVDs or playing video or computer games or surfing the internet for pleasure? (Single Response. Interviewer note enter number of hours/ day or hours/ week) 1.

G.16 How much time do you usually spend sitting or reclining on a typical day? (Single Response. Enter number of hours AND/OR minutes.) 1. Enter number of hours 2. Enter number of minutes 3. Don’t know 4. Refused

None

[0]

Enter minutes per day OR ____ 3. Enter hours per week ____ 4. Don’t know [ 999] 5. Refused [9999] 2.

H.2 On average how many minutes or hours per day or per week do you spend driving or being driven? (Single Response. Interviewer note enter number of hours/ day or hours/ week. Includes any driving e.g. work related, travelling on public transport, buses, trains, trams and taxi’s) 1.

None

2. Enter minutes per day OR

Enter hours per week 4. Don’t know 5. Refused 3.


Page 14 4

I.3 What do you intend to do?

I. STAGE OF CHANGE

(Multiple Response) 1. Go walking

Now to change the subject again.

2. Go running/ jogging

I.1 Are you physically active according to the following definition? The recommended level of physical activity is at least 30 minutes of moderate or vigorous activity on most days of the week.

3. Go to 4. Go cycling 5. Go swimming 6. Play organised sport

(Read options. Single Response. Interviewer note: physically active is moderate or vigorous activity)

7. Seek information 8. Other (specify) 9. Don’t know

1. Yes, I have been for more than six months 2. Yes, I have been for less than six months 3. No, but I intend to in the next 30 days 4. No, but I intend to in the next six months

10. Refused I.4 What is the most important thing, (other than more time), that would motivate you to become more physically active? (Single response)

5. No, and I do not intend to in the next six months

1. Lose weight

6. Don’t know/ refused

3. Recover from cardiac episode

7. Unable to be active due to health reasons

4. Prevent health problems

2. Feel healthier/ better

5. Increase fitness 6. Assist recovery from health condition/ problem

Sequence guide: If I.1 = 3 or 4, go to I.3, If I.1 = 5 or 6, go to I.4

7. Meet people

If I.1 =7, go to NS

8. Physical appearance 9. Other (specify)

I.2 Do you think you will continue to be active at this level for the next six months?

10. Nothing/None 11. Don’t know 12. Refused

(Single Response) 1. Yes 2. No 3. Don’t know 4. Refused Sequence guide: go to NS


Page 14 5

J. CO-MORBIDITY

L. PERCEPTIONS/ATTITUDES

Now some questions about your general health.

L.1 In your daily life, how important is physical activity? Please rate it on a scale of 0 to 10, where 0 is not at all important and 10 is extremely important.

J.1 In general, would you say your health is:

(Single Response)

(Read Options. Single Response) 1. Excellent

1.

0 - Not at all important

2. Very Good

2.

1

3. Good

3.

2

4. Fair

4.

3

5. Poor

5.

4

6. Don’t know

6.

5

7. Refused

7.

6

8.

7

9.

8

K. RISK FACTORS

10. 9

K.1 What is your height without shoes?

11. 10 – Extremely important] 12. Can't say

(Single Response) 1.

Centimetres

2.

Feet: inches

3.

Don’t know

4.

Refused

13. Refused L.2 Do you think that your parents/ carers/ guardians influenced your current attitudes about physical activity? (Single Response, Interviewer note if yes determine whether positive or negative)

K.2 What is your weight? (Undressed in the morning) (Single Response) 1.

Kilograms (kg)

2.

Stones: pounds

3.

Don’t know

4.

Refused

1.

Yes, positively

2.

Yes, negatively

3.

No

4.

Don’t know

L.3 Do you think that your school teachers influenced your current attitudes about physical activity? (Single Response, Interviewer note if yes determine whether positive or negative) 1. Yes, positively 2. Yes, negatively 3. No 4. Don’t know Physica l activit y in SA adult s

Page 14 6

M. ENVIRONMENT

L.4 Taking all aspects of life into consideration, would your say you are:

Now to change the subject again.

(Read options. Single Response)

The next two questions are about National parks which include recreation parks, conservation parks and reserves, game reserves, regional reserves and wilderness protection areas.

1. Very happy 2. Quite happy 3. Not very happy 4. Don't know 5. Refused L.5 What time did you fall asleep last night? (Single Response. Interviewer note: Use 24 hour clock. For shift worker put in time they fell asleep during day) 1. Enter time

M.1 On average how many times a year do you use National Parks for the purpose of undertaking physical activity? (Single response) 1. Enter number times per week 2. Enter number times per month 3. Enter number times per year

2. Don’t know

4. Do not use them

3. Refused


L.6 What time did you wake up this morning? (Single Response. Interviewer note: Use 24 hour clock. For shift worker put in time they woke up at in afternoon or night) 1. Enter time 2. Don’t know 3. Refused

Sequence guide: If M.1 = 4, 5 or 6 (Do not use National Parks for physical activity) go to N. M.2 What would encourage you to use National Parks more often for physical activity? (Multiple Response) 1. Walking trails 2. Bike riding trails 3. Horse riding trails

L.7 How would you rate your quality of sleep last night? (Single Response) 1. Very Good

4. Dedicated sporting facilities e.g. ovals and exercise equipment

2. Good

5. Toilet facilities

3. OK

6. Car parking facilities

4. Poor

7. More dogs allowed in parks

5. Very Poor

8. Organised events / activities

6. Don’t know

9. More available information

7. Refused

10.Other (please specify) 11.Nothing, already use parks regularly

12.Don’t know

13.Refused


Page 14 7

N. DEMOGRAPHICS N.1 Which of the following best describes your current marital status?

N.3 Do you receive any of the following pension benefits? (Read Options. Multiple Response)

(Read Options. Single Response)

1. Aged /widow’s pension

1. Married 2. Living with a partner

2. Service or defence/ War widow’s/ Repatriation Pension

3. Separated

3. Invalid/Disability Pension

4. Divorced

4. Unemployment Benefits

5. Widowed

5. Sickness Benefits

6. Never Married

6. Supporting parents benefit

7. Refused

7. AUSTUDY/student allowance 8. Other (specify)

N.2

What is your work status?

9. None

(Read Options If Necessary. Single Response. Interviewer note: selfemployed is either full or part time)

10. Refused N.4

1. Full time employed

In which country were you born? (Single Response)

2. Part time/casual employment

1. Australia

3. Unemployed

2. Austria

4. Home duties

3. Bosnia-Herzegovina

5. Retired

4. Canada

6. Student

5. China

7. Unable to work because of disability/ work cover/ invalid

6. Croatia 7. France

8. Other (Specify)

8. Germany 9. Greece

Sequence guide: If N.2= 1or 2 go to N.4

10. Holland / Netherlands 11. Hong Kong 12. Iran 13. Italy 14. Japan 15. Malaysia 16. New Zealand 17. Philippines 18. Poland 19. Slovenia 20. Spain 21. U.K. and Ireland 22. USA 23. Vietnam Physica l activit y in SA adult s

Page 14 8

24. Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

N.8

25. Former Yugoslav Republics of Serbia &

Montenegro

(Read options. Single response)

26. Other country (specify)

1. Still at school

27. Refused

2. Left school at 16 years or less 3. Left school after age 16

Sequence guide: If N.4 = 1, go to N.6 N.5

Which best describes the highest educational qualification you have obtained?

4. Left school after age 16 but still studying

What year did you arrive in Australia?

5. Trade / Apprenticeship 6. Certificate / Diploma

(Single Response) 1. Enter year 2. Don’t know Sequence guide: go to Z.7

7. Bachelor degree or higher

____

8. Refused

[99]

N.6 Are you of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander origin?

N.9 The next question is about housing. Is this dwelling …. (Read Options. Single Response) 1. Owned or being purchased by the occupants

(Single Response) 1. Yes

2. Rented from the Housing Trust

2. No

3. Rented privately

3. Refused

4. Retirement village 5. Other (specify

N.7 What is the main language you speak at home?

6. Refused

(Single Response) 1. English 2. Cambodian 3. Cantonese 4. Chinese 5. Croatian 6. Dutch 7. Filipino 8. German 9. Greek 10. Italian 11. Polish 12. Serbian 13. Spanish 14. Vietnamese 15. Other (specify) 16. Refused


Page 14 9

Z.13 All responses in this survey are strictly confidential. Sometimes we need to gather extra information about you [or about the children in your household] when there is a serious public health problem. If we require further information from you regarding health issues, could we phone you at a later date for help?

N.10 I would now like to ask you about your household’s income. We are interested in how income relates to lifestyle and access to health services. Before tax is taken out, which of the following ranges best describes your household’s income, from all sources, over the last 12 months? (Read Options. Single Response)

(Single Response)

1. Up to $12,000 2. $12,001 - $20,000

1. Yes (specify - record first name only)

3. $20,001 - $30,000

2. No

4. $30,001 - $40,000 5. $40,001 - $50,000

That concludes the survey. On behalf of the Department of Health, thank you very much for taking part in this survey.

6. $50,001 - $60,000 7. $60,001 - $80,000 8. $80,001 - $100,000 9. More than $100,000 10. Not stated/refused

Z.14 Please record what language this interview was conducted in

11. Don't know

(Single Response) N.11 How many residential telephone numbers, including mobile phones, can be used to speak to someone in this household?

1. English 2. Italian 3. Greek 4. Vietnamese

(Single Response. Interviewer note: do not include Internet or fax numbers) 1. 2.

5. Other (specify)

Enter number ____

Z.15 Date of interview

Don’t know [999]

Z.17 Time of day interview undertaken

Z.16 Day of week interview undertaken

N.12 How many times do these numbers appear in the White Pages? (Single Response. Interviewer note: do not include Internet or fax numbers. Total number of entries includes numbers that are listed more than once .)

Enter number

____

Don’t know

[999] Physica l activit y in SA adult s

Page 15 0

Appendix 3: Calculation of total physical activity

Page 15 2


For more information Health Promotion Branch SA Health Citi Centre Building 11 Hindmarsh Square Adelaide SA 5000 Telephone: 08 8226 6329 www.health.sa.gov.au Non-English speaking: for information in languages other than

English, call the interpreting and Translating Centre and ask them

to call The Department of Health.

This service is available at no cost to you, contact (08) 8226 1990.

© Department of Health, Government of South Australia.

All rights reserved. ISBN: 97807 3089 9525

Printed December 2008.

Physical activity among South Australian

Physical activity among South Australian

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