AGENDA. 1. Introduction to Oracle/SQL Server Database. Programming. 1.1 SQL
and Database Programming. 1.2 Structure of Database Programs.
Technology & Information Management
Instructor: Michael Kremer, Ph.D.
Database Programming
SQL DATABASE PROGRAMMING (PL/SQL AND T-SQL)
WHO AM I? Michael Kremer Currently: Federal Reserve Bank San Francisco Previously: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Department of Energy Database/Application Developer dBase, Access Developer for over 20 years Instructor for UC Extension since 1998 DB: Oracle, SQL Server, Access Prog.: ASP.net. C#, VB/VBA, Java/Javascript Reporting: Cognos, Actuate
WHO ARE YOU? Name/Company/Organization What do you do? Computer Experience (OS, Application SW, Other Classes Taken, etc.) Database Platform/Experience Expectations/Goals Any other information about you such as hobbies, special interests, fun facts, etc.
AGENDA 1. Introduction to Oracle/SQL Server Database Programming 1.1 SQL and Database Programming 1.2 Structure of Database Programs 1.3 Differences between Oracle and SQL Server 1.4 Graphical Database Management Tools
SQL Database Programming (PL/SQL and T-SQL)
1. INTRODUCTION TO ORACLE/SQL SERVER DATABASE PROGRAMMING
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1.1 SQL AND DATABASE PROGRAMMING
Limitations of non-procedural SQL lead to programmatic extensions SQL is set-based and non-procedural, you specify the What but not the how. You specify your requirement for a processed result to be obtained from a set of data. Database engine internally resolves exactly how to get to the end result. Using a Procedural approach, you specify the What and the How. You write data operational and manipulation logic using loops, conditions, and processing statements to produce the final result.
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1.1 SQL AND DATABASE PROGRAMMING
Using a cursor that executes on a result set row by row is a procedural approach. Also using a user-defined function in your SQL is procedural. Whenever possible, use non-procedural SQL since internal database engine is optimized for set-based processing. When using procedural SQL on a row-by-row basis the database engine optimizes each row separately causing significant overhead (I/O processing). The underlying message here is to minimize the amount of procedural SQL due to performance reasons. Many procedural SQL code can be rewritten into non-procedural SQL statements using subqueries, With clause, and other sophisticated constructs.
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1.2 STRUCTURE OF DATABASE PROGRAMS
Structure of database programs is similar to other procedural programs. Header: Program has a distinct name, you may pass arguments into it, and it also may return values back to the calling environment. Declaration: Variables and other special directives. IS AS Begin Try Execution: Actual programming code. Begin End Try Exception: Handling of errors. Oracle PL/SQL
Header
SQL Server T-SQL
Header
Declaration
Execution
Execution
Begin Catch Exception Exception Exception
End Catch End;
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1.2 STRUCTURE OF DATABASE PROGRAMS
Header
IS Declaration
Header
Main Program
Breaking up large code into smaller, manageable units. Oracle only: Nesting of procedures Procedures are nested within a main program. In SQL Server, use procedures that can be called from each other.
IS Declaration
Begin Execution
End; Begin Execution
End;
Sub Program
Oracle PL/SQL
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1.3 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ORACLE AND SQL SERVER Versions and Editions SQL Server runs only on Windows platform, whereas Oracle runs additionally on Unix/Linux. Current Versions: SQL Server 2012, Oracle 12c R1 SQL Server Editions: Enterprise: Mission critical applications and data warehousing Business Intelligence: Premium corporate and self-service Business Intelligence capabilities Standard: Basic database capabilities, reporting and analytics. Express, Developer
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1.3 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ORACLE AND SQL SERVER
Oracle Editions: Enterprise: Top performance for top money, all features enabled Standard: Major features enabled, suitable for most business applications, Standard Edition One: For small workgroups, licensed for min. 5 users. Personal Edition: Single-user development and deployment environments, full Oracle version Express: Low footprint, SQL Server 2012 Oracle 12c R1 Enterprise Edition Enterprise Edition small-scale, starter DB Business Intelligence Edition Standard Edition Standard Edition Express Edition Developer Edition
Standard Edition One Express Edition Personal Edition
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1.3 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ORACLE AND SQL SERVER Instances and Databases/Tablespaces Major architectural difference between SQL Server and Oracle: Instance and Database. SQL Server Instance: Self-contained application service involving operating system files, memory structures, background processes and registry information Service running in Windows. SQL Server database is repository of data and program code. If instance not running, database cannot be accessed. Oracle instance is comprised of memory structures (SGA) and background processes. An instance can be running without a database running. Oracle database is a collection of OS files, Oracle db does not represent the logical grouping of objects.
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1.3 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ORACLE AND SQL SERVER
Oracle files: Data files, Redo log, Control file SQL Server files: Database files, Transaction log, no control file! Oracle instance starts (without a database), then connecting to database. SQL Server instance cannot start Logical Physical without its system database being online. Oracle and SQL Server database cannot be accessed without an instance running. Oracle: Tablespaces SQL Server: Databases
Oracle: Data Files SQL Server: DB Files
Oracle: Segments SQL Server: N/A
Oracle: Extents SQL Server: Extents
Oracle: Data Blocks SQL Server: Pages
OS Block
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1.3 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ORACLE AND SQL SERVER
In general, one-to-one relationship between instance and DB. SQL Server logical grouping is done by the database itself. In Oracle, it is done through tablespaces. Tablespaces are logical structures that group tables, views, indexes, SP, etc. together. Tablespace for payroll, within HR, for example. Oracle Tablespace = SQL Server Database Databases and tablespaces do differ in the following areas:
SQL Server database files can be logically grouped into filegroups. In Oracle, no such concept for tablespaces. Each SQL Server database has its own transaction log and log file. In Oracle, one transaction log for all tablespaces. SQL Server database can be configure for simple recovery mode. In Oracle, only possible at the db level (meaning for all tablespaces).
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1.3 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ORACLE AND SQL SERVER Instance Name vs. SIDs Both SQL Server and Oracle allow multiple instances to run concurrently on the same machine. SQL Server: Default instance (backward compatibility for version 2000) and named instances. Oracle: System ID (SID) names the instance. SQL Server and Oracle SQL Server Host Oracle Host instances must be unique and cannot be changed later. Instance: Self-contained application service involving os files, memory, processes.
Instance: Only memory allocation and processes.
Schema: Logical grouping of database objects, owner and user of objects
Database: System databaes(needed for instance to run) and user databases.
Database: Collection of OS files.
Tablespace: Logical structure for grouping db objects.
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1.3 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ORACLE AND SQL SERVER
To find out the instance name:
SQL Server: SELECT @@SERVERNAME Oracle: SELECT instance_name, host_name, version, database_status FROM V$INSTANCE
System Databases and System Tablespaces One SQL Server Instance needs 5 databases:
Master and Resource db are central repositories for SQL Server to manage itself. Model db is template used for every new db created. Tempdb is kind of scratchpad, created when instance is started and destroyed when it is shut down. msdb is used for SQL Server agents, such as job scheduling, alerts, logging and replication.
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1.3 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ORACLE AND SQL SERVER
One Oracle database needs 3 tablespaces:
SYSTEM tablespace is similar to SQL Server master db. It holds the data dictionary about the database itself (Meta data). TEMP tablespace is used for sort operations. SYSAUX tablespace is used for Oracle’s Automatic Workload Repository (AWR), spatial and multimedia data, XML database, etc.
SQL Server (since version 2008) uses tempdb for row versioning (consistent read). Oracle rebuilds previous row version data from UNDO tablespace. UNDO tablespace is used for several features: ROLLBACK, READ CONSISTENCY and FLASHBACK technology.
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1.4 GRAPHICAL DATABASE MANAGEMENT TOOLS
Graphical Database Management Tools:
Oracle SQL Developer SQL Server Management Studio
SQL Server Management Studio (SSMS) Hierarchical structure contains the following nodes: Databases:
System Databases Additional nodes for user databases
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1.4 GRAPHICAL DATABASE MANAGEMENT TOOLS
Security: Manage users, roles, credentials Server Objects: Backup devices, linked servers, and server triggers. Replication: For managing database replication Management: Policy management, server logs, legacy services such as DTS (replaced by SISS) in 2008. Most important node: Database node Under the Database node, for the scope of this course, the Programmability node. Database Node Programmability Node
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1.4 GRAPHICAL DATABASE MANAGEMENT TOOLS
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1.4 GRAPHICAL DATABASE MANAGEMENT TOOLS
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1.4 GRAPHICAL DATABASE MANAGEMENT TOOLS
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1.4 GRAPHICAL DATABASE MANAGEMENT TOOLS Oracle SQL Developer Free, Oracle Java-based Database Management tool.
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1.4 GRAPHICAL DATABASE MANAGEMENT TOOLS
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1.4 GRAPHICAL DATABASE MANAGEMENT TOOLS
Organization of database objects is very different compared to SQL Server. Most important nodes for the scope of this course are: Procedures Functions Triggers
