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Physical and mechanical properties of medium density fiber board (MDF) fabricated from banana plant (Musa sapientum) stem and midrib Md. Mamunur Rashid, Atanu Kumar Das, Md. Iftekhar Shams & Subir Kumar Biswas Journal of the Indian Academy of Wood Science ISSN 0972-172X J Indian Acad Wood Sci DOI 10.1007/s13196-014-0109-z

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Author's personal copy J Indian Acad Wood Sci DOI 10.1007/s13196-014-0109-z

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Physical and mechanical properties of medium density fiber board (MDF) fabricated from banana plant (Musa sapientum) stem and midrib Md. Mamunur Rashid • Atanu Kumar Das • Md. Iftekhar Shams • Subir Kumar Biswas

Received: 15 May 2013 / Accepted: 2 March 2014 Ó Indian Academy of Wood Science 2014

Abstract This study was under taken to identify the physical and mechanical properties of medium-density fiberboard (MDF) made from banana plant (Musa sapientum) and to evaluate the potential use of banana plant as a raw material of MDF. Two types of board were produced namely banana stem and mid rib of banana leaf MDF. Properties of both types of board compared with market MDF. Physical and mechanical properties were examined. The density of banana stem MDF, mid rib of banana leaf MDF and market MDF were respectively 0.78, 0.74 and 0.72 g/cm3. The MOR of banana stem MDF, mid rib of banana leaf MDF and market MDF was 50.91, 45.30 and 40.65 N/mm2, respectively. The MOE for banana stem MDF, mid rib of banana leaf MDF and market MDF was 3,939.25, 3,606.17 and 3,518.63 N/mm2, respectively. The physical and mechanical properties of the both types of board were better than market MDF. The both types of

Md. M. Rashid  Md. I. Shams Forestry and Wood Technology Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna 9208, Bangladesh e-mail: [email protected] Md. I. Shams e-mail: [email protected] A. K. Das (&)  S. K. Biswas Pulp and Paper Technology, Asian Institute of Technology, 58 Moo 9, Km. 42, Paholyothin Highway Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand e-mail: [email protected] S. K. Biswas e-mail: [email protected] Md. I. Shams Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

board follow the standard and it can be a good source of raw material for MDF industries. Keywords Banana  Physical properties  Mechanical properties  Modulus of rupture (MOR)  Modulus of elasticity (MOE)

Introduction Medium-density fiberboard (MDF) is a fibrous felted and homogeneous panel produced using wood or other lignocellulosic fibers combined with synthetic or other suitable adhesives under heat and pressure (ANSI A208.2 1994). The production of fiberboard has been increasing consistently for its numerous advantages over solid wood and other composite materials. Most end-use requirements are meeting by uniform fiber distribution of fiber boards in their structure. Smooth and solid edges of fiberboards can easily be machined and finished for various purposes, especially furniture production. Smooth and uniform surfaces also provide an excellent substrate for paint and decorative overlays. The surface smoothness of MDF makes it the best material for cabinet manufacturing (Copur et al. 2008). Various advantages of MDF, worldwide economic growth and development have generated unprecedented needs for converted forest product of MDF. The other forest products such as pulp and paper, plywood and lumber are also demandable and this global demand started with the advent of the industrial revolution resulting in aggressive deforestation (Youngquist et al. 1993; Adger and Brown 1994). Agricultural residues can resolve this type of problem and utilization of them in wood industry offers numerous economic, environmental and technological advantages.

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These are renewable, widespread, plentiful and use them in the industry is environment friendly practice (Akgul et al. 2010). Several studies have been conducted to examine the suitability of agricultural residues in wood industry to overcome the shortage of wood. Some researchers provide accounts of world-wide research considering the utilization of non-wood plants in the forest based industry (Chow 1974; Youngquist et al. 1993; Youngquist et al. 1994). Several researchers also examined the using of wheat straw, cotton stalk, sun flower stalk and husk for the production of composites (Erog˘lu and I˙stek 2000; Gencer et al. 2001; Guler and Ozen 2004; Bektas et al. 2005; Copur et al. 2008). Banana fiber has high specific strength and it helps to make light weight composites (Ghosh et al. 2011). In this study, it was tried to identify the physical and mechanical properties of banana MDF and to evaluate the potential use of banana MDF.

Fig. 1 Density of banana stem, mid rib of banana leaf and market MDF

Materials and methods The bananas stem and mid rib of banana leaf used in the study was grown in Khulna university campus, Khulna (22°800 N and 89°530 E), Bangladesh. The stem and mid rib were dried in air. Air dried stem and mid rib were chipped into 1 inch in length as well. The both types of chip were submerged in 19 % sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution for 24 h separately and washed them properly to remove the chemical. Deliberation of both types of washed chip was done using one 25 cm single disc laboratory atmospheric refiner and the refined fibers were then dried in the air. In the next, these were dried in an oven at 103 °C to reduce moisture content at 4 % and dried fibers were kept in sealed plastic bags separately until used. In this study, urea formaldehyde was used 20 % on the dry weight basis as a binding agent for both types of board i.e. banana stem and midrib of banana leaf MDF. A blender was used to mix uniformly adhesive with fiber for both cases. Then mats were formed on a steel sheet using an iron frame. The mats were pressed in a hot press for 8 min. at 3 N/mm2 pressure and the temperature was 170 °C. The boards were trimmed to their final dimensions of 30 9 30 cm2 and kept in the conditioning room for 12 h. The market MDF was collected from Akij Particleboard Mills Ltd., Tora (23°860 N and 89°950 E), Ghior, Manikgonj, Bangladesh which was produced using same procedure (personal communication). The laboratory tests of physical properties and mechanical properties for three types of board were carried out respectively in the Wood Technology Laboratory of Forestry and Wood Technology Discipline of Khulna

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Fig. 2 Water absorption of banana stem, mid rib of banana leaf and market MDF

University, Bangladesh and in the Laboratory of Mechanical Engineering Department of Khulna University of Engineering and Technology, Khulna, Bangladesh. The tests of physical properties were carried out according to ASTM D 1037-100 (ASTM 2006) standard procedures. Mechanical properties were performed according to DIN 52362 (DIN 1984). All the data, obtained during the laboratory tests for characterization of physical and mechanical properties of each type of fiberboards, were analyzed by using Microsoft Office Excel 2007 and SPSS (Statistical Package of Social Survey) 11.5 software.

Results and discussion Physical properties The density of banana stem, mid rib of banana leaf and market MDF was respectively 0.78, 0.74 and 0.72 g/cm3 (Fig. 1). The banana stem MDF showed the highest value for density but it was the lowest for market MDF. Statistical analysis also showed the significant difference (95 % level of significance) among the three types of board (df = 2, F = 30.12 and P \ 0.05).

Author's personal copy J Indian Acad Wood Sci

Fig. 3 Thickness swelling of banana stem, mid rib of banana leaf and market MDF

The water absorption was 38.49, 39.01 and 40.12 % respectively for banana stem, mid rib of banana leaf and market MDF (Fig. 2). The water absorption was the lowest for banana stem MDF whether market MDF showed the highest value of water absorption. There was significant difference (95 % level of significance) among the water absorption of three types of board (df = 2, F = 67.23 and P \ 0.05). This is lower compare to bagasse MDF (76.40 %) (Hosseinabadi et al. 2008). The thickness swelling of banana stem, mid rib of banana leaf and market MDF was 15.70, 16.65 and 20.9 % respectively (Fig. 3). Market MDF showed the highest value of thickness swelling whether it was the lowest for banana stem MDF. The difference of thickness swelling was significant (9 % level of significance) among the three types of board (df = 2, F = 47.95 and P \ 0.05). It was 31.90 and 40.5 % respectively for bagasse and heat straw MDF (Hosseinabadi et al. 2008; Markessini et al. 1997). These observations are higher in comparison to present study. Mechanical properties The modulus of rupture (MOR) of banana stem, mid rib of banana leaf and market MDF was respectively 50.91, 45.30 and 40.65 N/mm2 respectively (Fig. 4). The MOR was the highest for banana stem MDF but it was the lowest for market MDF. It was significantly different (95 % level of significance) among the three types of board (df = 2, F = 89.11 and P \ 0.05). The MOR increases with the increasing of density. This trend founds in previous study (Xie et al. 2011; Das et al. 2012). According to ANSI (NPA 1994), the MOR is 34.5 N/mm2 as well as according to Desch and Dinwoodie (1996), the standard MOR is 30 N/mm2. The MOR of the three types of board was higher than that of both standards. The MOR of wheat, straw and flax MDF were 18.70, 6.00 and 11.30 N/mm2 respectively (Markessini et al. 1997).

Fig. 4 MOR of banana stem, mid rib of banana leaf and market MDF

Fig. 5 MOE of banana stem, mid rib of banana leaf and market MDF

Figure 5 shows that the modulus of elasticity (MOE) was 3,939.25, 3,606.17 and 3,518.63 N/mm2 for banana stem, mid rib of banana leaf and market MDF respectively. The MOE was the lowest for market MDF while it was the highest for banana stem MDF. Statistical analysis showed that there was significant difference (95 % level of significance) among the MOE of three types of board (df = 2, F = 98.35 and P \ 0.05). Density influences the MOE and it increases with the increasing of density (Xie et al. 2011; Das et al. 2012). According to ANSI (NPA 1994) and Desch and Dinwoodie (1996), the standard MOE is 3450 and 2500 N/mm2. The MOE of three types follow the both standards and it was higher.

Conclusion The banana stem and mid rib of banana leaf MDF shows better performance for both cases i.e. physical and mechanical properties than market MDF. The both types of board follow the standard and show higher value than that. The properties of the boards are also higher than some other MDF made from agricultural fiber. These show that there is a possibility to use them as an alternative raw material for MDF industries. Further study is necessary to

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determine the effect of percentage of adhesive on the board properties. Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank Civil Engineering Department of Khulna University of Engineering and Technology, Khulna, Bangladesh for their co-operation to do test the mechanical properties of the board.

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