Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Applied Sciences (JETEAS) 4(2):226-228 (ISSN: ... The values of electrical conductivity ranged from 0.19- 0.81 mmhos/cm. ... finishing of raw materials. .... Gupta S. K., Gupta R. C. and Seth A. K..
Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Applied Sciences (JETEAS) 4(2): 226-228 © Scholarlink Research Institute Journals, 2013 (ISSN: 2141-7016) jeteas.scholarlinkresearch.org Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Applied Sciences (JETEAS) 4(2):226-228 (ISSN: 2141-7016)
Physico-Chemical Characterization of Industrial Effluents Contaminated Soil of Sanganer Neetika Mathur and Ashwani Kumar Department of Botany, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur- 302 004, Rajasthan, India. Corresponding Author: Neetika Mathur ___________________________________________________________________________ Abstract Sanganer is famous for textile dyeing and printing industries. Water pollution caused by the textile industry is mainly by the release of wastewater coming out from the wet processing operations like bleaching, dyeing and printing etc. During the present study, the physico-chemical characteristics of the textile effluent contaminated soil samples of Sanganer region were analysed by standard methods and found to have great variation. Soil samples were highly coloured, foul smelling and alkaline (pH 8.8) and contained trace metal ions with concentrations values which were not in compliance with standards. The pH of the samples was alkaline in nature (8.0-8.8). The values of electrical conductivity ranged from 0.19- 0.81 mmhos/cm. The amount of % organic matter and % organic carbon ranged from 0.31 – 0.41% and 0.18 – 0.24% respectively. The effluent from the textile industry was the major source of pollution which will affect the flora and fauna existing in such environment. Thus, there is need for treatment of textile effluent before they are discharged into the environment. __________________________________________________________________________________________ Keywords: pollution, textile industry effluent, soil, physicochemical parameter, sanganer INTRODUCTION With the rapid industrialization in the country, environment pollution by industrial waste has increased tremendously (Tiwari, 1994; Muthuswamy and Jayabalan, 2001 and Noorjahan, 2011). The discharge of waste water from industries such as tanneries, pulp and paper, textile, petroleum, chemical industries etc. pollute water bodies (Mohan Rao, 1998). Nature has an amazing ability to cope up with small amount of water wastes and pollution, but it would be hazardous or harmful if billions of gallons of waste water produced everyday are not treated before releasing them back to the environment. The quantities and characteristics of discharged effluent vary from industry to industry depending on the water consumption and average daily product (Joshi and Santani, 2012). Central Pollution Control Board has listed the dye and dye intermediates industry as one of the heavily polluting industries (CPCB, 1990). They are thus, a potent hazard to the natural sources like soil, water, flora, fauna, livestock and human population (Mathur and Bhatnagar, 2007).
chemicals and azo dyes (direct, reactive, rapid, mordant and premetalised etc.) during processing and finishing of raw materials. The workers in these industries are exposed to such dyes with no control over the length and frequency of exposure. Further, a huge volume of mostly untreated textile dye wastewater (10,000 - 15,000 kl/day) is released into surface waters of Amani Shah drainage or through the drainage systems, seep into the ground water and adjoining water bodies which flows through Sanganer (Joshi and Kumar, 2011). Industrial effluents contain dyes, aniline, caustic soda, acids, bleaching powder, heavy metal ions etc. Most of the heavy metals are essential for growth of organisms but are only required in low concentrations (Akpoveta et al, 2010). The increasing concentration of heavy metals leads to bioaccumulation of metals in fauna and flora. Heavy metals are not biodegradable so they accumulate in primary organs in the body and over time begin to fester, leading to various symptoms of diseases (Siyanbola et al., 2011). Several studies have been conducted by different scientists on adverse effects of textile effluents on soil and water environment (Sponza, 2002 and Chaturvedi et al. 1999). Untreated or incompletely treated textile effluent can be harmful to both aquatic and terrestrial life by adversely affecting on the natural ecosystem and long term health effects (Joshi and Santani, 2012). The physico-chemical techniques used for removing pollutants from the environment are inefficient, costly, of limited applicability, and
In Rajasthan state particularly, textile industry represent an important economic sector. The Sanganer town, about 16 km south of the Jaipur city (Rajasthan, India), is famous worldwide for its hand block dyeing and textile printing industries. It houses about 400 small scale and one large scale textile dyeing industry along with a few waste recycling (paper) industries. These industries use a variety of 226
Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Applied Sciences (JETEAS) 4(2):226-228 (ISSN: 2141-7016) sometimes producing large amounts of toxic waste which is difficult to dispose off or form hazardous by-product. Bioremediation is emerging as most ideal technology for removing pollutants from the environment by the action of microbes.
dark grey in colour, giving off pungent –fishy smell. The pH of the samples was alkaline in nature (8.08.8) and higher than that of standard values. The values of electrical conductivity ranged from 0.190.81 mmhos/cm and were quite high for samples 3 and 4 as compared to that of samples 1 and 2 (Table 1). The high value of electrical conductivity might be due to the presence of high concentration of ions and dyes contributed by numerous printing houses located near the drain. The present investigations on high pH and high electrical conductivity values of the soil samples were in agreement with the results of the survey conducted by Gupta et al. (1994) and Joshi & Kumar (2011).
The present study deals with the collection of textile mill effluent contaminated or irrigated soil samples and characterization of these samples in order to find out the physicochemical load put in by the effluent generated from these industries, on the wastewater stream. The study also helps in finding the impact of the textile effluents on corresponding soil and water ecology. MATERIALS AND METHODS The sampling of soil was carried out from two spots. Spot 1 was textile printing unit located in Sanganer region, from where sampling was done during dyeing and washing operations. Sample 1 was collected from the area where dyeing was carried out and sample 2 was collected from the area which received the washings of the printing unit. Spot 2 was a drain adjoining the printing units of Ramsinghpura, Shikarpura region of Sanganer. The two soil samples (adjoining the drain carrying the printing units effluent) were taken at an interval of 500m each and named as S3 and S4. The samples were collected in sterilized dry plastic bags and used for physicochemical examination. The collected samples were analyzed for various parameters as- pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Percent organic carbon (OC), nitrogen and organic matter (OM), available phosphate and potash by standard methods (APHA 1992).
The amount of % organic matter and % organic carbon ranged from 0.31 – 0.41% and 0.18 – 0.24% respectively. Values of nitrogen (N), phosphate (P) and potash (K) concentration in the soil samples were also shows to have great variability. The amount of nitrogen ranged from 0.016-0.020%. The concentration of phosphate of soil samples ranged from 29- 36 kg/ha and was higher in soil sample 2 (35) and 4 (36) as compared to that of sample 1 (29) and 3 (32). The values of potash concentration ranged from 190-310 kg/ha and the soil sample 2 contained higher amount of potash as compared to samples 1, 3 and 4. The analysis of heavy metal ions (Zn, Fe, Cu and Mn) of the four soil samples revealed that the values are almost same for all four samples and higher than permissible limits prescribed by ISI for industrial effluents. Presence of heavy metal ions (Zn, Cu and Ni) arises from material used in the dyeing process, or in a considerable amount, from metal complex dyes (Correia et al., 1994 and Heinfling et al., 1997). Long-term irrigation with textile industrial effluents can increases EC, organic carbon content and heavy metals accumulation in soils (Narwal et al., 1993, Brar and Arora, 1997 and Olaniya, 1998).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The soil samples collected from Sanganer textile industrial region showed great variation in the physico-chemical properties. The soil samples were analysed for pH, conductivity, organic carbon, organic matter, percentage nitrogen, phosphate and potash. The soil samples collected were brown to
Table 1: Physicochemical characterization of textile effluent contaminated soil samples Parameters
Units
Colour Smell Temperature Ph Electrical conductivity Organic carbon Organic matter Nitrogen Phosphate Potash Heavy metals Zn Fe Cu Mn
O C mmhos/cm % % % Kg/hec Kg/hec ppm
Permissible Limit.* -
Sample 1
Sample 2
Sample 3
Sample 4
7-8.5 0-1.5 0.5-0.75 0.8-1.29 0.0431-0.0646 23-56 142-337
Reddish brown Fishy 40 8.5 0.19 0.19 0.37 0.016 29 245
Brown Fishy 40 8.3 0.28 0.18 0.31 0.015 35 310
Dark grey Pungent 41 8.4 0.81 0.20 0.34 0.017 32 190
Dark Grey Pungent 41 8.8 0.78 0.24 0.41 0.020 36 245
0.6 4.5 0.2 2.0
0.65 4.90 0.22 2.82
0.80 4.62 0.24 2.69
0.71 4.51 0.27 2.45
0.63 4.71 0.25 2.34
*Standard values of parameters of soil. 227
Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Applied Sciences (JETEAS) 4(2):226-228 (ISSN: 2141-7016) CONCLUSION This study has shown that textile mills effluent contaminated soil samples in Sanganer region were highly coloured, foul smelling and alkaline (pH 8.8) and contained trace metal ions at concentrations values which are not in compliance with standards. This study reveals that effluent from textile mill was highly polluted. There is urgent need to follow adequate effluent treatment methods before their discharge to surface water for reducing their potential environmental hazards.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This work was supported by the grant from Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi.
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